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PATEL INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY, VIDYANAGAR
ID NO:
NAME:
CLASS:
ACADEMIC YEAR:
SEMESTER:
Microphones
THEORY :
The moving coil microphone (also called dynamic microphone) uses the principle
of electromagnetic induction. When a sound pressure variations move a coil placed in a
magnetic field, there is a change of magnetic flux passing through the coil. An e.m.f. is,
therefore, induced in the coil this e.m.f. forms output of the microphone.
Construction
The main components of a moving coil microphone are magnet, diaphragm and coil.
These are shown in Fig.
Coil is wound on a cardboard cylinder which is attached to the diaphragm. The coil is
single layered thin enameled wire.
A protective cover (a metal grill) is used to save the delicate diaphragm and the coil
assembly from being mishandled. A silk cloth partition is used to separate the upper
chamber from the lower chamber. A small tube is used in lower chamber to give access
to the free atmosphere.
The mass of the diaphragm restricts the high audio frequency output and the stiffness
caused by the springs compliance, restricts the low frequency output. Electrical
equivalent circuit for a microphone is shown in fig.
Functioning
When sound waves strike the diaphragm, it moves and hence, coil moves in and out in
the magnetic field. This motion changes the flux through the coil which results in e.m.f.
being induced in the coil due to electromagnetic induction. The value of the e.m.f
depends on the rate of change of flux and hence the motion of the coil. The displacement
of the coil depends on the pressure of the sound waves on the diaphragm. Thus it is a
pressure microphone.
(5) Output impedance: Its output impedance is quite low and is about 25 ohm. Hence to
match a line of 200 ohm, a step up transformer of about 3:1 turns ratio is built in the
microphone case. This increases output voltage to about 90µV.
Applications
Moving coil microphone is widely used. It is suitable for use in public address systems
and broadcast studios. When it is coupled with ribbon microphone in series, its cardioid
pattern makes it useful for dramas and concerts.
Construction
The main parts of ribbon microphone as shown in fig. are 1.permanent magnet and
2.ribbon conductor.
The permanent magnet is specially designed horse-shoe magnet with extended pole
pieces. It provides strong magnetic field.
The ribbon is light aluminum foil. It corrugated right angles to its length to provide
greater surface area. The main feature is lightness of ribbon, which is only about 0.2 mg
in weight, a few microns thick and about 3 mm wide.
The whole unit is enclosed in a circular or rectangular baffle. The shape of baffle is not
purely circular or rectangular, but rather irregular and depends on the structure of magnet.
Working principle
When the ribbon, placed in magnetic field, is made to move at right angles to the
magnetic field by the force of sound pressure, there is a change of magnetic flux through
the ribbon conductor. Due to change of magnetic flux, an e.m.f. is induced across the
ribbon. This e.m.f. is proportional to change of flux.
(2) Impedance: Impedance is only fraction of an ohm (about 0.23 ohm). It has built-in
step up transformer with secondary to primary turns ratio about 30:1 to match cable
impedance of 200 ohm.
(3) Sensitivity: Sensitivity is less than that of moving coil because length of ribbon is
less than length of coil wire of moving coil microphone. It is about 3µV or 110 dB below
1V for a sound pressure of 0.1 Pa. Although low, this output is across very low
impedance.
(4) Signal to noise ratio: Due to directional properties, the ribbon microphone has much
less background noise than the moving coil type. Hence signal to noise ratio is higher
than the moving coil microphone.
Applications
It is very suitable for dramas. Its figure of eight polar diagram allows actors to talk face to
face which is more natural than standing side by side. Further the two dead sides in a
ribbon microphone give an impression of large space because voice of a person standing
in the dead area, even quite close to the microphone, will not be picked up directly, but
will reach the microphone through reflections from the side walls and hence will sound
distant.
When a ribbon microphone and a moving coil microphone both are mounted in
the same housing, connecting them in series, a cardioid (or heart shaped) pattern results.
This is shown in fig. Such microphones are suitable for orchestras and court scenes in
dramas where a large number of persons are present. Due to practically weightless
ribbon, it gives the best result with ensembles and orchestras because the light ribbon can
respond instantaneously to the minute changes in the complicated waveform of such
music.
The crystals which show this effect are quartz, tourmaline, Rochelle salt and ceramic.
Rochelle salt has high piezo electric effect but is susceptible to moisture. Also, it can not
withstand high temperature of 500C met in outdoor use. Quartz and tourmaline have low
piezo electric effect. Ceramic is most suitable for crystal microphone as it is not
susceptible to moisture and can also withstand high temperature up to 1000C.
Construction
The crystal is cut along certain planes to form a slice. Metallic coil electrodes are
attached to the two surfaces to carry the potential difference to the output terminals.
Two thin crystal slices suitably cut are placed in insulating holder with an air
space between them. A large number of such elements are combined to increase the
e.m.f. A diaphragm, made of aluminum is attached to the crystal surface through a push
rod. The whole unit is encased in a protective case. There is a protective cover (mesh)
over the diaphragm.
(1) Sensitivity: Crystal microphone has good sensitivity, about 50 mV (or 26 dB below 1
volt) for 0.1 Pa.
(2) Signal to noise ratio: It is not prone to pick up background noise. Generation of
white noise inside the microphone is also low. Hence Signal to noise ratio is high, about
40 dB.
Applications
However due to variation of the acoustic characteristic, this type of microphone is not
used in broadcasting and recording studios.
Principle :-
When capacitance of a capacitor changes, the charge on the capacitor tends to remain the
same, and hence the voltage changes in accordance.
Diaphragm of the microphone acts as one plate of the capacitor, the other plate called
back plate, is fixed. When the sound pressure moves the diaphragm in, the capacitance
increases and vice-versa. The change in capacitance results in change in the voltage. The
capacitor microphone is the pressure microphone, as sound waves coming from all sides
strike the diaphragm on the front side only.
Construction:-
The fixed DC voltage of about 50 to 100 volt is applied between the back plate and the
movable plate. The two plates are insulated from each other. The capacitance of the
microphone is about 30 pF.
FUNCTIONING:-
When the sound waves strike the diaphragm, it moves. Compression increases
capacitance, and refraction decreases it. Variation in output voltage depends on the
CHARACTERISTICS:-
(1) Sensitivity: The output is very low and an amplifier is built-in inside the microphone
case. The amplifier output is about 3 mV (about 50 dB below 1V) at spend pressure
of 0.1 Pa or 1 µbar.
(2) SNR: High, about 40 dB.
APPLICATIONS:-
The electrets microphone is also a capacitor microphone, but it has built-in charge.
Insulating material used is Teflon. The thin Teflon layer is charged negatively at the time
of manufacturing, which remains for the long period. The negative charge induces
positive charge on the diaphragm. The positive charge on the diaphragm and negative
charge on the Teflon establish an electric field across the gap of the capacitor plates,
which results in the terminal voltage, the sound pressure changes the terminal voltage.
It has the same characteristic as capacitor microphone except that it does not need
external bias supply and is less costly. It is also sensitive to temperature and humidity,
which causes leakage of charge.
As this microphone is cheap, has good frequency response, is rugged and does not need
bias supply, it is also used in small PAS for clubs and small halls to keep the cost low. It
is being very light, is also used as tie clip microphone for lecturers and as radio (wireless)
microphone in sports meets.
Principle:-
When fine carbon enclosed in a case are subjected to variations of pressure, the resistance
of granules changes. When such devices of carbon granules are connected in series with a
load through a DC supply, the current through the load will vary in accordance with
pressure variations on the carbon granules.
Construction:-
The construction of a carbon microphone is shown in the following figure.
Fine carbon granules are enclosed between two metal plates. The upper plate is attached
to a movable metal diaphragm through a metal piston of plunger. The lower metal plate is
fixed and is insulated from the diaphragm. A protective cover with holes is used to
protect the unit.
A battery is connected between two metal plates. When load is connected, current flows
through the carbon granules and the load. Final output is obtained through s transformer
to eliminate DC content of the microphone.
Functioning:-
When sound waves strike the diaphragm, it moves to and fro. During the compression
condition, it presses the carbon granules and during rarefaction, it loosens them. When
carbon granules are pressed, the resistance decreases and hence the current through the
circuit increases. When carbon granules loosen, resistance increases. In the absence of
sound, a steady current flows. The sound waves superimpose a varying current, or audio
current on the steady state DC current.
The change in the current and hence change in the voltage across the load is proportional
to the change in resistance of carbon granules.
Characteristics:
Application:
Due to limited frequency range, it is useful in telephones. It is also sometimes used in
portable radio communication sets.
Conclusion:
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EXPERIMENT NO : 2 Date :
APPARATUS :
Loudspeakers.
THEORY :
Principle
A coil called voice coil, is placed in a uniform magnetic field. When audio current
passes through the voice coil, resulting in a force working on the movable coil. This force
is proportional to the audio current and hence causes vibratory motion in the coil, which
makes a conical paper diaphragm to vibrate and produce pressure variations in air,
resulting in sound waves.
Construction
The coil is attached to a conical diaphragm, made paper or parchment. It is called ‘Paper
Cone’. The cone is corrugated having circular corrugations. The spider springs are used
to support the complete diaphragm and also provide required stiffness to restrain the
motion. The spiders also keep the coil centered, so that the cone moves forward and
backwards only.
Functioning
When audio current flows through the voice coil placed in a magnetic field, a force equal
to Bli Newton acts on the coil and move it to and fro. The paper cone attached to the coil
also moves and causes compression and rarefaction cycles in the air. Thus audio current
is finally converted in to sound waves. The equivalent circuit of the cone speaker is
shown in fig.
(4) Distortion: Non-linear distortion due to non-uniformity in the magnetic flux density
causes severe distortion up to about 10%.
(5) Directivity: Basically the loudspeaker is Omnidirectional. But baffles and enclosures
modify the directivity so that the most of power is in the front.
(6) Impedance: The effective impedance taking in to account the mechanical and
acoustical load varies from 2 ohm to 32 ohm. The common impedances in commercial
speakers are 4, 8 or 16 ohm.
(7) Power handling capacity: Power range of speaker lies between a few mill watts (for
2 cm speaker) to about 25 watt for large size speakers.
The strong and steady magnetic field is produced by a large field coil wrapped around a
core. The shape of the magnet is POT type with South Pole in the centre and North Pole
in the periphery.
The voice coil is wound on fiber or aluminum. It is placed in the annular gap. The audio
signal from amplifier’s output is applied to the voice coil. This signal causes varying
magnetic field. The interaction between the two magnetic fields produces mechanical
vibrations in the coil assembly, which corresponds to the audio signals.
The vibrations of the coil are transmitted to the attached cone which create sound waves
in the air in listener’s area, and hence radiates sound energy directly.
Advantages
Principle
This type of loudspeaker uses a moving coil placed in a magnetic field, but instead of
radiating acousting power directly in open space of listener’s area, the power is first
delivered to the air trapped in fixed non-vibrating tapered or flared horn, and from there
to the air in the listener’s area. Thus, it radiates sound power to the air in space not
directly from the diaphragm but indirectly through the horn. This is the reason why the
horn type loudspeaker is called “Indirect Radiating Loudspeaker”. The horn does
acoustically what the cone does mechanically. The horn acts as acoustic transformer. This
allows better impedance match between low impedance of free air and high impedance of
the vibrating voice coil assembly. This results in increased efficiency. This efficiency is
30-50% as against only 5% efficiency of cone type speaker.
Construction
The horn is tapered enclosure whose diameter increases from a small value at one end
(called ‘THROAT’) to a large value at other end, (called ‘MOUTH’). There is an air
chamber is lined with sound absorbing material like loose felt. The driver unit is similar
to direct radiating type except that the paper cone is not present. A basic horn type
speaker is shown in Fig.
At high frequencies, distances of different points on the diaphragm from the horn will not
be equal; causes phase difference and hence resultant cancellation. To overcome this
difficulty, special chambers have been developed as illustrated in fig.
To improve low frequency response, we need horn of large type. The length of horn may
be as big as 2 m and diameter oh mouth 1 m. A low frequency horn for Hi-Fi system is
shown in fig. It contains a cone loud speaker with a horn. The front of cone faces away
from the audience, but the enclosure of the cone and exponential horn are so placed that
the output is directed towards the listeners.
(5) Directivity: Angle between half power points around the horn axis is about 900.
However, the directivity differs from low audio frequencies to high audio frequencies.
Conclusion:
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THEORY :
1) VHF-UHF tuner:
They are used for selection of various channels which are received by the antenna.
There are two types of tuner namely electronic tuner & mechanical tuner. Modern
receiver employs electronic tuners where channel tuning is done by varactor diodes
and band selection by switching diodes. Varactor diode is a special silicon diode, the
junction capacitance of which is used for tuning.
2) IF pre-amplifier:
It is used for amplification of IF frequency, which is generated by VHF tuner.
3) AFT circuit:
AFT stands for Automatic Fine Tuning Circuit. The local oscillator frequency in the
RF tuner is set to provide exact IF frequency. The fine tuning control is adjusted to
get sharp picture.
4) SAW filter:
The operation of SAW filter is based on the phenomenon of Surface Acoustic Waves.
It is a non-electromagnetic wave that travels along the surface of a piezo-electric
substrate. It consists of input and output transducer arrays separated by a multistrip
coupler which prevents distortion of surface wave transmission caused by reflection
of energy from bottom to top of the substrate.
5) IF amplifier:
Output of SAW filter is given to IF amplifier. It amplifies the IF frequency. Output of
this amplifier is given to AFT ckt.
6) Sound blocks:
It consists of various blocks like 5.5MHz sound IF detector, trap ckt., sound IF
amplifier & FM detector and audio amplifier. This section provides 5.5MHz sound.
8) Video blocks:
It consists of video detector, 5.5MHz rejection filter and video buffer amplifier.
Video detector detects the video signal received from IF amplifier section. 5.5MHz
rejection filter prevents any SIF signal insert into video buffer amplifier and the
output of this block is composite color video signal, which is given to the Y-channel.
9) Y-channel:
It has four blocks:
(i) First video amplifier: It is used to amplify CVD signal. Output of this block is
given to 4.43MHz reject filter.
(ii) 4.43MHz rejection filter: To suppress the interference, a notch filter is tuned
to reject 4.43MHz, which is generally inserted into Y-amplifier chain.
(iii) Delay line: The luminance and chrominance signals take separate paths after
the video detector and later rejoin in matrixing section. The Y-signal needs to
be delayed so that brightness and color information are reproduced at the same
time for any element of the picture.
(iv) Second video amplifier: It is used to amplify the video signal. It also provides
brightness and contrast control.
CONCLUSION :
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APPARATUS :
THEORY:
This section consists of RF amplifier, mixer and local oscillator and is normally
mounted on a separate sub-chassis, called the ‘Front End’ or ‘RF Tuner’. The purpose
of tuner unit is to amplify both sound and picture signals picked up by the antenna and
to convert the carrier frequencies and their associated side bands into intermediate
frequencies and their sidebands. The receiver uses superhetrodyne principle as used in
radio. The signal voltage or information from various stations modulated over different
carrier frequencies is heterodyne in the mixer with the output from a local oscillator to
transfer original information on a common fixed carrier frequencies called intermediate
frequencies (IF). The sitting of the local oscillator frequency enables selection of
desired station. The standard intermediate frequencies for the 625-B system are:
In principle an RF amplifier is not necessary and signal could be fed directly to the
tuned input circuit of the mixer. However, the problems of (I) a relatively weak input
signal with low signal to noise ratio, (II) local oscillator radiation and (III)image
rejection are such ,that a stage of amplification ahead of the mixer is desirable. The
tuning or different channels are carried out with a channel selector switch which
changes resonant frequencies of associated tuned circuits by varying either inductance
or capacitance of these circuits.
The RF-section is mainly consisting of RF Tuner. This tuner has RF amplifier, a mixer
and a local oscillator. The antenna receives the radio frequency (RF) waves from the
atmosphere and converts them into corresponding signal variations. These RF
variations are fed to RF tuner. The input impedance of RF Tuner is 75 ohms. The
antenna system and co-axial cable should be properly matched. If a co-axial cable of 75
ohms impedance is employed, there is no need of any extra matching device between
cable and antenna socket at the receiver. But in case if a feeder wire of 300 ohms is
employed then an impedance matching transformer (300-750hms) is added between
feeder and antenna socket at the receiver. There is also a need of impedance matching
between output terminals of antenna and co-axial cable or feeder wire. The RF tuner
selects the signal of the desired channel, amplifies it and converts in to Intermediate
frequencies (IF).The video IF is at 38.9 MHz and sound IF is at 33.4 MHz.
Tuner section has +12V approximately supply voltage at TP14 (MB). This voltage is
used for all the operations. In this section +12V is provided from horizontal output
section. Transistors QA02, QA03, QA04 (BC558) are used for selecting the desired
band from tuner section. To switch on these transistors approximately 10.8 V is
provided at their base. Output is obtained at IF terminal (TP20). AGC voltage (2.8V
approximately) is obtained from pin 11 of IC7680 (IC101). This voltage is used for
automatic gain controlling purpose. AFT voltage is provided from pin 13 of IC7680. It
is available at TP16. Tuning pulse output from system control IC is fed in to the base of
transistor Q903 (BC547). Which switches on the transistor and so tuning voltage of 0-
33V approximately is obtained at terminal (TP19).
TP18 Blue:
On selecting VHF3 band of system control IC 10.8 V obtained at pin No. 2 & for other
band selection 0V.
TP20 Blue:
Tuner section 6.8 V (AGC) adjustable Voltage is used for automatic gain control.
TP17 Blue:
On selecting VL band system control IC, we obtain 10.8 V at pin No. 1.
TP16 Blue:
5.7 V is obtained for pin No. 13 of 7680 for the purpose of automatic fine tuning.
TP14 Blue:
Tuner section (MB) supply for section is 11 V. It is obtained from Horizontal Output
Section.
TP15 Red:
Tuner section (IF) Tuner output signals according to band selection.
APPARATUS :
THEORY :
V0 = n x V1 x TON
TON + TOFF
Where,
V0 = DC Output Voltage
n = Turns ratio between primary and corresponding secondary.
V1 = Input DC Voltage
TON= The ‘ON’ time of switching transistor
TOFF= The ‘OFF’ time period.
When due to any fault condition the output voltages or say energy stored in the
primary winding increase beyond a predetermined limit, the error signal becomes so
strong that an SCR in the over voltage protection circuit is switched on. This is connected
to provide a complete short across the feedback winding and hence the oscillator is
disabled. It is restored to normal operation only when the fault condition is removed.
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION:-
The trainer has SMPS power supply. It outputs are +110V and +22V mainly. AC
mains supply is fed to input of line filter L1210 through ‘On-Off’ switch. The main
function of line filter is to prevent the spikes present in 50 Hz AC supply for the purpose
of safety of trainer kit. Output of line filter is connected with degaussing coil through
PTC R 802 is connected around the picture tube. When switching ON the TV trainer the
degaussing coil gets the supply and demagnetize the picture tube. Bridge rectifier (D806,
D807, D808, D809 all are IN4007) is connected with output of line filter. A filter
capacitor C815 (100µf. 450V) is connected between positive and negative terminal of
bridge which rectifies the DC properly. Negative end of bridge is connected with ground
by a resistance R805 (2.2Ω/1W) is called floating ground. The floating ground is
connected with main chassis ground by a resistance R829 (10M / 0.5 W). There is 150V
DC on floating ground with respect to main ground. In the same way there is
approximately 300 V DC at positive point of bridge with respect to floating ground. Due
to this there is 450V DC voltage at positive of bridge with respect to chassis- ground. So
while testing SMPS section we have to always connect negative of multi-meter with
floating ground and for testing of the other circuits main ground is used.
Q802 and Q803 are used to control the duty cycle of Q804. Both these transistors are
working as complimentary transistors and get the required supply from pin no. 8 of
SMPS transformer for functioning. According to output voltage at secondary of SMPS
transformer Q801 is used to change the duty cycle. Zener diode D811 (8.2 V) is used to
• When we switch ON the power switch +22 V supplies produced without using the
power switch of remote. Pulses produced at pin no. 3 & 4 of SM transformer are
connected with R610 (1Ω/1W) and R610B (100K).R610B is grounded and other
end is connected with N/O (normally open end) of +12V relay when we switch ON
the power, relays pole is connected with no terminal end pulses are the rectified by
D602 (BY159) AND FILTERED BY C810A (100µ/160V)+110V is used in other
circuitry part in following manner.
• At +110 V line a resistance, RA02 (15K) is, connected its other end is connected
with DA13 (Z33V) zener diode. This +33V supply is filtered by CA04 (1µf/63V).It
is used for T.V. terminal at tuner.
• Horizontal hold resistance gets this supply by a resistance R451 (10K). Also base
biasing is given to horizontal driver transistor Q402 by resistance R408 (1.8V),
R411 (33Ω).
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APPARATUS :
THEORY :
Chroma Amplifier:
Input: Composite video signal
Output: Amplified chroma signal
Remarks: The input filter selects chroma signal from CVS.
Saturation control is in the 2nd chroma amplifier.
1st chroma amplifier is AGC controlled.
The second output from the burst phase identification network is fed to the ' colour
killer ' circuit.
This is no more than a half-wave rectifier circuit which produces a steady dc potential
from the succession of burst pulses.
Input: 7.8 KHz output from phase ident circuit.
Output: DC bias voltage for second chroma amplifier.
Remarks: Its absence makes the amplifier inoperative
during monochrome receptions.
Matrix:
There are two stage matrixing:- first to extract (G-Y) from U and Y signals and second
to obtain R,G and B signals for feeding corresponding guns in the picture tube. The
two possible methods are:
(G-Y) Matrix:
As shown in fig (G-Y) = -0.51 (R-Y)- 0.186 (B-Y). Thus (G-Y) can be obtained by
choosing above proportions of deweighted (R-Y) and (B-Y) signals.
Since the magnitudes are less than unity, resistance matrix circuits can be set up tp
obtain (G-Y). It is necessary to choose correct polarities of (B-Y) and (R-Y). For
obtaining + (G-Y), both (B-Y) and (R-Y) and (R-Y) should be negative. If outputs from
demodulators are positive, an inverter is used after the (G-Y) matrix to obtain (G-Y)
from-(G-Y).
RGB Matrix:
In this matrix arrangement the colour difference signals are combined with Y in the
driver amplifier in such a way that outputs are R,G, and B video signals.
These are negative going and of sufficient amplitude to drive cathodes of picture tube
directly.
In other words, the picture tube is not used as the second matrix.
In the latest chroma ICs all functions including matrixing and preamplification of R, G
and B signals are done within the integrated module.
The drive amplifiers simply amplify these signals for feeding to the cathodes of colour
guns.
Luminance Signal:
Luminance is a measure of light intensity as perceived by the eye.
However, different colours look more or less bright even when equally illuminated.
This is due to difference in the response of eye to different colours as depicted in fig by
the relative luminosity curve. Notice that sensitivity of the human eye is greatest for
green and decreases towards red and blue ends of the visible spectrum of light.
Scientech color TV trainer ST2651 uses IC CD7698 for video & chroma section.
Vital part of the IC is used for chroma section .for chroma section pin no.1-23 and pin
no.38-42 are used, other pins are used for video section.
VIF section IC101 pin no.15 supplies the composite colour video signal to the
inverter pin no.39 of ic501 by ckt made up of 105 R958, trap 5.5 MHz and l201.in
inverter this signal is amplified as well as detected, After detection Y signal goes to Y
amp. Which is in built IC, Remaining amplified composite colour and sink signal are
obtained at pin no.40 of the IC, then fed to pin no.5 of this IC through R501,C560and
C502.pin no.5 is band pass amplifier pin. Signal goes to band pass amplifier by this pin
and amplifierd here. Amplified signal obtained at pin no.8.
From pin no.8 the signal fed to pin no.19 of this IC by passing through chroma trap ckt.
This trap ckt. consists of VR551,C507,C508,C502,X502,L551,R510,C509.from pin no.8
this signal is also fed to pin no.17in the form of colour sink signalby resistance
R509,C510 pin no.17 is of matrix section. pin no.41 is contrast control pin. pin no.38 of
IC901 supplies the brightness control signals at the pin through R941.R956,R212.pin
no.20 IC501 is output pin of green colour signal. in the same way red colour signal
obtained at pin no.21 of this IC and then fed to base of red colour output transistor
Q507.Blue colour signal obtained at pin no.22 of this IC and then fed to transistor
Q509.R-Y signals & B-Y signals. Y signals from pin no.42are fed to pin no.3 of this Ic
through R203,R210 and C204.Luminance signals are out from pin no.23 of this Ic and
fed to base of luminance amplifier transistor.
Q202 this transistor amplifies the signal and out the signal by its emitter, which is
then fed to all three emitters of three colour output transistors.
Pin no.30 to 37 of Ic501 works for horizontal oscillator AFC and syncseprator sections.
1. In the Video & Chroma Section, +12V(Approximately) given to the TP26 Blue
2. In the Video & Chroma Section, at the TP28 Blue we get Colour Composite
Video Signal in the CRO.
3. In the Video & Chroma Section, we get Inverted Colour Composite Video Signal
at the TP29 Blue.
4. In the Video & Chroma Section, we get Luminance Signal at the TP31 Red.
5. In the Video & Chroma Section, +10V (Approximately) given to the TP34 Blue.
6. In the Video & Chroma Section, 4.43 MHz sub carrier frequency given to the
TP37 Blue.
7. In the Video & Chroma Section, +12V (Approximately) given to the TP38 Blue.
8. In the Video & Chroma Section, for Colour adjustment to the TP39 Red.
9. To Observe colour burst signal at pin no5 of IC 501,connect pattern generator at
antenna socket.
Observation:-
Video signal
TP31 Red Video & Chroma section Luminance signal
TP37 Blue Video & Chroma section 4.43 MHz Sub carrier
Frequency
TP38 Blue Video & Chroma section +12V (approximately)
APPARATUS :
DSO
Multimeter
Trainer kit
THEORY :
HORIZONTAL OSCILATOR: -
The horizontal sync pulse are available both during the active and the
blanked line periods but there are no sync pulse (leading edges) available during the 2.5
line vertical sync period. Thus the horizontal sweep oscillator operates at 15625 hertz,
would tend to step out of during each vertical sync period. In the horizontal oscillator
section generate 15,625 Hz frequency to synchronies to make invisible horizontal retrace
at every line.
Horizontal Oscillator:
Pin no 40 of IC501 (CD7698) supplies the composite sync signal to pin no. 37(Sync
separator) of this IC through the circuit of R301, R302, and cap. C301, C302, C303,
R513 and diode D301.Sync separator section separate the horizontal sync and the vertical
sync. Horizontal sync signals are supplied to AFC section in built in IC from sync
separator section. This Horizontal section produces the signal of freq 15,625 Hz. These
signals are fed to burst gate inside the IC and also phase detector section at pin no.35
At pin 35 fly back pulses are supplied from pin 10 of EHT through resistance .The
phase detector section compare the phase and frequency of horizontal sync pulses and fly
back pulses and difference control voltage is produce. This control voltage is responsible
for constant frequency 15625 Hz of Horizontal Oscillator for controlling the frequency of
horizontal Oscillator horizontal hold circuit is used which is R410,R406,C405 and
VR451.This tuned circuit is connected with pin 34 of IC 7698. On is varying the
horizontal hold preset the voltage at pin 34 is varying which affect the frequency produce
by horizontal Oscillator .For working of horizontal Oscillator section positive supply is
given at pin 33 of IC7698 .Here voltage is supplied from +110V supply by resistance
R416.When horizontal output section is working then 12Vsupply is converted in to DC
by R448, D408 and pass through R30 and diode d1 and obtain at pin 33 of this IC. Pin 30
and pin 31 are the negative supply pins which are grounded
Horizontal Driver:
IC 501 gives the horizontal drive signals at pin 32.These signals are fed to the base of
horizontal driver transistor T402 trough coil L407,and resistance R411.At collector,
amplified signals are fed to the horizontal driver transformer .From secondary of this
transformer signals are fed to the base of horizontal output transformer primary coil ,
+110V is supplied by resistance R416 which reach up to the collector of horizontal driver
,transistor through the other end of primary emitter of horizontal driver transistor is
directly ground.
This section includes one transistor and EHT transformer. From secondary of
horizontal driver transformer signals are fed to the base of horizontal output transistor
Q404 .Its collector gets the positive supply from primary winding pin1 and 5of EHT
transformer and R410A.Its emitter is directly grounded when q404 get the signal of
frequency 15625 Hz then it work as a switch when it is on then current is flowing through
pin 1 and 5of EHT transformer and for “off” there is no current .In this way this transistor
work as a current supplier for limited time for the time gaps. Because of this time gaps
current pulses are also produced. the frequency of these pulses is also 15,625 Hz. EHT
Test points :-
CONCLUSION:
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APPARATUS :
THEORY:
The oscillators commonly used in discrete deflection circuits of earlier receivers
are:
Blocking oscillator
Multivibrator
Complementary pair relaxation oscillator
Vertical Oscillator:
Vertical oscillator is also built in IC501 (CD7698) & pin no.24, 25,
26,27,28,29 are its connection pins. As we have already studied that the vertical sync
signal is present at pin no.36 after sync separation. The vertical sync signal from pin
no.36 passes from circuit network of R304 (10K), R330 (3K), R305 (2.4K) and
capacitor C310 (.47uF) and obtained at pin no.28.
Vertical Output:
Vertical driver signal is given to the vertical output section. In
vertical output section two push-pull transistors are used. One is NPN transistor Q306
(C2073) and another one is PNP transistor Q307 (A940).Vertical signal from the
collector of vertical driver transistor Q303 (C2229) are fed to the base of both vertical
output transistors Q306 and Q307.Pin no. 8 of EHT transformer provides the positive
supply to vertical output section. There is approximately 36V AC at pin no. 8 of EHT
transformer.
PROCEDURE:-
APPARATUS :
TV trainer ST2651
Patch cords
Multimeter
DSO
THEORY :
Distortion in Sound
This can be due to improper alignment of tuning coils around the sound system, defective
IC or loudspeaker. Re-align coils, check IC and loudspeaker by lacing them.
TBA120U and audio IC TDA 2611A combination came into use in 51 cm colour
receivers. The IC lA120U has IF amplifier-limiter with a symmetrical FM demodulator
and an AF amplifier with adjustable output voltage. The AF amplifier is also provided
with an output for volume control and an input for VCR operation. The TDA2611A is a
monolithic IC in a 9-lead single-in-line (SIL) plastic package with a high supply voltage
audio amplifier. It is easier to mount because of' S-I-L' package and needs very few
components.
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION:-
Scientech color TV trainer ST2651 uses most commonly used sound amplifier
ICTDA 2611. In our circuit it is IC601. As we have already studied that audio signals are
available at pin no. 3 of ICI01 (CD7680)-which is supplied to base of audio amplifier
transistor Q601 (2SA 1015) by capacitor C608 (10!-tF/63V) Resistance RS1 (10K), R102
(2.2K). Collector of transistor Q601 (25A1015) gives amplified signals. This amplified
signal is fed to pin no. 7 of sound output by resistance R605A (4. 7K) and C605 (.1
µF).Audio signals are amplified up to the sufficient level by this IC and obtained at pin
no. 2 of this IC.
PROCEDURE:
• OBSERVATION 2
PROCEDURE:
PROCEDURE:
1. First check the audio at the base of Q601 by touching any metallic thing like
screw driver.
2. Check the SIF signal ofIC101 at Pin no. 3, if it is OK, then
3. Check SIF signal at Base of transistor Q601, if it is not then
4. Transistor may be faulty or track may be open between Pin no. 3 of IC1Ol and
Base of Transistor Q601
5. Remove the shorting shunt between 1 & 2 and connect it 2 & 3 jumper J8
CONCLUSION:-
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