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TEXTILE INDUSTRY with modern techniques using in textile industry

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Presentation · August 2018

DOI: 10.1080/0959333940938550

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TEXTILE INDSUTRY
 WHAT IS THE TEXTILE AND TEXTILE INDUSTRY?

The textile industry is the industry

which involves the sections like
research, design, development,
manufacturing and distribution of
textiles, fabrics and clothing.
Fabric made from yarn.

Fig-1: A model of textile industry

SOURCE:
https://iahr.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0959333940938550
 1600 – The 1764 – James
1765- JAMES
1513 modern spinning Hargreaves
1738 – Lewis make stocking
FIRST NEDDLE wheel spinning jenny
Paul draw roller. frame

1799 - Charles
Tennant discovers 1766 – Samuel
beaching powder Wise solves the
mechanization
MODREN TRENDS IN
1798 – The INDUSTRY IN ERA OF
Frenchman 1600-1799 1767 – John Kay
circular bearded
invents the
needle knitting
spinning frame.
machine.
1791 – The
Englishman
1793 – Samuel Dawson 1784 – Edmund 1779 – Samuel
1794 – EliWhitney Crompton
cotton gin. Slater of Belper warp knitting Cartwright
cotton spinning machine. power loom. spinning mule.
 1600 – The 1806 – Pierre 1842 – John
1813 – William 1856 – William
modern spinning Jeandeau patents first sewing
Horrocks improves first synthetic dye.
wheel the first latch machine
the power loom
needle

1889 – Northrop 1857 – Arthur

First automatic Paget-
bobbin changing machine
weaving loom

19th Century Developments

1892 – Cross,
1859 – Redgate
Bevan & Beadle
warp knitting
invent Viscose
machine

1881 – Pierre 1866 1865 1864 – William

1865 – Clay
tubular pipe Mac Nary Wixom Cotton
double-headed
compound needle. circular knitting flat knitting straight bar
latch needle
machine machine knitting
YEAR LOOMS

1803 2400 LOOMS

250000

1820 14665

NO.OF LOOMS
100000
1829 55500 55500
14665
2400
1833 100000
1803 1820 1829YEAR1833 1857

1857 250000

Number of Looms in UK
SOURCE: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852496001137
 OLD BASKET OLDEST NEDDLE FIRST MANUFATURE
BY BONE OLDEST FIBER OLDEST LOOM BY BASTET OF
FIBEBR SHOES

ADVANCEMENT IN OLD CLOTH BY FIBER FIRST SPINNING WOVEN TEXTILE BREDDING SHEEP
NEDDLES WHEEL

Fig 2: A historical images of textile and their products

SOURCE: http://www.historyofclothing.com/
 1920
1910 – Spiers invents the looms developed by
circular bed purl knitting George
machine.

1963 – Open-end spinning 1949 – Heinrich

developed in
20th Century Mauersberger invents the
Czechoslovakia. sewing-knitting technique

1953 – First commercial

1954 – Fiber reactive dye
polyester fiber production
invented.
by DuPont.
 21th CENTURY The report and analysis
COUNTRY EXPORT
LARGEST SHARE OF THEIR
Bangladesh 85.90% EXPORT WORLDWIDE 2002
Macau 84.40%
Cambodia 72.50%
Pakistan 72.10%
100.00% 85.90%
El Salvador 60.20% 90.00%
80.00%
84.40%
72.50%
72.10%

% OF EXPORTS
70.00% 60.20%
56.60%
54.30%
Mauritius 56.60% 60.00%
50.00%
50.90%
48.70%
42.40%
40.00%
Sri Lanka 54.30% 30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
Dominican Republic 50.90% 0.00%

Nepal 48.70%
COUNTRIES
Tunisia 42.40%

SOURCE: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0143720803000640
In 2002, textiles and apparel manufacturing
accounted for $400 billion in global exports .
That representing 6% of world trade and 8%
of world trade in manufactured goods.
In the early years of the 21st century, the
largest importing and exporting countries
were developed countries, including the
European Union, the United States, Canada
and Japan.
 Here is the report of export of textile and clothing and its earning in $ millions.
WORLDWIDE 1990 2000 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
WORLDCLOTHING 104354 157295 195541 202657 220367 240364 250198

TOTAL 108129 197722 260569 276802 309142 345830 361888

EXPORT OF TEXTILE AND CLOTHING (US $

MILLIONS)
400000 TEXTILES CLOTHES 361888
345830
350000 309142
300000 260569 276802
240364 250198
250000 220367
Axis Title

197722 195541 202657

200000 157295
150000 108129
104354
100000
50000
0
1990 2000 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
YEAR
• The clothing trade is growing at CLOTHING TRADE INCREASING
a faster rate. FROM 1990 TO 2008
400000

• The Textile & Clothing trade has 350000 345830

361888

increased; from US$ 212 Billion 300000

309142

in 1990 to US $ 612.1 Billion in 250000

260569
276802

2008. 200000 197722

150000

100000 108129

50000

0 0 1990 2000 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
YEAR
 PAKISTAN TEXTILE INDUSTRY
Textile sector contributes 8.5% to the GDP of
Pakistan .In addition, the sector employs
about 45% of the total labor force in the
country (and 38% of the manufacturing
workers).
. Pakistan is the 4th largest producer
of cotton with the third largest spinning
capacity in Asia after China and India and
contributes 5% to the global spinning
capacity.
At present, there are 1,221 ginning units, 442
spinning units, 124 large spinning units and
425 small units which produce textile.

Fig-3: A model of PAKISTAN textile industry

SOURCE
https://www.google.com.pk/search?rlz=1C1PRFE_enPK79
2PK792&biw=1366&bih=662&tbm
 1960 There was a rapid
In 1950 Textile 1970-71 there was growth in spinning
180units of textiles
industry was 113 textile units sector in 1980

2014:
New government has
The number of
done a major
units rose to 440
achievement which may
in1996-97
bring revolution in textile
sector PAKISTAN TEXTILE industry HISTORY
2013:
Export share
Textile millers and
become
workers were in
$10.5billion by
protest
2007

2012:
Pakistan’s $13.8 billion 2010 2009:
textile industries Textile exports Export share Textile industry is
struggling to survive a stood at $12.5 become $16 being hit hard due
critical shortage of billion from July billion to ongoing energy
energy to run its plants. 2010 to May 2011 crisis
SOURCE:
https://books.google.com.pk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=xQGwgJnCPZgC&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=History+of+pakista
n+textile&ots=5D0ealRa
YEAR COTTON GARMENT TOWEL COTTON Chart Title
YARN
5000000

4500000

1999 40000 60000 67000 100000 4000000

3500000
2004 8000 1200000 170000 1300000
3000000
0 2500000

2005 2400000 2900000 310000 1700000 2000000

0 1500000

1000000
2006 2800000 3100000 370000 1900000 500000

0 0
1999 2004 2005 2006 2007

2007 2900000 3500000 430000 2600000

0
COTTON GARMENT TOWEL COTTON YARN

SOURCE:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4660(199812)73:4%3C323::AID-
JCTB976%3E3.0.CO;2-S
2008 2300000 2900000 2400000 2100000 Chart Title
7000000

2009 3500000 3700000 4100000 1700000

6000000

2010 4100000 4300000 4700000 1300000

5000000
2011 3400000 3500600 4900000 1900000
4000000
2012 2600000 2700000 4200000 2700000
2013 2900000 3300300 4500000 3300000 3000000

2014 3700000 4100000 5000000 3700000 2000000

2015 4300000 4900000 5300000 4300000 1000000

2016 4700000 5300000 5600000 5100000

0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

2017 4700600 5800000 6100000 5600000 Series1 Series2 Series3 Series4

SOURCE:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4660(199812)73:4%3C323::AID-JCTB976%3E3.0.CO;2-
S
 Chart Title

7000000

6000000

5000000

4000000

3000000

2000000

1000000

0
1999 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

COTTON GARMENT TOWEL COTTON YARN

SOURCE:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4660(199812)73:4%3C323::AID-
JCTB976%3E3.0.CO;2-S
 ANNUAL PRODUCTION WITH
PAKISTAN GLOBAL
Global
Cotton
63% Cotton
Polyester
30% 26%
Polyester
51% Viscose
7%

Viscose Others
5% 16%
Others
2%

SOURCE :
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.09.012
 Technical textile
growth

Technical
Technical Textile
Textile 7%
14%

Home Textile
17%
Home Apparel
Textile 58%
28%

Apparel
76%

Apparel Home Textile Technical Textile

SOURCE :
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.09.012
 SOURCE:
https://books.google.com.pk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=xQGwgJnCPZgC&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=Histor
y+of+pakistan+textile&ots=5D0ealRa
 2015 Value of Shipments $76 Billion
for Textiles, Apparel, & Manufactured Fibers
$80
$75.5 $76.0
$74.2 $74.7
$75 $73.6
$71.0
$70
$66.9
$65

$60
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Value for 313 Textile Mills, 314 Textile Product Mills, 315 Apparel, and 32522 Artifical & Synthetic Fibers and Filaments

SOURCE:
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Aftab_Alam18/publication/258351787_Pakistan_textile
_industry_facing_new_challenges/links/0deec52808bf9271ff000000.pdf
 Value of Shipments in $ Billions by Category
$8.2

313 Textile Mills

$13.9 $30.7
314 Textile Product Mills

315 Apparel

32522 Artificial & Synthetic Fibers &

Filaments

$23.2

SOURCE :
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Aftab_Alam18/publication/258351787_Pakistan_textile_ind
ustry_facing_new_challenges/links/0deec52808bf9271ff000000.pdf
 Trend for PAKISTAN Exports of Fiber, Textiles, and Apparel in $ Billions
Total =
$30 $27.75 B
$23.7 $24.4 $23.7
$25 $22.4 $22.7
$19.7
$20
$16.6
$15

$10 $8.5
$5.8 $6.3 $5.7
$3.5 $4.5 $4.0
$5

$0
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Textile & Apparel Cotton, Wool, & Other Fine Animal Hair

SOURCE:
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Manuel_Figueiredo/publication/228447616_SWOT_Analysis
_of_Pakistan_Textile_Supply_Chain/links/0a85e5345564f47d47000000.pdf
CHALLENGES FACED BY THE READYMADE
APPAREL INDUSTRY OF PAKISTAN
 COTTON SORTAGE

PRGMEA (2010) explains that actual domestic demand of cotton is 16 million

bales and Pakistan is producing almost 11 million bales so unfortunately there is
a shortage of 5 million bales for the domestic market.

SOURCE: https://pakjas.com.pk/papers/1951.pdf
 PRICE FLUCTUATION
➢ Particularly, yarn price fluctuation is badly hearting the export orders. Yarn price
fluctuation is so fast that on daily basis new rates are being announced

SOURCE:
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d1e0/bff96316b4ecbe37bd52ed66e3983fe96dbd.pdf
 LOAD SHEDDING

Pakistan is facing severe energy crises form last five years. There is shortage of
electricity, gas, petrol to run the service as well as manufacturing industry of the
Pakistan.
Continues load shedding of electricity and gas resulting in the low performance and
productivity of the factories.

SOURCE:
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-540-89853-5_48
25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

Firm Supply (MW) Peak Demand (MW)

SOURCE:
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-540-89853-5_48
 GAS SHORTAGE
The Sui Northern Gas Company Ltd (SNGPL) announced load shedding schedules
never met the expectation of the manufactures and also not strict on the schedule
being announced.

SOURCE:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136403210800066X
 NEW AND ADVANCE TECHNOLOGY
New and advance technology has resulted in competition around the world and
now efficiency and productivity are important factors for a nation.
Pakistan’s 80% apparel industry is SME using traditional methodologies and
machinery resulting in low performance of man and machines.

SOURCE:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032113001330
 COST OF PRODUCTION

Cost of Production increased due to

❖ war on terrorism
❖ currency devaluation,
❖ unexpected fluctuation of the yarn prices and
❖ international financial crunch,
❖ cost of doing business in Pakistan has increased

SOURCE:
https://www.google.com.pk/search?rlz=1C1PRFE_enPK792PK792&ei=mdXgWo
 HOW TO GET RID OF FROM THESE CRISES?

➢ Same subsidies on export, energy, and bank refinance schemes as being

awarded by India, Bangladesh, and China.
➢ Favorable policies for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) to Pakistan
➢ Image building of Pakistan to attract the international buyers.
➢ Financial support for the technology up gradation.
➢ Financial support for the capacity building of human resource of the value added
supply chain.
➢ Control on the price fluctuation of raw material.

SOURCE:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136403211300796X
PROCESSES OF TEXTILE MANUFACTURING
 Fiber resources
Textile manufacturing begins with the
production or harvesting of raw fiber.
After collecting the fiber from
resources following steps should
adopted.
➢Yarn production
➢ Fabric production
➢ Wet process
➢ Garment Manufacturing

SOURCE:
https://www.sswm.info/sites/default/files/reference_attachments/ADEL%20et%20al%202004%
20Treatment%20of%20Textile%20Wastewater%20by%20Advanced%20Oxidation%2
FIBER

YARN FABRICATION

FABRIC PRODUCTION

WET PROCESSING

GARMENT
MANUFACTURING

SOURCE:
https://www.sswm.info/sites/default/files/reference_attachments/ADEL%20et%20al%2020
04%20Treatment%20of%20Textile%20Wastewater%20by%20Advanced%20Oxidation%2
 YARN FABRICATION
Yarn fabrication is the process, which
converts raw fiber into yarn or thread.

Fig 4- A MODEL OF YARN

SOURCE: MANUFATURING PROCESS
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a
rticle/pii/S1359835X99000342
 STEPS FOR YARN MANUFATURING

ROW FIBER

OPENING/BL
ENDING

CLEANING

CARDING

V
V
COMBING
DRAWING

V
V
SPINNING

V
V
YARN

V
V
SOURCE: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1517-
83822010000400004&script=sci_arttext&tlng=es
 1-OPENING /BLENDING

Row material (cotton and synthetic)

are received in compact bales.
Opening is the first operation
required to carried out to open
material from highly pressed
cotton/synthetic bales.

Fig 5- A textile machine of blending

SOURCE
https://scholar.google.com.pk/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&
q=blending+machine&btnG
 2-CLEANING
Cotton fiber must be cleaned to
remove foreign matter such as plant
parts, seed hulls, dirt, etc., from the
fibers.

FIG-6: A CLEANER CLEANING FIBER

SOURCE: -https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095965261500205X
 CARDING

• The blow room only opens the row

material to flock whereas the card
opens the flock into individual fibers.

FIG-7: Complete diagram of carding process

SOURCE: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1993.tb01536.x
CARDING PROCESS

The working elements are taker-

in, main cylinder, card top and
doffing cylinder.
The working elements are
equipped with saw-tooth wires.

FIG-8: ANIMATED PROCESS OF CARDING

SOURCE:
WWW. CHEMICAL INSTRUMENT SIGMALDRIEH.COM
 COMBING
Combing process serves to improve
the row material in production of
medium, medium to fine and fine
yarns.

SOURCE:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166497201000025
 PROCESS OF COMBING

FIG-9: Animated process of combing

➢ The combing machine, whose use is optional, to improve the yarn quality, is located in the spinning process between the
drawing frame and the flyer. Its goal is achieved by combing out the shorter fibers, thus increasing the effective fiber
length.

Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166497201000025
 FUCTIONS OF COMBER
To eliminate pre-determine quantity of short fiber.
To eliminate remaining impurities.
To eliminate large proportion of naps.
To form a sliver of maximum possible evenness.

Source:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166497201000025
 DRAWING
The task of drawing process is to
improve evenness over short, medium
and especially long term level by
straightening and paralyzing the fiber.
In addition to this it also for blending
of different fibers (Blending of
Polyester / Cotton, Polyester / Viscose,
Polyester / Wool Etc.)

Fig-10- Animated diagram of drawing machine process

SOURCE:
1-www. Siemens .AG.2005.INSTRUMENTS. TEXTLE .com
2- https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs
 SPINNING
In this process rove is fed to drafting
arrangement, which further attenuate
to spin into final yarn.
The delivered stand of fine fiber from
the drafting arrangement, is
strengthened by inserting twist in it.
This twist is generated by the spindle,
which rotate at a higher speed.

Fig-11- Spinner rollers are attached with looms

SOURCE:
https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:41077948
 PROCESS OF SPINNING MACHINE

Fig-12- Animated instrument of process of spinning

SOURCE:
www. Siemens .AG.2005.INSTRUMENTS. TEXTLE .com
 MAN MADE FIBERS

Manmade fibers are often shipped as staple

(similar in length to natural fibers), which is
ready for spinning, or as filament yarn, which
may be used directly or following further
shaping or texturizing.
The three main methods of fiber
manufacture.
1. WET SPINNING
2. DRY SPINNING
3. MELT SPINNING
Fig-13: Roller of man made fiber

SOURCE:
http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/bitstream/1/2032005/1/40546.pdf
https://www.google.com.pk/search?rlz=1C1PRFE_enPK792PK792&biw
 FABRIC PRODUCTION

Fabric production, the second step,

involves weaving, knitting, tufting and
non-woven.
Tufting and non-woven are used in
the fabric manufacturing but not as
widely as weaving and knitting.

Fig- 14:A industrial machine producing well establish fiber

SOURCE
https://www.google.com.pk/search?rlz=1C1PRFE_enPK792PK792&biw
https://patents.google.com/patent/US4574018A/en
 WEAVING
Weaving is the most common method used for
producing fabrics.
The process is carried out of two sets of threads,
which interlaces lengthwise yarns (warp yarns)
with widthwise ones (weft or filling yarns).
To prevent the warp yarns from braking during
weaving, the warp threads are coated with a size
before weaving, to increase their tensile strength
and smoothness.
Natural starches are the most commonly used
sizes, although compounds such as polyvinyl
alcohol (PVA), resins, alkali-soluble cellulose
derivatives, and gelatin glue have been used.
The sizing compound is dried on the threads
and remains a part of the cloth until it is
removed in the subsequent processes.
Other chemicals, such as lubricants, agents, and
fillers, are often added to impart additional
properties to a fabric
Fig-15- A person is making waves of fibers
SOURCE:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041200400034
0
 A MODLE OF WEAVING

Fig-16- A lady doing weaving of fiber with the

weaver machine

SOURCE:
https://www.google.com.pk/search?q=WEAVING+IMAGING+ANIMATED&rlz=1C1PRFE_enPK792PK792
&sourc
 KNITTING

In knitting fabric is formed through

interlocking series of yarn loops.
Rows of stitches are formed so that
each row hangs on the row behind it,
usually using sophisticated, high-
speed machinery.

Fig-17- Animated process of knitting with single

machine

Source : https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09537287.2010.498577
 KNITTING

Fig-18- Animated view of double machine of knitting process

SOURCE:www. GROZ-BECKERT. INSTRUMENT SINGLE MACHINE

KNIT DEVICE 238979-AS.COM
 TUFTING
Tufting is the process of
inserting additional yarns into
fabric to create a pile fabric.
The substrate fabric can range
from a thin backing to heavy
burlap-type material and may be
woven, knitted, or web.

Fig-19: A industrial machine of tufting

Source:1- https://patents.google.com/patent/US4
2-https://www.google.com.pk/search?q=TUFTING+MACHINES&rlz=1C1PRFE_enPK792PK792&tbm
Fig-20- A animated view of process of tufting with tufter device 300-

Source: https://www.google.com.pk/search?q=TUFTING
 WET PROCESSING
The fabric produced from the KNITTING
weaving or knitting is in rough FIBER
condition and is often termed 'grey'
fabric. BLEACHING

The material is rough to the touch

and contains impurities, which are DYEING
either natural in the fibers or added to
facilitate the process of fabric
manufacture. FINISHING

FINISHED
FIBER
 DYEING
Dyeing is employed to give an all-over
shade to the fabric.
It basically involves diffusion of dye
molecules into the textile fabric, which
imparts the required color.
In the dyeing process these dye
particles quickly come into contact
with the surface of each fiber, form a
thin layer and diffuse into it
Fig-21- Mixing the purple 45 azoic dye into black dye

Source: https://patents.google.com/patent/US8870972B2/en
 ACIDIC DYES
Mainly used on wool, silk and
polyamide fibers.
They give very bright colors, whose
fastness ranges from very poor
(allowing colors to run) to very good.

Fig-22- In a lab a lady dying a cloth in acidic dye Scarlet 45

Source:https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/1463668
0410563016
 ACID DYES

SOURCE
https://patents.google.com/patent/US6467898B2/en
 DIFFERENT TYPE OF ACIDIC DYES

Fig-23- different color strength of acid dyes

Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=colours+of+dyes&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved
 BASIC DYE
Basic dyes are water soluble cationic
dyes .
These dyes consist of amino groups
(trialkyl amines , dialkyl amines ) and
are usually aniline dyes
Basic dyes produce bright shades on
textile materials
E.g. Methylene Blue

SOURCE:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135402005
201
 BASIC DYES

SOURCE:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135402005201
 DIRECT DYE
Direct dye, also called
Substantive Dye, any of a class of
colored, water-soluble
compounds that have an affinity
for fiber and are taken up directly,
such as the benzidine derivatives.

SOURCE:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0143720805003797
 DIRECT DYE

SOURCE:https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10971-008-
1819-8
 DISPERSE DYE
Disperse dye is one kind of
organic substances which is free
of ionizing group.
Disperse dyes are less soluble in
water and used for dyeing
synthetic textile materials.

SOURCE:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030438940
4001980
 DISPERSE DYE

SOURCE:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/app.13062
 REACTIVE DYE
Reactive dye is only class of dyes
which makes covalent bond with
the fiber and become part of it
Reactive dyes + Fiber = Reactive
dye-Fiber (Covalent bonding)
If the general structure of a
reactive dye is “R-B-X” then, R-B-X
+ Fiber = R-B-X-Fiber (Dyed fiber)

SOURCE:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0143720803002572
 REACTIVE DYE

Source:https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12257-007-0165-y
 VAT DYE
Vat dyes are different from
reactive dyes, disperse dyes, basic
dyes, acid dyes or azoic color but
its application process is near
similar as sulphur dyes.
Vat dyes are used for coloring
cellulosic fiber specially cotton
fiber.

SOURCE:https://patents.google.com/patent/US2090511A/en
 VAT DYES

SOURCE:http://www.journal.csj.jp/doi/abs/10.1246/bcsj.25.411
 DISADVANTAGES AND HAZARD EFFECT OF DYES

Fig-24: Hands effected by dyes

SOURCE:https://www.google.com.pk/search?rlz=1C1PRFE_enPK792PK792&biw=1366&bih=61
3&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=0MvqWviGDNC6ggfM7rPQBQ&q
 PRINTING
Printing is a process by which
colored patterns are produced
on the fabric.
Unlike dyeing, it is usually only
carried out on prepared fabric
where it is applied to specific
areas to achieve a planned
design.
The color is applied to the
fabric and then treated with
Fig-25- A man printed the logo on T-shirt by using dye
steam, heat or chemicals to fix
the color on the fabric.
SOURCE:http://pubs.rsc.org/-
/content/articlehtml/2011/an/c0an00406e
 PRINITING OF CLOTHES

Fig-26- A man printing the cloth on large scale in industry

SOURCE:https://www.google.com.pk/search?q=PRINTING+CLOTH&rlz=1C1PRFE_enPK792
PK792&source
 GARMENT MANUFACTURING

The finished cloths are fabricated

into a variety of apparel and
household industrial products.
The simpler of these products, such
as bags, sheets, towels, blanket, and
draperies often produced by the
textile mills themselves, but apparel Fig-27- Animated picture of single machine

or more complex house-wares are

usually fabricated by cutting trades.

Fig-28- Animated picture of stiching the cloth

Source:http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.132.
7194&rep=rep1&type=pdf#page=141
 Fig-29: The t-shirts with different colors

SOURCE:https://www.google.com.pk/search?q=GARMENTS&rlz=1C1PRFE_enPK792PK79
2&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved
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