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Sixth Edition
McComas Taylor
2009
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i
Preface
The key to the successful study of Sanskrit lies in knowing where to look things up, in
dictionaries, grammars and tables of paradigms. First as a student, and later as a teacher, I
used the grammatical tables in the texts written by Macdonell, Coulson, Bucknell and
Egenes. Each of these has its strengths, yet none is particularly well suited to the needs of
the beginning student. To meet this need, I have compiled from the above sources all the
most common and useful paradigms that a student is likely to encounter in the first few
years of study. I have attempted to present the information clearly and unambiguously,
concentrating on common forms, and omitting rarely encountered ones. While acknowl-
edging my great debt to all my kind teachers, I dedicate this slim volume to my dear stu-
dents.
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1. गज ‘elephant’. Nominal stems in अ – masculine 1
2. फल ‘fruit’. Nominal stems in अ – neuter 2
3. सेना ‘army’. Nominal stems in आ – feminine 3
4. मुनन ‘sage’. Nominal stems in इ – masculine 4
5. शुचि ‘pure’. Nominal stems in इ – neuter 5
6. श्रुनत ‘scripture’. Nominals stems in इ – feminine 6
7. गुरु ‘elder’. Nominal stems in उ – masculine 7
8. मृदु ‘soft’. Nominal stems in उ – neuter 8
9. धेनु ‘cow’. Nominal stems in उ – feminine 9
10. धी ‘intellect’. Nominal stems in ई – feminine, monosyllabic 10
11. नदी ‘river’. Nominal stems in ई – feminine 11
12. स्त्री ‘woman’ ( irregular). Nominal stems in ई – feminine 12
13. भू ‘earth’. Nominal stems in ऊ – feminine, monsyllabic 13
14. वधू ‘woman’. Nominal stems in ऊ – feminine 14
15. राजन् ‘king’. Nominal stems in अन् – masculine 15
16. आत्मन् ‘self’. Nominal stems in अन् – masculine 16
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17. नामन् ‘name’. Nominal stems in अन् – neuter 17
18. कतृृ ‘maker’. Nominal stems in ऋ – masculine 18
19. नितृ ‘father’. Nominal stems in ऋ – masculine 19
20. स्वसृ ‘sister’. Nominal stems in ऋ – feminine 20
21. मातृ ‘mother’. Nominal stems in ऋ – feminine 21
22. भगवत् ‘blessed’. Nominal stems in अत्/अन्त् – masculine 22
23. भगवत् ‘blessed’. Nominal stems in अत्/अन्त् – neuter 23
24. सुमनस् ‘benevolent’. Nominal stems in अस् – masculine/feminine 24
25. मनस् ‘mind’. Nominal stems in अस् – neuter 25
26. हस्तिन् ‘elephant’. Nominal stems in इन् – masculine 26
27. धननन् ‘rich’. Nominal stems in इन् – neuter 27
28. मरुत् ‘wind’. Nominal stems with consonant endings – masculine 28
29. वाि् ‘speech’. Nominal stems with consonant endings – feminine 29
30. मद् /अस्मद् ‘I’/’we’ 30
31. त्वद् /युष्मद् ‘you’ 31
32. तद् ‘he’ – masculine (also यः , कः ) 32
33. तद् ‘it’ – neuter (also यत्, नकम्) 33
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34. तद् ‘she’ – feminine (also या, का) 34
35. अयम् ‘this’ – masculine 35
36. अयम् ‘this’ – neuter 36
37. अयम् ‘this’ – feminine 37
38. असौ ‘that’ – masculine 38
39. असौ ‘that’ – neuter 39
40. असौ ‘that’ – feminine 40
41. नयन्त् ‘leading’. Present active participles in at/ant – masculine 41
42. नयन्त् ‘leading’. Present active participles in at/ant – neuter 42
43. Class 1, 4, 6 and 10, नी ‘lead’, parasmaipada/active endings 43
44. Class 1, 4, 6 and 10, नी ‘lead’, ātmanepada/middle endings 44
45. Class 2 (root class), निष् ‘hate’, parasmaipada/active endings 45
46. Class 2 (root class), निष् ‘hate’, ātmanepada/middle endings 46
47. Class 2 (root class), अस् ‘be’, parasmaipada/active endings 47
48. Class 2 (root class), हन् ‘kill’, parasmaipada/active endings 48
49. Class 3 (reduplicated class), हु ‘sacrifice’, parasmaipada/active 49
50. Class 3 (reduplicated class), हु ‘sacrifice’, ātmanepada/middle endings 50
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51. Class 5 (णु class) , सु ‘press’, parasmaipada/active endings 51
52. Class 5 (णु class) , सु ‘press’, ātmanepada/middle endings 52
53. Class 7 (nasal infix class), रुध् ‘obstruct’, parasmaipada/active 53
54. Class 7 (nasal infix class), रुध् ‘obstruct’, ātmanepada/middle endings 54
55. Class 8 (उ class), कृ ‘do’, parasmaipada/active endings 55
56. Class 8 (उ class), कृ ‘do’, ātmanepada/middle endings 56
57. Class 9 (ना class), क्री ‘buy’, parasmaipada/active endings 57
58. Class 9 (ना class), क्री ‘buy’, ātmanepada/middle endings 58
59. Perfect paradigms, parasmaipada/active endings 59
60. Perfect paradigms, ātmanepada/middle endings 60
61. Sandhi rules: vowels 61
62. Sandhi rules: consonants 62
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The Alphabet
अ a आ ā इ i ई ī उ u ऊ ū
ऋ ṛ ॠ ṝ ऌ ḷ ॡ ḹ ए e ऐ ai
ओ o औ au अं ṃ अः ḥ
क ka ख kha ग ga घ gha ङ ṅ
च ca छ cha ज ja झ jha ञ ñ
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ट ṭa
ठ ṭha
ड ḍa
ढ ḍha
ण ṇa
त ta
थ tha
द da
ध dha
न na
प pa
फ pha
ब ba
भ bha
म ma
य ya
र ra
ल la
व va
श śa
ष ṣa
स sa
ह ha
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Tricky Combinations
त्र tra
ज्ञ jña
श्व śva
द्द dda
द्य dya
त्त tta
क्ष kṣa
श्र śra
द्र dra
द्ध ddha
क्त kta
क्र kra
श्च śca
दृ dṛ
रू rū
प्त pta
ष्ट ṣṭa
ष्ठ ṣṭha
हृ hṛ
रु ru
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Generic endings for nominals
x
Vowel strength
Use/meaning of cases
xi
1. gaja ‘elephant’. Nominal stems in a – masculine
1
2. phala ‘fruit’. Nominal stems in a – neuter
2
3. senā ‘army’. Nominal stems in ā – feminine
3
4. muni ‘sage’. Nominal stems in i – masculine
4
5. śuci ‘pure’. Nominal stems in i – neuter
5
6. śruti ‘scripture’. Nominals stems in i – feminine
6
7. guru ‘elder’. Nominal stems in u – masculine
7
8. mṛdu ‘soft’. Nominal stems in u – neuter
8
9. dhenu ‘cow’. Nominal stems in u – feminine
9
10. dhī ‘intellect’. Nominal stems in ī – feminine, monosyllabic
10
11. nadī ‘river’. Nominal stems in ī – feminine
11
12. strī ‘woman’ ( irregular).. Nominal stems in ī – feminine
12
13. bhū’earth’. Nominal stems in ū – feminine, monsyllabic
13
14. vadhū’woman’. Nominal stems in ū – feminine
14
15. rājan ‘king’. Nominal stems in an – masculine
15
16. ātman ‘self’. Nominal stems in an – masculine
16
17. nāman ‘name’. Nominal stems in an – neuter
17
18. kartṛ ‘maker’. Nominal stems in ṛ – masculine
18
19. pitṛ ‘father’. Nominal stems in ṛ – masculine
19
20. svasṛ ‘sister’. Nominal stems in ṛ – feminine
20
21. mātṛ ‘mother’. Nominal stems in ṛ – feminine
21
22. bhagavat ‘blessed’. Nominal stems in ant/vant/mant – masculine
22
23. bhagavat ‘blessed’. Nominal stems in ant/vant/mant – neuter
23
24. sumanas ‘benevolent’. Nominal stems in as – masc/fem
24
25. manas ‘mind’. Nominal stems in as – neuter
25
26. hastin ‘elephant’. Nominal stems in in – masculine
26
27. dhanin ‘rich’. Nominal stems in in – neuter
27
28. marut ‘wind’. Nominal stems with consonant endings – masc
28
29. vāc ‘speech’. Nominal stems with consonant endings – fem
29
30. mad/asmad ‘I’/’we’
30
31. tvad/yuṣmad ‘you’
31
32. tad ‘he’ – masculine (also yaḥ, kaḥ)
32
33. tad ‘it’ – neuter (also yat, kim)
33
34. tad ‘she’ – feminine (also yā, kā)
34
35. ayam ‘this’ – masculine
35
36. ayam ‘this’ – neuter
36
37. ayam ‘this’ – feminine
37
38. asau ‘that’ – masculine
38
39. asau ‘that’ – neuter
39
40. asau ‘that’ – feminine
40
41. nayant ‘leading’. Present active participles in at/ant – masc
41
42. nayant ‘leading’. Present active participles in at/ant – neuter
42
43. Class 1, 4, 6 and 10, nī ‘lead’, parasmaipada/active endings
43
44. Class 1, 4, 6 and 10, nī ‘lead’, ātmanepada/middle endings
44
45. Class 2 (root class), dviṣ ’hate’, parasmaipada/active endings
45
46. Class 2 (root class), dviṣ ’hate’, ātmanepada/middle endings
46
47. Class 2 (root class), as ‘be’, parasmaipada/active endings
47
48. Class 2 (root class), han ‘kill’, parasmaipada/active endings
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49. Class 3 (reduplicated class), hu ‘sacrifice’, parasmaipada/active
49
50. Class 3 (reduplicated class), hu ‘sacrifice’, ātm./middle endings
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51. Class 5 (nu class) , su ‘press’, parasmaipada/active endings
Present Imperfect Imperative Optative
Sing. 1 सुन नम असुनवम् सुनवानन सुनुयाम्
2 सुन नष असुन ः सुनु सुनुयाः
3 सुन नत असुन त् सुन तु सुनुयात्
Dual 1
सुनुवः /सुन्वः असुनुव/असुन्व सुनवाव सुनुयाव
2 सुनुथः असुनुतम् सुनुतम् सुनुयातम्
3 सुनुतः असुनुताम् सुनुताम् सुनुयाताम्
Plur. 1
सुनुमः /सुिः असुनुम/असुि सुनवाम सुनुयाम
2 सुनुथ असुनुत सुनुत सुनुयात
3 सुन्वस्तन्त असुन्वन् सुन्वन्तु सुनुयुः
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52. Class 5 (nu class) , su ‘press’, ātmanepada/middle endings
Present Imperfect Imperative Optative
Sing. 1 सुन्वे असुचन्व सुनव सुन्वीय
2 सुनुषे असुनुथाः सुनुष्व सुन्वीथाः
3 सुनुते असुनुत सुनुताम् सुन्वीत
Dual 1 सुनुवहे / असुनुवनह /
सुन्वहे असुन्वनह सुनवावह सुन्वीवनह
2 सुन्वाथे असुन्वाथाम् सुन्वाथाम् सुन्वीयाथाम्
3 सुन्वाते असुन्वाताम् सुन्वाताम् सुन्वीयाताम्
Plur. 1 सुनुमहे/ असुनुमनह/
सुिहे असुिनह सुनवामह सुन्वीमनह
2 सुनुध्वे असुनुध्वम् सुनुध्वम् सुन्वीध्वम्
3 सुन्वते असुन्वत सुन्वताम् सुन्वीरन्
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53. Class 7 (nasal infix class), rudh ‘obstruct’, parasmaipada/active
53
54. Class 7 (nasal infix class), rudh ‘obstruct’, ātm./middle endings
54
55. Class 8 (u class), kṛ ‘do’, parasmaipada/active endings
55
56. Class 8 (u class), kṛ ‘do’, ātmanepada/middle endings
56
57. Class 9 (nā class), krī ‘buy’, parasmaipada/active endings
57
58. Class 9 (nā class), krī ‘buy’, ātmanepada/middle endings
58
59. Perfect paradigms, parasmaipada/active endings
60
61. Sandhi rules: vowels (a space indicates a word break)
Final vowels
-अ/-आ -इ/-ई -उ/-ऊ -ऋ -ए -ऐ -ओ -औ Initials
-आ- -य- -व- -र- -ए ‘- -आ अ- -ओ ‘- -आव- अ-
-आ- -या- -वा- -रा- -अ आ- -आ आ- -अ आ- -आवा- आ-
-ए- -ई- -नव- -रर- -अ इ- -आ इ- -अ इ- -आनव- इ-
-ए- -ई- -वी- -री- -अ ई- -आ ई- -अ ई- -आवी- ई-
-ओ- -यु- -ऊ- -रु- -अ उ- -आ उ- -अ उ- -आवु- उ-
-ओ- -यू- -ऊ- -रू- -अ ऊ- -आ ऊ- -अ ऊ- -आवू- ऊ-
-अर्- -यृ- -वृ- -ॠ- -अ ऋ- -आ ऋ- -अ ऋ- -आवृ- ऋ-
-ऐ- -ये- -वे- -रे- -अ ए- -आ ए- -अ ए- -आवे- ए-
-ऐ- -य- -व- -र- -अ ऐ- -आ ऐ- -अ ऐ- -आव- ऐ-
-औ- -य - -व - -र - -अ ओ- -आ ओ- -अ ओ- -आव - ओ-
-औ- -यौ- -वौ- -रौ- -अ औ- -आ औ- -अ औ- -आवौ- औ-
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62. Sandhi rules: consonants (After Coulson; a hyphen indicates a join)
Final letter
-क् -ट् -त् -ि् -ण् -न् -म् -ःः /-र् -आः -अः Initial
-क् - -ट्- -त्- -ि्- -ण्- -न्- -ःं -ःः -आः -अः क् -/ख्-
-ग्- -ड् - -द्- -ब्- -ण्- -न्- -ःं -र्- -आ -ओ ग्-/घ्-
-क् - -ट्- -ि्- -ि्- -ण्- -ःंश्- -ःं -श्- -आश्- -अश्- ि्-/छ् -
-ग्- -ड् - -ज्- -ब्- -ण्- -ञ्- -ःं -र्- -आ -ओ ज्-/झ्-
-क् - -ट्- -ट्- -ि्- -ण्- -ःंष्- -ःं -ष्- -आṢ- -अष्- ट् -/ ठ् -
-ग्- -ड् - -ड् - -ब्- -ण्- -ण्- -ःं -र्- -आ -ओ ड् -/ढ् -
-क् - -ट्- -त्- -ि्- -ण्- -ःंस्- -ःं -स्- -आस्- -अस्- त्-/थ्-
-ग्- -ड् - -द्- -ब्- -ण्- -न्- -ःं -र्- -आ -ओ द्-/-ध्
-क् - -ट्- -त्- -ि्- -ण्- -न्- -ःं -ःः -आः -अः ि्-/फ्-
-ग्- -ड् - -द्- -ब्- -ण्- -न्- -ःं -र्- -आ -ओ ब्-/भ्-
-ङ् - -ण्- -न्- -म्- -ण्- -न्- -ःं -र्- -आ -ओ न्-/म्-
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Final letter
-क् -ट् -त् -ि् -ण् -न् -म् -ःः /-र् -आः -अः Initial
-ग्- -ड् - -द्- -ब्- -ण्- -न्- -ःं -र्- -आ -ओ य्-/व्-
-ग्- -ड् - -द्- -ब्- -ण्- -न्- -ःं zero1 -आ -ओ र्-
-ग्- -ड् - -ल्- -ब्- -ण्- -ःंल्-2 -ःं -र्- -आ -ओ ल्-
-क् - -ट्- -ि्(छ् )- -ि्- -ण्- -ञ्(श्/छ् )- -ःं -ःः -आः -अः श्-
-क् - -ट्- -त्- -ि्- -ण्- -न्- -ःं -ःः -आः -अः ष्-/स्-
-ग्(घ्)- -ड् (ढ् )- -द्(ध्)- -ब्(भ्)- -ण्- -न्- -ःं -र्- -आ -ओ ह्-
-ग्- -ड् - -द्- -ब्- -ण्/ण्ण्-3 -न्/न्न्-3 -म्- -र्- -आ -अ4 vowels
-क् -ट् -त् -ि् -ण् -न् -म् -ःः -आः -अः zero
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