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This chapter presents the background and purpose of the study, statement
of the problem, significance of the study, scope and limitations and definition of
terms.
Nowadays students were still introduced to the usual color wheel, a color
wheel is based on a circle that joins the ends of the spectrum and is helpful as a
guide to mixing colors. There are many possible color wheel configurations or
native color mixing. These color wheels indicates the result of two different colors
mixed together. For example, when red and blue were mixed, it will result into
purple. We usually use color pigments what those mixed colors would turned into.
But most of the people or a student doesn’t get confused on what the mixed
colors will look like if we try to combine lights from bulbs of different colors, will the
combination of red and blue will still result into purple or will it form a different
To avoid too much confusion, the researchers would like to study the
difference between color pigments and spectrum of lights. This study will help
students understand the difference between color and spectra. This research can
also be helpful to teachers on explaining why the result of mixed colors didn’t turn
Based from the Science Act of 1958, also known as RA No. 2067, as
(1) Strengthen the educational system of the country so that the same will
manpower;
(2) Promote and encourage the dissemination of the results of scientific and
can vary infinitely within a continuum. The word had its first scientific use within
the field of optics to describe the rainbow of colors in visible light when separated
using a prism; it has since been applied by analogy to many fields other than
optics. Thus, one might talk about the spectrum of political opinion, or the
spectrum of activity of a drug, or the autism spectrum. In these uses, values within
In the 17th century the word spectrum was introduced into optics, referring
to the range of colors observed when white light was dispersed through a prism.
The term spectrum was soon applied to other waves, such as sound
waves, and now applies to any signal that can be decomposed into frequency
refers to the compound signal itself, such as the "spectrum of visible light", a
reference to those electromagnetic waves which are visible to the human eye.
Looking at light through a prism separates visible light into its colors according to
separates according to the grating equation and if massive particles are measured
often their speed is measured. To get a spectrum, the measured function has to
stretched. For this imagine that the spectrum of pulse with a finite number of
particles at some points of the film. The same is true for taking a spectrum by
scanning a monochromator with a fixed slit width. Violet at one end has the
shortest wavelength and red at the other end has the longest wavelength of
visible light. The colors in order are violet, blue, green, and yellow, orange, red. As
the wavelengths get bigger below the red visible light they become infrared,
microwave, and radio. As the wavelengths get smaller above violet light, they
The light emitted by most light sources contains photons of many different
colors. By using a tool that creates a spectrum, scientists can get much more
detailed information about the light source than they would get simply by looking
4
(the plural is spectra), they are usually referring to an image that was made by
dispersing the light from a light source onto a camera. It is not very easy to make
careful measurements of the spectra from an object when working with an image,
the spectrum. On the x-axis, they plot the wavelength of the light (which is
equivalent to the energy of the light or the color of the light), and on the y-axis
they plot the intensity of the light. Astronomers use the word spectrum to refer
either to an image of the light, or the two dimensional plot of the image of a
spectrum. 6
that humans have chosen and developed for use as pigments usually have
special properties that make them ideal for coloring other materials. A pigment
must have a high tinting strength relative to the materials it colors. It must be
are desirable properties. Pigments that are not permanent are called fugitive.
Fugitive pigments fade over time, or with exposure to light, while some eventually
blacken.9
Pigments are used for coloring paint, ink, plastic, fabric, cosmetics, food
and other materials. Most pigments used in manufacturing and the visual arts are
5
dry colorants, usually ground into a fine powder. This powder is added to a vehicle
(or binder), a relatively neutral or colorless material that suspends the pigment
soluble in its vehicle (resulting in a solution). The term biological pigment is used
for all colored substances independent of their solubility. A colorant can be both a
pigment and a dye depending on the vehicle it is used in. In some cases, a
Pure pigments reflect light in a very specific way that cannot be precisely
three dimensions: hue, value (or lightness), and chroma. Computer displays in
general are unable to show the true chroma of many pigments, but the hue and
lightness can be reproduced with relative accuracy. However, when the gamma of
a computer display deviates from the reference value, the hue is also
systematically biased.12
Spectrum is a rainbow like series of colors, in the order violet, blue, green,
yellow, orange, and red, produced by splitting a composite light, such as white
light, into its component colors Indigo was formerly recognized as a distinct
prism. The first correct explanation of the phenomenon was advanced in 1666 by
Furthermore it was said that, when a ray of light passes from one
transparent medium, such as air, into another, such as glass or water, it is bent;
upon reemerging into the air, it is bent again. This bending is called refraction; the
amount of refraction depends on the wavelength of the light. Violet light, for
example, is bent more than red light in passing from air to glass or from glass to
air. A mixture of red and violet light is thus dispersed into the two colors when it
interferometer is used. During the 19th century, scientists discovered that beyond
the violet end of the spectrum, radiations could be detected that were invisible to
the human eye but that had marked photochemical action; these radiations were
termed ultraviolet. Similarly, beyond the red end of the spectrum, infrared
was then revised to include these invisible radiations, and has since been
extended to include radio 3waves beyond the infrared, and X rays and gamma
The term spectrum is often loosely applied today to any orderly array
for example, may be analyzed into an audio spectrum of pure tones of various
that travel at a speed of approximately 300,000 km per sec (about 186,000 mi per
sec). They differ in having varying frequencies and wavelengths, the frequency
being equal to the speed of light divided by wavelength. Two rays of light having
the same wavelength also have the same frequency and the same color. The
varies from about 400 to 450 nm, and of red light from about 620 to 760 nm, or
from about 0.000016 to 0.000018 in for violet, and from 0.000025 to 0.000030 in
for red.17
spectrums) is a condition that is not limited to a specific set of values but can vary
infinitely within a continuum. The word saw its first scientific use within the field of
optics to describe the rainbow of colors in visible light when separated using a
prism; it has since been applied by analogy to many fields other than optics. Thus,
one might talk about the spectrum of political opinion, or the spectrum of activity of
a drug, or the autism spectrum. In these uses, values within a spectrum may not
Wikipedia also stated that a pigment is a material that changes the color of
certain wavelengths of light. Materials that humans have chosen and developed
for use as pigments usually have special properties that make them ideal for
coloring other materials. A pigment must have a high tinting strength relative to
are desirable properties. Pigments that are not permanent are called fugitive.
Fugitive pigments fade over time, or with exposure to light, while some eventually
blacken.20
Pigments are used for coloring paint, ink, plastic, fabric, cosmetics, food
and other materials. Most pigments used in manufacturing and the visual arts are
dry colorants, usually ground into a fine powder. This powder is added to a vehicle
(or binder), a relatively neutral or colorless material that suspends the pigment
soluble in its vehicle (resulting in a solution). The term biological pigment is used
for all colored substances independent of their solubility. A colorant can be both a
9
pigment and a dye depending on the vehicle it is used in. In some cases, a
Pigments appear the colors they are because they selectively reflect and
absorb certain wavelengths of light. White light is a roughly equal mixture of the
entire visible Ultramarine reflects blue light, and absorbs other colors. Pigments,
source light. Sunlight has a high color temperature, and a fairly uniform spectrum,
and is considered a standard for white light. Artificial light sources tend to have
great peaks in some parts of their spectrum, and deep valleys in others. Viewed
determined by the other substances that accompany pigments. Binders and fillers
added to pure pigment chemicals also have their own reflection and absorption
mixtures, individual rays of light may not encounter pigment molecules, and may
be reflected as is. These stray rays of source light contribute to the saturation of
the color. Pure pigment allows very little white light to escape, producing a highly
saturated color. A small quantity of pigment mixed with a lot of white binder,
however, will appear saturated and pale, due to the high quantity of escaping
white light.25
Pure pigments reflect light in a very specific way that cannot be precisely
three dimensions: hue, value (or lightness), and chroma. Computer displays in
general are unable to show the true chroma of many pigments, but the hue and
lightness can be reproduced with relative accuracy. However, when the gamma of
a computer display deviates from the reference value, the hue is also
systematically biased.26
The researchers were prompted to conduct this study in the belief that the
final result of the project will give more benefits to the users especially to students,
for them to be informed of what might happen to the results of the combined
pigments and combined lights. And due to its results, the students can be
informed well on the differences between light spectra and color pigment.
The study compares color pigment and spectra in order to present valid
Hypothesis
This study will test the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference
Theoretical Framework
This study was anchored from the theory of Newton, an English physicist,
considered by many scholars and members of the general public to be one of the
color because of how they reflect light, rather than color being an inherent prop-
erty of an object — A red apple reflects red light which is seen by the eye.In the
colors.’ At the time, people thought that color was a mixture of light and darkness,
and that prisms colored light. Hooke was a proponent of this theory of color, and
had a scale that went from brilliant red, which was pure white light with the least
amount of darkness added, to dull blue, the last step before black, which was the
complete extinction of light by darkness. Newton realizes this theory was false.
Light enters the prism from the top right, and is refracted by the glass. The violet
is bent more than the yellow and red, so the colors separate. Newton set up a
prism near his window, and projected a beautiful spectrum 22 feet onto the far
wall. Further, to prove that the prism was not coloring the light, he refracted the
12
The researchers patterned this study to the theory because that theory
aimed to prove that light’s many colors could be mixed together to form white
light, and the color pigments could be combined to form a dark pigment. Both
study of the researchers and Sir Isaac Newton, aims to prove that the colors of
the lights, when combined (white or lighter) won’t actually turn into what the
pigments turned out to be, which is darker or dirtied. With the help of this theory,
the researchers were able to differentiate spectrum of lights from color pigments.
Conceptual Framework
like maps that give coherence to empirical inquiry. They also take different forms
The input consists of the information resources, which refers to the reviews
researchers, adviser, critic reader, and all those who gave strength to the
researchers. The material resources where the researchers got their needed
materials to construct the model and lastly, the Financial Resources that pertains
to the researchers, for them to be able to avail such materials needed to construct
and improve the model. The construction of the model, mostly pertains to the
construction of the tripod and insertion of cellophane on the flashlight’s lens and
13
lastly, the testing of the model, this part of the process served as the trial and
error process,
The process refers to the planning and designing, wherein the researchers
together with the rest of the panel members tackled and discussed how the
spectrum model will be constructed and improved, the researchers then came up
with the design of the model. The preparation of materials, wherein the
model. The construction of the model, mostly refers to the construction of the
tripod and insertion of cellophane on the flashlight’s lens and lastly,the testing of
the model, this part of the process served as the trial and error process. In testing
the model, the researchers identified the usefulness and functionality of the
model.
spectrum of lights.
event or phenomenon in the present or future. This also pertains to the overall
Model.
Testing
FEEDBACK
Figure 1
A Conceptual Model Showing the Evaluated of the Comparative Study on Color Pigments of Spectrum of Lights
15
The researchers conducted the study not only to prove the differences
between color pigment and spectrum of light, but also to provide a model for
schools that clearly differentiate color pigment and spectrum of light for better
For the students, the usefulness of the study can be maximized. Students
For the teachers, the study can help them explain easily to the students the
For the schools, especially the ones with auditoriums can experiment on
how to use only main colors in creating secondary colors by combining the lights
of different colors.
box and a tripod, which will help students avoid confusion over the pigment’s
The study which was conducted at URS Morong High School during the
It also evaluated the usefulness of the model with respect to its function, its
ability to provide the users, namely the teachers and students on how the
combined colors from the lights differ from the combined color pigments. Since
Campus, where the study was conducted, they were the ones who evaluated and
The study utilized the development study and improvement during the
model and testing. Comparative and descriptive method was used to evaluate the
To determine the function of the model, the model was tested inside
surrounding that made the colors more visible. A recording sheet was developed
and used to evaluate the usefulness and effectiveness of the model, it also helped
the researchers to identify the significance between color pigments and spectrum
of lights.
Definition of Terms
Chapter 2
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research design used in the study, the setting
Research Design
method of study.
drawing on existing knowledge gain from research and practical experience that is
directed toward producing new materials, products or devices and also installing
produced or installed.2
This study made use of this method to determine the level of acceptability
spectrum model. The study discussed the present condition of students under
concerning the nature and status of anything.3It involves the collection of data to
subject of study.4
18
panels and also the use of probability sampling. This method will be used to be
Figure 2
Campus. On page 18, you will find the campus map that indicates where the
Laboratory School (Amang Hall Building) is located. It has four levels of education
namely elementary level, secondary level, tertiary level and graduate level. The
tertiary level is divided into six colleges, the laboratory school elementary and
secondary level is under the College of Education. Thus the study was conducted
in the laboratory school, high school department called Morong High School. The
The Morong High School with limited students has special designed
science curriculum where students are being provided with advanced science
conduct researches geared to Science and Technology. The knowledge that they
have learned in their Science and Technology subjects are being used in
The subject of the study is the spectrum model. The project undergoes
evaluating of the spectrum model. The main object has a height of 9 inches and a
length of 8 inches. The model will serve as the main subject of the study for it will
show the results of the lights when they are all combined together.
The model consists of three lights of different colors, specifically red, blue
Sources of data
The researchers observed the result of the combined color pigments and
light spectra as the source of data taken from the initial and final conduct. The
researchers used the materials that are needed to conduct the study. The
researchers made the record sheet that was used as a main instrument to
researchers also used a record sheet to record data like the amount of paint used
The researchers used three identical flashlights, the first flashlight was
covered by green cellophane, the other is red and the last is blue. A box was
21
made for the lights to be more compressed to make the results more visible. The
metal on the other hand was constructed to serve as the stand that holds the
B. Testing
There were three colors used in this study, colors red, green and blue
Each pair of color was mixed in three different clear plastic cups to see the
reaction of the pigments. The measured paint was then placed in the plastic cup
together with the paint of different amount and color; the researchers stir it until
Another testing was done to determine if the result of the mixed color
pigments were the same with the combined light spectra. To test the light
spectra, the researchers made a model by inserting green, red and blue
cellophane that covers the flashlights for it to project the researchers’ desired
colors, like the pigments, the lights were combined. The researchers observed
Chapter 3
data.
In this part of the procedure the researchers start the idea through
planning. The researchers were asked to take a look at the old spectrum model,
they listed down every details and observations, The researchers together with
the panel members, tackled some issues on how to improve the spectrum model.
The researchers then came up with an idea of constructing a new spectrum model
using LED flashlights instead of light bulbs. After the planning the researchers
It is necessary to check and secure all the materials that are used in the
project to minimize the failure during the construction of the spectrum model.
Table 1
model. 3 pcs. of flashlights that all in all cost 300.00 php. only. The cellophane,
which was 10.00 php. each, and cost 30 php. for each color. The paint that was
30 php. each and cost 90.00 php. for the red, blue and green paint. For the box
1pc. which is 10.00php, 2pcs. of cartolina which was 7.00 each and cost 14.00.
The researchers had their flashlight stand made with thin titanium metal for only
130.00php.The stand measures 9 inches tall and 8.13 inches wide. The
researchers spent a total of 574.00 php. to avail each material and equipment
used.
The researchers used three identical flashlights, the first flashlight was
inserted by a green cellophane, and the other is the red color and the last is blue.
Then a box was constructed to see the results of the combined light of the three
24
flashlights. The following figures presented below demonstrate how the Spectrum
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Measuring of Pigments
Figure 6
formed.
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
formed.
Figure 10
Figure 11
Figure 12
color pigments.
Table 2
It could be gleaned from the table that red and blue pigments turned into
purple, while the combination of the colors blue and green was blue green, on the
other hand green and red resulted into brown, and got the color black as the result
Table 3
The first pair of colored lights was red and blue that turned into purple, it
has the same result as the mixed red and blue pigment. Second was blue and
green which turned into blue green, green and red was yellow and last were the
combination of red, blue and green lights that resulted into white light.
30
As to the difference between color and spectra, it was found out that when
the three pigments were combined, the result is near to dark pigments or black,
while in the spectrum of lights, when the spectrum under test were combined
Chapter 4
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
Based from the analysis and interpretation of data, the following are hereby
summarized:
one of which is the planning stage. This involves the designing of the model
and collecting and preparing all the materials needed. The researchers were
guided with the related readings and information gathered through consultation
to knowledgeable person.
Next stage is the construction of the model which covered part by part
and step by step procedures to have an assurance that the output is of quality.
red and blue pigments turned into purple, while the combination of the colors
blue and green was blue green, on the other hand when green and red are
mixed, it resulted into brown, and got the color black as the result of the
As to the spectra, colored lights red and blue that turned into purple,
blue and green turned into blue green, green and red was yellow and last were
the combination of red, blue and green lights resulted into white light.
The mixture of the three color pigments such as blue, red and green
results into black color while in the spectrum of lights based from the
32
observation, the combination of the color blue, green and red light turned into
white color.
Conclusion
Recommendations
Based on the result of the study, the researchers arrived on the following
recommendations:
1. Further study on using other color in testing the difference of color pigment
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. Books
B. Internet
“pigment”, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment
“Spectrum”, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum
“Spectra”, http://www.astro.psu.edu/astrofest/spectra.html
C. Journals/Unpublished Materials/others
APPENDIX
Dec.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May.
June.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Sep.
Oct.
Nov.
Jan.
Jul.
Activities
Planning
Title Defense
Development of Chapter 1
Consultation
Revision of Chapter 1
Development of Chapter 2
Consultation
36
Colloquium
Program Development
Validation
Final Defense
Revision
B.Amount of Materials
CURRICULUM VITAE
AGE: 16
SEX: Female
CITIZENSHIP: Filipino
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
CURRICULUM VITAE
AGE: 15
SEX: Female
CITIZENSHIP: Filipino
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
CURRICULUM VITAE
AGE: 16
SEX: Female
CITIZENSHIP: Filipino
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
CURRICULUM VITAE
AGE: 16
SEX: Male
CITIZENSHIP: Filipino
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
CURRICULUM VITAE
AGE: 15
SEX: Male
CITIZENSHIP: Filipino
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND