Additional Lecture Notes For Prelims

Sociology 10: Social Problems and Current Issues
College of Science Social Sciences Department

Lecture Notes
Lecture Notes V
Substance Use and Abuse
Drug abuse
It is the use of any chemical substance, licit or illicit, which results in an individual’s physical, mental, social or
emotional impairment.
Specifically, by:
Using useful drugs, without benefit of prescription, which have the capacity to alter the mood and behavior.
Using drugs and substances for a purpose other than prescribed.
Using drugs and substances having no legitimate medical application for purposes other than research.
Drug addiction
state of periodic and chronic intoxication produced by the habitual consumption of drug, either in its or
synthetic form, which is detrimental to both individual and society.
Drug dependence
a state of psychic or physical dependence, or both, on a dangerous drug, arising in a person following
administration or use of that drug on a periodic or continuous basis.
What are the commonly abused drugs?
1. Sedatives/Depressants/Downers
-drugs which may reduce anxiety and excitement.
Examples: Barbiturates, non-barbiturates, tranquilizers, alcohol, liquid ecstasy
2. Stimulants/Uppers
-drugs which increase alertness and physical disposition
Examples: Amphetamines, Cocaine, Caffeine, Ecstasy pill, shabu (Metamphetamine
hydrochloride)
3. Hallucinogens/Psychedelics
-drugs which affect sensation, thinking, self-awareness and emotion.
Examples: LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), Mescaline, Marijuana, Ecstasy pill
4. Narcotics
-drugs that relieve pain and often induce sleep.
Examples: Opium and its derivatives such as Morphine, Codeine, Heroin
Studies show that drug addiction and abuse can be caused by a number of factors such as: family history of
addiction, history of mental illness, untreated physical pain and peer pressure. In 2005, a policy discussion
paper was released that adopts a public health replica of psychoactive substance use simplistic use that gives
challenge to ―use‖ vs. ―abuse‖. The model (fig. 1) ranges from beneficial use to chronic dependence.
Figure 1. Spectrum of Psychoactive Substance Use

Currently, drug abuse is also termed as substance abuse that also pertains not just drug but also other substance
as well. The World Health Organization also ceased on using ―drug abuse‖, instead, they used the term
―harmful use‖ to indicate all the negative effect that it could bring to its users. Like alcoholism, excessive and
regular consumption lead to drug addiction thus producing a drug-dependent individual. Dependence to drug is
of two types; psychological and physical dependence. Physical dependence is when an individual can’t work
Lecture notes used for the SCL110 classes of Ms. Cho V. Bonifacio 1
2nd sem SY 2010-2011
Lecture Notes
normally without taking any ―medication‖ while psychological dependence is when that individual started
wondering and thinking of how to take possession of drugs.
Ten years ago the United Nations planned to free the world from the harmful influence of drugs, and
by 2008 they plan to wipe out or significantly reduce the abuse and cultivation of illegal drugs such as Opium
Cocaine, and Cannabis( Marijuana). But have we done it?
Records show that at 320 Billion dollars, the turnover from trade of illegal drugs is far greater and even
surpassed the skyrocketing oil and gas market. It is estimated by the UN that 208 million people around the
world use illicit drugs each year and 13.2 million of them are injectable drug users. There is a steady climb each
year of people put to prison charged of illicit drug use, which in turn cause huge costs on the person, their
family, and the society.
Injectable drug users are the ones in danger for acquiring HIV because although they may have sources
of drugs its unlikely that have access for clean needles and change them every so often. This is a common
scenario in prison. People who acquire HIV by means of illicit injectable drugs are often refused to have anti-
retroviral treatment for the account of their drug abuse which causes the individual to be pushed out of the
society and feel fear loneliness and isolation.
Many countries and areas in Asia, which are seriously affected by drug abuse and the problems
associated with it are finding it hard to stop and control the illegal use and abuse these drugs.
One of these countries is Afghanistan. Ten years ago it was recorded by the UN that Opium production
has doubled and Afghanistan leading the cultivation of poppies, plant where Opium comes from, with an
estimated 193,000 hectares of poppy field despite persecutions of the government by field eradication..
India is another one of the world's top producers of licit opium, a business monitored by the Indian
Central Bureau of Narcotics. However, reports reveal that tons of the licit opium is diverted to illegal markets,
converted to heroin and sold. The main reason for this increase seems to be the lack of uniformity in monitoring
compliance.
In the Philippines methamphetamines is the choice of drug. ―Shabu labs‖ are raided every now and
then but some of them continue to operate because of connections of Filipino drug lords with corrupt
government officials. The ―shabu labs‖ provide drug users convenience in buying illicit drugs, just like buying
from the market.
To avoid countless human rights violations all drug treatments and public health interventions must be
evidence based. As a society we need to speak honestly about drug use and find realistic solutions for drug
dealers and farmers who grow illicit crops. Law enforcement must know how to distinguish drug dealers and
drug users. Rehabilitation centers should be available for the people.
Measure taken by the government to address the problem
The law prescribes the death penalty for drug traffickers caught with at least 0.3 ounce of opium, morphine,
heroin, cocaine, marijuana resin, or at least 17 ounces of marijuana. The Philippines has imposed a moratorium
on the death penalty, but drug offenders are still punished harshly if caught – the minimum sentence is 12 years
in prison for possession of.17 ounce of illegal drugs.
Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 – Philippines
The Philippine government also opened National drug rehabilitation centers throughout the country to address
the drug addiction crisis.
LECTURE NOTES VI
CRIME
Crime, commission of an act or act of omission that violates the law and is punishable by the state.
Crimes are considered injurious to society or the community, as distinguished from torts (see Tort) and breach
of contract.
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Lecture Notes
As defined by law, a crime includes both the act, or actus rea, and the intent to commit the act, or mens
rea. Criminal intent involves an intellectual apprehension of factual elements of the act or acts commanded or
enjoined by the law. It is usually inferred from the apparently voluntary commission of an overt act. Criminal
liability is relieved in the case of insanity. Legal minors are also relieved of criminal liability, as are persons
subjected to coercion or duress to such a degree as to render the commission of criminal acts involuntary. In
most countries, crimes are defined and punished pursuant to statutes (see Statute). Punishments may include
death, imprisonment, exile, fines, forfeiture of property, removal from public office, and disqualification from
holding such office.
The intentional commission of an act usually deemed socially harmful or dangerous and specifically
defined, prohibited, and punishable under the criminal law.
Any specific act prohibited by law for which society has provided a formally sanctioned punishment
Theoretical Perspectives:
Structural-Functional theory
Certain changes in the structure of a society have led to the incidence of crimes.
Durkheim: crime is an offshoot of social disorganization. Dysfunctionalism of the leading institutions like the
family, school, government and church
 Anomie theory of Merton:
Incompatibility between societal goals and culturally approved means
Conflict
Crime is an influence of the dominant groups on the society as a whole.
Crimes occur because of an unjust society created by Capitalism.
Symbolic Interactionism
 Edwin Sutherland’s theory of differential association: The individual does not turn out a criminal
overnight.
 Labeling theory:
The individual labeled negatively by others particularly the significant ones is apt to behave in accordance to
such label.
Types of Crime (PNP)
Non-index Crimes – are not serious in nature and do not occur with sufficient frequency and regularity
Index Crimes– are serious in nature and occur with sufficient frequency and regularity
Variations of Crimes
Crimes Against:
- National Security and the Law of Nations
- Fundamental Laws of the State
- Public Order
- Public Interest
- Crimes Relative to Opium and other Prohibited Drugs
- Public Morals
- Committed by Public Officers
- Persons
- Personal Liberty and Security
- Property
- Chastity
- Civil status of persons
- Honor
Quasi-Offenses
Duration of Penalties
Reclusion perpetua – 20 years and one day to 40 years
Reclusion Temporal – 12 years and one day to 20 years
Prision mayor and temporary disqualification – 6 years and one day to 12 years
Prision correctional, suspension, and destierro
– 6 months and one day to six years
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Lecture Notes
Arresto mayor – 1 month and one day to 6 months

Arresto menor – one day to thirty days
Common Crimes:
Against Person
Murder, Homicide, Rape, Physical Injury
Against Property
Robbery, Theft
Murder
The unlawful killing of any person, which is not parricide or infanticide with the presence of some of
the following attendant circumstances:
Homicide
The unlawful killing of any person, which is neither murder, parricide nor infanticide.
Physical injuries
include mutilation, wounding, beating, or assaulting another person
Rape
is committed by having carnal knowledge of a woman under any of the following circumstances:
1. By using force or intimidation;
2. When the woman is deprived of reason or otherwise unconscious; and
3. When the woman is under 12 years of age or is demented.
Robbery
is committed by any person who, with intent to gain, shall take any personal property belonging to
another, by means of violence against or intimidation of any person, or by using force upon anything.
Theft
is committed by any person who, with intent to gain but without violence against or intimidation of
persons nor force upon things, shall take personal property of another without the latter’s consent.
Lecture Notes VII

SUICIDE
Emile Durkheim
Suicide
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Lecture Notes
"Collective tendencies have an existence of their own; they are forces as real as cosmic forces, though of
another sort; they, likewise, affect the individual from without..." (Thompson, 1982, p. 109 [excerpt from
Suicide])
Suicide, Durkheim's third major work, is of great importance because it is his first serious effort to establish an
empiricism in sociology, an empiricism that would provide a sociological explanation for a phenomenon
traditionally regarded as exclusively psychological and individualistic.
Durkheim proposed this definition of suicide: "the term suicide is applied to all cases of death resulting
directly or indirectly from a positive or negative act of the victim himself, which he knows will produce
this result" (1982, p. 110 [excerpt from Suicide]). Durkheim used this definition to separate true suicides from
accidental deaths. He then collected several European nations' suicide rate statistics, which proved to be
relatively constant among those nations and among smaller demographics within those nations. Thus, a
collective tendency towards suicide was discovered.
Of equal importance to his methodology, Durkheim drew theoretical conclusions on the social causes of
suicide. He proposed four types of suicide, based on the degrees of imbalance of two social forces: social
integration and moral regulation.
Types of Suicide:
Egoisitic suicide resulted from too little social integration. Those individuals who were not sufficiently
bound to social groups (and therefore well-defined values, traditions, norms, and goals) were left with little
social support or guidance, and therefore tended to commit suicide on an increased basis. An example
Durkheim discovered was that of unmarried people, particularly males, who, with less to bind and connect them
to stable social norms and goals, committed suicide at higher rates than unmarried people.
The second type, Altruistic suicide, was a result of too much integration. It occurred at the opposite end of
the integration scale as egoistic suicide. Self sacrifice was the defining trait, where individuals were so
integrated into social groups that they lost sight of their individuality and became willing to sacrifice themselves
to the group's interests, even if that sacrifice was their own life. The most common cases of altruistic suicide
occurred among members of the military.
Altruistic suicide takes place when the individual is so well integrated into the society that they sacrifice their
own life out of the sense of duty to others. In the past Hindu widows would kill themselves at their husband’s
funeral and in traditional Ashanti society (African tribe) some of the King’s followers were expected to commit
suicide after the death of the monarch. Individuals were so strongly integrated into their society that they would
make the ultimate sacrifice for the benefit of others.
On the second scale, that of moral regulation, lies the other two forms of suicide, the first of which is Anomic
suicide, located on the low end. Anomic suicide was of particular interest to Durkheim, for he divided it into
four categories: acute and chronic economic anomie, and acute and chronic domestic anomie. Each involved an
imbalance of means and needs, where means were unable to fulfill needs.
- Occurs when traditional norms and values were disrupted by rapid social change which produced uncertainty
in the minds of individuals as society’s guidelines for behaviour became increasingly unclear.
Each category of anomic suicide can be described briefly as follows:

Acute economic anomie: sporadic decreases in the ability of traditional institutions (such as religion,
guilds, pre-industrial social systems, etc.) to regulate and fulfill social needs.
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Lecture Notes
Chronic economic anomie: long term dimunition of social regulation. Durkheim identified this type
with the ongoing industrial revolution, which eroded traditional social regulators and often failed to replace
them. Industrial goals of wealth and property were insufficient in providing happiness, as was demonstrated by
higher suicide rates among the wealthy than among the poor.
Acute domestic anomie: sudden changes on the microsocial level resulted in an inability to adapt and
therefore higher suicide rates. Widowhood is a prime example of this type of anomie.
Chronic domestic anomie: referred to the way marriage as an institution regulated the sexual and
behavioral means-needs balance among men and women. Marriage provided different regulations for each,
however. Bachelors tended to commit suicide at higher rates than married men because of a lack of regulation
and established goals and expectations. On the other hand, marriage has traditionally served to overregulate the
lives of women by further restricting their already limited opportunities and goals. Unmarried women,
therefore, do not experience chronic domestic anomie nearly as often as do unmarried men.
The final type of suicide is Fatalistic suicide, "at the high extreme of the regulation continuum" (1982, p.
113). This type Durkheim only briefly describes, seeing it as a rare phenomena in the real world.
Examples include those with overregulated, unrewarding lives such as slaves, childless married women,
and young husbands. Durkheim never specifies why this type is generally unimportant in his study.
- Occurs when society restricts the individual too much. It is the suicide of persons whose futures are pitilessly
blocked and passions violently choked by oppressive discipline. Durkheim thought this type of suicide was of
little importance in modern societies, but it was of some historical interest, being the cause of high suicide
among the slaves.
Durkheim felt that his empirical study of suicide had discovered the structural forces that caused anomie and
egoism, and these forces were natural results of the decline of mechanical solidarity and the slow rise of organic
solidarity due to the division of labor and industrialism. Also of importance was Durkheim's discovery that
these forces affected all social classes.
This is where the true sociological value of Suicide emerges. Because social forces that affect human behavior
are the result of previous human actions, it is the role of sociology to expose and understand these actions as the
foundations of societal structure. These structural phenomena are at the root of human society, and through
scientific, statistical methods -- integrated with informed theory and educated conjecture -- the function of these
structures can be comprehended. In other words, Suicide is a vital work because it is the first effective
combination of sociological theory and empiricism to explain a social phenomenon.
Lecture Notes VIII
GAMBLING
Gambling, wagering of money or other item of value on an uncertain event that is
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Lecture Notes
dependent either wholly on chance, as in roulette, or partly on chance and partly on skill, as in certain card
games and in sporting contests. Gambling has been practiced by people throughout history. Anthropologists,
who have found evidence of games of chance among early peoples, contend that the attitude of early humankind
toward gambling derived from their general attitude toward the environment. To these people the world was a
mysterious place controlled by supernatural beings whose favor or disfavor was manifested through chance
situations and the outcome of such events as hunts, wars, and games of chance; instruments of divination
frequently included objects used in gambling.
A crime against public morals.
Types of Gambling:
Legalized – gambling with franchise, license or permit to operate by the government.

Examples: games in casinos, horse racing, cockfighting, on-line bingo, sweepstakes,
lotteries, jai-alai
Illegal - gambling without franchise, license or permit to operate by the government.

Examples: jueteng, all unauthorized activities/games of cockfighting, jai-alai, horse racing, card games, car
races
Categories of gamblers:
• Amateur – a beginner in a certain field of gambling.

• Occasional – a person who gambles for fun or recreation.
• Compulsive - a person who gambles because he is compelled to or forced by impulse.
• Professional/ Gambling lord – a person who finances/operates a gambling establishment.
Effects:
Positive
• Enhances mathematical or statistical prowess
• Easy money/alleviates poverty
• Recreation
• Good venue for widening business network
• Good venue for meeting friends
Negative
• Neglect of duties and responsibilities
• Loss of tact and right disposition in dealing with other people
• Mortgage or even sale of precious personal and real properties and other assets
• Broken marriage, home and family relations
• Prostitution or sale of flesh
• Loss of health, illness, accidents, fights and even death
• Proneness to commit other anti-social acts like theft, robbery among others
Lectures Notes X
ALCOHOLISM
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Lecture Notes
Alcoholism or Alcohol Dependence, chronic disease marked by a craving for alcohol. People who
suffer from this illness are known as alcoholics. They cannot control their drinking even when it becomes the
underlying cause of serious harm, including medical disorders, marital difficulties, job loss, or automobile
crashes. Medical science has yet to identify the exact cause of alcoholism, but research suggests that genetic,
psychological, and social factors influence its development.
Alcoholism as a Social Problem
The nature and severity of alcohol problems found in a particular society or at a particular time depend
on the customs of drinking which prevail in that society.
A condition in which the drinking of alcoholic beverages becomes persistent, repetitive,

uncontrollable, and progressively destructive of the psychological and social functioning of the individual.
(Robert Straus in Robert Merton and Robert Nisbet, Contemporary Social Problems Harcourt, Brace & World,
New York. 1961)
The Progression
Social drinking
Stage 1
1. Alcohol tolerance increases
2. Regular drinking after work
3. Drinking faster and more than others
Stage 2
1. Occasional drinking at odd times
2. Sneaking of drinks
3. Guilt feelings about drinking
4. Memory blackouts begin
5. Projections of blame for drinking onto others
6. Guilt increases
Stage 3
1. Addiction
2. Auto accidents, major and minor
3. All attempts to stop drinking fail
4. Resentments and anger become acute
5. Social and vocational problems increase
6. Meals taken sporadically
7. Blackouts increase
Stage 4
1. Job loss
2. Family breakup
3. Alcohol tolerance decreases
4. Malnutrition
5. Indifference to physical appearance
6. Acute medical problems
7. Death by accident
Effects
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Lecture Notes
Physical
• It can lead to fights thereby causing physical injuries

• Other crimes like murder, homicide, rape
• Depressant, thus, physical skills and intellectual perceptions are distorted as more alcohol is consumed
Poisoning, manifested by thick speech, uncertain movement and staggering, respiratory effects until the
concentration causes the person to pass out
• High proof, concentrated alcoholic beverages corrode the intestines
• Heavy drinking also increases the probability of the mouth, pharynx, larynx and esophagus of
becoming cancerous
• Sustained social drinking may produce damage in the liver, brain and heart
How does it affect the liver?
• Experiments reveal that 90% of the ethyl alcohol a man drinks must be processed by the liver, the
other 10% is disposed of by the lungs, kidneys and perspiration. In the average adult, the liver can handle about
1 ounce of alcohol per hour.
• When absorption is faster than that, the alcohol begins to affect the other organs like brain and the
central nervous system. Reflexes are slowed, critical judgments become depressed and the higher censors are
impaired.
• Aside from that, the liver is also overworked.
• Excessive intake of alcohol impairs the activity of the white blood cells in fighting disease and is
associated with a greatly increased risk of cancer, like cirrhosis or cancer of the liver.
How does it affect the brain?
• Alcohol interferes with very basic metabolic processes in the brain and is implicated in impaired
memory
How does it affect the heart?
• Drinking in moderation is good for the heart but excessive drinking is not good.
• It has a direct toxic action on the heart causing a progressive weakening of the muscle itself
• Because one of the key elements in the contraction and relaxation of heart muscle or any skeletal
muscle, is the capture and release of Calcium by certain parts of the muscle cell. Alcohol interferes significantly
with the ebb and flow of Calcium.
Individual
• Chronic fatigue
• Over sensitivity
• Depression
• Gradual personality deterioration
• Drinker’s typical behavior: crude or coarse, irritable, inappropriate and increasingly becomes
irresponsible
• Increasing family or dependent problems

• Personal disorganization and deterioration
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Lecture Notes
• loss of employment, marital break-up

• Poor money management aggravated by unexplainable losses of cash while drinking
• Confused sexual behavior, including some forms of male impotence
• May show poor control over his temper and other impulses
Is alcoholism curable?
Yes. By
• Encouraging him to seek professional help
• With the use of medicine, mental health practitioners, group therapy (for example the Worldwide
organization of ex-drinkers, Alcoholics Anonymous, wherein they aid in the rehabilitation of problem drinkers)
Is it safe to drink during pregnancy?
No. Drinking during pregnancy can have a number of harmful effects on the newborn, ranging from mental
retardation, organ abnormalities, and hyperactivity to learning and behavioral problems. Moreover, many of
these disorders last into adulthood.
Lectures Notes XI
PROSTITUTION
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Lecture Notes
- the performance of sexual acts solely for the purpose of material gain.
- demand creates supply, because men want to buy sex, prostitution is assumed to be inevitable (normal).
- the oldest known profession in the world
Types of Prostitutes :
Child
Female
Gay
Lesbian
Male
Types of Prostitution:
- street prostitution
- massage brothels
- escort services
- outcall services
- strip clubs
- lap dancing
- phone sex
- adult and child pornography
- video and internet pornography
- prostitution tourism
Cause:
Often motivated by poverty, people prostitute themselves when they grant sexual favours to others in
exchange for money, gifts, or other payment, and, in so doing, use their bodies as commodities.
Effects:
- increase of venereal diseases

(HIV, STD, AIDS…)
- post-traumatic experiences to the
prostitute
- degradation of their morale
- child abuse
- violence
Out of a hundred prostitutes:
(male, female …)
- 62 are reported having been raped
- 72 were currently or formerly homeless
- 73 are reported having experienced physical assault
- 85 are raped by their pimps
- 92 stated that they wanted to escape prostitution immediately

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Lecture Notes
Describe the trauma of prostitution, and its consequences:
One fourteen year-old stated: ―You feel like a piece of hamburger meat – all chopped up and barely holding
together‖
A Functionalist Perspective
• Kingsley Davis, 1937: ―The interesting question is not why so many women become prostitutes, but
why so few of them do...Return is not primarily a reward for labor, skill, or capital, but a reward for loss of
social standing. The prostitute loses esteem because the moral system condemns her.‖
• Prostitution strengthens the moral system: ―Protecting the family and keeping the wives and daughters
of the respectable citizenry pure‖  enables sexual gratification to be achieved in a variety of ways without
placing excessive demands on wives and thus threatening the institution of the family
• Illustrates that the moral system in society, which condemns the selling of sexual services for money,
also encourages prostitution and thereby functions to foster and preserve that system
Female VS Male Prostitution

• Women  defined by characteristics which are often sexual and this is reflected in criminology, where
deviations from socially prescribed norms of sexual behavior by women are treated as crimes
• Men  often goes unaddressed because it is perhaps more limited, less varied and institutionalized,
compared to female prostitution
Basis of Institution of Prostitution
• Ideological: Sex is a male right and further that sex and women’s bodies are commodities that can be
packaged and sold by women themselves or by pimps to clients
• Economic: In a commodity-oriented social system, prostitution is very lucrative, the merchandise
involved being physical intimacy with women  individual woman perceived as the institution and the
commodity, while pimps are seen as the market
Causes of Prostitution: Demand and Supply Forces

• Demand Factors:
 conditions preventing the establishment of a regular sexual relationship
 prescribed norms of sexual conduct: the double standards of male sexual morality
 lack of satisfaction within an existing relationship
 demand created by the tourist industry
Causes of Prostitution: Demand and Supply Forces

• Supply Factors:
 the unequal nature of gender relations
 widening socio-economic disparities within the population and government policy that exacerbates this,
creating conditions for prostitution
 socio-religious factors
Effects of Prostitution
• A form of violence against a woman’s dignity

• Source of moral and physical infection
• Family disorganization
Prostitution Status in the Philippines

Prostitution is an illegal but socially-tolerated issue in the Philippines. It is very rampant in areas such
as Olongapo and Angeles city, where the US military base used to be before Mount Pinatubo erupted in 1992,
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Lecture Notes
in the National Capital Region, particularly at Pasay and Manila and in the southern provinces of Cebu and
Davao. Since it is illegal, most of the prostitution dens disguise through karaoke (KTV) bars, brothels (casa),
massage parlors, health clubs, disco clubs and escort service. Some prostitutes may also be seen in the streets
where they are sold to costumers by their pimps, the persons who arrange the bargain.
Most of the prostitutes in the Philippines are women and children, some of which as young as 11 years
old. Out of an estimated 500,000 prostitutes in the Philippines, 60,000 – 100,000 of whom are children – girls
below 18 years old, some of which as young as 11. In fact, the Philippines is fourth among 9 nations with the
most children in prostitution. Poverty and limited life opportunities are the main reason why they were drawn to
the sex trade. Many of them have their entire family back in the province depending on them for survival. In an
average, a prostitute can earn P15,000 a month, twice what an average office girl can make. Some may be
abandoned children who need money in order to survive. There are also girls from the provinces, many of
which are minors, who were promised by recruiters to get a job as a maid in Manila but ended up as prostitutes
instead.
Aside from providing sexual pleasure to the customers, sex workers in the Philippines, as throughout
the world, are subject to physical and emotional abuse by men (including their clients, pimps, and cops). They
are almost always under heavy pressure to support their families. While their families understand at some level
and appreciate the sacrifices they make, Filipina prostitutes are socially stigmatized, marginalized, and
traumatized
Lectures Notes XII
sExUaL aBnOrMaLiTiEs
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Lecture Notes
sExUaLiTy
•Is a central concern of our lives, it influences with whom we fall in love and mate, and how happy we are with
them and with ourselves.
•It is the condition of being characterized and distinguished by sex.
•Sexual character or potency.
Normal Behavior
•HETEROSEXUALITY:
»sexual orientation toward people of the opposite sex.
•Male = Female
•Female = Male
Category of Problems:
1. Sexual and Gender Variants

2. Sexual Abuse
3. Sexual Dysfunctions
SEXUAL AND GENDER VARIANTS
Divided into 2 general categories:
1. Paraphilias
2. Gender Identity Disorder
PARAPHILIAS
- A group of persistent sexual behavior patterns in which unusual objects, rituals, or situations are required for
full sexual satisfaction.
- Mild forms occur in normal people
There are 8 recognizable Paraphilias:
1. Fetishism
•The sexual interest typically centers on some inanimate objects, such as an article of clothing or some body
part.
•Usually occurs in Males…
•Female cases are rare…
As a disorder:
»Masturbation in association with fetish objects
»Burglary, theft or even assault
2. Transvestic Fetishism
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Lecture Notes
•The achievement of sexual arousal and satisfaction by ―cross-dressing‖ – dressing as a member of the opposite
sex.
•Transvestites autogynephilia: paraphilic sexual arousal by the thought of fantasy of being women
As a disorder:
»Attraction of men towards the women within
»Masturbation by wearing female garments
3. Voyeurism
•Scotophila or Inspectionalism
•Achievement of sexual pleasure through clandestine peeping.
•This does not have any serious criminal or antisocial effect.
As a disorder:
»Young men masturbate while peeping, achieve it through visual ―reality‖
4. Exhibitionism
•Indecent exposure
•The intentional exposure of the genitals to others (strangers) in inappropriate circumstances and without their
consent.
As a disorder:
»It causes emotional upset to the victim, this upset state of the victim aids the exhibitionist to reach its sexual
pleasure
5. Sadism
•Achievement of sexual stimulation and gratification by inflicting physical or psychic pain or humiliation to a
sexual partner. (even animals)
As a disorder:
»May lead to RAPE or MURDER, for sexual satisfaction of the sadist depends upon the pain inflicted on the
victim
6. Masochism
•Deriving sexual pleasure from self-denial, from expiatory physical suffering and hardships.
•A person experiences sexual gratification through pain and degradation in relating to a lover.
As a disorder:
»Autoerotic asphyxia, leads to the self deprivation of oxygen
7. Pedophilia
•An adult’s preferred or exclusive sexual partner is a prepubertal child.
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Lecture Notes
As a disorder:
»Victims are usually girls of 8-11 yrs. of age
8. Frotteurism
•Achieving sexual gratification through rubbing against a non-consenting person.
As a disorder:
»Causes emotional upset to the vistim
GENDER IDENTITY DISORDER

•Transexualism
Characterized by 2 components:
1. Cross-gender identification – the desire to be the opposite sex
2. Gender dysphoria – persistent discomfort about one’s biological sex
•Mentality: ―man trapped in a woman’s body‖ or ―woman trapped in a man’s body‖
Sexual Abuse
Sexual contact that involves physical or psychological coercion.
Society treats this as a criminal offense rather than see the person as having a mental disorder.
•Includes:
•RAPE
•INCEST
•PEDOPHILIA
Sexual Dysfunction
•Refers to the impairment either in the desire for sexual gratification or in the ability to achieve it.
•This may occur in the desire, excitement or orgasm phases of the sexual responses cycle. Occurs in most
adults, however, chronic or frequency of this requires treatment.
As a disorder:
»Affects the male-female or couple relationship or interactions
»Affects both parties
Dysfunction of Sexual Desire
Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder:

»Little or no sexual desire
•Sexual Aversion Disorder:

»Total lack of interest in sex and avoidance of sexual contact
Dysfunctions of Sexual Arousal

•Male Erectile Disorder:
2nd sem SY 2010-2011
Lecture Notes
»Inability to achieve or maintain an erection

»Impotence
•Female Sexual Arousal Disorder:
»Non-responsiveness to erotic stimulation both physically and emotionally
»Frigidity
Dysfunctions of Orgasm
•Premature Ejaculation:
»Unsatisfactorily brief period between the beginning of sexual stimulation and the occurrence of ejaculation
•Male Orgasmic Disorder:
»Inability to ejaculate during intercourse
»Retarded ejaculation
•Female Orgasmic Disorder:
»Difficulty in achieving orgasm, wither manually or during sexual intercourse
Sexual Pain Disorders
•Vaginismus:
»Involuntary muscle spasm at the entrance to the vagina that prevents penetration and sexual intercourse
•Dyspareunia:
»Painful coitus
»May have wither and organic or psychological basis
Sexual Abnormalities are mostly effects of one’s biological and psychological conditions, persons exhibiting
such require more understanding. Knowledge of such disorders should help in dealing with such sociological
deviant behaviors.
Lectures Notes XIII
Abortion
2nd sem SY 2010-2011
Lecture Notes
Abortion is the cessation of a pregnancy by the expulsion from the uterus of a fetus or embryo, resulting in
or caused by its death. An abortion can be spontaneous or induced. Therapeutic abortion is an abortion induced
to preserve the life or health of the while an abortion induced for any other reason is termed a voluntary
abortion. Spontaneous abortions are usually termed miscarriages.
During the pre-historic times, various methods including herbal abortifacients, the use of sharpened tools,
physical trauma, other traditional methods and modern medicine that utilizes medications and surgical
procedures were used to induce abortion. Legality, frequency, cultural views and religion views on abortion
vary substantially around the world. Abortion and abortion-related issues feature significantly in the national
politics in many nations, often involving the opposing "pro-life" and "pro-choice" worldwide social movements.
Access to family planning education and contraceptive services has increased these results to a decline on the
incidence of abortion worldwide.
A study in the Philippines estimated that in 1994 there were 400,000 abortions performed illegally
regardless of legal restrictions. There were 80,000 hospitalizations of women for abortion related complications.
According to Department of Health, there is an estimated rate of 12% of all maternal deaths in 1994 which are
due to risky abortion techniques. The most common type of abortion in the Philippines is the folk medicine
technique because almost 2/3 of the women who attempted induced abortion depend on it.
Abortion
The expulsion of the embryo or fetus from the uterus. Killing of the fetus before
seven months. (Revised Penal Code)
Kinds
 Spontaneous Abortion –occurs without any form of inducement or intervention, it is an accident or

miscarriage (death of an embryo or fetus prior to 20 weeks gestation (pregnancy).
 Induced Abortion– occurs with the aid of medical practitioners and or hilots
Types:
Therapeutic –purposely done to preserve the life or health of the mother
Criminal – done without any therapeutic indication but with criminal intent and is
punishable by law.
Penalties: Revised Penal Code
 Art. 256. Intentional abortion- Any person who shall intentionally cause an abortion shall suffer:
 The penalty of reclusion temporal, if he shall use any violence upon the person of the
pregnant woman.
 The penalty of prision mayor if, without using violence, he shall act without the consent of
the woman.
 The penalty of prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods, if the woman shall
have consented.
 Art 257.Unintentional abortion- The penalty of prision correccional in its minimum and medium
periods shall be imposed upon any person who shall cause an abortion by violence, but unintentionally.
 Art. 258. Abortion practiced by the woman herself or by her parents.- The penalty of prision
correccional in its medium and maximum periods shall be imposed upon a woman who shall practice abortion
upon herself or shall consent that any other person should do so.
Any woman who shall commit this offense to conceal her dishonor, shall suffer the penalty of
prision correccional in its minimum and medium periods.
2nd sem SY 2010-2011
Lecture Notes
If this crime be committed by the parents of the pregnant woman or either of them, and they
act with the consent of the said woman for the purpose of concealing her dishonor, the offenders shall suffer the
penalty of prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods.
 Art.259. Abortion practiced by a physician or midwife and dispensing of abortives.- The penalties
provided in art. 256 shall be imposed in its maximum period, respectively upon any physician or midwife who,
taking advantage of their scientific knowledge or skill, shall cause an abortion or assist in causing the same.
Any pharmacist who without the proper prescription from a physician, shall dispense any
abortive shall suffer arresto mayor and a fine not exceeding 1,000 pesos.
When does human life begin?
 Right to life of the unborn from conception and of the mother

Human life is commonly believed to begin from the moment of conception when the female
egg and the male sperm merge at fertilization. From that moment, the unborn child is considered a subject or a
possessor of human rights. He has the basic right to life which the State is mandated to protect, along with
infants and children. (Art. 2, Sec. 12, 1987 Philippine Constitution)
What is your stand on induced abortion?
 Are you a pro-life, pro-abortion or pro-choice?

 Pro-choice means that women should have the right to control their own bodies.
Methods commonly used in abortion
 Hysterotomy –
 A hysterotomy is an incision in the uterus, commonly combined with a laparotomy during a caesarean
section. Hysterotomies are also performed during fetal surgery.
 A laparotomy is a surgical procedure involving an incision through the abdominal wall to gain access
into the abdominal cavity. It is also known as coeliotomy.
 the same as a caesarian section birth: the mother’s abdomen is cut
open and the child typically still alive is removed from the womb. The baby is lifted by
one foot as the umbilical cord is clamped and cut.
 Dilation and Curettage (raspa) –use of surgical instruments
 Suction –use of powerful vacuum pressure
 Pills – capsules, tablets
 Others – wires/hangers, solutions or extracts
Demographics on Abortion
 Estimated incidence of abortion, which is illegal in the Philippines: 320,000-480,000 cases

annually
 Abortion is the fourth leading cause of maternal deaths in the country.
 In the Philippines, there are estimated 16 abortions per 100 pregnancies.
 At the PGH, from January 1990 to April 1994, there were 10,260 referrals of induced
abortions, or more than 6 admitted cases daily.
(UPPI.DOH.PGH-Ob-Gyne. 1994-1996)
Effects
Negative
2nd sem SY 2010-2011
Lecture Notes
 Violates the right to life of the unborn

 Life or health of the mother is at risk
Positive
 Saves the unmarried woman from dishonor
 Convenient solution for genetic/birth defects
 Saves the life of the unhealthy mother
 Alleviates the social problems like teenage pregnancy, single-parent families, rising number of
illegitimate children, abused children, urban crowding, families living below poverty line
Social Policies
Abortion is criminalized by the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines. It was enacted in 1930 but
remains in effect today. Articles 256, 258 and 259 of the Code mandate imprisonment for the woman who
undergoes the abortion, as well as for any person who assists in the procedure, even if they be the woman's
parents, a physician or midwife. Article 258 further imposes a higher prison term on the woman or her parents if
the abortion is undertaken in order to conceal a woman’s honor. There is no law in the Philippines that
expressly legalizes abortions in order to save the woman's life and the general provisions which do punish
abortion make no qualifications if the woman's life is endangered. It may be argued that an abortion to save the
mother's life could be classified as a justifying circumstance that would bar criminal prosecution under the
Revised Penal Code. However, this has yet to be adjudicated by the Philippine Supreme Court. Different
government proposals to liberalize Philippine abortion laws have been opposed by the Catholic Church, and its
opposition has considerable influence in the predominantly Catholic country. However, the constitutionality of
abortion restrictions has yet to be challenged before the Philippine Supreme Court. The present Constitution of
the Philippines, enacted in 1987, pronounces as among the policies of the State that "The State shall equally
protect the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from conception." (sec. 12, Art. II) The provision was
crafted by the Constitutional Commission which drafted the charter with the intention of providing for
constitutional protection of the abortion ban, although the enactment of a more definitive provision sanctioning
the ban was not successful. It is also remarkable that the provision is enumerated as among several state
policies, which are generally regarded in law as unenforceable in the absence of implementing legislation.
Lectures Notes XIV
Child Abuse
The intentional use of physical force or intentional omission of care by a parent or caretaker that causes a child
to be hurt, maimed (disfigured) or killed.
2nd sem SY 2010-2011
Lecture Notes
In Philippine Law
• Child Abuse is defined as maltreatment, whether habitual or not of a child below 18 years of age or
those over but are unable to fully take care of themselves from abuse, neglect, cruelty, exploitation or
discrimination because of physical or mental disability or condition, by a person who is responsible for the
child’s welfare, under circumstances which gravely threaten or endanger the survival and normal development
of children.
Types of Child Abuse
• Physical Abuse
Includes deliberate acts of violence that injure or even kill a child. Signs include bruises, broken bones,
burn marks among others.
• Emotional Abuse
Includes repeated verbal abuse of a child in the form of shouting, threats and degrading/humiliating
criticism. It would also include confinement, such as shutting a child in a dark closet, social isolation, such as
denying child’s access to his/her friends.
• Sexual Abuse
Occurs when adults use children for sexual gratification or expose them to sexual activities. It includes
kissing, fondling to more intrusive acts like oral sex, vaginal or anal penetration and encouraging them to
engage in prostitution.
• Neglect
Intentional omission of care and is the most common form of child abuse. Physical neglect involves a
parent’s failure to provide the basic needs for food, clothing, shelter or medical care.
In general:
Child abuse involves inadequate supervision and consistent failure to protect the child from danger. Emotional
neglect occurs when a parent or caretaker fails to meet a child’s basic needs for affection and comfort. Includes
behaving in a cold, distant and unaffectionate way toward a child, allowing a child to witness chronic or severe
spousal abuse, allowing a child to use alcohol or abuse drugs, and encouraging a child to engage in delinquent
behavior.
Statistics
(ABS-CBN Bantay Bata 163)
Manila (Feb, 1997)
Physical Abuse – 7,571

Sexual Abuse –1,889
Neglect – 2,519
Child Labor – 247
Child Trafficking – 52
Abandonment - 165
2nd sem SY 2010-2011
Lecture Notes
Davao (August 2000)
Physical Abuse –259

Sexual Abuse – 46
Neglect – 133
Child Labor – 1
Child Trafficking - 5
Abandonment -11
Main Causes of Child Abuse:
• Intergenerational Transmission of Violence
Many children learn violent behavior from their parents and then grow up to abuse their own children.
Thus, the abusive behavior is transmitted across generations. However, the majority of abused children do not
become abusive adults. Some experts believe that an important factor predictor of later abuse is whether the
child realizes that the behavior was wrong.
• Social Stress
Stress brought on by a variety of social conditions raises the risk of child abuse within the family.
These conditions include unemployment, illness, poor housing conditions, a larger-than-average family size, the
presence of a new baby or a disabled person in the home, and the death of a family member.
• Social Isolation and Low Community Involvement
Parents and caretakers who abuse children tend to be socially isolated. Few violent parents belong to
any community organizations, and most have little contact with friends or relatives. This lack of social
involvement deprives abusive parents of support systems that would help them deal better with social or family
stress.
• Family Structure
Certain types of families have an increased risk of child abuse and neglect. For example, single parents
are more likely to abuse their children than married parents. Families with chronic marital discord or spousal
abuse have higher rates of child abuse than families without these problems. In addition, families in which
either the husband or wife dominates in making important decisions---such as where to live, what jobs to take,
when to have children, and how much money to spend on food and housing---have higher rates of child abuse
than families in which parents share responsibility for these decisions.
Effects:
Physical Abuse - Physical injuries to death
Emotional Abuse - Emotional instability, insanity, suicide
Sexual Abuse - Physical injuries to death, rape, sexual abnormalities, insanity, suicide
Neglect - Inferiority complex, low self-esteem, lack of self-confidence
2nd sem SY 2010-2011
Lecture Notes
Overall effect:
Abandoned children, proliferation of street children, child labor, child prostitution
Who are the abandoned Children:
• Are children deserted or left alone by their parents.

• There are approximately 100,000 abandoned children in our country:
About 18,000 of them have been taken in orphanages/institutions for the homeless
About 2,000 are in foster homes/were adopted
About 80,000 are in the streets
Types of abandoned Children:
Institutionalized: (Children in Institutions for the Homeless/Orphanages)
• In most institutions, few of the children have names given to them by their parents, since most of them
have no idea who their parents are. Same is true with their birthdays. Some institutions hold a common birthday
party for all, it is celebrated every June 1 of the year, which is the International Children’s Day.
Non-institutionalized (Street children)
• Street children - are children who chose the streets as their place of abode and for their economic
activities.
Theoretical Perspectives on Street children

• Structural functionalism
They are present due to the increasing dysfunctionalism of the leading institutions of the society.
• Conflict
They are the most marginalized members of the society.
• Symbolic Interactionism (based on perceptions)

They are considered as liabilities and not as assets in the society.
Social Policies
Philippines
Republic Act 7610
―Special Protection of Children Against Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act‖ aka
Anti-Child Abuse Law
This was passed by Congress and signed into law in 1992. RA 7610 contains provisions protecting children
from abuse, exploitation and discrimination, child labor, sexual abuse, prostitution, and other forms of
maltreatment. Invoking the UN General Assembly Resolution 1386 (XIV) of 20 November 1959, also known
as the Declaration of the Rights of the Child, RA 7610 adopts and enshrines the "best interests of the child"
principle as the paramount consideration in enacting laws towards child protection.
Republic Act 9262

―Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act‖
In 2004, this law found its way into the statute books further buttressing the protection given to their children
and their mothers.
2nd sem SY 2010-2011
Lecture Notes
Article 32 of Rights of a Human Child RA7658

―Prohibition of the Employment of Children‖
States Parties recognize the right of the child to be protected from economic exploitation and from performing
any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child’s education, or to be harmful to the child’s
health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development.
Lectures Notes XV
Unwed Mothers
Definition
The term unwed mother was replaced by single parenthood in the 1970s. It was intended to mute the
emphasis on the relation of mother to marriage.
Being an unwed mother is considered a deviant behavior because it goes against the set norms of
society that a child is born and raised into a family with a mother and a father. However, it does not necessarily
follow that a child borne out of marriage is a social problem. There are several other factors that interplay and
must be considered in such situations.
Who are these unwed mothers?

1. rape victims
2. prostitutes
3. women involved in promiscuous relationships
4. women raised by divorced or single mothers
5. women who lived in poverty
6. teenagers
7. girls with low educational attainment
Possible Causes
1. unprecedented levels of unemployment of men
2. reduced job opportunities and wages in cities
- decline in men’s earning power relative to women’s/growing economic independence of women
3. persistence of male domination and sexual coercion
4. inadequate access to and resources for birth control (abortion services)
5. determination of women to decide on their own terms about childbearing
6. shift in social norms and values
Effects on Children
1. They have poor performance in school
 Low grades
 Lower college aspirations
 Poor attendance records
2. Girls are likely to become teenage mothers themselves
3. They are likely to be idle—out of school and out of work
4. They have higher rates of divorce
5. They lose the emotional support of their fathers at a young age
6. Poverty
 Fathers who never marry their children’s mothers are less likely to pay child support.
7. They are prone to committing crimes
2nd sem SY 2010-2011
Lecture Notes
FUNCTIONALIST THEORY
* The family is the foundation of social order. Any dysfunction in a family would need counseling to restore
consensus and maintain the equilibrium.
* Functions of the family:

- reproduction
- socialization
- care, protection and emotional support
- assignment of status
- regulation of sexual behavior through the norm of legitimacy
CONFLICT THEORY
* The family is a social arrangement benefiting men more than women.
* Intimate relationships inevitably involve antagonism as well as love.
* Single parenthood is accepted—it is an ongoing conflict between the parent and the society’s acceptance.
* Power is used for those who have it to dominate and control; it reflects values and conflict.
* It focuses on inequality and diversity.
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
* Families reinforce and rejuvenate their bonds through symbolic mechanism of rituals such as family meals
and holidays.
No remedy is presented since being an unwed mother is not regarded as a problem per se—we can either
prevent it before it happens or help women who are already there.
1. Preventing family break-up and economic insecurity
2. Increasing economic security for single-parent families
2nd sem SY 2010-2011
Lecture Notes
Bibliography
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2nd sem SY 2010-2011
Lecture Notes
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2nd sem SY 2010-2011
Lecture Notes
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2nd sem SY 2010-2011

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Sociology 10: Social Problems and Current Issues

College of Science Social Sciences Department

Substance Use and Abuse

Figure 1. Spectrum of Psychoactive Substance Use

Measure taken by the government to address the problem

Arresto mayor – 1 month and one day to 6 months

Lecture Notes VII

Each category of anomic suicide can be described briefly as follows:

Lecture Notes VIII

Gambling, wagering of money or other item of value on an uncertain event that is

A crime against public morals.

Legalized – gambling with franchise, license or permit to operate by the government.

Illegal - gambling without franchise, license or permit to operate by the government.

• Amateur – a beginner in a certain field of gambling.

Alcoholism as a Social Problem

A condition in which the drinking of alcoholic beverages becomes persistent, repetitive,

• It can lead to fights thereby causing physical injuries

How does it affect the liver?

How does it affect the brain?

How does it affect the heart?

• Increasing family or dependent problems

• loss of employment, marital break-up

Is it safe to drink during pregnancy?

- increase of venereal diseases

- 62 are reported having been raped

- 72 were currently or formerly homeless

- 73 are reported having experienced physical assault

- 85 are raped by their pimps

- 92 stated that they wanted to escape prostitution immediately

Describe the trauma of prostitution, and its consequences:

Female VS Male Prostitution

Causes of Prostitution: Demand and Supply Forces

Causes of Prostitution: Demand and Supply Forces

• A form of violence against a woman’s dignity

Prostitution Status in the Philippines

Lectures Notes XII

1. Sexual and Gender Variants

SEXUAL AND GENDER VARIANTS

Divided into 2 general categories:

There are 8 recognizable Paraphilias:

GENDER IDENTITY DISORDER

Dysfunction of Sexual Desire

Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder:

•Sexual Aversion Disorder:

Dysfunctions of Sexual Arousal

»Inability to achieve or maintain an erection

Lectures Notes XIII

 Spontaneous Abortion –occurs without any form of inducement or intervention, it is an accident or

Penalties: Revised Penal Code

When does human life begin?

 Right to life of the unborn from conception and of the mother

What is your stand on induced abortion?

 Are you a pro-life, pro-abortion or pro-choice?

Methods commonly used in abortion

 Estimated incidence of abortion, which is illegal in the Philippines: 320,000-480,000 cases

 Violates the right to life of the unborn

Lectures Notes XIV

Types of Child Abuse

Manila (Feb, 1997)

Physical Abuse – 7,571

Davao (August 2000)

Physical Abuse –259