Article 1600.

Sales are extinguished by the same causes as all other obligations, by those stated in the
preceding articles of this Title, and by conventional or legal redemption. (1506)

SECTION 1 Conventional Redemption Article 1601. Conventional redemption shall take place when the
vendor reserves the right to repurchase the thing sold, with the obligation to comply with the provisions
of article 1616 and other stipulations which may have been agreed upon. (1507) ARTICLE 1602. The
contract shall be presumed to be an equitable mortgage, in any of the following cases: (1) When the
price of a sale with right to repurchase is unusually inadequate; (2) When the vendor remains in
possession as lessee or otherwise; (3) When upon or after the expiration of the right to repurchase
another instrument extending the period of redemption or granting a new period is executed; (4) When
the purchaser retains for himself a part of the purchase price; (5) When the vendor binds himself to pay
the taxes on the thing sold; (6) In any other case where it may be fairly inferred that the real intention of
the parties is that the transaction shall secure the payment of a debt or the performance of any other
obligation.

In any of the foregoing cases, any money, fruits, or other benefit to be received by the vendee as rent or
otherwise shall be considered as interest which shall be subject to the usury laws. (n) Article 1603. In
case of doubt, a contract purporting to be a sale with right to repurchase shall be construed as an
equitable mortgage. (n) Article 1604. The provisions of article 1602 shall also apply to a contract
purporting to be an absolute sale. (n) Article 1605. In the cases referred to in articles 1602 and 1604, the
apparent vendor may ask for the reformation of the instrument. (n) Article 1606. The right referred to in
article 1601, in the absence of an express agreement, shall last four years from the date of the contract.
Should there be an agreement, the period cannot exceed ten years. However, the vendor may still
exercise the right to repurchase within thirty days from the time final judgment was rendered in a civil
action on the basis that the contract was a true sale with right to repurchase. (1508a) Article 1607. In
case of real property, the consolidation of ownership in the vendee by virtue of the failure of the vendor
to comply with the provisions of article 1616 shall not be recorded in the Registry of Property without a
judicial order, after the vendor has been duly heard. (n) Article 1608. The vendor may bring his action
against every possessor whose right is derived from the vendee, even if in the second contract no
mention should have been made of the right to repurchase, without prejudice to the provisions of the
Mortgage Law and the Land Registration Law with respect to third persons. (1510) Article 1609. The
vendee is subrogated to the vendor's rights and actions. (1511) Article 1610. The creditors of the vendor
cannot make use of the right of redemption against the vendee, until after they have exhausted the
property of the vendor. (1512) Article 1611. In a sale with a right to repurchase, the vendee of a part of
an undivided immovable who acquires the whole thereof in the case of article 498, may compel the
vendor to redeem the whole property, if the latter wishes to make use of the right of redemption.
(1513) Article 1612. If several persons, jointly and in the same contract, should sell an undivided
immovable with a right of repurchase, none of them may exercise this right for more than his respective
share. The same rule shall apply if the person who sold an immovable alone has left several heirs, in
which case each of the latter may only redeem the part which he may have acquired. (1514) Article
1613. In the case of the preceding article, the vendee may demand of all the vendors or co-heirs that
they come to an agreement upon the repurchase of the whole thing sold; and should they fail to do so,
the vendee cannot be compelled to consent to a partial redemption. (1515)

Article 1614. Each one of the co-owners of an undivided immovable who may have sold his share
separately, may independently exercise the right of repurchase as regards his own share, and the
vendee cannot compel him to redeem the whole property. (1516) Article 1615. If the vendee should
leave several heirs, the action for redemption cannot be brought against each of them except for his
own share, whether the thing be undivided, or it has been partitioned among them. But if the
inheritance has been divided, and the thing sold has been awarded to one of the heirs, the action for
redemption may be instituted against him for the whole. (1517) Article 1616. The vendor cannot avail
himself of the right of repurchase without returning to the vendee the price of the sale, and in addition:
(1) The expenses of the contract, and any other legitimate payments made by reason of the sale; (2) The
necessary and useful expenses made on the thing sold. (1518) Article 1617. If at the time of the
execution of the sale there should be on the land, visible or growing fruits, there shall be no
reimbursement for or prorating of those existing at the time of redemption, if no indemnity was paid by
the purchaser when the sale was executed. Should there have been no fruits at the time of the sale and
some exist at the time of redemption, they shall be prorated between the redemptioner and the
vendee, giving the latter the part corresponding to the time he possessed the land in the last year,
counted from the anniversary of the date of the sale. (1519a) Article 1618. The vendor who recovers the
thing sold shall receive it free from all charges or mortgages constituted by the vendee, but he shall
respect the leases which the latter may have executed in good faith, and in accordance with the custom
of the place where the land is situated. (1520)

SECTION 2 Legal Redemption Article 1619. Legal redemption is the right to be subrogated, upon the
same terms and conditions stipulated in the contract, in the place of one who acquires a thing by
purchase or dation in payment, or by any other transaction whereby ownership is transmitted by
onerous title. (1521a) Article 1620. A co-owner of a thing may exercise the right of redemption in case
the shares of all the other co-owners or of any of them, are sold to a third person. If the price of the
alienation is grossly excessive, the redemptioner shall pay only a reasonable one. Should two or more
co-owners desire to exercise the right of redemption, they may only do so in proportion to the share
they may respectively have in the thing owned in common. (1522a)

Article 1621. The owners of adjoining lands shall also have the right of redemption when a piece of rural
land, the area of which does not exceed one hectare, is alienated, unless the grantee does not own any
rural land. This right is not applicable to adjacent lands which are separated by brooks, drains, ravines,
roads and other apparent servitudes for the benefit of other estates. If two or more adjoining owners
desire to exercise the right of redemption at the same time, the owner of the adjoining land of smaller
area shall be preferred; and should both lands have the same area, the one who first requested the
redemption. (1523a) ARTICLE 1622. Whenever a piece of urban land which is so small and so situated
that a major portion thereof cannot be used for any practical purpose within a reasonable time, having
been bought merely for speculation, is about to be re-sold, the owner of any adjoining land has a right of
pre-emption at a reasonable price. If the re-sale has been perfected, the owner of the adjoining land
shall have a right of redemption, also at a reasonable price. When two or more owners of adjoining
lands wish to exercise the right of pre-emption or redemption, the owner whose intended use of the
land in question appears best justified shall be preferred. (n) Article 1623. The right of legal pre-emption
or redemption shall not be exercised except within thirty days from the notice in writing by the
prospective vendor, or by the vendor, as the case may be. The deed of sale shall not be recorded in the
Registry of Property, unless accompanied by an affidavit of the vendor that he has given written notice
thereof to all possible redemptioners. The right of redemption of co-owners excludes that of adjoining
owners. (1524a)