CUMHURİYET UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF LITERATURE
ENGLISH- FRENCH - TURKISH
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETATION
I. SEMESTER - FIRST EDUCATION

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

HOMEWORK SUBJECT
Adjective Clause and Adjective Clause Reduction

COURSE RESPONSIBLE

EYÜP GÜNDÜZ

Prepared By

BEYDA DÖRTTEPE
2019195046

2019195046@cumhuriyet.edu.tr
 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
An adjective is a word you use to describe a person, place, or thing. An adjective modifies
nouns or pronouns. When it comes to function, adjectives are information gatherers.
Specifically, they provide further information about an object's size, shape, age, color, origin
or material. Some examples of adjectives;
I bought a white dress for my mother as a gift.
There was a Turkish carpet on the wall.
An adjective clause, also known as a relative clause, is a type of dependent clause that works
to describe a noun in a sentence. It functions as an adjective even though it is made up of a
group of words instead of just one word. In the case of an adjective clause, all the words work
together to modify the noun or pronoun.

Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns, including:

• who
• whom
• whose
• that
• which

They may also begin with relative adverbs, such as:

• when
• where
• why

 Wuhan is the first place where coronavirus first came out.

 The football player whose leg was broken during the match was taken to the hospital.

WHO

Who + verb + object / who + subject + verb

It is used when describing people or attributing characters to animals. These labels can be
found in both subject and object position. The pronoun "that" can also be used instead. “Who”
can come after the subject or the object of the sentence.

 Today, I met a famous mountaineer. He has climbed mountains like Everest.

Today, I met a famous mountaineer who has climbed mountains like Everest.
 I have been working with a trainer. He has taught me a lot about health care.
The trainer who I have been working with has taught me a lot about health care.

WHOM

Whom + subject + verb / name + whom + subject + verb

It is used when describing people or attributing characters to animals. However, the qualified
name must be in the object position. If the name is in the subject position, only "who" can be
used. Also, "whom" should be used after prepositions.
 I received a gift in the mail from a young man. I had helped get accepted into my university.
I received a gift in the mail from a young man whom I had helped get accepted into my
university.
 You greeted a man. He is one of my acquaintances.
 The man you whom you greeted is one of my acquaintances.

WHOSE

Whose + subject + verb + object / whose + name + subject + verb

If there is a possessive case in the adjective clause that describes the noun, "whose" is used.
Since it is used instead of possessive adjectives, the name comes after it. "That" cannot be
used instead.

 The landlord’s house burnt down. He was not able to get any insurance money.
 The landlord whose house burnt down was not able to get any insurance money.
 The director’s movie is playing in the film festival this weekend. He is very talented.
 The director whose movie is playing in the film festival this weekend is very talented.

THAT

That + verb + object + / that + subject + verb

It is the informal version of the pronouns "who", "which", and "why". It can be used to describe
both humans and other living or non-living beings.

 There are many plants and herbs. They could be found in the forest.
 There are many plants and herbs that could be found in the forest.
 I bought a pair of shoes today. They did not actually fit my feet properly.
 The pair of shoes that I bought today did not actually fit my feet properly.

WHICH

Which + verb + object / which + subject + verb

It is used to describe inanimate objects, plants, animals and concepts. If "which" doesn't come
after a preposition, you can use the pronoun "that" instead.

 I will go to a restaurant for lunch today. It is not far.

 The restaurant which I will go to for lunch today is not far.
 I wanted to go to the beach. It is closed because there was an accident.
 The beach which / that I wanted to go to is closed because there was an accident.

WHEN

When + subject + verb + object / a name indicating time + when + subject + verb + object

If the noun described by the adjective clause indicates time, we should use "when". Instead of
"when", it can be used "which" with a preposition suitable for the noun. (in which, on which,
during which, etc.)
 It was the year 1980 when war broke out between Iran and Iraq.
 It is usually almost midnight when I finally decided to stop working and go to the bed.

WHERE

Where + subject + verb + object / place name + where + subject + verb + object

If the noun described by the adjective clause indicates a place "where" is used. Instead of
"where", "which" can also be used with a preposition suitable for the noun described. (in which,
on which, at which, etc.)

 I walked through the neighbourhood where I wanted to live one day.

 The government sent in riot police to the parts of the city where people were protesting.

WHY

Why + subject + verb + object / the reason + why + subject + verb + object

It is used in adjective clauses that indicate the word "reason". It is also possible to use "for
which" instead of "why".

 Our boss decided to cancel the meeting. Nobody knew why.

 Nobody knew the reason why our boss cancelled the meeting
 I am not sure of the exact reason for which my sister has to play loud music at 1 a.m. in the
morning.

SOME NOTES

When the adjective clause describes a whole sentence, only "which" is used, and a
comma is always used before it.

 Unemployment started to increase in the country, which was a sign that the economy was
getting worse.

The adjective clause can be in the subject or object position in a sentence. The position
in which it is used does not affect the structure of the adjective clause.

 The movie that we watched last night was a horror movie that came out recently.

A quantifier or preposition may come after the “whose” structure.

 Jenny, in whose house I broke a vase, has not talked to me for a while.

If the possessive belongs to an object rather than a person, the structure "... of which"
is usually used instead of "whose".

 The town, the streets of which need to repaired and the parks of which need to be cleaned,
should be fixed up.

If there is any preposition in the sentence indicating where the action took place (in, on,
at, etc.) "where" is not used.
 The university where she studies is one of the best in the UK.
 The university where she studies at is one of the best in the UK. (Wrong)
 The university at which she studies is one of the best in the UK.
 The university that she studies at is one of the best in the UK.
 The university which she studies at is one of the best in the UK.

If the preposition "for" is followed after the word "reason", "why" is not used. "for +
which" is used.

 There are a hundred reasons for which I love my mother and father.

PREPOSITION + RELATIVE CLAUSES

If a verb in the adjective clause we use for the defined noun is used with a preposition and this
noun is the object of the preposition in the defining sentence, the preposition + adjective clause
is used.

 We agreed on an applicant. We hired him.

 We hired the applicant whom we agreed on.
 We hired the applicant that we agreed on.
 We hired the applicant we agreed on.

If we are going to use the preposition before the adjective clause, we should use only “whom”
for humans and “which” for objects and animals.

 You told me about a town. It is so far from the city centre.

The town which you told me about is so far from the city centre.
The town about which you told me is so far from the city centre.
 I hate the boy. George is arguing with him.
I hate the boy with whom George is arguing.
I hate the boy whom George is arguing with.

When a word indicating number or quantity is used with the defined name, the structures "...
of which", "... of whom", "... of whose + noun" are used.

 There are around twenty people applying for jobs here, half of whom will probably not get
one.
 There are several types of mountain bikes that you can buy, each of which has different
strengths and weaknesses.
 The counsellor took two students out of class, one of whose friends had run away from home.

It can be used "which" with a preposition suitable for the defining noun instead of when. (in
which, on which, during which, etc.)

 My day of the year is the day on which all my family members come together and have a
party.
 It was my old high school years during which I realized that my dream was to be an engineer.

CO-ORDINATING ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

When the adjective clause qualifies the entire sentence, only "which" is used and always
preceded by a comma.
 The little girl was able to read the whole text aloud in the class, which showed that she was
not shy as she used to be.
 Some animals are tested in experiments and exposed to chemicals, which is found cruel by
many.
 Birds are very vulnerable animals, which is why most of them die when they are looked after
as pets.

NON-DEFINING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

They are adjective clauses that give extra information about the defining noun. Therefore,
when such phrases are removed from the sentence, there is no confusion of meaning.

 I want to read the novel Catcher in the Rye, which is a famous book written by J.D. Salinger in
1951.
 The Heard Island and McDonald Islands, whose overall size is 372 square kilometers, are
located in a remote and stormy part of the globe.

NOTES:

"That" cannot be used instead of "which" or "who".

 Miss Mars, who (that: cannot be used) owns that café, is our neighbor.

"Relative Clause" is separated from the main clause with a comma.

 Leonardo da Vinci, who painted the famous Mona Lisa, was an inventor and a mathematician
as well as an artist.

In this type of adjective clause, a word indicating number or quantity can be used before
"whom" or "which".

There are three interns at my company, all of whom were recently hired.

OMMITING RELATIVE PRONOUN

The relative pronoun can be omitted when it is the object of the clause.

- Parents who let their children watch films that contain explicit scenes of violence are unaware
of the damage that they cause their developments.
- Parents who let their children watch films that contain explicit scenes of violence are unaware
of the damage they cause their developments.
- The marathon which a German athlete won was very exciting.
- The marathon a German athlete won was very exciting.

If "to be" verb is used after a relative pronoun we can omit "relative pronoun + to be".

- The boy who was attacked by a dog was taken to hospital.

- The boy attacked by a dog was taken to hospital.
- Hamlet which was written by Shakespeare sometime in the early 1600s is among the classics.
- Hamlet written by Shakespeare sometime in the early 1600s is among the classics.
 When the verb “have” meaning possession, we can omit the relative pronoun and “have” and
use it with (+) or without (-).

- The nurses are preparing the patient who has heart failure for the surgery that will last 6 hours.
- The nurses are preparing the patient with heart failure for the surgery that will last 6 hours.

REDUCTION IN RELATIVE CLAUSE

There are different ways of making a reduction in relative clauses. We must look at the verb of
the relative clause to decide how we make a reduction.

Reduction of the verb “be”

If there is “be” in the verb of the adjective clause, the pronoun of the adjective clause is omitted
and abbreviated. (be + adj, be + prepositional phrase, present continuous, past continuous,
passive sentences)

- The man who is angry with the students might be our new headmaster.
The man angry with the students might be our new headmaster.
- A chef’s knife is usually the largest knife that is in the kitchen.
A chef’s knife is usually the largest knife in the kitchen.
- The bad weather that is bothering us does not seem to clear up.
The bad weather bothering us does not seem to clear up.
- Everyone who was working here for at least a year has received a Christmas bones.
Everyone working here for at least a year has received a Christmas bones.
- All of the work that was done in the past week has been a waste of time.
All of the work done in the past week has been a waste of time.

Reduction of Active Sentences

If the verb of an adjective clause is 'Simple Present' and 'Simple Past' and the agent is active
voice, "-ing" should be added to the verb and the pronoun of the adjective clause should be
omitted.

- An umbrella can intercept the direct radiation that comes from the Sun.
An umbrella can intercept the direct radiation coming from the Sun.
- In Brazil, a speeding vehicle caused a concrete pole to collapse and created a barrier which
blocked the road.
In Brazil, a speeding vehicle caused a concrete pole to collapse and created a barrier blocking
the road.
- Customers who wanted to use more renewable energy were limited to installing their own solar
panels.
Customers wanting to use more renewable energy were limited to installing their own solar
panels.
 Reduction of Perfect Tenses
If the verb of an adjective clause is 'Present Perfect (Continuous)' or 'Past Perfect
(Continuous)' and the agent active, the verb and adjective clause pronouns are omitted from
the sentence. Then the auxiliary verbs 'have', 'has' and 'had' are also converted to 'having'
and the verb is the past participle (V3). If these perfect tenses are passive then 'been' is
brought after 'having' and the verb is again 'past participle'.
- The sun which has started to sink over the horizon, is almost out of sight.
The sun, having started to sink over the horizon, is almost out of sight.
- Bulgaria, which has been influenced by the Ottoman Empire, has some cultural similarities to
modern Turkey.
Bulgaria, having been influenced by the Ottoman Empire, has some cultural similarities to
modern Turkey.
- The bank robber, who has almost been caught, has decided it is time to retire.
The bank robber, having almost been caught, has decided it is time to retire.
Reduction of Superlatives and Ordinal Numbers
The verb after the pronouns of the adjective clauses that characterize "the first, the last, the
next, the only, the best, the worst + noun" structures are converted to "to + V1" (to infinitive).
- The most recent technological developments that are listed in Technology Magazine get the
attention of the young people.
The most recent technological developments to be listed in Technology Magazine get the
attention of the young people.
- The Hugo Theatre is the only theatre in the city which has put on a new production this
month.
The Hugo Theatre is the only theatre in the city to have put on a new production this month.
- Our house is the only one in the block which has been painted recently.
Our house is the only one in the block to have been painted recently.
MORE EXAMPLES:
- We want to stay somewhere where we will have a relaxing weekend.
We want to stay somewhere to have a relaxing weekend.
- There is no one that can be blamed for the bankruptcy.
There is no one to blame for the bankruptcy.
There is no one to be blamed for the bankruptcy.
- Boby was the first dog which had walked on the Moon.
Boby was the first dog to have walked on the Moon.
- Is this the pill that I should take when I feel dizzy?
Is this the pill to be taken when I feel dizzy?
- Most of the wittiest lines that ever have been written belong to Shakespeare.
Most of the wittiest lines ever written belong to Shakespeare.
 EXERCISE 1
Choose the correct option.
1) Che Guevara was e revolutionary ...… ideas continue to have an impact on people even
today.
A) whose B) whom

2) Tsunamis, also known as tidal waves, are huge waves …… are usually caused by an
earthquake.
A) for which B) which

3) There are many reasons …… someone might decide to move to another country.
A) for whom B) why

4) Last night, I met a woman, …… name I cannot remember right know, told me she was an
astronaut.
A) Whose B) whom

5) Ireland, …… is thought to be a very green and beautiful country, has a population of slightly
less than seven million people.
A) that B) which
Exercise 2
Fill the blanks.
1) There are always cats in my backyard, one … I know belongs to my neigbour but I don’t
know where the rest comes from.
2) The bank has not given me any reason … they charged me an extra $25 this month.
3) My favorite café in this city is a little place that not many people know about … I can sit and
do my work in peace.
4) The hardest question … (answer) seem to be the one that you already know the answer but
cannot spill it out.
5) Harry Potter series, … is one of the most popular young adult book series of all times, is
about a boy who can do magic.

EXERCISE 3
Choose the correct option.
1) Stocks are financial instruments … value depends on the value of the company … they are
based.
A) That / where
B) Which / that
C) Whom / which
D) Whose / on which
E) Whose / which

2) Summer holidays, … we usually go on vacation to tropical parts of the world, are my favorite
time of year.
A) Along which
B) To which
C) During which
D) At whose
E) By which

3) Desalination is the process … salt is removed from seawater so that it can be used for
drinking.
A) For which
B) With which
C) Which
D) That
E) For whom

4) When Europeans came to North America, they caused the deaths of millions of natives, …
died from diseases.
A) None of which
B) Most of whom
C) Any of whose
D) A great deal of which
E) All of whose

5) Can you please tell me again the name of the person … I am supposed to deliver all these
packages? I cannot remember.
A) whose
B) who
C) of whose
D) to which
E) to whom

6) This book, … I was given as a present, was autographed by the author … died last year.
A) Which / who
B) When / ---
C) By whom / that
D) That / that
E) --- / whom

7) The worst effects of climate change are almost certainly going to be on food production in the
poor countries….
A) Through which the majority has been suffering from agricultural pollution.
B) In which case the effects of climate change will be minimal.
C) So that people in the developed world could take the problem seriously.
D) Where more than half of the population depends on growing its own food.
E) Which would have been an overwhelming tragedy, worse than all foods and earthquake.

8) …, where visitors can walk, hike, sail, ride horse, ski and more.
A) Turkey is home to remarkable ruins such as Aspendos, Termessos, and the famous library at
Ephesus
B) The Mediterranean and the Aegean coasts are under threat due to the high number of
tourists
C) From prehistory to the present, numerous cultures have emerged and declined within
Turkey’s present-day borders
D) Turkey offers a range of exciting outdoor activities, particularly in the Black Sea and Eastern
Anatolian regions
E) Turkey has many ancient places, museums, impressive mosques and churches.

9) The amount of CO2 … into the atmosphere is steadily increasing, but the governments still
do not take serious measures.
A) Being pumped
B) To pump
C) Having pumped
D) Pumping
E) To be pumped

10) The moon is the only body in the universe other than the Earth, … surface features have
been mapped in detail.
A) That
B) Which
C) ---
D) Of whom
E) Whose

ANSWER KEY:
EXERCISE 1:
1)A 2)B 3)B 4)A 5B

EXERCISES 2:
1) Of whom
2) Why
3) Where
4) To be answered
5) Which

EXERCISE 3:

1)D 2)C 3)B 4)B 5)E 6)A 7)D 8)D 9)A 10)E
https://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/adjectives/what-is-an-adjective.html
https://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/adjectives/adjective-clause.html
https://examples.yourdictionary.com/example-adjective-clauses.html
https://www.grammarbank.com/reduced-relative-clauses.html
Er Nizamettin - Kodalak Berrin - Çak Aygehan - Keskin E. Merve, Grammar Start Up, Tuzla-
İstanbul/Türkiye, Veritaş Basın Merkezi, Ağustos 2017
Anonim 2017, Influence Grade 12 Grammar Book (YDS YAYINCILIK DERGİCİLİK)