UNIVERSIDAD DIEGO PORTALES

FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA
ESCUELA DE INGENIERÍA INDUSTRIAL
Inglés Instrumental I

English for Industrial Engineers

A Compilation for Beginners

1
 Index

♦ Map of the book................................................................................ 3

♦ One “Obamarama”............................................................................. 7
♦ Two “Financial services” .................................................................... 10
♦ Three “More service and support, please Mr. Dell” ................................ 13
♦ Four “Financial Profile” ...................................................................... 16
♦ Five “ Sales Terminology” ................................................................. 19
♦ Six “Cristina’s Travails” ..................................................................... 23
♦ Seven Wordcheck ............................................................................ 25
♦ Eight “Retailers report dismal December sales” .................................... 28
♦ Nine “Burris: I’m the legally appointed senator” ................................... 32
♦ Ten “A day in the life of Bill Gates” ..................................................... 36
♦ Eleven “Company problems” .............................................................. 42
♦ Twelve “Scales and Graphs” .............................................................. 46
♦ Thirteen “Alexander Graham Bell” ...................................................... 51
♦ Fourteen “Job Adverts” ..................................................................... 59
♦ Fifteen “The Inditex Group” ............................................................... 66
♦ Sixteen “Optical Fibres” .................................................................... 70
♦ Seventeen “Project Planning” ............................................................. 79
♦ Eighteen “A Turnkey Project” ............................................................. 88
♦ Students’ Notes ............................................................................... 94
♦ Your Glossary................................................................................... 97
♦ Annex 1 “False Cognates” ................................................................ 108
♦ Annex 2 “Irregular and Foreign Plurals” ............................................. 113
♦ Annex 3 “Irregular English Verbs” ..................................................... 116

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 Lesson Learning Outcomes Content Vocabulary Activities
One Identifying central ♦ Cognates and Political Crisis. Brainstorming
“Obamarama” ideas False Cognates activity about familiar
♦ Indefinite article a words in English
/ an Organising cognates
Reading Comp.
Writing main ideas

Two Offering financial ♦ Word Order Financial world. Deciding the correct
“Financial services” services (Adjective + order
Noun) Reading Comp.

Three Stablishing goals for ♦ Plural Nouns Production processes. Forming the plurals
“More service and a market leader ♦ Regular Reading Comp.
support, please Mr. company ♦ Irregular Finding plurals in
Dell” ♦ Foreign plurals context
Making a glossary

Four Writing a profile for a ♦ Compound Nouns Corporation, stocks Finding Spanish
“Financial Profile” business corporation (Noun + Noun) and shareholders. equivalents
in the stock market Writing technical
collocations
Reading Comp.

Five Writing definitions ♦ Is – Are Retail and wholesale. Comprehension

“Sales Terminology” ♦ It – They Communication (1). exercise
♦ Definitions Completing
sentences
Reading comp.
Writing definitions

Six Stating strengths and ♦ There is / There Financial crisis, Using structures

3
“Cristina’s Travails” weaknesses in a are inflation and Completing a
dispute. disputes. paragraph
Identifying central
ideas

Seven Making predictions ♦ No + Noun Communication (2) Reading

“Wordcheck” ♦ The adverb “no” Wordcheck (previous comprehension.
lessons) Making predictions.

Eight Writing short reports ♦ The ‘s Genitive Shopping items Rewriting sentences
“Retailers report about sales Management Reading comp.
dismal December positions Naming companies
sales” Retailers and related sales

Nine Describing people’s ♦ Word formation Political positions Reading Comp.

“Burris: 'I am the positions and (1) Suffixes “ly” Legal words Matching columns
legally-appointed functions within a and “al” Prefixes Writing exercise
senator'” company “in” and “un” Completing a table

Ten Describing job ♦ The Present Adjectives to qualify Reading Comp.

“A day in the life of expectations and Simple a job. Matching columns
Bill Gates” position ♦ Frequency Office habits Writing
obligations adverbs Job benefits Completing a table

Eleven Reporting problems ♦ The Present Words used to Listing company

“What are the at work. Simple (negative describe company problems
biggest problems form) problems. Working with the
facing your Studying a case dictionaries
company? Reading comp.
Matching words and
definitions

4
Twelve Analysing scales, ♦ Can / Can’t Percentile Wages Explaining variables
“Scales and Graphs” graphs and The language of scale Matching columns
nomographs and graphs Reading Comp.
Requests, offers and Writing
possibilities

Thirteen Writing a biography ♦ The simple Past The World Bank Reading a timeline
“A space shuttle Tense glossary Writing a biography
disaster” (Affirmative, Irregular and regular using a timeline
negative, and verbs Cloze procedure
interrogative) Studying a chart
Working with the
dictionary

Fourteen Comparing job offers ♦ The comparison of Types of markets Writing using
“Job adverts” adjectives A pie chart comparatives and
Commenting on a pie superlatives
chart Matching columns
Comparing job
adverts
Describing products
Reading comp.

Fifteen Writing a sales report ♦ The present Verbs of action Writing a report
“The Inditex Group” continuous A store layout Making a glossary on
Drawing conclusions Business a company growth
from a store- development Completing
layout sentences
Identifying tense
Comparing concepts
permanent and Completing a
temporary business profile

5
 situations
Sixteen Reporting based on a ♦ How much / how Sales report Writing a description
“Optical Fibres” diagram many vocabulary about quantities
♦ Quantifiers Technical quantifiers Completing
Analyzing a sales ♦ Numbers, sentences
report numerals, Writing a short report
proportions Vocabulary check
Playing games with
numbers

Seventeen Organising time ♦ Future with Will Engineering Understanding a

“Project Planning” (Gantt Charts) ♦ Prepositions of vocabulary. Gantt Chart
time Properties of Reading Comp.
“The role of an Understanding and ♦ If clauses type 1 engineering Completing
engineering writing a msn (with will + simple materials. sentences using
consultant” present) Stages of a prepositions of time
Writing predictions consultancy. Writing a msn in full
based on the Writing predictions
properties of Answering questions.
materials Making a glossary

Eighteen Describing the stages ♦ Verbs + Glossary of a Completing

“A Turnkey Project” of a project. prepositions “turnkey project” sentences.
♦ Nouns + Multiple choice.
prepositions Reading
Comprehension
Making a glossary

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 Lesson One
(1) Cognates

Muchas palabras en Inglés son SIMILARES EN FORMA Y SIGNIFICADO a

palabras en español. Por ejemplo, en la oración

Communication is a basic function of society

hay palabras o combinaciones de palabras muy fáciles de entender:

Communication ………………………………………………..
basic function …………………………………………………..
society ………………………………………………………………

Estas palabras se conocen normalmente como COGNADOS y facilitan la

comprensión ya que tienen raíz semejante en inglés y español, aunque varían
mucho en sus terminaciones, ortografía en general, y pronunciación. Entre
otros muchos ejemplos se pueden citar:

Mathematics telephone universe reciprocal

Botany oscilloscope pressure complex
Engineering antenna hypothesis principal
Economics thermostat air direct
Physics capital television programme

De acuerdo a algunas terminaciones, los cognados pueden agruparse en:

(a) Palabras que en INGLËS tienen terminación “-TION”

y que generalmente en ESPAÑOL terminan en “-CIÓN”

organization = organización integration = integración

information = información invention = invención

(b) Palabras que en INGLÉS tienen terminación “-SION” o “-SSION”

y que generalmente en ESPAÑOL terminan en “-SIÓN”

division = división expresion = expresión

cohesion = cohesión depression = depresión

(c) Palabras que en INGLÉS tienen terminación “-TY”

y que generalmente en ESPAÑOL terminan en “-DAD”

society = sociedad quantity = cantidad

activity = actividad specialty = especialidad

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En los siguientes ejemplos, del mismo tipo anterior, los sustantivos llevan el
artículo A o AN; las palabras descriptivas (conocidas como adjetivos) no lo
llevan.

a base, a basis = una base a symbol = un símbolo

basic = básico symbolic = simbólico

an experiment = un experimento a centenary = un centenario

experimental = experimental centennial = centenario

Importante: existen los Falsos Cognados, es decir, palabras que en inglés y

en español son muy PARECIDAS en FORMA, pero tienen DIFERENTE
SIGNIFICADO.

Ejemplos de falsos cognados:

Actual = real,verdadero (current, present = presente, actual)

Alumnus = ex - alumno (student = alumno, estudiante)
Exit = salida (success = éxito)
Success = éxito (event = suceso, hecho, evento)
Tenant = arrendatario (liutenant = teniente)
(En el apéndice 1 se incluye una lista de los falsos cognados de uso más
frecuente para utilizar como referencia.)

Exercise 1.1: Recognize and underline all the cognates you can find in the
following text.

Obamarama
Extract form the Financial Times
Published: December 29 2008 18:35 | Last updated: December 29 2008 18:35

“Oil prices going up and down. A year with the Obama-mania ended with the president-elect and his
team at action stations, preparing themselves for government amid what looks to be the surprise of
the decade.

The acute escalation of the financial crisis in the last weeks of the campaign has left little time for
reflection on Mr Obama’s achievement. The world applauded as America, for the first time, sent a
black man to the White House, but it is important to remember that the Democrats’ victory in
November was arguably as much an expression of voter disgust with President George W. Bush
and the Republican party as it was a reflection of the president-elect’s political skills.”

Exercise 1.2: Identify the central idea of the text and write it down.

__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

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Exercise 1.3.. Traduzca estos cognados al español.

1. application 10. capacity

2. fission 11. equation
3. humidity 12. solution
4. destruction 13. lesion
5. definition 14. university
6. expression 15. alteration
7. ability 16. reduction
8. specialization 17. expulsion
9. expansion 18. function

Exercise 1.4.. Traduzca estos cognados al inglés.

1. velocidad 10. dimensión

2. acción 11. adaptabilidad
3. conclusión 12. producción
4. densidad 13. relatividad
5. electricidad 14. reacción
6. observación 15. exposición
7. fricción 16. fidelidad
8. visión 17. reducción
9. identidad 18. dirección

Exercise 1.5. Escriba las palabras equivalentes en español.

1. a society 11. a stimulus

2. social 12. stimulant
3. a space 13. an individual
4. spacious 14. individual
5. a line 15. a movement
6. linear 16. movable
7. an experiment 17. a nucleus
8. experimental 18. nuclear
a specialty 19. a distance
special 20. distant

Lesson Two
(2) Word Order

En Inglés la POSICIÓN de las palabras descriptivas (adjetivos) es distinta a la

del español. Observe:

a Basic Function = una función básica

an Essential Social force = una fuerza social esencial

Exercise 2.1.Traduzca estas frases al español

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1. Social organization
…………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Electric current
………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. An energetic person
………………………………………………………………………………………
4. An adequate response
…………………………………………………………………………………
5. Physical
contact ................................................................................
6. Nuclear
physics .................................................................................
7. A relative
difficulty ............................................................................
8. An evident
result ...............................................................................
9. A collective
stimulus ..........................................................................
10. Cellular
biology .................................................................................
11. A linear
program ...............................................................................
12. A simple linear
equation .....................................................................
13. Descriptive
statistics ..........................................................................
14. A stimulant
discussion .......................................................................
15. A provisory
solution ...........................................................................
16. Obligatory elementary
education .........................................................

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 17. An experimental
design ......................................................................
18. A complex social
structure ..................................................................
19. Industrial
Engineering ........................................................................
20. Financial
crisis ..................................................................................
21. Political
abilities ................................................................................
22. Election
possibilities ..........................................................................
23. Democratic
victory ............................................................................

Exercise 2.2.Reading Comprehension.

Communication is not a human invention. In its broadest sense,

communication is a social force.
Communication occurs everywhere in the universe, and is occurring always. It
is a function of all matter.

Vocabulary:

In its broadest sense: en su sentido más amplio

Occurs everywhere: ocurre en todas partes
Always: siempre
Matter: materia

♦ Según el texto:

(a) La comunicación es una creación humana. SI NO

(b) La comunicación es una función del hombre. SI NO

(c) La comunicación es una función constante de toda materia. SI NO

(d) La comunicación como fuerza natural se manifiesta en todo

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 el universo. SI NO

♦ The theme or centra idea in the text is:

(a) human invention

(b) the universe
(c) communication
(d) matter

♦ In the text, communication is defined as:

(a) a natural force

(b) a function of all matter
(c) both (ambos) a force and a function
(d) a human invention

Exercise 2.3.Reading Comprehension. Use your dictionary to find and

underline all the “adjective + noun” combinations.

Financial Services1
Cooper Financial Services Ltd.

Cooper Financial Services Ltd. offers a vast range of financial solutions to suit the individual
necessities of its clients. Today's investor has market comprehension and requires the tools to
take advantage of knowledge. To that end, we provide advice based on our outstanding of
information sources. Matching our knowledge-base with your understanding of individual
markets can make you a big winner in the increasingly complex marketplace. Here are some of
our offerings:

• Historical fundamental equity database

• Strategic planning
• Comprehensive reports that permit industry-to-industry, company-to-industry
and company-to-company analysis.
• Report compilations detailing key items on market and industry performance
• Daily summary of stock market and industry tendencies (trends)
• Secure access to financial data on publicly traded companies
• Monthly reports that monitor company-to-peer performance

Exercise 2.4. Answer the following questions for general understanding

1
About.com: English as a second language < http://esl.about.com/library/business/bl_read_financial2.htm>
(Consulta: Enero 2009)

12
 1. What does Cooper Financial Services Ltd. offer?

__________________________________________________________________________

2. What does Cooper Financial Services Ltd. provide?

__________________________________________________________________________

3. What does Cooper Financial Services Ltd. match its knowledge-base to?

__________________________________________________________________________

4. What type of planning does Cooper Financial Services Ltd. offer?

__________________________________________________________________________

5. What type of daily summary does Cooper Financial Services Ltd. provide?

__________________________________________________________________________

6. What do monthly reports monitor?

__________________________________________________________________________

Lesson Three
(3) Plural Nouns
El plural de los sustantivos en inglés se forma agregando “s” o “es” al singular
como regla general.

Existen algunos casos especiales, los plurales irregulares, que no siguen la

regla y que hay que memorizar. (Ver apéndice II)

Ejemplos:

REGULAR IRREGULAR
SINGULAR SINGULAR
PLURALS PLURALS
A class Classes A man Men
An example examples A woman Women
A society Societies A foot Feet
An activity Activities A tooth Teeth
A church Churches A (PC) mouse (PC) mouses
A dish Dishes A mouse (animal) Mice
A car Cars A child Children
An auction Auctions A goose Geese

Observa que el sustantivo en PLURAL se expresa SIN artículo A/AN ya que éste
indica singular. (A/AN = 1)

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Exercise 3.1. Forme el plural correspondiente.

1. an organization__________________________________
2. a function______________________________________
3. a university_____________________________________
4. an oscilloscope__________________________________
5. a division_______________________________________
6. an ability_______________________________________
7. an engineer_____________________________________
8. a business______________________________________
9. a company______________________________________
10. a problem______________________________________

Observe, en los siguientes ejemplos, que el adjetivo en inglés se mantiene INVARIABLE, sea
cual sea el número del sustantivo. Ejemplos:

Singular: a chemical reaction an important datum (*)

Plural: chemical reactions important data

Exercise 3.2. Cambie estas frases al plural. Recuerde consultar el anexo 2

para plulares extranjeros e irregulares.

1. A primitive man. ____________________________________________

2. A modern communication system. ______________________________
3. A long-distance telephone call. _________________________________
4. A chemical analysis (*). ______________________________________
5. A basic criterion. (*). ________________________________________
6. An interesting phenomenon. (*)________________________________
7. A financial crisis. (*) _________________________________________

(*) “Plurales extranjeros” .

Exercise 3.3. Complete la tabla de singulares y plurales. Encuentre el par

faltante en el siguiente texto.

More service and support please, Mr Dell

By Michael Schrage
Published: May 9 2006 20:00 | Last updated: May 9 2006 20:00
Extract from the “Financial Times”

14
““We’re not going to be missionaries for innovation,” said Kevin Rollins, Dell’s chief executive. “We
only want to go into a market where the product or service is definable, standardisable, simplifiable
and repeatable . . . We don’t count on our margins existing because the technology is proprietary or
because the customer is stupid.”

Indeed, the Dell production model remains as flexible, adaptable and opportunistic as when Mr Dell
launched it in 1983 from his college dormitory. But market competition has relentlessly eroded vital
elements of that model’s value proposition. Dell’s cost and price advantages have become less
significant as Hewlett-Packard and Lenovo have retooled their own supply chains and production
processes while becoming more innovative.

More serious for Dell, however, is that the perceived locus of value is evolving away from what the
company does best. As prices have relentlessly dropped, customers increasingly appear less
interested in the most cost-effective buy than in “convenience”, “ease of use” and “support”. Service
matters more than ever.

As more people become more reliant and dependent on their personal computers, printers, servers
and networks, they demand ever-higher quality of service and support. Managing expectations and
execution around service-related “process innovation” has proven far more difficult and expensive
than Dell expected – particularly for its cheapest and least profitable machines. The economics of
support are hard.

So just as customers of all kinds were thrilled to have more computer for less money, they also
expected more service and support for less, as well. For years, Dell enjoyed a top reputation for
customer service and support. But as product portfolios and their inherent software complexity
increase, Dell’s production challenge of “build to order” is giving way to the challenge of “service to
order”. That is apparently not a natural extension.”

SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL

missionary innovations
executives year
interviews markets
margins products
customers element
models dormitories
advantage costs
chain prices
process
loci companies
computer printer
server network
qualities expectation
machine
portfolio kind
complexities extensions

Exercise 3.3. Lea nuevamente el texto y haga un glosario. Use un diccionario.

15
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

Lesson Four
(4) Compound Nouns

Cualquier palabra que se encuentre en POSICIÓN DE ADJETIVO califica o

describe al sustantivo que le sigue, aunque dicha palabra funcione
normalmente como sustantivo.
Ejemplos:

NOUN COMPOUND NOUN (N + N)

An animal + a society = An animal society

Life + mechanisms = Life mechanisms

Esta combinación de sustantivo + sustantivo es muy usada en

inglés y se conoce como “Compound Nouns” (N+N)

Exercise 4.1.Escriba estas frases en correcto español.

1. energy transmission _________________________________________________

2. life requirements ____________________________________________________
3. animal memory _____________________________________________________
4. animal communication system _________________________________________
5. a space station _____________________________________________________
6. group response _____________________________________________________
7. time concepts ______________________________________________________
8. an insect community _________________________________________________
9. TV production methods _______________________________________________

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 10. a telegraph message _________________________________________________
11. aerobic exercise ____________________________________________________
12. preliminary hyothesis _________________________________________________
13. universal studios ____________________________________________________
14. industrial engineering ________________________________________________
15. metal structure ______________________________________________________
16. telephone line ______________________________________________________
17. air conditioning _____________________________________________________
18. plastic figure _______________________________________________________
19. human society ______________________________________________________
20. radio antenna ______________________________________________________

Exercise 4.2. Match columns A and B to form compound nouns.

Example:

A research program

Reasearch methods

A B

Program production
Transmission research (investigation)
Society population
Methods organization
Theory probability
System insect
Organization vector
Industry communication
Analysis space
Fatigue metal
Distribution relativity

__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

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__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

Exercise 4.3. Find and underline the compound nouns in the text. Then write
them in Spanish using your dictionary.

2
Financial Profile: ViewSonic Computers Financial Profile

ViewSonic computers is a publicly traded corporation actively traded on the NASDAQ.

The company was launched in 1999 with an IPO raising $70 million. Shareholders own
more than 80% of the company while upper level management and employee stock
options own the remaining 20%. ViewSonic is located in Denver, Colorado with
manufacturing plants in Taiwan and Indonesia. The total cash flow during 2000 was
$365 million. While total operating expenses for the past fiscal year totalled $180
million resulting in a pre-tax profit of $175 million. ViewSonic Computers market share
in the US domestic market has grown from 2% to 5% during the past 18 months.
Future plans include the development of a line of laptop computers to export to the
Chinese Market. CEO, Kevin Connery, was optimistic in his vision of the future. While
other computer manufactures are loosing market share, we are increasing our market
share at over 100% annually. ViewSonic offers consumers computers that are made to
meet their specific requirements, while pricing these computers at mass market prices.
This unique combination ensures ViewSonic will be a major market player in the near
future.

Exercise 4.4. Answer the comprehension questions about the text.

• Which market is ViewSonic traded

on? ............................................................................................
......

2
About.com: English as a second language < http://esl.about.com/library/business/bl_read_financial1.htm >
(Consulta: Enero 2009)

18
 • How much money did the IPO
raise? ........................................................................................
..........
• Who owns 80% of stock?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………
• Where are ViewSonic manufacturing plants
located? .....................................................................................
.............
• How much has market share grown over the past 18
months? .....................................................................................
.............
• How much did ViewSonic spend on operating
expenses? ..................................................................................
................
• Which market is ViewSonic trying to enter with its new line of
laptop
models? .....................................................................................
.............

Lesson Five
(5) Is – Are

IS (forma del verbo “be”) se usa para expresar DEFINICIONES Y

DESCRIPCIONES EN SINGULAR.

Observe estos ejemplos:

A computer IS an electronic instrument.

It IS a component of modern communication systems.

En la segunda oración, it reemplaza a computer – su antecedente en este caso – y evita

su repetición.

ARE (otra forma del verbo “be”) se usa para expresar DEFINICIONES Y
DESCRIPCIONES EN PLURAL.

19
 Observe estos ejemplos; compárelos con los de arriba:

Computers ARE electronic instruments.

They ARE components of modern communication systems.

En la segunda oración, they reemplaza a computers – su antecedente - y evita su

repetición.

Exercise 5.1. Complete these sentences using IS or ARE.

1. The molecule ________ the smallest unit of a compound.

2. Economics ________ a science. It _______ a social science.
3. Physics and Chemistry ________ sciences. They ________ natural
sciences.
4. Telstar ________ a satellite. It _________ a communication satellite.
5. Early Bird and Telstar ________ satellites. They ________
communication satellites.
6. Ants ________ insects. They ________ social insects.
7. Sun and planets __________ in physical communication.
8. The principal characteristics of life _________ movement, change and
growth.
9. Botany _________ the study of plants. Zoology _______ the study of
anumals. They ________ branches of biology.
10. Measurement ________ a valuable and essential part of scientific
research.

Exercise 5.2. Complete these sentences using IT or THEY.

REMEMBER : IT = singular ............. (things, animals, plants)

THEY = plural ........... (things, animals, plants)

1. Metals are good conductors. _________ transmit energy.

2. Water is a chemical compound. ___________ is essential to life.
3. Adaptation is a characteristic of all living matter. __________ is
essential for survival.
4. Inflation and overpopulation are serious problems. ________ have
economic and social repercussion.

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5. Mechanics is the study of the properties and motions of particles and
rigid bodies. _________ is a branch of physics.
6. Artificial satellite are man-made objects. ____________ are used for
scientific exploration, navigation, communication and military reconossaince.
7. Communication is a natural force. ________ occurs everywhere in the
universe.
8. All types of communication require a force, a signal and a receiver.
_______ are the three essential elements in the process.
9. Gravity is an exchange of energy in space. _________ is an example of
physical communication.
10. Verbal and non-verbal are other types of communication. ________ are
two basic kinds of communiation among humans.

Exercise 5.3. Comprehension Exercise.

All animals are capable of some type of communication. In simple form, animal
communication is a response to a stimulus. The stimuli are, in some cases,
simple changes or modifications in the environment of the animal. When the
response to these changes is a modification of behaviour on the part of the
animal or animal species, a type of “ecological” communication is complete.

The annual migration of some species of birds is an example of a group

response to changes in the environment. These changes are information to the
birds: ‘It is time to migrate’. The birds are “in communication” with their
environment, and a perceptible and characteristic pattern of behaviour is the
result.

Choose the best alternative.

1. Animal communication is a :
a. simple form of stimulus
b. response to a stimulus
c. change in the environment
d. modification of behaviour
2. The stimulus, in some cases, is :
a. some type of communication
b. a simple form of response
c. a change of animal behaviour
d. time for migration
3. The modification of behaviour on the part of the animal species is a type
of:
a. animal communication

21
 b. animal response
c. ecological stimulus
d. ecological communication
4. The annual migration of birds is esentially a:
a. reaction to changes in the environment
b. change in the pattern of behaviour of birds
c. type of information to the birds
d. perceptible and characteristic communication

Exercise 5.3. Complete these sentences using IS or ARE.

Sales Terminology 3

Julian: I'm new to this job, could you explain some of the terminology?
Jack: That ________ what I'm here for. Shoot.

Julian: What _______ the difference between retail and wholesale?

Jack: Wholesale _________ to distributors. Retail to consumers.

Julian: Distributors? Consumers?

Jack: Distributors ________ stores that sell our merchandise. Consumers ________ the people
who buy the products.

Julian: Oh, I see. What __________ a bill of lading?

Jack: The bill of lading __________ the list of shipped the merchandise. It ________ in every
shipment or delivery.

Julian: I get what pre-paid means. That means the merchandise has been paid for. But, what
____________ C.O.D.?
Jack: Cash on delivery.

Julian: What does that mean?

Jack: Exactly what it says: cash is paid upon receiving the goods. Of course, it could be a credit
card or a check, as well.

Julian: Oh, I understand. What _________ a delivery fee?

Jack: The delivery fee __________ an extra charge that the customer pays to have the goods
delivered.

Julian: I think I'm beginning to understand now.

Exercise 5.4. Answer True or False and check for understanding.

(a) Individuals usually buy from retailers. TRUE FALSE

(b) Distributors sell merchandise. TRUE FALSE

3
About.com: English as a second language < http://esl.about.com/od/businessreading/a/d_salest.htm >
(Consulta: Enero 2009)

22
 (c) Shipments include a bill of lading TRUE FALSE
(d) You pay COD before your goods arrive. TRUE FALSE
(e) Delivery fees raise the price of a shipment. TRUE FALSE

Exercise 5.5. Now rewrite the definitions included in the text.

Example:
“The delivery fee is an extra charge.

__________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Lesson Six
(6) There is - There are

There is expresa existencia en singular (un, una, uno)

There are expresa existencia en plural(dos o más)

Observe estos ejemplos:

♦ There is one (1) star in the solar system; the sun

♦ There are eight (8) planets.in the solar system: Mercury, Venus, Earth,
Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

Exercise 6.1. Complete with THERE IS or THERE ARE.

1. ______________ a primitive indigenous civilization in Australia.

2. ______________ approximately 900,000,000 people in China.
3. ______________ responses for all stimuli.

23
4. ______________ women everywhere in the universe.
5. ________________ an element of reality in the human imagination.
6. ________________ a new oscillograph in Lab 2.
7. ________________ two electronic microscopes in Lab 1.
8. ________________ communication among various animal and insect
species.
9. ________________ psychological conflicts between impulses and
reason.
10. ________________ speculation on the necessity of lunar
experimentation.
11. ________________ 32 natural satellites or moons in the solar system.
12. ________________ five theories on the origin of the solar system.
13. ________________ always an exchange of energy in one form or
another in the universe.
14. ________________ more children in America than in Europe.
15. ________________ salmon in every Chilean lake.
16. ________________ a financial crisis going on.

Exercise 6.2. Complete with THERE IS or THERE ARE.

Cristina’s travails (Adapted from The Financial Times Limited 2008)

________________ a new president in Argentina, Cristina Fernández, a

surprising victory of sorts. And _______________ controversial plans
approved by legislators and _____________ new export tariffs coming soon.
But her difficulties are not over by any means.

First, ________________ last minute concessions to farmers made by the

goverment that reduce the expected revenues from the new tariffs. Second,
_________________farm leaders who are still planning to resist the bill in the
Senate, where ________________discussion (in committee) starting on
Monday. Third, _________________the political alliance that has backed Ms
Fernández as well as the presidency of her husband, Néstor Kirchner, and
which is seriously divided. Finally, __________________an enormous political

24
cost for taking such a hard line in the dispute, with her poll ratings going down.
Obviously, ______________ this loss of popularity which will be abundantly
clear in next year’s mid-term congressional elections.

All of this shows that _______________an overriding necessity for Ms

Fernández to adopt a more conciliatory approach as she refocuses on urgent
economic difficulties from which the farm conflict has diverted attention.
_______________inflation, which is one problem, and _____________
another problem, how to deal with the $6.4bn in defaulted debt to the Paris
Club of Western creditor nations.

Original text by Jude Webber.

Exercise 6.3. The central idea in the text “Cristina’s Travails” is:

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

Lesson Seven
(7) No + NOUN

NO, en Inglés, indica cantidad o número cero (0), es decir, AUSENCIA DE,
tanto en singular como en plural.

There is NO atmosphere on the moon.

No hay atmósfera en la luna.

There are NO seas on the moon, but “maria”.

No hay mares en la luna, sino “maría”.

Exercise 7.1. Lea estas oraciones y escriba si indican “existencia” o

“ausencia” de.

EXISTENCE ABSENCE
1. There are maria but there is no
water on the moon surface maria water
2. There is a problem but there is no

25
 solution stated in the report.
3. The researchers have advanced
different hypotheses but there
are no results yet.
4. Students have many exercises to
complete but there is no time to
do them.
5. There are more and more cases
of VIH but there is no cure for it.
6. There is inflation all over the
world, but there are no real
measures to prevent a financial
disaster.
7. There are elections coming soon,
but there is no appropriate
candidate.
8. There is a lot of delinquency, but
there are no sufficient prisons.
9. There is a real necessity for work,
but there are no opportunities for
young professionals.
10. There are many political conflicts,
but there is no social concern.

Exercise 7.2 Lea esta oración en Inglés.

“Where there is no communication among social groups, there is

obvious social dissolution”

Esta oración significa:

(a) La comunicación entre los grupos no es necesaria para la

cohesión social.
(b) Si falta comunicación entre los grupos que forman la sociedad,
no hay disolución social.
(c) Donde no hay disolución social evidente, no hay tampoco
necesidad de comunicación entre los grupos.
(d) La disolución social evidente es el resultado de la falta de
comunicación entre los grupos de una sociedad.
(e) Hay pocas sociedades en donde la falta de comunicación afecta
de manera evidente la propia cohesión social.

Exercise 7.3 Reading Comprehension Exercise.

26
“Communication is a basic function of society. It is a force of social
organization. Where there is social organization there is communication. Where
there is little communication, there is evident social dissolution. Where there is
no communication, there is no society.”

Complete estas oraciones según el párrafo anterior.

1. Communication is:
a) a social force
b) society
c) social dissolution
d) a function of social dissolution
e) social organization

2. Social organization is based upon:

a) no communication
b) little communication
c) communication
d) dissolution
e) none of the above

3. Where there is little communication:

a) there is no social cohesion
b) there are problems of social integration
c) social disintegration is impossible
d) no social dissolution is improbable
e) social unity is automatic

4. Where there is no communication

a) social unity is automatic
b) social dissolution is impossible
c) no social disintegration is possible
d) there are no problems of social integration
e) there is no social cohesion

Exercise 7.4 Writing negative predictions. (Group work sharing information to

the class.)

Example: There is no chance that Chile avoids the world recession.

__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

27
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Lesson Eight
(8) The ‘S Genitive

1. El genitivo –‘s generalmente indica posesión y se usa con:

- nombres propios Lincoln’s monument

(de personas o geográficos) Dr. Burn’s student
London’s transport
Europe’s future

- personas my sister’s book

the boys’ room (*)

- sustantivos colectivos the government’s policy

the nation’s social security

28
 - animales superiores the horse’s tail
the lion’s hunger

Otros usos del genitivo –‘s incluyen

2. GENITIVE OF ORIGIN

- Torricelli’s theory the theory that Torricelli developed

- Ohm’s law the law that Ohm developed

3. DESCRIPTIVE GENITIVE

- a women’s college a college for women

- a doctor’s degree a doctoral degree / a doctorate

- the school’s library (**) the history of the school

- science’s influence (**) the influence of science

4. GENITIVE OF TEMPORAL MEASURE:

- a moment’s thought the thought that lasted a moment

- ten days’ absence the absence lasted ten days

(*) Cuanto el sustantivo termina en S, normalmente el genitivo agrega

solamente el apóstrofe

(**) Generalmente el genitivo ‘S se usa con sustantivos que

corresponden a seres animados; por extensión, se usa también con
sustantivos de especial interés para la actividad humana.

NOTE: You should still use the genetive case when talking about things that belong to other
things.

For example:-

29
 • The door of the car.
• The content of the website.

Tip - If you aren't sure what to use stick to (of the).

Exercise 8.1 Write the –‘s GENITIVE which could be related to the following
sentences as in the example:

Example: WOMEN HAVE RIGHTS WOMEN’S RIGHTS

1. The world has problems. ___________________________

2. Europe has art treasures. ___________________________
3. Neruda wrote poetry. ___________________________
4. Einstein formulated the relativity theory.
____________________________________________________
5. The government has an international policy.
____________________________________________________
6. A school for girls. ___________________________
7. The work took a year. ___________________________
8. A planet has mass. ___________________________
9. The mean distance of the earth from the sun.
____________________________________________________
10. The total solid weight of the brain. ________________________
11. The general development of the mind.
____________________________________________________
12. Newton formulated the law of universal gravitation.
____________________________________________________

Exercise 8.2. Find all the genitive cases in the text.

Retailers report dismal December sales

Adapted from the text written by ANNE D'INNOCENZIO, AP Retail
Writer Anne D'innocenzio, Ap Retail Writer.
AP – Pedestrians walk past Generations Menswear on 8th
Ave. in New York Wednesday, Jan. 7, 2009. Retailers …
RELATED QUOTES
ANF 22.25 -1.49

30
RELATED QUOTES
COST 51.61 +1.49
GPS 12.85 -0.71
JCP 22.04 +0.54
LTD 9.95 -0.75

NEW YORK – Retailers reported dismal sales figures for December on Thursday as even Wal-Mart
Stores Inc., one of the bright spots in the industry, finally buckled under the pressures of the
deteriorating economy.

Among the many retailers that reported steep sales declines were Sears Holdings Corp., which
operates Kmart and Sears stores, luxury retailer Saks Inc. and Gap Inc. But the biggest surprise
came from Wal-Mart, the world's largest retailer, which posted a smaller sales gain than what Wall
Street expected and cut its fourth-quarter earnings outlook.
"This suggests that the lower income group is feeling the pinch more than we thought and this is
clearly reflected in the lower-than-expected numbers at Wal-Mart," said Ken Perkins, RetailMetrics
LLC research company’s president. "I think it says the economy is in more dire straits than we
thought."
"The current economy remains challenging for all businesses, and retailers have already seen
customers pull back on discretionary spending," Wal-Mart's Chief Financial Officer Tom Schoewe
said in a statement. "Consumers are very focused on value and necessities."
Wal-Mart noted that health and wellness items were the categories that primarily fueled sales.
Electronics sales were solid, while the apparel and jewelry business was weak.
Given the disappointing sales and higher-than-anticipated expenses, Wal-Mart said it now expects
to earn 91 cents to 94 cents per share in the fourth quarter from continuing operations. That's down
from its previous projected range of $1.03 per share to $1.07 per share. Analysts surveyed by
Thomson Reuters expected $1.06 per share.
Discount rival Target Corp., which has been stumbling because its merchandise focuses more on
nonessentials like trendy clothes, announced a 4.1 percent decline in same-store sales, better than
the 9.1 percent drop that Wall Street analysts predicted.
Among department stores, Sears Holdings said its December same-store sales dropped 7.3
percent, weighed down by a 12.8 percent drop at domestic Sears stores. The company, whose
brands include Kenmore and Craftsman, said Kmart same-store sales fell 1.1 percent.
Macy's Inc. reported that same-store sales fell 4 percent in December, less than the 5.3 percent
decline that analysts had expected. For the combined November-December period, same-store
sales were down 7.5 percent. But the department store chain cut its fourth-quarter and full-year
earnings outlook due to heavy markdowns and announced plans to close 11 underperforming
stores. The chain operates more than 840 Macy's stores.
J.C. Penney Co.'s same-store sales within its department store division fell 8.1 percent, better than
the 10.3 percent decline analysts had expected.

31
"Customers waited until late in the month to shop and we faced a highly competitive promotional
environment," said Gap's Chief Financial Officer Sabrina Simmons.
Kitchen gadget chain Williams-Sonoma Inc., which didn't break out December figures, said its
same-store sales dropped more than 24 percent for the eight-week period ended Dec. 28 and
warned its fourth-quarter profit will likely come in at the low end of expectations.

Exercise 8.3. Name the business companies which reported declines in their
earnings. (Also, list the most/least-sold items for Christmas and the positions
associated to the financial world)

__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

Lesson Nine
(9) Word Formation
Una manera muy común de formar palabras en inglés es la de agregar
PREFIJOS (al comienzo) o SUFIJOS (al final) de las palabras. Estudiando estas
reglas de formación de palabras podrá aumentar su capacidad de
reconocimiento de vocabulario.

1. Agregando el SUFIJO –“AL” a algunos sustantivos se forma el

correspondiente adjetivo. Por ejemplo:
SUSTANTIVO ADJETIVO
Instruction instructionAL
Chemistry chemicAL
Experiment experimentAL
Vision visual

Observe que, en algunos casos, ADEMÄS DEL SUFIJO, hay un

cambio en la ortografía del sustantivo.

32
 2. Anteponiendo el PREFIJO “IN” o “UN”, a algunos adjetivos se los hace
negativos y expresan lo opuesto. Ejemplos:

A soluble solution An INsoluble solution

Animate objects Inanimate objects
A stable economy An Unstable economy
Reliable data Unreliable data

3. Agregando el SUFIJO “LY” a cualquier adjetivo, se forma el

correspondiente adverbio.

ADJETIVO ADVERBIO
Exact exactLY
Essential essentialLY
Posible possibLY
Necessary necessariLY

Exercise 9.1. Complete el par correspondiente, agregando o quitando el

sufijo “AL”. Use your dictionary to help you.

1. organizatio 12. universe

n
2. theoretical 13. Natural
3. integration 14. Serial
4. information 15.instrument
5. material 16. conditional
6. function 17. Social
7. essential 18.physics
8. principal 19. Additional
9. motion 20.event
10. hypothetical 21. Habitual
11. gravi 22.part
tation

Exercise 9.2. Use el prefijo “IN” para negar estas ideas.

1. An adequate example. _______________________________________

2. Human conditions. __________________________________________
3. Direct communication. _______________________________________
4. A complete report. __________________________________________
5. Material causes. ____________________________________________
6. Essential information. ________________________________________
7. A correct response. __________________________________________

33
8. Accurate results. ____________________________________________
9. A frequent error. ____________________________________________
10. Valid conclusions. ___________________________________________

Exercise 9.3. Use el prefijo “UN” para negar estas ideas.

1. Natural causes. ______________________________________________

2. A sophisticated model. ________________________________________
3. Important effects. ____________________________________________
4. A clear explanation. __________________________________________
5. Interesting hypothesis. ________________________________________
6. Solved problem. _____________________________________________
7. A necessary change. _________________________________________
8. Successful experience. _______________________________________
9. A true statement. ___________________________________________
10. An able person. __________________________________________

Exercise 9.4. In the following text, find and underline all words using prefixes
“in” and “un”, and suffixes “al” and “ly”. Then complete the table below.

Burris: 'I am the legally-

appointed senator'
Adapted from (CNN) -- CNN's Wolf Blitzer spoke
Monday with Roland Burris, picked by Illinois Gov.
Rod Blagojevich to fill President-elect Barack
Obama's U.S. Senate seat. Below is a partial
transcript of the interview:

Mr. Burris, thanks very much for readily joining us

here in The Situation Room.

Roland Burris, former Illinois attorney general: It is my pleasure. To all the CNN listeners, happy New Year.

Blitzer: Thank you very much. And happy New Year to you. All right.. We know that under Illinois law and
constitutional law that the secretary of state can in no way veto legal action of the governor. So that signature
is only ceremonial to put the seal on it. Tell us what your intention is?

34
Burris:: Well, Wolf, I intend to be sworn in. I will present myself to the Senate tomorrow. And should they turn
me away, I will then proceed to leave and then my lawyers will have to assess what the next course of action
will be.

But we have no intention to be confrontational. We're in contact with Sen. Durbin's people, and naturally we're
in touch with the sergeant-at-arms in the United States Senate.

Blitzer: Because yesterday Sen. Durbin, the senior senator from Illinois, and the Senate majority leader, Harry
Reid, they both said they were open to, quote, "negotiating" with you on this. So tell me what there is to
negotiate?

Burris: Well, I am the legally-appointed senator. And we've been trying to get everyone to recognize that the
governor of Illinois has incredible problems. God knows he has problems, but he is still the governor. And
based on that, I'm hoping that the Senate of the United States will honor that. I mean, it's just that simple.

All the people have to do is recognize that we now have a junior senator who is ready, willing, Wolf, and able
to go to work on behalf of the 13 million of our great state.

Blitzer: Some of the pundits in Chicago and in Illinois have suggested, rather informally, one of the things they
could negotiate, referring to you and the Senate majority leader, perhaps making an unbelievable commitment
only to serve for two years and not seeking a formal election in 2010. Is that unreasonable from your
perspective?

Burris: Well, Wolf, if you look at my record, I won four times statewide in Illinois. And I never lost a race to a
Republican. The races that they're talking about are Democratic primary races where you got the party
apparatus at work and thereby we don't have Republicans and independents voting in the Democratic primary.

Blitzer: So at least at this point, you're flatly rejecting this notion of making a commitment right now not to seek
election in 2010?

Burris: My friends and supporters said to me: "Roland, we don't need somebody to warm the seat. You know,
you have a statewide base, you've been elected statewide four times. So yes, we want you to run in 2010."

Blitzer: All right. One quick question on the issue of race. Is there a racial overtone involved in this whole
uproar right now?

Burris: Wolf, I have never in all of my years in public service injected race into any of my campaigns. I was
elected, I ran up and down this state, I was the first black elected, even when they -- remember they told
Barack Obama he was really out of his mind to be running for president? That the white folks weren't going to
vote for him?

Well, in 1977, they told me the same thing. Can you imagine, 1977? And here it's 2008? Well, I got that same
type of a reception, primarily from blacks. If I'd have listened to them, I never would have been elected.

♦ Now complete the table using the underlined words and your dictionary.

Meaning Stem Word Prefix Suffix

1.

35
 2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Lesson Ten
(10) The Present Simple
El SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE tiene solamente dos formas:
La base (BASE) y la forma con –“s” (-S FORM)

BASE occurs with all persons EXAMPLES:

(I, you, we, they) except third Most planets HAVE satellites.
Except third person singular. Satellites REVOLVE around the planets.
Mercury and Venus CLASSIFY as “inner”
Planets.

-S FORM occurs only with third Mars HAS two satellites.

person singular (he, she, it) The moon REVOLVES arount the earth.
Jupiter CLASSIFIES as an “outer”planet.

En ESP, el SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE se usa para expresar

GENERALIZACIONES: hipótesis, leyes, ideas centrales y hechos
que los corroboran.

36
HYPOTHESIS A “cloud” of comets CIRCLES the sun at a distance of more
than one light-year.
PRINCIPLE Every object REMAINS at rest or MOVES at a constant speed
in a straight line unless made to change because of some
outside push or pull. (Newton’s principle of inertia).
CORE IDEA and All objects in the universe EXERT a force of attraction upon
each other. This force is called gravitation.
SUPPORTING FACTS Gravitation KEEPS the stars in their courses and the planets
in their orbits. It also KEEPS people and common objects
anchored to the surface of the earth

Examples:

4
Exercise 10.1. In the following texts, identify all the BASE and –S FORMS.

A. Well, what matters to me is a high salary, long holidays and

helpful colleagues. I only have two of these in my present job!
B. Bill wants to be a salesman, so what’s important for him is a
company car, a mobile phone, and a laptop computer of his
own.
C. Janet expects a friendly boss, travel opportunities, oh, and a
large office.
D. I need fast promotion, flexible hours, and some sports
facilities, because I play tennis and football.

Exercise 10.2. (A) What do people want from work? Read the texts again and
make three compound nouns they use from the words in each box.

1. high colleagues 2. Friendly office

long salary Travel opportunities

helpful holidays Large boss

4
COTTON, David, FALVEY, David, KENT, Simon. Market Leader. Essex: Pearson Education Limited,
2004, p14.

37
 3. company phone 4. fast facilities

Mobile computer Flexible promotion

Laptop car Sports hours

(B) Match some compound words from exercise A to their

meanings 1 to 6.

1. a lot of money high salary

2. a lot of time away from work..................................................................

3. good people to work with.......................................................................

4. the chance to go to different places on business .......................................

5. move quickly to a higher position at work................................................

6. you can change the times when you start and finish work...........................

(C) What are your job expectations? Write a short paragraph.

________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

Exercise 10.3. “A day in the life of Bill Gates”5

The average day in the life of Bill Gates consists of attending meetings and reading e-
mail. He has three monitors in his office that contain his inbox, the current e-mail he is
reading, and a browser, respectively. Gates receives about 100 e-mails per day that he
reads, but his personal assistant filters out many unknown e-mails. For a man that
runs one of the most powerful companies in the world, that may not be as many as
you would have thought. Nevertheless, he still runs into information overload.

Staying focused is one issue; that's the problem of information overload. The other
problem is information underload. Being flooded with information doesn't mean we
have the right information or that we're in touch with the right people.

5
1one Microsoft way < http://arstechnica.com/journals/microsoft.ars/2006/4/4/3461 > [Consulta, Enero de
2009]

38
What is a man to do when there is more news than there is time? If that man is Bill
Gates, he turns to SharePoint.

SharePoint puts me in touch with lots of people deep in the organization. It's like
having a super-website that lets many people edit and discuss—far more than the
standard practice of sending e-mails with enclosures. And it notifies you if anything
comes up in an area you're interested in.

When the day has come and gone, Gates puts the kids to bed, and, get this, he reads
his e-mail! There's no better way to relax than by reading e-mails that may have
slipped past you during the day, right?

Now that you have an idea of how Microsoft's head honcho lives out his day, do you
feel that you can relate? I do. Like a lot of us, his day is filled with meetings and
technology. That's just the way the IT industry works whether you are providing tech
support or managing a multi-billion dollar company.

Now answer the questions about Bill Gates’ life.

1. How many e-mails does Bill Gates receive everyday?

_______________________________________________________________
2. Does he read all of them ?
_______________________________________________________________
3. Who “cleans” his infobox?
_______________________________________________________________

4. How does he solve his problem of not having time for everything?
_______________________________________________________________
5. How many monitors does he have in his office and for what purpose?
_______________________________________________________________
6. Does the author think of Bill Gates as a “normal” person? Why?
_______________________________________________________________
7. What company does Bill Gates own?
_______________________________________________________________
8. What do you think Bill Gates’ marital status is?
_______________________________________________________________
9. How much is Bill Gates’ company worth?

39
_______________________________________________________________

(B) Vocabulary. Match the columns. Relate the two columns according to their
meaning.

Words in the text New words

1. Be in touch A Direct an enterprise
2. Underload information B Honorary secretary
3. Run a company C Download data
4. Honcho D Be present at a reunion
5. Attend meetings E Be in contact

Grammar Focus: Frequency Adverbs

When we want to say how often something happens, it is common to use frequency
adverbs. It is possible to use them when referring to the past, present or future:

The following list shows the most common adverbs of frequency, with the one that
refers to things that happen most often at the top, and least often at the bottom:

• Always
• Usually
• Frequently
• Often
• Sometimes
• Occasionally
• Rarely
• Seldom
• Hardly ever
• Never

• I always brush my teeth before I go to bed. (=every night)

• I usually have toast for breakfast. (=happens most days) I frequently watch
the news before dinner. (=it's common)
• I often go to the park with my dog. (=many times)
• I sometimes see him down at the shops. (=at particular occasions but not all
the time)
• I occasionally visit the capital. (=not happening often or regularly)
• I rarely smoke cigars. (=it is not common)
• I seldom have a chance to go to the theatre. (=almost never)
• I hardly ever travel abroad. (=almost never)
• I never work on the weekend. (=not at any time or not on any occasion)

Adverbs of frequency can occupy different positions in the sentence. With most
verbs, the normal position is between the subject and the verb. With the verb "to be",
the adverb normally comes after the verb:

• Pedro occasionally visits us on Sundays.

40
 • She is often ill in winter.

Exercise 10.4. According to the reading and based on the grammar focus
above decide how often Bill Gates does the following things.

1. Have lunch at home

_______________________________________________________
2. Attend school meetings
_______________________________________________________
3. Put his kids to bed
_______________________________________________________
4. Check his infobox
_______________________________________________________
5. Have money problems
_______________________________________________________
6. Depend on his personal assistant
_______________________________________________________
7. Turn to SharePoint
_______________________________________________________

Exercise 10.5. Read the following interviews and complete the table
below.
Interview 1. (I. Interviewer/ R. Rosalinda)
I. What do you do when you get to work?
R. I always check my e-mail.
I. Where do you have lunch?
R. I usually have lunch at home because it’s close to my work.
I. How often do you travel on business?
R. I go to Italy one a month to meet customers.
I. Where do you come from?
R. Well, I am from Bolivia, originally.

Interview 2. (I. Interviewer/ Is. Isabella)

I. What do you do when you get to work?
Is I usually look in my diary. Then I have a coffee.
I. Where do you have lunch?
Is. I often have a sandwich at my desk.
I. How often do you travel on business?
Is. I never travel on business.

41
 I. Where do you come from?
Is. I was born in Italy, but we moved to Wales years ago.

Interview 3. (I. Interviewer/ S. Steven)

I. What do you do when you get to work?
S. I always say hi to my colleagues. Then I check my e-mails.
I. Where do you have lunch?
S. I usually have lunch in the cafeteria with my colleagues.
I. How often do you travel on business?
S. Twice a year I go to sales conferences in Europe and the U.S.
I. Where dio you come from?
S. I’m Australian.

Rosalinda Isabella Steven

(Bolivia) (Italy) (Australian)
1. What do you do
when you get to
work?
2. Where do you
have lunch?
3. How often do you
travel on
business?
4. Who do you have
lunch with?
5. Where do you
come from?
Lesson Eleven
(11) The Present Simple Negative
In the simple present tense, negative and question forms are made using the
auxiliary verb "do".

Forming a negative
Negatives in the simple present are formed by adding don't or doesn't before the simple
form of the verb:

Subject Auxiliary Example

I don't I don't sing

You don't You don't sing

42
 He doesn't He doesn't sing

She doesn't She doesn't sing

It doesn't It doesn't sing

We don't We don't sing

They don't They don't sing

Only THIRD PERSON SINGULAR subjects (he, she and it) use DOESN’T – the
rest use DON’T

Exercise11.1. Our agency interviewed four people about the biggest

A
problems their companies are facing. Here are the
answers:6
“We pay a lot of rent for
an office floor in the city
centre. There isn’t “There are a lo
t of
enough room for all our modifications
in our
staff. Everyone is company at th
e
crowded into small moment, and
staff are
offices. We really need a worried about
losi
spacious office. We want their jobs. They ng
to move outside the city aren’t
very happy. Th
centre a.s.a.p.” ey don’t
come to work
on time
and often leav
e early”
les team is not
밢 ne of our sa
He doesn 뭪
a team player. 밢 ur big
colleagues. g
work well with that we est problem is
spend
tend
He doesn 뭪 at money. too mu
ch
ver helps W
costs b e need to cut
meetings. He ne ecause
do esn 뭪
anyone, and he having
dif
we are
ti e. He isn
m our bills ficulties payin
send reports on .
problem We have a
g
r�
뭪 very popula flow� w it h our c
ash

B Match the answers in Exercise A with an appropiate heading. Use

your dictionary.
A) changes at work
6
COTTON, David, FALVEY, David, KENT, Simon. Market Leader. Essex: Pearson Education Limited,
2004, p 24

43
 B) space problems
C) money problems
D) difficult people

C
Find words in the replies which mean the following.
B
1. the money you pay regularly to use a building (reply 1)
____________
2. when a place is too full of people (reply 1) ___________
3. large, with a lot of space (reply 1) __________
4. unhappy about something (reply 2) ___________
5. someone who works well with other members of a group (reply 3)
________
6. people you work with (reply 3) ___________
7. a piece of paper showing how much you have to pay for
something (reply 4) ________
8. amount of money coming into and going out of a company (reply
4) ______

Exercise 11.2.: Study the Case, and list the problems that the
companies involved are facing. (Use the Negative forms of the verbs)

CASE STUDY: “ DETROIT ... WE HAVE A PROBLEM “

DETROIT (AP) - February 4, 2008 -- A dispute between Chrysler LLC and parts supplier
Plastech Engineered Products Inc. forced Chrysler to shut down or cancel a shift at five
factories Monday, and the automaker said it could idle all 14 of its assembly factories. In its
lawsuit filed Friday, Chrysler claimed Plastech no longer can meet its production demands.

Plastech has 36 facilities and 7,600 employees in the United States and Canada and
supplies Chrysler with about 500 plastic interior, exterior and powertrain components for
nearly all of its vehicles, according to a lawsuit Chrysler filed Friday in U.S. Bankruptcy
Court in Detroit. Chrysler terminated its contracts with the Dearborn-based supplier on
Friday, before Plastech filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection.

Plastech's contracts with the automaker were worth about $200 million, Plastech
spokesman Kelvin Scott said. Plastech does about $1.3 billion in total business, he said.

Faced with stiff competition and a shrinking market, many suppliers are willing to take on
work if it means getting contracts, said Craig Fitzgerald, a partner in Plante & Moran's
Strategy and Global Services Group.

44
Fitzgerald said Monday. "Production values are declining, there is high debt, weak earnings
and cash flow, and difficulty in getting credit."

Although Chrysler has an inventory of vehicles made by the plants, it will not benefit from
any plant closures, said Aaron Bragman, an auto industry analyst for the consulting
company Global Insight. "When a plant is idle, you're not making any money. You've got
people standing around, so it's just a cost," he said.

The shutdowns are having a ripple effect as auto parts maker Dana Corp. canceled Monday
night's second-shift at its modules plant in Toledo. About 150 people work at the plant,
which supplies drivetrain parts for Chrysler's Toledo Jeep plant.

Chrysler employees will be notified of return-to-work schedules from plant officials or

through local media, the automaker said. Chrysler's work shutdown should last no more
than a week or two, Fitzgerald said.

"I think they will not have any problems filling the void," he said. "There is a lot of excess
capacity. Chrysler would do everything to get up and run."

Adapted from a report made by Corey Williams Associated Press Writer on the Net.
Example: They don’t benefit from plant closure.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

45
 ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

Lesson Twelve
(12) Can / Can’t (cannot)

En inglés existe un grupo de verbos DEFECTIVOS (también llamados

MODALES) – muy usados en el lenguaje corriente – con el significado de
poder, deber, querer. Estos verbos no se conjugan en todos los tiempos y
presentan algunas características especiales.

♦ Su infinitivo NUNCA va precedido de TO como los verbos comunes (to go, to read, to play,
etc).
♦ Son iguales para todas las personas
♦ En las formas negativa e interrogativa se comportan como el verbo auxiliar be.
♦ No llevan la s en la tercera persona del presente (he, she, it).
♦ CAN significa poder, ser capaz de, saber (tener capacidad física o conocimiento suficiente
para hacer algo). Se utiliza tanto para el afirmativo como para el interrogativo y SIN auxiliares:
♦ CAN'T es la forma contraída o reducida de CANNOT (nunca se escribe separado):

46
 Can I swim very well?
Yes, I can swim. No, I cannot swim.
You can swim.
Can you swim very well?
Yes, you can.
She can swim.
Can he swim very well?
Can she swim very well?
No, he can't. He can't swim.
Yes, she can.
Can we swim very well?
No, we can't. We can't swim.
Can you swim very well?
No, you can't. You can't swim
Can they swim very well?
No, they can't. They cannot swim.

Exercise 12.1 Choose the correct answer.

1. She can’t ___________ Italian.

a. speak b. to speak c. speaking
2. ________ play chess?
a. Does he can b. Is he can c. Can he
3. We ________ go to the party ?
a. don’t can b. aren’t can c. can’t
4. Can you help me ? Sorry, I ___________
a. don’t b. can’t c. ‘m cannot
5. __________ I see the doctor tomorrow, please?
a. Can b. Am c. Do
6. Can he swim ? Yes, he _________
a. do b. can c. is

Exercise 12.2 Mix and Match the columns. Draw an arrow.

47
Exercise 12.3 Decide whether the following uses of can refer to
requests, offers or possibilities..

You can do it!

48
Exercise 12.4 Read the following passage in your own time. Use your
dictionary to help you. Then answer the questions.

7
SCALES AND GRAPHS.

In engineering it is often necessary to describe

quantities and relationships. We can give a pictorial
representation of vector quantities by using vectors.
Scalar quantities are simply described by giving
their magnitude in a suitable unit of measurement.
For example, we can describe the mass of a body
as a quantity of grammes, the capacity of a
container as a number of cubic metres and a period
of time as so many seconds. We can also illustrate
scalar quantities by points or divisions on a scale.
Thus, a clock is a scale for measuring time and the
clock hands indicate the passage of time. Similarly
a metre stick is a scale for measuring length and a
thermometer is a scale for measuring heat.

Scales can also be used to make

calculations. For example,
engineers use slide-rules for quick
multiplication and division. The
slide-rule consists of two
logarithmic scales.

When there is a relationship

between two sets of observations,
we can often express this as a
mathematical formula. We can
also use a graph. A graph gives a
visual representation of the
relationship. This is often more
easily understood than a law. For
example, if we make a graph to
compare the safe working loads of steel ropes with the circumference of the ropes, it is
easy to see how the safe working load varies with the circumference. In addition, we can
use the graph as an information store, rather like a simple computer. In this way a graph
can present at a glance the information contained in a law or a collection of tables.

A more complex kind of graph is the nomograph. This can show the relationship
between more than two variables. A
simple monograph can consist of a
number of scales arranged in a

GLENDINNING, Eric H. English in Mechanical Engineering. 9th ed. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1991,
22p.

49
special shape. For example, three scales could be placed parallel to each other or in the
form of the letter N, or even in curves. Such a nomograph is read by drawing a straight
line to cut through all three scales. With a nomograph of this type an engineer could
relate information on the horse-power of a motor, its speed, and the diameter of driving
shaft necessary to transmit the motor’s power.

More complex monographs are made on special graph paper and may even be in three
dimensions.

What is a vector used for ? __________________________________________

________________________________________________________________
How can we describe a scalar quantity ? _______________________________
________________________________________________________________
In what way is a thermometer a scale ? ________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Name two uses of scales. ___________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
What is a slide-rule and what is it used for ? _____________________________
________________________________________________________________
Name two ways in which a relationship between two variables can be shown. __
________________________________________________________________
Describe the advantages of a graph. ___________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Give one difference between a graph and a monograph. ___________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Exercise 12.5 Study the following graph and then explain all the variables.

50
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

Lesson Thirteen
(13) Simple Past

El Pasado Simple es un tiempo verbal que se usa para describir acciones que
han sucedido en un tiempo anterior y que ya han finalizado, por ejemplo:

She cleaned her house.

I broke the window.
Observa que la estructura de la oración es similar a la del Presente Simple:

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE

I worked Did I work ? I did not (didn’t) work

You worked Did you work ? You did not (didn’t) work

He worked Did he work ? He did not (didn’t) work

She worked Did she work ? She did not (didn’t) work

It worked Did it work ? It did not (didn’t) work

We worked Did we work ? We did not (didn’t) work

51
 You worked Did you work ? You did not (didn’t) work

They worked Did they work ? They did not (didn’t) work

En las formas interrogativa y negativa se usa el auxiliar DID (que es la forma

pasada del verbo "TO DO") y el verbo principal va en su forma infinitiva. En las
negaciones puede utilizarse la forma contraída de DID NOT o sea DIDN'T. En
el cuadro superior se eligió el verbo work a modo de ejemplo.

Forming the simple past tense (with regular verbs)

With most verbs, the simple past is created simply by adding -ED.
However, with some verbs, you need to change the ending a little. Here
are the rules:
How to make the simple
Verbs ending in... Examples
past

live - lived
e Add -D
date - dated

Change y to i, then add try - tried

Consonant + y
-ED cry - cried

tap - tapped
One vowel + one consonant Double the consonant,
commit -
(but NOT w or y) then add -ED
committed

boil - boiled
[anything else] Add -ED fill - filled
hand - handed

The three most important irregular verbs

The three most important irregular verbs are BE, HAVE, and DO. BE is
the most difficult, because its forms are different depending on the
subject:
Pronoun Verb

I was

52
 You were

He / she / it was

We were

They were
HAVE and DO are more simple:
Base form Past Tense

have had

do did

Other irregular verbs

Other irregular verbs fall into three main categories:
Category Examples

cut - cut
Verbs which don't change hit - hit
fit - fit

get - got
Verbs which change their vowel sit - sat
drink - drank

catch - caught
Verbs which change completely bring - brought
teach - taught
Exercise 13.1 Reading Comprehension.

A Read and then do the exercises below.

A SPACE DISASTER8

The wife of an Israeli astronaut who perished in the Columbia space shuttle
disaster today paid tribute to the crew of "angels" who died onboard.
Rona Ramon said she was consoled by the fact her husband Ilan had died
chasing his dream and "with people he loved in a place that he loved".
And she spoke of the comfort relatives of the Columbia crew gave each other.
8
http://www.miguelmllop.com/practice/intermediate/readingcomprehension/shuttle.pdf

53
"We are one big family," she said. "What unites us is the knowledge they really
enjoyed being there and loved being with each other. They are all angels and
will remain that way.
"The children are not saying much. They are trying to get used to the fact that
he is no longer here." Rona revealed her last contact with Ilan was via email
moments before the shuttle prepared for landing. He also sent emails to
former US President Bill Clinton and ex-Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres
who decided in 1995 to send an Israeli astronaut into space.
Rona choked back tears as she recalled the moment she realised her husband
was dead: "Just like at the lift-off, we counted back from 10, but we got to
zero and nothing. "No sign - the shuttle wasn't drawing near, nor did we hear
the sonic booms that we knew would be heard before the landing.
"There was an odd, terrible quiet...As the minutes passed we already knew
that there was nobody to wait for and nothing to wait for."
B
A QUESTIONS
1. Answer the following questions using your own words.

a. According to the text, who is comforting the widow right now?

_______________________________________________________________

b. How many e-mails did the astronaut send before the shuttle exploded and
who to?
_______________________________________________________________

2. Are the following statements true or false?

a. Bill Clinton decided to send an Israeli astronaut into space in the nineties.
____
b. Bill Clinton sent an e-mail to Shimon Peres in 1995. _____

C Find a word or phrase in the text which, in context, is similar

A in meaning to:

STAY: ________________ APPROACHING:________________

SHIP: ________________ TEAM:_______________________

DIE : ________________ HOMAGE:____________________

D
C Choose a, b or c in each question below. Only one choice is
A correct.

1. Rona Ramon was comforted because her husband had died doing what he
liked.
a. Yes.

54
 b. No.
c. Possibly.

2. The astronauts on the shuttle got on with one another.

a. Yes.
b. No.
c. Sometimes.

3. The children are getting used to:

a. Their father’s absence.
b. The shuttle.
c. Their mother’s tears.

4. The noise that is heard before the landing was:

a. None.
b. Very low.
c. Very loud.”

E Look at the chart below, which shows the distribution of the World Bank
lending various sectors in Fiscal Year
1982. 9

Note:
Urbanization: the word ‘urban’ refers to cities.
Sewerage: a sewer is an artificial conduit or
channel (usually underground) for the disposal
of waste matter.
Rural Development: the word
”rural” refers to the countryside.
Nonproject and Structural Adjustment: this
sector consists of lending for special purposes
not covered by the other categories; for
example, lending for rehabilitation after
natural disasters.

Now answer these questions.

9
CARROLL; Walter, TURNER, Stephen, YOUNG, Dale.Bid for Power.Workbook. Japan, BBC English,
1984, R3.2.

55
1. Which sector received the largest amount of World Bank assistance in
1982? _______________________________________
2. Approximately, what proportion of total lending went to that sector ?
_______________________________________
3. How much did the World Bank lend for Nonproject and Structural
Adjustment ? _______________________________________
4. Did the loans extended to Development Finance Corporation come to
just under $1 billion ? __________________________________________
5. Which sector received about one-tenth as much assistance as Energy ?
_______________________________________________________
6. Why do you think Energy received so much assistance?
_______________________________________________________

Cloze Procedure. Alexander Graham Bell. As you read, choose the

F
best alternative to complete the ideas.

Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone and became a very

famous man. He also wrote an article which he presented in 1883. His
research paper was about deaf people.
In his article, Dr. Bell explained why there were so many deaf children.
He believed that when deaf adults married each other, they would have
deaf children. He thought that this was bad. Bell blamed the schools for
the deaf for causing marriages between deaf people. He did not like the
idea of these intermarriages and tried to think of ways to stop them. He
would have preferred that deaf children be taught at hearing schools. He
did not ____1______ schools for the deaf. Bell felt that deaf people
would not mix with hearing people if they went to _____2_____ schools.

Bell was ____3______ about other things, too. He noticed that deaf
people socialized with other deaf people. He felt that socializing with
other deaf people was bad. Deaf people should socialize with hearing
people, he thought. Bell tried to start a new law that would make it
illegal for deaf people to marry each other. He ____4______ up his idea
when he realized that such a law could not be enforced.

Bell also had strong feelings about the ____5______ of deaf children. He
wanted deaf children to be with hearing children in school. He thought
that the deaf children could learn normal behavior from the hearing
children. Bell was against the use of deaf teachers, too, because he
thought this added to the ____6______ of a deaf "race" in America.

Bell had another theory which he never proved. He believed that deaf
children who signed would not have good English skills. He could never
prove this, and now many people have tried to prove the opposite! A lot
of new research shows that many deaf children whose parents sign (and
are deaf) do _____7_____ schoolwork than deaf children who do not
sign at home!

56
1. Bell did not ___________ schools for the deaf.
a. observe b. describe c. support d. visit e. study
2. Bell felt that deaf people would not mix with hearing people if they went
to _________ schools.
a. larger b. nicer c. worse d. older e. separate
3. Bell was _________ about other things, too.
a. selfish b. upset c. shy d. careless e. unsure
4. Bell ________ up his idea when he realized that such a law could not be
enforced.
a. fixed b. gave c. wrote d. talked e. printed
5. Bell also had strong feelings about the ________ of deaf children.
a. discipline b. health c. safety d. effort e. education
6. Bell was against the use of deaf teachers, too, because he
thought this added to the _________ of a deaf “race” in America.
a. ability b. loss c. problem d. success e. cost
7. A lot of new research shows that many deaf children whose parents sign
(and are deaf) do _________ schoolwork than deaf children who do not
sign at home!
a. more b. easier c. slower d. better e. quieter

57
 Using the timeline below, choose the most important facts to write a
biography of Marco Polo. You can also use your dictionary to help you.

________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

58
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

Lesson Fourteen
(14) The comparison of adjectives

♦ We compare two people or things with comparative forms of

adjectives
♦ We compare three or more people or things with superlative forms of
adjectives

Monosyllabic adjectives are compared with -er, -est.

positive comparative superlative

strong stronger strongest
small smaller smallest
late later latest
nice nicer nicest
big bigger biggest
thin thinner thinnest
fat fatter fattest

♦ London is bigger than Vienna.

Disyllabic adjectives ending with y, er, ow, are compared with -er,
-est.

positive comparative superlative

easy easier easiest
happy happier happiest
clever cleverer cleverest
narrow narrower narrowest

♦ What is the easiest exercise?

All the other adjectives are compared with more, most.

positive comparative superlative

59
careful more careful The most careful
expensive more expensive The most expensive
difficult more difficult The most difficult
tired more tired The most tired
terrible more terrible The most terrible

♦ Which dress is more expensive?

♦ Which dress is the most expensive?

Irregular forms

positive comparative superlative

good better best
bad worse worst
much more most
many more most
little less least

(not) as ... as -

♦ Ann is as tall as Mary

♦ I think tomorrow it will be as hot as today.
♦ This test was not as difficult as the last one.

Exercise 14.1 Reading Comprehension. Identify all the comparative

and superlative forms in the text.

Los Angeles10
Los Angeles, also known as L.A., is the second largest city in the United States (after
New York). Most immigrants to the United States arrive in Los Angeles and many of
them stay here. The city is also famous for its two Olympic Games (1932 and 1984).

Hollywood
Hollywood is a district of Los Angeles and for a long time it was nothing more but the
name of a ranch. In the early 1900s, however, movie companies decided to move
from New York and New Jersey to California where they had more space and better

10
ENGLISH GRAMMAR ON LINE ... the fun way to learn English > http://www.ego4u.com/en/read-
on/countries/usa/tour/los-angeles#exercises > [Consulta: Enero 2009]

60
 weather. Nestor Studios were the first to settle in the area. But more and more
followed and now Hollywood is famous all over the world for its movie studios and
stars.

On the Walk of Fame (along Hollywood

Boulevard and Vine Street) more than 2,000
prominent celebrities are honored with a star.

Disneyland (Anaheim, California)

Disneyland is situated in Anaheim, just a little
south of the City of Los Angeles. The park opened on July 17, 1955
and was the first Disney Park in the world. It has been visited by
more than 500,000,000 people and has several theme parks:

 Adventureland
 Critter Country
 Fantasyland
 Frontierland
 Main Street U.S.A.
 Mickey’s Toontown
 New Orleans Square
 Tomorrowland

A Grammar Exercise on the Text. Put the adjectives into the correct
form.

1. Los Angeles is (large) ____________than Chicago.

2. But New York is (large) ___________city of the United States.

3. The weather in Hollywood is (good) ____________in New York or New Jersey.

4. Nestor Studios is (old) ____________movie company in Hollywood.

5. Disneyland is (interesting) _____________ any other amusement park.

6. Disneyland is (old) ________________ Disney park in the world.

7. Anaheim is (small) _______________ Los Angeles.

8. Doris Day was one of the (famous) _____________ actresses in the 60’s.

61
 9. Mickey is (cute) _______________ mouse in the world.

10. Fantasilandia (in Chile) is (small) _______________ Fantasyland in L.A.

B Grammar exercise. Write the correct form of the comparative or

superlative.

1. A cheetah is ________________than a horse. (fast)

2. Susan’s hair is ________________than Betty’s. (short)
3. The Mt Blanc is ________________than the Großglockner, the Mt
Everest is the _______________mountain. (high)
4. June is ____________than May, but July is the______________. (hot)
5. Table tennis is __________than tennis but badminton is
the___________. (easy)
6. French is _____________than English, but Chinese is the
____________ language. (difficult)
7. "Airforce One" is the _______________film I have ever seen.
(interesting)
8. No, I don’t think so. "Contact" is ________________than "Airforce
One". (interesting)
9. Hot dogs are ________________________than hamburgers. (good)
10. This is the _______________chocolate cake I have ever eaten. (good)
11. Skiing is as _______________________as riding a bike. (easy)
12. Carol sings as ___________as Mary, but Cindy sings____________.
(beautiful)
13. Tennis is ______________than skiing, but football is the
______________ . (popular)
14. Detective films are as _________________as western films. (boring)
15. No, I don’t think so! Romantic films are ____________than western
films, but nature films are the ____________films I have ever seen. (boring)
16. The United States are ______________than Mexico, but Russia is the
________________. (large)
17. A mouse is as ___________as a hamster, but a rat is _____________
than a mouse. (clever)

62
18. A canary is __________ than an eagle, but a parrot is _____________.
(colourful)
19. Peter is as _____________as George. (clever)
20. January is as ________________ as February. (cold)

Exercise 14.2. Read the following job adverts in the UK (taken from the
London’s Times) and compare them. (Use adjectives like interesting,
important, challenging, permanent,well-paid, profitable, growing, attractive,
declining, etc.)
Technical Sales Manager / Business Commercial Manager
Development Manager

Employer: Harvey Nash plc

Employer BMS Posted: 12 Jan 2009
Posted 13 Jan 2009 Reference: HN4277TOL
Reference SE030908 Contact: Dorota Fila
Location: North West
Contact Patrick McKinney
Industry : Engineering and
Location Reading Manufacturing – Utilities
Industry Engineering and Manufacturing, Sales Position Type: Permanent
Position Type Permanent Position : Commercial Manager
Position Technical Sales Manager / Business Salary: Up to £75k + benefits
Development Manager
Salary £30000 - £30000 pa

___________________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
UK General Manager
Employer: CRIPPS SEARS & PARTNERS
Posted: 13 Jan 2009
Location: St Albans
Industry: Energy - Non-Renewable, Energy - Renewable,
Engineering and Manufacturing -
Environmental, Engineering and Manufacturing
- Leadership/Management, Engineering and
Manufacturing - Public, Engineering and
Manufacturing - Utilities, Engineering and
Manufacturing - General, Engineering and
Manufacturing - Sales
Position Type: Contract
Position: UK General Manager
Salary: £ Executive Package

____________________________
____________________________________________________________

63
____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________

64
 C Match the beginning of the sentences 1 to 5 with their endings a) to e)

1. Coca-Cola is a mass market a) is a small but often

product; it profitable market

2. Selling special interest b) is outside the producer

holidays is a niche market; ´s country.
it

3. Rolex watches sell in a c) is in the producer´s

luxury market; they are country.

4. An export market d) high quality and

expensive goods

5. A home market e) sells to large numbers

of people

D Now think of 4 products you know and write about their types of
market, just like in exercise C.
E.g. Puma shoes sell in a mass market
Omega watches are a luxury market product.

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

E Take a look at the pie chart at the

right.
What can you conclude ? Write a
small
paragraph.

65
 ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
__________________

ACTIVITY: Lower-level and higher level generalisations11

F Statements which contain higher-level items are more general than statements
which contain lower-level items. Look at the following example:

Statement (a) is the most general statement. When statement (a) is true, statements
(b), (c), and (d) must also be true.
Study the following sentences. Column (a) contains statements with lower-level items.
Column (b) contains more general statements with higher-level items. Match each
lower-level statement with a general statement from column (b).
Example : Iron rusts. Metals corrode.
A B
1. Iron rusts. Engines consume fuel.
2. Bronze contains copper and tin. Metallic elements are added to steel to improve
3. A square metre is made by multiplying a its properties.
metre by a metre.
4. Chromium makes steel corrosion- Compressive forces shorten bodies.
resistant. Metals corrode.
5. A load of five tonnes compresses a
concrete column. Derived units are products of basic units.
6. Zirconia heat shields withstand Alloys are mixtures of metals.
temperatures over 2000° C.

11
GLENDINNING, Eric H. English in Mechanical Engineering. 9th ed. Oxford, Oxford University Press,
1991, 19p.

66
7. Vinylite can be shaped in a lathe. Ceramics can resist high temperatures.
8. Railway lines extend in hot weather. Plastics can be machined.
9. Four-stroke internal-combustion engines
burn petrol, diesel oil, and gas. Metals expand when heated.

Lesson Fifteen
(15) The Present Continuous

♦ We use the present continuous to talk about temporary actions and

situations that are happening now.
The factory is working seven days days a week
We are selling in 72 different countries
What is Gates doing? He is checking his e-mail
♦ The present continuous is formed with be and the –ing form of the
main verb.

Complete these sentences with the present continuous form of the verbs in
A brackets.

1. BMW _______________ (sell) Minis in China now.

2. People _______________ (work) in the factory 51 weeks a year.
3. I _________________ (call) about a problem.
4. Many English people _______________ (learn) Chinese.
5. She ______________ (attend) a course on presentation.
6. He ______________ (not work) in the office today.
7. They ______________ (entertain) some foreign guests.
8. Janet ______________ (research) a project. She _____________
(use) the Internet a lot.
9. Loreto _________________ (do) an MBA course.
10. Chrysler Co. _____________ (develop) a new model.
11. DKNY __________________ (launch) a new parfum.
12. They _________________ (start) the project.

B
Complete the article about the food group Angus Steak House. Use the
present continuous form of the words in italics.
increase export plan expand translate
The number of Angus Steak Houses ____________ not only in London, but also
in other parts of the UK. At present, Angus Steak House ____ _________ its

67
 overseas business, particularly in Asia. Currently, it ___________its advertising
materials into Japanese. Angus Steak House its winning formula to India and
Indonesia. It _____________ to open new shops in New York.
C Write a small report on how your business, life, or institution is changing.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

What is this typical store-layout indicating? Write your conclusions.

D

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

68
 _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
E
F Complete the sentences in the present continuous.

1. I (look for) ____________________my pen.

2. Jane (print out) __________________the contract.
3. As long as I am on holiday, Hannah and John (take care)
________________of everything.
4. Look! Graham (wear) _________________a tie today.
5. That's because he (meet) _______________________the big boss in
the afternoon.
6. I (work / not) _____________________tomorrow.
7. Bob (talk / not) ______________________on the phone.
8. What (you / do)______________________?
9. Where (Mister Bradley / stay)__________________________?

F Choose the correct answer.12

1. I am living in London now. - What does this sentence mean?

a. I have moved to London to stay there for ever.
b. I am in London only for a limited period of time.
c. I am going to move to London soon.

2. We are meeting Tom tonight. - What does this sentence

mean?
a. The action is arranged for the near future.
b. The action is taking place now.
c. The action might take place.

3. I'm working hard at the moment. - Is the sentence correct

even if I am not working at the moment of speaking?
a. yes
b. no

12
ENGLISH GRAMMAR ON LINE ... the fun way to learn English > http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-
up/tests/present-progressive-3 > [Consulta: Enero 2009]

69
 4. He is playing football. - Which situation cannot be expressed
by present progressive?
a. To express that the match is going on right now.
b. To express that he does not play football regularly, but only for a limited
period of time.
c. To express that he plays football regularly.

5. Look! The Millers are moving house. - Which of the following

situations is expressed by the present progressive?
a. They are in the middle of the action.
b. The action is going to take place next week.
c. They will come back to this place one day.

Complete the article with the present simple or the present continuous
G
of the verbs in brackets. Remember that:13

♦ We use the present continuous to describe temporary situations, ones

which happen for a long time
♦ We use the present simple to describe permanent situations, ones
which won’t change.

PROFILE The Inditex

Group
The name Zara _________ (seem) to
come from Zaragoza, but nobody
________ (know) it for sure. The Inditex
Group ________(own) six fashion chains
including Zara. It __________ (have)
around 1,500 stores worldwide. It
_______ (operate) in 44 countries.
Inditex ____________(employ) 27,000
people and __________ (have) more than
200 fashion designers.
Currently the fashion designers
____________ (work) on next year’s
13
designs. The Inditex group __________
COTTON, David, FALVEY, David, KENT, Simon. Market (do)
Leader.
at Essex: Pearson Education
the moment, Limited,
and it ____________
2004, p 82
(try) to become a global fashion leader.
Amancio Ortega, the founder of Inditex,
also ___________ (invest) in property
and hotels. Most of this year’s investment 70
___________(stay) in Spain
 Lesson Sixteen
(16) How much / how many

♦ Measurement and quantity14

♦ Look at the diagrams

Make questions and answers like the following:

Example: How much liquid does the beaker contain ?
It contains a little liquid.
Now look at this:

14
BATES, Martin; DUDLEY-EVANS; Tony. General Science. English for Science and Technology. 5th ed.
Hong Kong. Longman Group Ltd. 1985.63p.

71
 Note: Considerable means large enough to be important.
Negligible means too small to be important.

A lake contains a very large amount of liquid.

The sea contains an enormous amount of liquid
Exercise 16.1: Now write sentences describing the quantities of liquid in the
containers above.
1. ____________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________
4. ____________________________________________________
5. ____________________________________________________

Exercise 16.2: Give the names of elements which have, in one atom:
a. a few electrons
b. a large number of electrons

72
 c. a very large number of electrons
d. a fairly large number of electrons
e. a very small number of electrons

Exercise 16.3: Complete these sentences.

1. How __________ electrons does an atom of sodium possess?

2. How __________ oxygen does the atmosphere contain?
3. Our bodies contain a very large _________ of water.
4. There is an __________ number of stars in the universe.
5. For a rich man, one dollar is a _________ quantity of money, but for a
poor man it is a __________ amount.
6. The air consists of __________ nitrogen (78%); ___________ oxygen
(21%); ________ argon (less than 1%) and _________ helium, neon,
krypton and xenon.
7. An orange contains _____________ seeds.
8. The _________ of bacteria in the air is _____________
9. ___________ people can speak more than five languages.
10. A large _________ of whales are found in the Pacific Ocean.

Exercise 16.4: Look again at the diagram of the containers (exercises 1

and 2) and read this:
The conical flask contains much more liquid than the beaker.
The beaker contains considerably less liquid than the gas-jar.
The beaker contains slightly more liquid than the spherical flask.
The dish on the right contains many more crystals than the dish
on the left.
The dish on the left contains considerably fewer crystals than the
dish in the middle.
Now complete these:
1. The conical flask contains _________ than the gas-jar.
2. The spherical flask contains _________ than the beaker.

73
 3. The beaker contains ____________ than the conical flask.
4. The dish in the middle contains _________ than the dish on the right.
5. The dish on the right contains _________ than the dish in the middle.

Exercise 16.5: Look at the following table. Compare the sales volume during
the year. Write a short report using the words of measurement and quantity.

________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

74
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
____________________

75
Exercise 16.6: Reading Comprehension “Optical Fibres”

Optical fibre is a material used for transmitting sound and data: optical fibre.
Optical fibre is made of glass and uses light (usually from a laser) to transmit
messages.

Read this conversation between an engineer and a journalist about the

A
advantages of optical fibre compared with conventional copper cable.
As you read, match the advantage with its effect(s). The first one has
been done for you.

Optical Fibres. A conversation.

Engineer: There’s no doubt optical fibre systems have enormous advantages

over existing transmission systems.
Journalist: So we have heard. But what are these advantages?
Engineer: Well, first and foremost they have a much higher capacity than
copper wires. In other words, they can carry much more
information — telephone calls or data, it doesn't matter which.
Secondly they have a potentially lower material cost, At the
moment, production costs of optical fibre are relatively high, but
this is only because mass production hasn’t really started. In the
long term, optical fibre will cost much less to produce than
conventional cables. Another big advantage is their size , they take
up much less space. With conventional cable you need many more
ducts or pipes to carry the cable.
Journalist: What about quality of transmission ?
Engineer: Yes they score very highly here as well. The signal doesn't need to
be amplified as often as with conventional cable, where signal loss
means you need far more repeaters or boosters — in fact, every 2
or 3 kilometres as opposed to every 20 kilometres.
As far as quality is concerned, optical fibres don’t suffer from
interference or crosstalk as much as conventional cable.
Journalist: Anything else?
Engineer: Yes, they also have complete electrical isolation and therefore
there's much more security on the line — the data can’t be
corrupted or interfered with.

B MATCH THE COLUMNS.

ADVANTAGE EFFECT
1. higher capacity (D) a. less frequent repeaters
2. lower material cost b. more security
3. smaller size c. cheaper to produce
4. higher quality of transmission d. more information
5. complete electrical isolation e. less space in ducts
 f. less interference/crosstalk

Remember: There is a difference between QUANTITY and AMOUNT:

QUANTITY
With conventional cable, you need many more ducts
With conventional cable, you can transmit far fewer telephone calls

AMOUNT
Optical fibres can carry much more information
Optical fibres take up much less space

C Controlled Practice.

(1) Classify the followings nouns as either COUNTABLE (C) or UNCOUNTABLE (U)
1. telephone call 5. duct 9. crosstalk
2. Repeater 6. money 10. space
3. information 7. security 11. capacity
4. data 8. interference 12. equipment

(2)Complete these sentences.

1. _________ _________ telephone calls can be transmitted using optical fibre.
2. You hear ________ ________ crosstalk when using optical fibres.
3. There is________ _________interference on copper cables.
4.Optical fibres occupy__________ ___________ space.
5. You need ______ ______ ducts or cables pipes with optical fibre.
6. Conventional cable has _________ _________ capacity than optical fibre.
7. Conventional cable will cost_________ ________ to produce in the future
than optical fibre.

D WORD CHECK: Match the word(s) to its definition.

WORDS DEFINITIONS
capacity — channels for carrying cables
material cost — a type of interference — sounds of another telephone call on the
line
ducts/pipes — to increase the strength of the signal
to amplify — a disturbance to the signal caused by unwanted signals
signal loss — how much something can hold e.g. the capacity of the truck is 200
cases.
repeater — outside electrical signals cannot interfere with the signal
interference — the information/data cannot be changed, accessed by other users
crosstalk — cost of the raw material (e.g.glass)
electrical — to change or delete data.
isolation
security — type of amplifier
to corrupt — decrease in the strength of a signal
(data)

77
 E
Size, quantity, dimensions and measurement s
Games
The size, strength or capacity of things can be measured in
many different ways. Cover the columns on the right and
complete the following sentences with an appropriate word or
phrase of measurement or size.
1. He’s bought himself a new 750 ... Kawasaki (a) Set
2. We really need another 100- ... bulb. (b) lap
3. We could also do with an extra 13-... plug. (c) area
4. Her wedding ring is 24-... gold. (d) ratio
5. It’s over 85 ... Fahrenheit in the shade today (e) Rate
6. We sailed across the Atlantic in a 20,000- ... (f) Depth
liner
7. The ship was travelling at an average speed (g) Grade
of 28....
8. Winds of gale ... 9 were reported. (h) Angle
9. The Krakatoa explosion (1883) happened too (i) Track
long ago for the intensity of its sound to be
measured in....
10. The recent earthquake gave a reading of (j) Weight
point 7 on the Richter....
11. The Empire State is a 102- ... building. (k) Scale
12. Hong Kong has the highest ... of population (l) Storey
of any country in the world.
13. She passed her final exams with a ... 3. (m) Density
14. The Tower of Pisa leans at an... of (n) Force
several .... to the vertical.
15. Parts of the Pacific Ocean are known to be (o) decibel.
well over 30,000 feet in ....
16. The people voted to remain in the Common (p) Degrees
Market by a ... of two to one.
17. Redundancies are being announced now at (q) Ton
a ...of a thousand a day.
18. A number of rock-groups now own their own (r) Knots
16 or 24-... recording equipment.
19. The man thought to have been the heaviest (s) Carat
ever is reported to have been over 70 stone
in ....
20. The final of the tennis championship — men’s (t) Degrees
singles — was the best of five....
21. The 800 metres is normally a two-... race (u) Watt
22. The duke's farm extends over an ... of 640 (v) amp. (ampere)
acres. (w) c.c.

78
 F Games (2) Numerals and proportions

There are several prefixes which indicate number in English.

Try to find a word in the right-hand column which matches
each definition 1 —21.

DEFINITION WORD

1 being able to speak two a unification

languages very well
2 a period of ten years b monologue
3 a creature with about a c soliloquy
hundred legs
4 a child’s three-wheeled d binary
vehicle
5 half a pair of glasses e biannual
6 to copy a document f octet
7 one thousand watts g dioxide
8 a tenth of a centimetre h duodecimal
9 the process of making a i unilateral
country completely one
10 describing a decision that had j unanimous
100% support
11 a very large number of people k polygamy
as a crowd
12 the state of having rather a l.dual
lot of husbands or wives at once
13 a system in which the only m tricycle
digits used are 1 and 0
14 describing a system like: 12 n millimetre
inches in 1 foot
15 the O in CO o kilowatt
16 a road consisting of 2 parts p multitude
with traffic going in one
direction only
17 half-yearly q monocle
18 a group of eight musicians r duplicate
19 one-sided, the sort of nuclear s bilingual
disarmament that pacifists would
be happy with
20 a longish passage spoken by t decade
one person
21 a more romantic speech u centipede

79
 G Games (3)
Numerals and proportions

Practice
1 Which word or phrase is missing in each of the sequences
below? Complete and continue each sequence.
1 one two three four five six seven nine ten
2 first second third fourth sixth
3 once three times four times five times
4 one a half a third a fifth
5 solo trio quartet quintet
6 think of a number double it quadruple it
7 a double whisky a triple (or treble) whisky
2 Now see how quickly you can find the answer to this rather
long sum.
Four add two, divide by three, subtract one, multiply by eight,
take away four, times three, plus two, minus four, halved,
equals what?

3 Of all these numbers, O presents the most linguistic problems.

Try to read out loud the following expressions including various
words for the figure O. Then work out the answer to questions
9 and 10. Look up the answers in the answer Key if you find
this exercise difficult.
1 Manchester City 0, Manchester United 0
2 5,4,3,2,1,0!
3 0.1% of the air
4 Tel. 01 906 3002
5 H20
6 4+2—6=0
7 6—0,6—1,6—0
8 the temperature is below 0°
9 How many fingers have you got on your feet?

4. For further practice of expressions describing numbers, give

an example of each item below.

1 an odd number _____________________________

2 a three-figure sum ____________________________
3 three consecutive numbers after the decimal
point_______________________________________
4 a multiple of 49 ________________________________
5 an even number _____________________________
6 a fraction __________________________________
7 a number with 5 digits _________________________
8 an equation _________________________________

80
 Lesson Seventeen
(17) Will and Time Prepositions

El auxiliar de futuro “Will” expresa una decisión espontánea, una suposición en

relación al futuro o una acción en el futuro que no puede ser influenciada.
Funciona igual para todas las personas.

A Formas del will

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I I I

You You You

He He He

She She She

It
} will speak It
{will not speak.
Will It Speak ?

We We We
(won’t speak)
You you You

they. they they

Uses of will
 a spontaneous decision : “Wait, I will help you.”
 an opinion, hope, uncertainty or assumption regarding the future
“He will probably come back tomorrow.”

 a promise: “I will not watch TV tonight.”

 an action in the future that cannot be influenced: “It will rain
tomorrow.”
 conditional clauses type I: “If I arrive late, I will call you.”

81
Exercise 17.1: Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of the simple
present or simple future (will). Pay attention to time indicators.

1. Today after I (get) _______out of class, I (go) _______to a movie with

some friends.

2. When you (arrive) ________in Stockholm, call my friend Gustav. He (show)

________you around the city and help you get situated.

3. A: Do you know what you want to do after you (graduate) __________?

B: After I (receive) ________my Master's from Georgetown University, I (go)
_________to graduate school at UCSD in San Diego. I (plan) _________ to
complete a Ph.D. in cognitive science.

4. This weekend, we (go) _________skiing near Lake Tahoe.

5. Your father (plan) _______to pick you up after school today at 3:00 o'clock.
He (meet) _______ you across the street near the ice cream shop. If he
cannot be there, I (pick) __________you up instead.

6. If the people of the world (stop, not) ________ cutting down huge stretches
of rain forest, we (experience) _________huge changes in the environment
during the twenty-first century.

7. If Vera (keep) _______ drinking, she (lose) ________ her job.

8. I promise you that I (tell, not) ________ your secret to anybody. I (reveal,
not) __________the truth to a single person.

9. She (make) _______ some major changes in her life. She (quit) _______
her job and go back to school. After she (finish) ________studying, she (get)
_______a better-paying job and buy a house. She is going to improve her life!

10. Tom (call) ________when he (arrive) ____________in Madrid. He (stay)

__________ with you for two or three days until his new apartment (be)
________ available.

PROJECT PLANNING (Prepositions of time)

B
Las preposiciones de tiempo indican cuándo ocurre y cuánto dura una
acción. Las frases preposicionales de tiempo responden a la pregunta
WHEN?

Preposition Use Examples

82
 in months in July; in September
year in 1985; in 2002
seasons in summer; in the summer of 99
in
in the morning; in the afternoon; in the
part of the day
evening
duration in a minute; in two weeks
part of the day (special case) at night
time of day (hours) at 6 o'clock; at midnight
at
celebrations at Christmas; at Easter
fixed phrases at the same time
days of the week on Sunday; on Friday
on
date on the 25th of December*

83
 on Good Friday; on Easter Sunday; on
special holidays
my birthday
a special part of a day on the morning of September the 11th*
after later than sth. after school
how far sth. happened (in the
ago 6 years ago
past)
before earlier than sth. before Christmas
between time that separates two points between Monday and Friday
by not later than a special time by Thursday
through the whole of a period of
during during the holidays
time
for period of time for three weeks
from ... to from Monday to Wednesday
from... two points form a period from Monday till Wednesday
till/until from Monday until Wednesday

C Reading Comprehension: This text deals with the timing of a project.

The project leader is responsible for different activities including
installation of equipment, testing of the equipment and training of the
employee. Read the transcription of a long-distance conference call
between Roger, manager of overseas operations at an engineering firm,
and Colin, project leader in charge of setting up a new plant in Saudi
Arabia. They discuss the schedule for the project. As you read, complete
the key for the "Planner" below.

84
“Planner” (Gantt Chart)

Roger:Hi, Colin. It's Roger here. I'm calling about the Saudi project to find out
how the work's coming along.
Colin: Not bad, we're mostly on schedule.
Roger:Is all the equipment installed?
Colin: Yes, we finished installation last week. We start testing the machines on
Monday next week.
Roger:How long will that take?
Colin: Well. We've scheduled three weeks so we should finish at the end
of the month.
Roger:Good. What else?
Colin: Well, the operator training already started. We kicked off on Wednesday
this week and the first course ends next Friday.
Roger:Oh yes, that was one of the things I wanted to mention. Fred Hyman,
the maintenance trainer should arrive at the weekend.
Colin: Fine, do you know what time?
Roger:No, but I expect he'll arrive at 12 on Saturday. I'll telex you as soon as I
know for certain.
Colin: OK. Anyway he'll have a week before he starts training. The first
maintenance course is due to begin a week from Monday.
Roger: When do you plan to finish the training programme?
Colin: Just a moment, I'll look at the planner . . . here it is. . . um, . . ., the
last course is in July — that's the Supervisor course — if all goes well,
that'll finish at the end of the month and they'll be ready to start work at

85
 the beginning of August.
Roger:So you plan to start up in August?
Colin: Yes, if all the tests are OK, we have a provisional start-up date on 25th
August . . . for the first two weeks we'll be building up capacity slowly ...
hope to reach full capacity by September 8th.
Roger:Right, that's the other thing I wanted to mention. The client wants an
official opening date for the plant — when do you suggest?
Colin: Well. I talked to some of the Saudis here — in fact I talked to the Works
Manager a couple of days ago — he reckoned the middle of September
will be fine.
Let me just look at my diary . . . about September 15th ?
Roger:Sounds fine. Anything you need ?
Colin: Um. I don't think so. Oh yes. Can you send some more copies of the
Operators' Manual Let's say about 20.
Roger:Of course. I’ll send them off by airmail. They will be with you by
Monday.
Colin: Right, thanks Roger.
Roger:You're welcome. Speak to you again soon,
Colin: Yes, Bye.
Roger:Bye.

C WORD CHECK. Match the columns. Draw an arrow.

WORDS DEFINITIONS
To schedule 1. to start
To be on schedule 2. to start (a process, factory, etc.)
To kick off 3. to arrive at the moment when the factory is
producing at full volume
To be due to 4. to plan into action at the right time
To start up 5. chart
To build up capacity 6. to increase production volume gradually
To reach full capacity 7. to plan activities in time
A planner 8. daily record of appointments, meetings, etc.
A diary 9. to be planned/scheduled to ...

During the telephone call, some of the following time expressions were used:

TIME RELATING TO NOW

Days:
2 days ago - yesterday - today - tomorrow - next Monday - a week from
D next Monday
Weeks/Months
2 weeks ago - last week - this week - next week - in 2 weeks' time

A. Use the planner to complete these sentences.

a. Installation work finished ____________ week.

b. Testing will begin ___________ Monday ___________week.

86
 c. Testing will finish __________________________________ time.
d. The first Operators Training Course began ___________________
Wednesday _____________ week.
e. It'll finish _______________ week.
f. The first Maintenance Course begins a week
_______________________.
g. The Supervisor's Course finishes
________________________________July.
h. The Plant will start up ______________________ 25th August.
i. We plan to reach full capacity _____________________ September 8th
(at the latest).
j. The plant will be officially opened _________________ September 15th .

B. Write out the following msn in full:

ATTN: Colin Kerridge, Project Leader

Icnfm F. Hyman arrives Riyadh Sat.
1200. He expects start training 17
June. Pls meet him airport. Sent 20
operators manuals ysdy. Will arr.
Beg. Nxt week..
Rgds
Roger Coleman

Attention: Colin Kerridge, Project Leader

I confirm _______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

87
88
 E Writing predictions based on the properties of materials15
When we know what the properties of a material are we can predict how
it will behave under different conditions. To make predictions of this
type, we use an if-sentence with will in the next sentence. Look at this
example:

If a material is flexible, it will bend easily.

Now write similar predictions for materials which have the properties
listed in column A . Mix and Match the columns.

A B
elasticity ♦ will not bend easily
plasticity ♦ will resist abrasion, deformation and indentation

toughness ♦ will resist wear

corrosion-resistance ♦ will regain its original dimensions after the forces
which have caused deformation are removed
rigidity ♦ will tend to fracture under impact loads
wear-resistance
♦ will bend easily
brittleness
♦ will not return to its original dimensions after the
hardness forces producing strain are removed
flexibility ♦ will not fracture when indented or scratched
♦ will resist fracture when subjected to an impact load
softness ♦ will resist corrosion

If a material is flexible, it will bend easily

________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

15
GLENDINNING, Eric H. English in Mechanical Engineering. 9th ed. Oxford, Oxford University Press,
1991, 68p.

89
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Glossary Time. Test your knowledge on what is the work of engineering
consultants.

G Read the text and then answer the questions.

“The role of an engineering consultant”16

The task of assessing the feasibility of a sophisticated project such as the

building of an industrial plant and of seeing it through completion is often
beyond the capacity of a developing country. In such a case, the country
usually turns to an engineering consultant for advice and guidance. Moreover,
when an external source of finance such as the World Bank is involved in the
project, the services of an engineering consultant become an essential part of
the deal.
The first task of an engineering consultant is to conduct a feasibility study. This
will include a site survey – an examination of the physical characteristic of the
area, such as the firmness of the ground on which the plant will be built. For
this he will probably need the assistance of other specialists, such as surveyors
and geologists. He will also have to consider whether there will be a market for
the goods the plant will produce. Of equal importance is the question of
whether the operation is likely to be profitable. The consultant’s financial
projections will play an important role in determining if the whole project is
feasible or not.
If the consultant feels the project is basically viable, he will have to prepare a
preliminary design and specifications. He will be establishing at this stage the
fundamental engineering standards that companies wishing to bid for the
project will have to meet. These companies will be furnished with this
information. When the bids are submitted, the consultant will have to examine
them in minute detail. As important as his technical evaluation, of course, is
his assessment of the total cost of the project to the country concerned. It can
happen that, in spite of its technical viability, it is simply going to be too
expensive.
Once the contract has been awarded, a consultant (though not necessarily the
same one) will oversee the engineering and the construction work. His role can
also extend to arranging the training of people who will operate the plant, and
even to supervising the running of the plant for a certain period after it started
operations. The consultant’s precise role varies according to the type of project
he is working on.
Now answer these comprehensive questions.
16
CARROLL; Walter, TURNER, Stephen, YOUNG, Dale.Bid for Power.Workbook. Japan, BBC English,
1984, R4.2.

90
 1. When a developing country is considering a major construction project,
in what circumstances will they employ an engineering consultant ?
_________________________________________________________
2. What does the consultant have to do first ?
_________________________________________________________
3. What financial factors does the consultant have to consider ?
__________________________________________________________
4. Who will the consultant give his preliminary design and specifications to?
__________________________________________________________
5. What will he do when the bids come in ?
__________________________________________________________
6. What sort of work do engineering consultants have to supervise after the
contract has been awarded ?
__________________________________________________________

H Prepare your own glossary on the subject. Use the underlined

words in the text.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________________

Lesson Eighteen
(18) Verbs + Prepositions

91
♦ En Inglés hay muchos verbos que constan de dos partes: el verbo + una
preposición o partícula adverbial.
♦ Los verbos preposicionales constan de un verbo más una preposición. La
preposición va detrás del objeto y en las oraciones interrogativas suelen
posicionarse al final.
I'm interested in this position.
What are you interested in?

Prepositional verbs are made of:

verb + preposition

Because a preposition always has an object, all prepositional verbs have direct
objects. Here are some examples of prepositional verbs:

prepositional meaning examples

verbs
direct object

believe in have faith in the I believe in the stock

existence of market

look after take care of He is looking the bullions.

after

argue about discuss Did you argue money?

about

apply for Write a letter or fill in a Mr. Green is a job.

form in order to ask applying for
formally for

*** Prepositional verbs cannot be separated.

A Read the following table of prepositional verbs and then complete the
sentences below.

92
 VERBS and PREPOSITIONS

Accuse of bid for look forward to look

Agree with bring up up
Apply to (somewhere) care for make up
Apply for (something) carry out pay for
apologize for concerned with prepare for
approve of consist of study for
argue with depend on talk about
argue about find out think about
ask about give up trust in
ask for grow up work for
belong to interested in worry about
look for

1. Gates never argues ________ his employees. He simply fires them.

2. The Senate didn’t ________ the president’s new policy.
3. I’m reading the paper because I’m interested _________ this topic.
4. Laborum.com is a web page where people can apply _______ a job.
5. If you don’t have money, you cannot belong ______ a golf club.
6. The system consists ________ a four-stroke petrol engine.
7. He works _______ the Chrysler Co.
8. Obama is worried ________ the world’s financial crisis.
9. The chairman is accused ________ stealing intellectual property.
10. All the senators agreed ________ the president.
11. All national Car Companies bid _______ the project.
12. The scientists carried _________ a new investigation on the
disease.
13. Teenagers and university students depend ______ their parents’
money.
14. Students will prepare ________ the tests.

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 B Prepositions with Nouns.

Now pay attention to this table of nouns + prepositions, and then choose
the best answer to complete the sentences below.

NOUNS and PREPOSITIONS

approval of decrease in participation in

attitude to decrease of reason for
awareness of difference between relationship with
cause of fall in respect for
concern for grasp of success in
confusion about interest in understanding of
damage to need for

1. The decrease ________ demand caused a huge drop in their profits.

a. on b. in c. of
2. The crisis did a lot of damage _______ the world’s economy.
a. at b. of c. to
3. There was a decrease _______ 10% last year.
a. for b. of c. to
4. His attitude ______ his work is very negative.
a. for b. of c. to
5. Did they give you reasons _______ their decision ?
a. for b. of c. in
6. There has been a fall _______ prices.
a. of b. in c. at
7. What was the cause _______ the problem ?
a. for b. in c. of
8. He has a difficult relationship ______ them.
a. with b. of c. between
9. I can’t tell the difference ________ them.
a. among b. of c. between
10. They were congratulated for their success _____sales profits.
a. on b. at c. in

94
 C In the following text, identify and underline all the prepositional verbs
“A Turnkey Project”17
In the building of an industrial plant, the actual work involved consists of three
main components: engineering, procurement and construction. The
engineering work is concerned with identifying the equipment and materials
needed, producing the
necessary technical
specifications and
drafting the design of the
plant. The procurement
aspect involves the task
of getting the equipment
and materials to the site
within the time and
budget established for
the job. This will involve
locating suppliers when the equipment or materials in question ar not available
from any of the components engaged in the work. The construction work
covers the preparation of the site and the actual erection of the plant, as well
as the provision of off-site parts and facilities.
One organization can carry out this work. Alternatively, different companies
working independently can handle the three components. If one company has
complete responsibility for the work - in other words, if the whole project just
involves one contract – it can be regarded as a turnkey project. Such a
project will also include start-up assistance and operator training. One
company takes responsibility for the work as the prime contractor, with
another (or others) working as the subcontractor(s). Such a situation will be a
joint venture, though the owner will not notice the split of responsibility.
A consortium can also bid for the project on a turnkey basis if the companies
involved have the capacity to handle all the work themselves. In such a case
the participants willform an agreement among themselves (which the owner
17
CARROLL; Walter, TURNER, Stephen, YOUNG, Dale.Bid for Power.Workbook. Japan, BBC English,
1984, R5.1..

95
will probably want to see). The company with the largest share in the project
will probably assume the dominant role and will be the one to negotiate with
the owner. The three components will be split amont the several companies
concerned, each having its specifically defined area of responsibility. The
engineering work, however, will probably be co-ordinated by one company.
Moreover, it is in
the nature of such
work that the
engineering and
procurement
people will have to
co-operate
especially closely.
It goes without
saying, though,
that co-operation
among all the companies working on a turnkey project is extremely important
to the success of the project as a whole.

D Now answer the comprehensive questions.

1. What is involved in the building of an industrial plant ?
__________________________________________________________
2. How many contracts are involved in a turnkey project ?
__________________________________________________________
3. What other services are required in a turnkey project after the
completion of the construction of the plant ?
__________________________________________________________
4. In a joint venture, what is the company that takes responsibility for the
work called ?
__________________________________________________________
5. What is a consortium ?
__________________________________________________________

96
 6. Which of the companies in a consortium usually negotiates with the
owner ?
__________________________________________________________

E Glossary Time. Go back to the text, and find the meaning of the
following words in context. Use your dictionary to help you.

Procurement_____________________________________________________
Technical specifications ____________________________________________
Drafting ________________________________________________________
Budget _________________________________________________________
Suppliers _______________________________________________________
Engaged _______________________________________________________
Provision _______________________________________________________
Off-site parts ____________________________________________________
Facilities _______________________________________________________
Contract _______________________________________________________
Turnkey project __________________________________________________
Start-up assistance _______________________________________________
Operator training ________________________________________________
Prime contractor _________________________________________________
Sub-contractor __________________________________________________
Joint venture ____________________________________________________
Consortium _____________________________________________________
Turnkey basis ___________________________________________________
Agreement _____________________________________________________
Owner _________________________________________________________
Dominant role ___________________________________________________
Share __________________________________________________________
Success ________________________________________________________

97
 Student’s Notes
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_______________________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________________
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100
 Your glossary

____________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________
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101
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102
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103
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104
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106
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107
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108
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109
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111
 Anexo (1)
False Cognates

1. an abstract: resumen (y no abstracto).

2. actual: real, efectivo (y no actual, que se dice current)
3. actually: en realidad (y no actualmente, que se dice nowadays, at
present)
4. to advertise: anunciar (y no advertir, que se dice to warn)
5. advice: consejos (y no aviso, que se dice warning, notice)
6. application form: formulario de solicitud (y no formulario de aplicación)
7. to apologise: pedir disculpas (y no apología, que se dice defence)
8. apt: propenso (y no apto, que se dice qualified, able)
9. argument: discusión, pelea (y no argumento de un libro/una película,
que se dice plot)
10. arena: estadio, plaza de toros (y no arena, que se dice sand)
11. arm: brazo (y no arma, que se dice gun)
12. army: ejército (y no arma, que se dice navy)
13. assessment: evaluación (y no asesoría, que se dice consultancy)
14. to assist: ayudar (y no asistir a un lugar, que se dice to attend)
15. to attain: lograr, conseguir (y no atar, que se dice to tie)
16. attempt: intento (y no atentado, que se dice terrorist attack)
17. attendance: asistencia (y no atención, que se dice attention)
18. avocado: palta (y no abogado, que se dice lawyer)
19. balloon: globo (y no balón, que se dice ball)
20. bank: banco - la institución (y no banco de plaza, que se dice bench)
21. bark: ladrar o ladrido (y no barco, que se dice boat o ship)
22. billet: acuartelamiento, alojamiento militar (y no billete, que se dice
ticket o note)
23. billion: mil millones (y no billón, que se dice trillion)
24. body: cuerpo (y no boda, que se dice wedding)
25. brave: valiente (y no bravo, que se dice fierce)
26. camp: base militar o campamento (y no campo en general, que se dice
field)

112
27. carpet: alfombra (y no carpeta, que se dice folder)
28. cartoon: dibujos animados, tira cómica (y no cartón, que se dice
cardboard)
29. casual: fortuito, ocasional, informal, superficial (y no casual, que se dice
accidental, chance)
30. casualty: víctima o herido (y no casualidad, que se dice coincidence)
31. cellular: celular, relativo a la célula (y no teléfono celular, que se dice
cell phone or mobile telephone)
32. collar: cuello de las prendas de vestir (y no collar, que se dice necklace)
33. to collapse: hundirse (y no colapsar, que se dice to bring to a standstill)
34. college: facultad, colegio universitario (y no colegio, que se dice school)
35. commodity: mercancía o materia prima (y no comodidad, que se dice
comfort)
36. to complain: quejarse (y no complacer, que se dice to please)
37. complexion: tez, tono de la piel (y no complexión, que se dice body
type)
38. to compromise: ceder, transigir, poner en peligro (y no compromiso,
que se dice commitment, engagement o agreement)
39. conductor: director de orquesta (y no conductor, que se dice driver)
40. confident: seguro de sí mismo (y no confidente, que se dice confidant)
41. contest: concurso (y no contestar, que se dice to answer)
42. council: consejo (y no conciliar, que se dice to reconcile)
43. crane: grúa (y no cráneo, que se dice skull)
44. curse: maldición (y no curso, que se dice course)
45. date: fecha (y no dato, que se dice a piece of information o data)
46. deception: engaño (y no decepción, que se dice disappointment)
47. derogatory: despectivo (la palabra despective no existe en inglés)
48. desperate: desesperado (y no despertar, que se dice to wake up)
49. dessert: postre (y no desierto, que se dice desert)
50. dinner: cena (y no dinero, que se dice money)
51. discrete: diferenciado (y no discreto, que se dice discreet)
52. diversion: desviación (y no diversión, alegría, que se dice fun)
53. dramatic: drástico, espectacular

113
54. economics: economía (y no económicos, que se dice cheap)
55. embarrassed: avergonzado/a (y no embarazada, que se dice pregnant)
56. eventual: definitivo o posible (y no eventual, que se dice casual,
incidental)
57. eventually: finalmente, tarde o temprano (y no eventualmente que se
dice by chance, possibly)
58. exit: salida (y no éxito, que se dice success)
59. fabric: tela (y no fábrica, que se dice factory)
60. familiar: conocido, familiar (adjetivo) (y no pariente, familiar
(sustantivo), que se dice relative)
61. form: formulario (y no forma, que se dice shape)
62. fume: vapor o gas (y no fumar, que se dice smoke)
63. to grab: agarrar, asir (y no grabar, que se dice to record)
64. gracious: cortés (y no gracioso, que se dice funny)
65. grocery: tienda de comestibles (y no grosería, que se dice rudeness o
rude word/expression)
66. horn: cuerno (y no horno, que se dice oven)
67. idiom: modismo, locución (y no idioma, que se dice language)
68. influenza: gripe (y no influencia, que se dice influence)
69. ingenuity: ingenio (y no ingenuidad, que se dice naivety)
70. inhabitant: habitante (y no inhabitado, que se dice uninhabited)
71. to intend: tener la intención de (y no intentar, que se dice to try)
72. intoxicated: ebrio (y no intoxicado, que se dice with food poisoning)
73. involve: involucrar (y no envolver, que se dice wrap)
74. large: grande (y no largo, que se dice long)
75. lecture: conferencia (y no lectura, que se dice reading)
76. lentil: lenteja (y no lente, que se dice contact lens)
77. library: biblioteca (y no librería, que se dice bookshop)
78. luxury: lujo (y no lujuria, que se dice lust)
79. mayor: alcalde (y no mayor, que se dice bigger)
80. media: medios (y no media, que se dice sock)
81. misery: tristeza (y no miseria, que se dice poverty)

114
82. to molest: abusar sexualmente (y no molestar, que se dice to bother o
to annoy)
83. notice: nota, anuncio (y no noticia, que se dice a piece of news)
84. occurrence: aparición (y no ocurrencia, que se dice absurd idea)
85. office: oficina (y no oficio, que se dice trade o job)
86. once: una vez (y no once, que se dice eleven)
87. oration: discurso ceremonial (y no oración, que se dice sentence o
prayer)
88. ordinary: común (y no ordinario, que se dice vulgar)
89. pan: cacerola, cazuela (y no pan, que se dice bread)
90. parade: desfile (y no parada, que se dice stopl)
91. parents: padres (y no parientes, que se dice relatives)
92. pie: pastel (y no pie, que se dice foot)
93. place: lugar (y no plaza, que se dice square)
94. pendant: colgante de un collar (y no pendiente, que se dice earring)
95. policy: política (y no policía, que se dice police)
96. politic: diplomático, cortés o prudente (y no político, que se dice
politician)
97. preservative: conservante (y no preservativo, que se dice condom)
98. prize: premio (y no precio, que se dice price)
99. to quit: abandonar, dejar (y no quitar, que se dice to remove o to put
away)
100. recollection: recuerdo (y no recolección, que se dice harvest o
collection)
101. regular: de tamaño normal (y no regular, que se dice bad, not so good)
102. relatives: parientes (y no relativos, que se dice relative (adjective))
103. rope: cuerda, soga (y no ropa, que se dice clothes)
104. rude: maleducado, descortés (y no rudo, que se dice rough)
105. to realize: darse cuenta (y no realizar, que se dice to make)
106. to record: grabar (y no recordar, que se dice to remember)
107. to remove: quitar, eliminar (y no remover, que se dice to stir)
108. to resume: reanudar, continuar o reasumir (y no resumir, que se dice to
summarize o to sum up)

115
109. salad: ensalada (y no salado, que se dice salty)
110. sane: cuerdo (y no sano, que se dice healthy)
111. scallop: ostión (y no escalopa, que se dice escalope)
112. sensible: sensato (y no sensible, que se dice sensitive)
113. sensitive: sensible (y no sensitivo, que se dice related to the senses)
114. signature: firma (y no asignatura, que se dice subject)
115. sin: pecado (y no sin, que se dice without)
116. soap: jabón (y no sopa, que se dice soup)
117. socket: enchufe o toma de corriente (y no soquete, que se dice ankle
sock)
118. spade: pala (y no espada, que se dice sword)
119. to stay: quedarse (y no estar, que se dice to be)
120. to stir: revolver un líquido (y no estirar, que se dice to stretch)
121. stranger: desconocido o forastero (y no extranjero, que se dice
foreigner)
122. success: éxito (y no suceso, que se dice event)
123. support: apoyar (y no soportar, que se dice to put up with)
124. sympathetic: comprensivo (y no simpático, que se dice nice, likeable)
125. sympathy: compasión, comprensión, pésame (y no simpatía, que se dice
friendliness, affection)
126. target: objetivo (y no tarjeta, que se dice card)
127. tax: impuesto (y no taxi, que se dice taxi)
128. terrific: fenomenal, genial (y no terrorífico, que se dice terrifying)
129. to traduce: calumniar (y no traducir, que se dice to translate)
130. trait: rasgo (y no trato, que se dice deal o treatment)
131. to translate: traducir (y no trasladarse, que se dice to move)
132. tramp: vagabundo (y no trampa, que se dice trap)
133. ultimate: final (y no último, que se dice last)
134. umpire: árbitro (y no imperio, que se dice empire)
135. zealous: entusiasta (y no celoso, que se dice jealous)

Anexo (2)
Irregular plurals

116
There are many types of irregular plural, but these are the most common:
Forming the
Noun type examples
plural

knife - knives
Change fe to ves
Ends with fe life - lives
wife – wives

half - halves
wolf - wolves
Ends with -f Change f ves loaf – loaves
leaf - leaves
calf - calves

potato - potatoes
Ends with -o Add -es tomato - tomatoes
volcano - volcanoes

Change the vowel man - men

or foot - feet
Change the word person - people
ALL KINDS
or tooth - teeth
Add a different mouse – mice
ending louse - lice

sheep
deer
fish (sometimes)
means
Singular and
series
0 Plural plural
species
are the same
offspring
hundred
thousand
million (sometimes)

alumnus – alumni
cactus – cacto
Change US -> I focus – foci
Foreign
fungus – fungi
(us)
nucleus – nuclei
radius – radii
stimulus – stimuli

Foreign Change IS -> ES axis – axes

117
 analysis – analyses
basis – bases
crisis – crises
diagnosis – diagnoses
oasis – oases
(is) paralysis – paralyses
ellipsis – ellipses
hypothesis – hypotheses
synthesis – syntheses
synopsis – synopses
thesis - theses

appendix –appendices
Change IX ->
Foreign (ix) index – indices
ICES
matriz - matrices

beau – beaux
Foreign (eau) Add + x/s bureau- bureaus/bureaux
tableau – tableaux/tableaus

bacterium – bacteria
curriculum – curricula
datum – data
Foreign
Change -> A medium – media
(um)
stratum – strata
aquarium – aquaria
symposium - symposia

antenna – antennae
formula – formulae
nebula – nebulae
Foreign (a) Change -> AE
vertebra – vertebrae
vita – vitae
alga - algae

phenomenon- phenomena
Foreign (on) Change -> A criterion – criteria
automaton - automata

ox – oxen
Special cases Add + en brother – brethren
child - children

118
119
 Anexo (3)
List of Irregular English Verbs (the most frequent).

Past Meaning in Spanish

Present Past
Participle
1. be was, were been
2. beat beat beaten
3. become became become
4. begin began begun
5. blow blew blown
6. break broke broken
7. bring brought brought
8. build built built
9. burst burst burst
10. buy bought bought
11. catch caught caught
12. choose chose chosen
13. come came come
14. cost cost cost
15. cut cut cut
16. deal dealt dealt
17. dig dug dug
18. do did done
19. draw drew drawn
20. drink drank drunk
21. drive drove driven
22. eat ate eaten
23. fall fell fallen
24. feed fed fed
25. feel felt felt
26. fight fought fought
27. find found found
28. fly flew flown
29. forbid forbade forbidden
30. forget forgot forgotten
31. forgive forgave forgiven
32. freeze froze frozen

120
33. get got gotten
34. give gave given
35. go went gone
36. grow grew grown
37. hang hung hung
38. have had had
39. hear heard heard
40. hide hid hidden
41. hit hit hit
42. hold held held
43. hurt hurt hurt
44. keep kept kept
45. know knew known
46. lay laid laid
47. lead led led
48. leave left left
49. lend lend lend
50. let let let
51. lie lay lain
52. lose lost lost
53. make made made
54. mean meant mean
55. meet met met
56. mistake mistook mistaken
57. pay paid paid
58. put put put
59. quit quit quit
60. read read read
61. ride rode ridden
62. ring rang rung
63. rise rose risen
64. run ran run
65. say said said
66. see saw seen
67. seek sought sought
68. sell sold sold
69. send sent sent

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70. set set set
71. shake shook shaken
72. shine shone shone
73. shoot shoot shoot
74. shut shut shut
75. sing sang sung
76. sink sank sunk
77. sit sat sat
78. sleep slept slept
79. speak spoke spoken
80. spend spent spent
81. spring sprang sprung
82. stand stood stood
83. steal stole stolen
84. stick stuck stuck
85. swear swore sworn
86. sweep swept swept
87. swim swam swum
88. swing swung swung
89. take took taken
90. teach taught taught
91. tear tore torn
92. tell told told
93. think thought thought
94. throw threw thrown
95. understand understood understood
96. upset upset upset
97. wake woke (waked) woken (waked)
98. wear wore worn
99. win won won
100. write wrote written

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