Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Evolving services
0 SMS, EMS, MMS messaging
0 Location
0 Video and IP multimedia
1200 Crossover
1000 has happened
May 2002 !
800
Landline Subs
(millions)
600
400
200
Mobile Subs
0
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
Cellular Mobile Telephony
Frequency modulation
Antenna diversity 2 7
3 5 2
Cellular concept 1 6 3
0 Bell Labs (1957 & 1960) 4 1 6
2 7 4
Frequency reuse 5 2 7
3 5
0 typically every 7 cells 3
1 6
Handoff as caller moves 4 1
2 7
Modified CO switch 5
0 HLR, paging, handoffs
Sectors improve reuse
0 every 3 cells possible
First Generation
Digital systems
Leverage technology to increase capacity
0 Speech compression; digital signal processing
Utilize/extend “Intelligent Network” concepts
Improve fraud prevention
Add new services
There are a wide diversity of 2G systems
0 IS-54/ IS-136 North American TDMA; PDC (Japan)
0 iDEN
0 DECT and PHS
0 IS-95 CDMA (cdmaOne)
0 GSM
D-AMPS/ TDMA & PDC
Used by Nextel
Motorola proprietary system
0 timedivision multiple access technology
0 based on GSM architecture
Number of subscribers
in the world (Jul 2001)
PDC
CDMA
7%
12%
US TDMA
10%
GSM
71%
Source: EMC World Cellular / GSM Association
1G – Separate Frequencies
30 KHz
30 KHz
30 KHz
Frequency
30 KHz
30 KHz
30 KHz
30 KHz
30 KHz
2G – TDMA –
Time Division Multiple Access
200 KHz
Frequency
200 KHz
200 KHz
200 KHz
Time
2G & 3G – CDMA –
Code Division Multiple Access
Spread spectrum modulation
0 originallydeveloped for the military
0 resists jamming and many kinds of interference
0 coded modulation hidden from those w/o the code
Global
Satellite
Suburban Urban
In-Building
Picocell
Microcell
Macrocell
Basic Terminal
PDA Terminal
Audio/Visual Terminal
IMT-2000 Radio Standards
Wideband CDMA
0 Standard for Universal Mobile Telephone Service
(UMTS)
Committed standard for Europe and likely
migration path for other GSM operators
0 leverages GSM’s dominant position
Requires substantial new spectrum
05 MHz each way (symmetric)
Legally mandated in Europe and elsewhere
Sales of new spectrum completed in Europe
0 at prices that now seem exorbitant
TD-SCDMA
2G Packet Data
1G Digital Voice
Analog Voice
GPRS W-CDMA
GSM
EDGE (UMTS)
115 Kbps
NMT 9.6 Kbps 384 Kbps Up to 2 Mbps
GSM/
TD-SCDMA
TDMA GPRS
(Overlay)
TACS 2 Mbps?
115 Kbps
9.6 Kbps
iDEN iDEN
9.6 Kbps PDC (Overlay)
9.6 Kbps
AMPS CDMA 1xRTT cdma2000
CDMA 1X-EV-DV
14.4 Kbps
PHS
(IP-Based) 144 Kbps Over 2.4 Mbps
/ 64 Kbps
64 Kbps
PHS 2003 - 2004+
2003+
2001+
1992 - 2000+ Source: U.S. Bancorp Piper Jaffray
1984 - 1996+
Subscribers: GSM vs CDMA
•Cost of moving from GSM to cdmaOne overrides
the benefit of the CDMA migration path
PSDN
BSC
BTS
BSC
MSC/VLR
PLMN
MSC/VLR
BSC
BTS Base Transceiver Station
BSC Base Station Controller
GMSC
HLR SMS-SC
MSC Signaling Plane (SS7)
VLR MSC
MSC
Based on SS7
0 ISUP and specific Application Parts
GSM MAP and ANSI-41 services
0 mobility,call-handling, O&M
0 authentication, supplementary services
0 SMS, …
(SCP) HLR
Signaling SCP
over SS7 Where is the subscriber?
4 2
Provide Roaming 3
5
Routing Info
VMSC 6 GMSC 1
BSS
E PSTN
Abis
A
PSTN
B
BSC C
MS MSC GMSC
D
BTS VLR
SS7
H
HLR
AuC
Limitations
0 Same speech codec in each handset
0 Digital transparency in core network (EC off!)
0 TFO disabled upon cell handover, call transfer, in-
band DTMF, announcements or conferencing
TFO – Tandem Free Operation
No TFO : 2 unneeded transcoders in path
C GSM Coding D G.711 / 64 kb C GSM Coding D
D C D C
Abis Ater A
TRAU PSTN* TRAU
MS BTS BTS MS
BSC BSC
MSC MSC
Abis Ater A
TRAU PSTN* TRAU
MS BTS BTS MS
BSC BSC
MSC MSC
Network
Mobile Switching
Management
Center
(HLR)
Network
Mobile Switching
Management
Center
(HLR)
IP Gateway
Internet
(TCP/IP)
BSS
E PSTN
Abis
A
PSTN
B
BSC C
MS MSC GMSC
D
BTS VLR
Gs
SS7
H
Gb
2G+ MS (voice & data)
Gr HLR
AuC
Gc
Gn Gi
PSDN
SGSN IP GGSN
BSS Base Station System NSS Network Sub-System SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
BTS Base Transceiver Station MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node
BSC Base Station Controller VLR Visitor Location Register
HLR Home Location Register GPRS General Packet Radio Service
AuC Authentication Server
GMSC Gateway MSC
GSM Evolution for Data Access
2 Mbps
UMTS
384 kbps
115 kbps EDGE
GPRS
9.6 kbps
GSM
GSM evolution 3G
EDGE
BSS
E PSTN
Abis
A
PSTN
B
BSC C
MSC GMSC
Gb D
BTS VLR
Gs
SS7
H
2G+ MS (voice & data)
IuCS
RNS
Gr HLR
AuC
ATM Gc
Iub
IuPS
Gn Gi
PSDN
RNC IP
SGSN GGSN
Node B
3G UE (voice & data)
BSS Base Station System CN Core Network SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
BTS Base Transceiver Station MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node
BSC Base Station Controller VLR Visitor Location Register
HLR Home Location Register UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
2G PLMN TRAU
CS-MGW
IM-MGW IP Multimedia-MGW
CSCF
3GPP Rel.6 Objectives
MS
BSC
SMS-
Proprietary Interface
SC
A1 – Signaling interface for call control and mobility A5 – Full duplex bearer interface byte stream (SMS ?)
Management between MSC and BSC A7 – Bearer interface for inter-BSC mobile handoff
HLR
STM over T1/T3 or
IS-2000 AAL1 over SONET
PST N
A Ref (A1, A2, A5) STM over
T1/T3
MSC
BTS
AAA server
0 Authentication: PPP and mobile IP connections
0 Authorization: service profile and security key
distribution and management
0 Accounting: usage data for billing
Internet
IP IP
Firewall Router
IP BSC IP
Router
IS-2000
IS-2000 S IP SG W
MGCF
P ro x y
(Softswitch) P ST N
H.248 (Maybe MGCP)
SIP
Internet
L3 L3
(UMTS) (cdma2000)
HLR
GSM MAP
ANSI-41 Home PLMN
SMS-GMSC
E PSDN
A
B SC
BTS BSC C SMS-IWMSC
MS MSC PC
SME VLR
Basic services :
0 SM MT (Mobile Terminated)
0 SM MO (Mobile Originated)
0 (3GPP2) SM MO can be cancelled
0 (3GPP2) User can acknowledge
SMS Transport MS
Submission (MO)
SC
Report
SOAP/HTTP SN
(*) Optional
Location
Emergency services
0 E911 - Enhanced 911
Value-added personal services
0 friend finder, directions
Commercial services
0 coupons or offers from nearby stores
Network internal
0 Traffic & coverage measurements
Lawful intercept extensions
0 law enforcement locates suspect
Location Information
Public
PDE
ESRK
ESRK Service
& voice
& voice Answering
Point
BSC Access
PDE tandem
MSC
ESRK
Callback #,
Long., Lat.
ESRK
SN
PDE Callback #,
PDE SN Long., Lat. SN
MPC ALI DB
UE (User Entity)
0 may assist in position calculation
LMU (Location Measurement Unit)
0 distributed among cells
SMLC (Serving Mobile Location Center)
0 Standalone equipment (2G) or
integrated into BSC (2G) or RNC (3G)
Leverages normal infrastructure for transport
and resource management
LCS Architecture (3GPP)
LCS signaling (LLP)
LCS signaling (RRLP) over RR/BSSAP LCS signaling in BSSAP-LE
over RR-RRC/BSSAP SN
LCS signaling over MAP GMLC
SMLC Ls
LMU Lr
LMU
(Type B) Abis Lb
(Type A)
Lg
Abis A
Gb
BTS BSC
MSC Lh Le
VLR
Gs SN
Iu
HLR CN GMLC LCS Client
UE Iub
SMLC Lg (LCS Server)
RNC
SGSN
LMU LMU Location Measurement Unit
Node B SMLC Serving Mobile Location Center
(LMU type B)
LCS signaling over RANAP GMLC Gateway Mobile Location Center
Location Request
Node B
Iu-cs
RNC MSC
Support for H.323 calls
UTRAN & streaming media
3G-324M
Mobile 3G-324M
UMTS
Core IP Network
Multi-Media GW
Network
H.323
H.323
H.248 or RAS RTP terminal
Streaming/Mail
Soft Switch
media
or Gate Keeper
server
Gateway: 3G-324M to
MPEG4 over RTP
Control stacks
ISDN call setup | H.323 or SIP
H.245 negotiation | over TCP
Audio/ RTP
PSTN
video/ RTSP IP
I/F Video repacking
control Packet UDP/IP I/F
of H.263 frames stacks
multiplex stream
H.223 jitter
Audio vocoder
AMR - G.711 buffering
Control stacks
Audio/ ISDN call setup
video/ H.245 negotiation
PSTN
I/F control Video buffering
multiplex Audio/video of H.263 frames
H.223 sync and
stream control Audio buffering
of AMR frames
Presence
Location
Instant Messaging (voice+video)
Conferencing
Media Streaming / Annoucements
Multi-player gaming with voice channel
3G QoS
Media Server
Application Server
Internet
Mb
Gi SIP phone
HSS
ISC Mb
PS Gi/Mb
IM-MGW
UE GGSN MRF Mb
SGSN Cx Mp Mb
Go TDM
Gm
IMS ISUP PSTN
Mw Mg Mn
MGCF
P-CSCF CSCF
CPE
Signaling
SIP
CSCF Call Session Control Function
IM-MGW IM-Media Gateway
MGCF Media Gateway Control Function
MRF Media Resource Function
IMS Concepts (2)
Service control
ISC Internet
Media Server
Gm
ISC
PS
Home IMS
UE P-CSCF
Mw
Application SIP phone
Servers
Gm
Visited IMS
PS
UE P-CSCF
MMD Architecture
- 3GPP2 MultiMedia Domain
Databases AAA
Internet
Mobile IP
Home Agent
SIP phone
Border
Router
MS Packet Core
Access
Gateway Core QoS Integrated in P-CSCF
Manager
MGW
MRF MRFP
TDM
MMD ISUP PSTN
MRFC
Signaling
MGCF
CPE
Session
AAA Authentication, Authorization & Accounting Control IM-MGW + MGCF
Manager P-SCM = P-CSCF
MGW Media Gateway
I-SCM = I-CSCF 3GPP / 3GPP2 mapping
MGCF Media Gateway Control Function S-SCM = S-CSCF
L-SCM = Border Gateway Control Functions
MRFC Media Resource Function Controller
MRFP Media Resource Function Processor
3G Tutorial
Multi-application platform
0 Integrate TDM voice and IP data
0 Support multiple applications
0 Flexible billing and provisioning
Sample Multimodal Applications
Travel information
0 Make request via voice
0 Receive response in text
Directions
0 Make request via voice
0 Receive initial response in text
0 Get updates while traveling via voice
or SMS or rich graphics
One-to-many messaging
0 Record message via voice or text
0 Deliver message via voice, SMS,
WAP, or email
More Multimodal Examples
Unified communications
0 While listening to a voice message from a customer,
obtain a text display of recent customer activity
Emergency response team
0 SMS and voice alert
0 Voice conference, and text updates, while traveling
to site of emergency
Early Deployments
Speech
Server Data IP Interface Internet / Core
Base Network GGSN SGSN
(data)
Media
OAM&P
Server
Instant Messaging / Location
Presence 3G MSC Server
and Presence
Message SIP
Gateway Location
H.248
Packet
Interface Core (Packet) RNC
Voice or Data (voice/video) Network
Wireless 3G MSC Gateway
Control
3G Wireless Network
3G Tutorial
1 MB File
Modem Technology Throughput Download Speed
GSM/TDMA 2G Wireless <9.6 Kbps ~20 min
Analog Modem Fixed Line Dial-up 9.6 Kbps 16 min
GPRS 2.5G Wireless 30-40 Kbps 4.5 min
ISDN Fixed Line Digital 128 Kbps 1.1 min
CDMA 1x 2.75G Wireless 144 Kbps 50 sec
EDGE 2.75G Wireless 150 - 200 Kbps 36 to 47 sec
DSL Fixed Line DSL 0.7 - 1.5 Mbps 1 to 3 sec
W-CDMA 3G Wireless 1.0 Mbps 1.5 sec
Cable Fixed Line Cable 1.0 - 2.0 Mbps 0.8 to 1.5 sec
ITU
ARIB
(Japan)
TTC
(Japan)
TTA
(Korea)
ETSI T1 TIA
(Europe) (USA) (USA)
Partnership Project and Forums
brough_turner@nmss.com
marc_orange@nmss.com
http://www.nmscommunications.com