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What is Surveying?
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Types of surveys:
1. Geodetic Surveying:
- The type of surveying that takes into account the true shape of the
earth.
- These surveys are of high precision and extend over large areas.
2. Plane Surveying:
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Operations in Surveying:
ii. Boundary survey Made to determine the length and direction of land
lines and to establish the position of these lines on
the ground.
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iv. Hydrographic survey The survey of bodies of water made for the purpose
of navigation, water supply, or subaqueous
construction
vi. Construction survey Made to lay out, locate and monitor public and
private engineering works.
ix. Engineering Survey Embraces all the survey works required before,
during and after any engineering (construction)
work, such as:
• producing plans (large scale) or
numerical data for engineering
projects
• determining areas and volumes (e.g.
earthwork)
• providing permanent control points
for other surveying tasks
• setting out engineering constructions
• supervising the correctness of
construction
• recording final as-built position of
construction
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Reliability of a Survey
A surveyor must know the accuracy of their measurements, and the fact whether
it fulfills the requirements.
- From the map scale: a good draftsperson can plot a line within 0.25
mm on the map (in real units). In case of a map scale 1:1000 this
corresponds to 0.25m.
- From engineering tolerances: in engineering surveying the accuracy
requirements depend on the given tolerances of structures.
Types of errors
There are several types of error that can occur, with different characteristics.
(i) Mistakes
Such as miscounting the number of tape lengths when measuring long distances
or transposing numbers when booking.
Can occur during the whole surveying process, including observing, booking,
computing or plotting.
Solution:
Creating suitable procedures, and checking the measurements.
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(ii) Systematic errors
Examples:
- Expansion of steel tapes due to temperature changes
- Frequency changes in electromagnetic distance measurements
These errors are dangerous, when we have to add observations, because they act
in the same direction. Hence the total effect is the sum of each error.
Solution:
Calibrating the instruments – comparing the observations with other
observations made by other instruments.
All the discrepancies remaining once the mistakes and systematic errors have
been eliminated. Even when a quantity is measured many times with the same
technology and instrumentation, it is highly unlikely that the results would be
identical.
Although these errors are called random, they have the following characteristics:
- Small errors occur more frequently than large ones
- Positive and negative errors are equally likely
- Very large errors occur rarely
Solution:
Repetitions of observations.