UNIT 8: BONDING AND

NOMENCLATURE
LEWIS DOT & BOND TYPES

Mrs. Howland
CP Chemistry
Rev. February 2017
Essential Questions
•  What is meant by the term “chemical bond”?
•  What are the 3 main types of bonds?
•  What are their properties?
•  Why do atoms bond with each other to form
compounds?
•  How are covalent compounds represented using
Lewis Dot Structure models?
•  What are the properties of compounds with
different types of bonds?
•  Which elements are likely to bond?
 Chemical Bonds
Chemical Bonds are the force of attraction
between atoms or ions

TYPES:
• Ionic Bonds
• Metallic Bonds
• Covalent Bonds
  Bonding forms molecules
  Determines nearly all of the chemical properties
  We’ll see that it’s all about the ELECTRONS!!
 It’s all about the ELECTRONS!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NgD9yHSJ29I
Valence electrons
•  Outermost electrons in an atom
•  The Periodic Table predicts how many electrons
tend to be lost or gained for an atom (for Group A
elements)
•  Involved in chemical reactions (bonding)
Bohr Model vs. Lewis Dot

•  Lewis Dot structures follow

the OCTET rule.
•  Bohr models show all
electrons.
Lewis Dot Models – Valence Electrons
•  Show valence electrons around an atom

•  Valence electrons – electrons in the outermost

energy level of an atom

•  Valence electrons are only located in the outer

level “s” and “p” orbitals
Atoms are most stable with a FULL valence (outermost) shell,
and will bond with other atoms (REACT!) to fill their shells
and become more stable.
 OCTET RULE
•  OCTET RULE: EIGHT (8) electrons in the outer energy
shell makes an atom STABLE for Group A elements (NOT
transition or inner transition metals)

•  Atoms “want” to be stable, like the NOBLE GASES that

already have a full principle energy level!

•  NOTE: Helium is considered ‘stable’ because it has a full

inner shell (2 electrons)
Determining # of valence electrons
The number of valence electrons for an element in the
MAIN GROUPS is the same as its group number

Don’t worry about these

elements right now

These elements all

have 7 valence
electron
These elements all
have 1 valence Don’t worry about these elements right now
electron
EXCEPTIONS:
•  HYDROGEN (1 valence electron) and HELIUM (2 valence
electrons) do not follow the “octet” rule, because they have
only 1 electron shell
•  The innermost electron shell is considered FULL with only
2 electrons

BOTH Helium and Neon are “stable”

with complete valence shells. Note that
the innermost electron shell is full with 2
electrons while other, external shells
require 8
 Lewis Dot Structures
•  Electrons are drawn as DOTS

To draw:
1. Write chemical
symbol

2. Place one dot around chemical

symbol for each valence electron
(up to eight dots)

3. All inner level electrons and nucleus

are symbolized by the chemical
symbol

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a8LF7JEb0IA
Lewis Dot Structures
Bonding with Lewis Dot Structures
•  Line up single dots to form compounds
and to make either 2 or 8 electrons
around each element.
•  The elements SHARE their single
unpaired electrons.
•  Some electrons are already paired up
within a single atom and are not
shared. These are called non-
bonding / unshared pairs.
•  SHARED PAIRS are drawn as a
SINGLE LINE
Bonding with Lewis Dot: EXAMPLE

BECOMES:
Lewis Dot Structure
COUNTING METHOD:
1) ADD UP total number of valence electrons from all elements in the
compound.

2) Attach all elements to central atom with single bond to form skeleton
structure.

3) SUBTRACT 2 electrons for each single bond from total.

4) Distribute remaining electrons around as unshared pairs to complete

octet.

5) If there are too few electrons to give each atom an octet, a double bond
may be necessary.
TIPS
•  Nature tends toward SYMMETRY, so make skeleton
structure as symmetrical as possible.

•  Hydrogen is NEVER the central atom; it is always the

surrounding atom.

•  Group 7A halogens tend to be surrounding atoms rather

than central atoms.

•  Carbon tends to be a central atom.

EXAMPLE:
•  Draw Lewis Dot Diagram for H2

H H
EXAMPLE: TOTAL VALENCE
ELECTRONS:
C=
•  Draw Lewis Dot Diagram for CCl4 Cl =
Cl =

Cl
Cl =
Cl =
TOTAL =

Cl C Cl
Cl
Lewis Dot Structures for
COVALENT Bonds
Properties of IONIC COMPOUNDS

•  Crystalline structure
•  BRITTLE
•  A regular repeating arrangement of ions in the solid
•  Ions are STRONGLY bonded
•  RIGID
•  High melting points- because of strong forces between ions!
•  Conductive (aqueous solutions)
•  Soluble in water, but not in nonpolar substances
IONIC Compounds
IONIC Compounds
Formation of IONS
Example: Na (sodium)

Sodium atom Sodium

ion
+
Na (neutral) – e- ⎯⎯→ Na
Na has 1 valence electron. When 1 electron is “given up”
there result is a charge of 1+

11 p+ 11 p+
11 e- 10 e-
0 1+
Predicting Ionic Charges
1+
2+
3+ N/A 3- 2-
1-

You don’t have to worry about the

Transition metals! (the B groups)

The charges written in the ORANGE boxes indicate the charges

commonly carried for the elements in each group.

Examples: Na has a charge of 1+ and O has a charge of 2-

Which elements are likely to form
IONIC COMPOUNDS?
•  Metal + Nonmetal
•  Metals form CATIONS
•  Nonmetals form ANIONS

•  Commonly form SALTS (NaCl, KCl)

 COVALENT BONDS
•  Covalent bonds form when there is a sharing of electrons
Properties of COVALENT
COMPOUNDS
Nonmetal + Nonmetal
•  Gases, liquids, soft solids
•  Flexible; break easily
•  Do not conduct electricity (aqueous solutions)
•  May be flammable
•  Low melting/boiling points
 DIATOMIC MOLECULES
•  Diatomic elements are so unstable that, when isolated
from all other elements, one atom will combine with
another atom (of the same element) in order to become
stable
•  Commonly exist as GASES at room temperature
 Common Diatomic Molecules and
Polyatomic Molecules

How can you remember?

HOFBrINCl
 METALLIC BONDS
•  Metallic bonds are the forces that hold atoms together in
metallic solids
•  Valence electrons are weakly held onto by the metal atoms
•  Electrons form a SEA of electrons ~ the electrons are free
to move around the solid!
Properties of Metals

•  Shiny
•  Ductile and malleable
•  Conduct electricity

All properties are due to the SEA of electrons!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vOuFTuvf4qk
LEARNING CHECK!

COMPARE / CONTRAST:
•  Ionic bonds, covalent bonds, metallic bond

COMPARE / CONTRAST:
•  Ionic compounds, covalent compounds