Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Language choices : colloquial expressions But avoid overly formal, stiff language.
are usually transformed into more
academic lansuase.
Referencing/citation style: See APA, In all cases be careful to supply
Harvard or other style guide but be ref-erences when you mention authors
consistcnt. even ifyou are not quoting directly from
them.
In general, most advice is 1o use the . . . but it's important not to do it
activc voice.However, there are good automatically or to sound formal. Wa.tch
reasons for using the passive voice . . . out for use of the passive that indicates
Active: The government roised taxes, fuzzy thinking or lack of attribution to
Subject (The govcnrment) plus verb responsible agents. Typical passive uses
(raised) plus object (taxes). Passive: in academic writing include: The
Taxes were raisecl. Object (taxes) plus experiment was csrriecl out . . . ; It has
verb (were raised) minus subject (the beensuggested...
soyemment -- or 'bv the govertment').
Verb agreement: Be careful with subject- Gerund (-ing) forms of the verb cannot be
vcrb agreement in long sentences: also used alone as verbs (they can work as
make sure to use finite verbs. Example: nouns as in'reading', however). Example:
The automobile industry- aver the years The automohile industry over the y'ears
using the same approachfor reasons oJ' has been ttsing the same approachfor
cost containment. re as orLs ot' c cst c o nts in m e nt.
Verb tenses: BE consistent with tenses
within sentences/paragraphs.
Word errors: e.g., affect/effect- Pay aftention to grammar/spell check, but
mcre importantly, to word meanings.
Puncfuatian
Capitalisatiore.- in general cnly capitalise
proper nouns, sentence beginnings,
acronyms.
Commss: use in listing and sometimes to
separate clauses, but not sentences
Brackets: use to set apart ideas as asides,
but more for referencing
Colons: use to introduce a list cr an
explarcation of an idea
Serni-colow: use to separate two equal
halves of a complex sentence {instead of
a comma)
Apostrophes: used to indicate possession
or contractions
3 Fut an apostrophe befcre the 's' in abbreviations of the verb forms is,4ras,
for example: It's {it is) a r.l.ell established fact that . . . ; she's (she has) had
rnany books published on this area.... The ' indicates that something has
been removed.
From K. Love, 1999,'Unpacking argurnerts: The need for metalanguage' in B. Doecke (ed-)
Responding to Student Llriting. Norwood, Australia: Australian Assn. for tlre Teachilg of English, p.
20?.