QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

PAPERS

To Fulfill the Course Statistics in Language Education

Supporting Lecturer: Mr. Moh. Mahmud, M.Pd.

Arranged By:
Amri Yasir
NIM: 17112210005

TARBIYAH AND TEACHER FACULTY

ENGLISH TADRIS STUDY PROGRAM
RELIGIOUS INSTITUTE OF ISLAM DARUSSALAM
BLOKAGUNG KARANGDORO TEGALSARI BANYUWANGI
2020
 PREFACE

First, be grateful for God's love and grace for us.

Thanks to God for helping me and giving me the opportunity to complete
this deal on time. And I want to thank Moh. Mahmud, M.Pd. as a lecturer who
always teaches us and gives a lot of knowledge about how to practice English
well.
This deal is English language Statistc in Language Educatoion that I
realize that this is not perfect. But hopefully can be useful for us. Criticism and
suggestions are needed here to make this assessment better.
May we as students in "Islamic Religious Institutes Darussalam" can work
more professionally using English as any second language we do. thanks.

Blokagung, July 2020

Author

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 CONTENTS

PREFACE............................................................................................................I
CONTENTS.........................................................................................................II
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION........................................................................1
A. Background................................................................................................1
B. The Problem..............................................................................................1
C. The Objective............................................................................................1

CHAPTER II METHOD....................................................................................2
A. Assessment................................................................................................2
B. Requirement...............................................................................................4
C. Reference...................................................................................................8
D. Assignment..............................................................................................10

CHAPTER III CONCLUSION..........................................................................12

A. Conclusion.................................................................................................12

REFERANCE......................................................................................................13

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 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background
There are so many phenomena related to behavior, behavior, habits,
patterns of thinking, intelligence, and even natural events that are very frequent
appear instantly without a real explanation which in some cases it can cause a
problem or vice versa. Because of it is deemed important to conduct a study in
order to find answers the things that happened.
John W. Creswell (2012: 2) states that research is a process where we
do the arrangement logical steps. That process is used to get data valid and
reliable which will produce true and correct conclusions. Data is meant to have
two types, namely the quantity data represented in numerical form and data
quality. To get each type of data the different approach used is the research
approach quantitative to find quantity data and approaches qualitative research
to find quality data.
In the paper we will focus more on knowing what is assessment,
requirements, references / books, assignments.

B. The Problem
1. What is a assessment?
2. What is a requirements?
3. What is a references/ books?
4. What is a assignments?

C. The Objective
1. To know definition about assessment.
2. To know definition about requirements.
3. To know definition about references/ book.
4. To know definition assignments.

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 CHAPTER II
METHOD

A. Assessment
1. Definition of Assessment
Assessment is an application and use of various ways and tools to
get a series of information about learning outcomes and achievement of
competencies from students.
The term Assessment is closely related to the term evaluation which
is a method for obtaining student learning outcomes. So that the assessment
process is carried out aiming to find out how far the presentations of
learning from the students.
Another understanding of assessment is the process of obtaining data
or information from the learning process and also providing feedback to
teachers or students.

2. Assessment function
In teaching and learning activities, assessment has an important role.
Because assessment has two functions, namely the formative function and
summative function.
a. Formative Function
The formative function is where assessment is used to provide
feedback or feedback to teachers to be used as a basis when improving
and justifying the learning process and also conducting remedial for
students.
b. Sumative Function
It is a function of determining the value of student learning in one
particular subject, so that it can then be used as material to provide
reports, determine grade progress and determine whether or not students
pass.

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3. Purpose of Assessment
According to Chittenden (1994) states that the purpose of assessment
"assessment purpose" is "keeping track", checking up, finding out and
summing up.
a. Keeping Track
Keeping track is to track and track the learning process of
students in accordance with the learning implementation plan that has
been implemented. Therefore teachers must collect data and information
within a certain period of time from various types and assessment
techniques to get a picture of an achievement of student learning
progress.
b. Checking Up
Checking Up is to check the achievement of students' abilities in
the learning process and the shortcomings of students when following the
learning process. In other words, it is important for teachers to carry out
assessments to know which parts of the material students have mastered
and parts of material that have not yet been mastered.
c. Finding Out
Finding Out is finding, finding and detecting the lack of mistakes
or weaknesses of students in the learning process, so that teachers can
responsibly look for alternative solutions.
d. Summing Up
Summing Up is a way to deduce the level of student mastery of
the competencies that have been set. The results of this conclusion can be
used by teachers in preparing learning progress reports to various parties
who need each other.
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4. Types of Assessment
The types of assessment that are often used include written tests that
are presented to students to answer them, namely:
a. Performance Assessment
Performance assessment is a type of assessment that instructs
students to demonstrate at the same time applying knowledge in various
desired situations.
b. Portfolio Assessment and Project Designing
Project appraisal is a task in the form of an investigation
beginning with the subsequent collection of organization and evaluation
to the presentation of data.
c. Product Assessment and Self Assessment
Product Assessment is an assessment of skills by making a
particular product. Whereas Self Assessment is carried out solely by the
students or the teacher concerned for the sake of managing Teaching and
Learning Activities at the classroom level, finally, the type of assessment
can also be in the form of attitude assessment and assessment on a class
basis.

5. Examples of Assessment
Examples of assessments are assignments when studying or having a
UAS. The assessment is carried out by the teacher based on the assessment
in the form of an answer sheet of assignments or examinations. The teacher
gives a value, can be a number or letter to the work of students. After all
assessment results are assessed / measured, they enter the evaluation stage.
All student outcomes are classified, some are graduated or not

B.  Requirement
1. Definition of requirement.
Definition of Requirements According to (Dorf, 1990), namely: A
requirement is an ability that must be possessed from a software. This
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ability can be intended to solve a problem or is needed to meet certain

conditions (such as certain standards, management decisions, or political
reasons).
whereas according to Zave, 1997 is a description of the services
(services) and limits for the system to be built. Or requirements are
statements / descriptions of services provided by the system, the limitations
of the system and can also be a mathematical definition of system functions.
The process of finding, analyzing, documenting and testing services and
restrictions is called Requirement Engineering.

2. Requirement Collection Method

Requirement collection aims to survey the user's wishes and explain
the ideal information system. There are 7 requirements collection methods,
namely:
a. Frequently asked questions (interviews)
1. How the method is used:
 Selection of potential interviewees.
 Making agreements with potential interviewees.
 Prepare a complete and clear question structure.
 Select the person being interviewed personally and record it.
2. Advantages of the method:
 The interviewer can measure the response through questions and
adjust it according to the situation that occurs.
 Good for unstructured problems.
 Shows the impression of an interviewer in person.
 Raised a high response since the preparation of the meeting.
3. Loss method:
 Requires time and costs that are not small.
 Requires special training and experience from the interviewer.
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 Difficult to compare interview reports because of natural

subjectivity.
b. Questionnaire
1. How this method is done:
 Design using a standard questionnaire.
 The questionnaire was sent to the end-users work environment.
 The response structure is summarized in distribution statistics.
2. Advantages of the method:
 Cheap and fast than interviews.
 Does not require trained investigators (only one expert is needed to
design a questionnaire for selected end-users).
 It is easy to synthesize the results since creating a questionnaire.
 Can minimize costs for all end-users.
3. Loss method:
 Cannot create specific questions for end-users.
 Analysts involve impressions so they cannot reveal themselves
end-user.
 Low response due to the absence of a strong urge to return the
questionnaire.
 Cannot adjust question to end-user specifically.
c. Observation
1. How the method is used:
 An analyst personally visited the observation site.
 Analysts record events in the observation location, including
volumes and processing worksheets.
2. Advantages of the method:
 Obtain fact records rather than opinions.
 Does not require question construction.
 Do not disturb or hide things (end-users do not know that they are
being observed).
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 Analysts do not rely on verbal explanations from end-users.

3. Loss method:
 If seen, the analyst might change operations (end-users feel
observed).
 In the long run, the facts obtained in one observation may be
inaccurate (representative) in daily or weekly conditions.
 Requires experience and special skills from the analyst.
d. Analytical procedure
1. How the method is used:
 With operating procedures, it can learn and identify the flow of key
documents through information systems, namely data flow
diagrams (DFD).
 Each key document flow explains the system operating procedures.
 Through observation, the analyst learns the reality rather than
describing the volume of distribution (high, low, medium) and
what is then done with the copy of the original document.
2. Advantages of the method:
 Evaluation procedures can be done with minimal interference and
do not affect user operations.
 The flow procedure can be a checklist structure for making
observations.
3. Loss method:
 Procedures may be incomplete and not up-to-date anymore.
 Studying the document flow chart requires analyst time and
expertise.
e. Observation of documents
1. How the method is used:
 Identifying the main document and report (physical data flow
diagram).
 Collecting copies of actual documents and reports.
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 Each document or report, used to record data, includes fields (size

and type), frequency of use and their coding structure (coding
structure).
2. Advantages of the method:
 Minimize interruptions from operational functions.
 Beginning data dictionary element.
 Often, it can consider major procedural modifications.
3. Loss method:
 Requires considerable time (there are business organizations that
experience a flood of documents and reports).
f. Sampling
Sampling can help reduce time and costs. Care needs to be taken
to select samples from the population, so that statistical expertise is
needed no failure or threat.

C. Reference
1. Definition of Reference
A reference is something that is used in providing information to
reinforce a statement expressly. Or we are also familiar with "referral".
Reference uses both factual and non-factual. Factual referral consists of
sample statistics, testimonies, and factual objects. References can be in the
form of evidence, values, and credibility. The source of reference material is
where the material is found.

2. Types of References
Factual and non-factual reference material may exist in the following
three forms:
a. Evidence like, statistics, examples and testimonies
b. The values used by people who accept the argument (the crowd)
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c. Credibility of information providers. Like the person giving the

information may lead to his own experience to be able to convince the
listener that he is a capable person.

3. Reference Works
Reference works are certain forms of scientific publications or books
that can be used as a basis or idea for statements through proven facts.
Reference works can also be electronic or physical documents. In addition,
printed books and research publications, physical documentary works are
often used are dictionaries, encyclopedias, almanacs, thesaurus, scientific
journals, catalogs, authentic manuscripts and atlases. While data from
electronic documents in the form of DVDs, CD-ROMs, recorded data,
application programs, or the internet.

4. Purpose of Making References

The following are the objectives in making a reference that we need
to know:
a. In order to strengthen the theory and argument
References are used to support material from the theory or
argument as outlined in the text. Reference becomes a basis for the
submission of arguments so that it has a strong foundation and can be
accepted by the public as an opinion that can be accounted for.
b. Avoid plagiarism
The use of references is intended not to be an act of plagiarism on
the work of others. An article generally becomes the author's intellectual
property. So if someone uses a theory, sentences or opinions used from
other sources must state the source clearly.
c. Respect the Work of Others
References also need to be included as a form of appreciation for
the work of others. In general, opinions or theories of other people can be
taken and used for free in completing a paper. So for the form of an
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award needs to be given a clear reference to the source of the theory that
is written in full using the method or method of writing certain
references.
d. Provide Information To Readers
References also have the intention to provide information to the
reader on the original and complete source of an opinion or theory. With
this reference, the reader can find the information more fully according to
his needs.

5. Example Reference
 Smith, J. (2005a). Harvard Referencing. London: Jolly Good Publishing.
 Smith, J. (2005b). Dutch Citing Practices. The Hague: Holland Research
Foundation.
 In writing the city where it was published, the city that was known
internationally (like London or New York) was quoted only as the city. If
the city is not known internationally, the country (or province for
Indonesia) is included.

D. Assignment
1. Definition of Assignment
Assignment is the process of filling data into a variable. In the PHP
programming language there is no limit to storing a data type, as with other
programming languages. If the variable has been used for numeric data
types, the variable cannot be used anymore for string data. In PHP a variable
can at one time store different data types according to what is filled in by the
program.

2. Assignment Model
The assignment model is a model of optimizing a number of tasks to
a number of assigned tasks. The assignment model is useful for optimizing
assignments:
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1. n tasks to n people.
2. n titles to n people.
3. n operation operations to n machines.
Example of assigning four four-person assignments, minimizing
total work time. Assignment of four tasks to four people, one task is only for
one person. Consider the table below:

"Tasks\ Septa Nana Isti doni

People"
Speaking 70 80 75 85
listening 85 80 80 75
Reading 85 90 87 90
writing 75 78 85 95
 CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION

A. Conclusion
John W. Creswell (2012: 2) states that research is a process where we
do the arrangement logical steps. That process is used to get data valid and
reliable which will produce true and correct conclusions. Data is meant to have
two types, namely the quantity data represented in numerical form and data
quality.
in a research paper the things we need to learn include is
assessment, requirements, references / books, assignments:
1. Assessment is an application and use of various ways and tools to get a
series of information about learning outcomes and achievement of
competencies from students.
2. A requirement is an ability that must be possessed from a software.
This ability can be intended to solve a problem or is needed to meet
certain conditions (such as certain standards, management decisions, or
political reasons).
3. A reference is something that is used in providing information to
reinforce a statement expressly.
4. Assignment is the process of filling data into a variable. In the PHP
programming language there is no limit to storing a data type, as with
other programming languages.

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 REFERANCE

Pengetahuan Seputar. 2020. Assessment.

https://www.seputarpengetahuan.co.id/2020/03/assessment-adalah.html.
Diakses tanggal 2 july 2020.
Erikson. 2014. Requirement. http://ondyx.blogspot.com/2014/01/pengertian-dan-
definisi-requirement.html. Diakses tanggal 2 july 2020
Kurniawan A. 2020. Reference. http://ondyx.blogspot.com/2014/01/pengertian-
dan-definisi-requirement.html. Diakses tanggal 2 july 2020.
Sutarno M. assignment.
https://sites.google.com/site/drirhmuhammadsutarnoshimscmag/model-
penugasan-assignment-model. Diakses tanggal 2 july 2020

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