GRADE 12

ENGLISH: Grammar & Composition

English 12 is designed to incorporate a program of English literature, composition, grammar, vocabu-
lary, and outside reading into a senior-level English class. The study of grammar is not stressed in the
WORKBOOK

senior year as much as in earlier years because of the extensive background that students should have
VI for Handbook o f GRAMMAR & C omposition

gained from previous study; however, grammar is still taught briefly each day. Grammar instruction
for
GRAMMAR
Composition
includes correcting homework exercises from Workbook VI for Handbook of Grammar and Composi-
®

Fourth Edition

tion and briefly presenting new material from Handbook of Grammar and Composition.

Added Enrichment Evaluation

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m 18310501

ƒ English teaching transparencies ƒ Grammar quizzes (17) ƒ Character analysis

ƒ Tests (8), mid-semester tests (2)
ƒ Semester exam, final exam
ƒ Compositions:
ƒ Essays (5)
ƒ Argumentative essay
ƒ Oral book reviews (2)
ƒ Full book review
ƒ Vocation project
ƒ Extended definition
ƒ Optional (graded at teacher discretion):
ƒ Paragraphs, book reviews
ƒ Character sketch, original poem
ƒ Extemporaneous compositions,
résumé
ƒ Descriptions, narrative

Grammar ƒ Colons:
ƒ Capitalization: ƒ Before a list of items
ƒ Proper nouns and words formed from proper nouns: ƒ To introduce a formally announced statement or quotation
ƒ Particular persons, places, things: ƒ Between:
ƒ Political and economic organizations and alliances ƒ Independent clauses when second clause further explains first
one
ƒ Words referring to Deity and Holy Scripture
ƒ Chapter and verse of Bible reference
ƒ Words from proper nouns
ƒ Hour and minute of time reference
ƒ Common noun or adjective when part of proper name
ƒ After salutation of a business letter
ƒ Titles of persons, titles of works
ƒ Italics:
ƒ First word of every sentence
ƒ For titles of books, magazines, newspapers, plays, works of art,
ƒ Pronoun I and interjection O
ships, trains, aircraft, and spacecraft
ƒ First word of every line of poetry
ƒ For words, letters, numbers referred to as such
ƒ Punctuation:
ƒ For foreign words or phrases
ƒ End marks:
ƒ Hyphens:
ƒ Period for declarative sentences, abbreviations, indirect ques-
ƒ To divide a word at the end of line
tion, and polite request
ƒ In compound numbers
ƒ Question mark for interrogative sentences
ƒ In fractions used as adjectives
ƒ Exclamation point for exclamatory sentences
ƒ In prefixes before a proper noun or adjective
ƒ Commas:
ƒ In compound adjectives before a noun
ƒ Before a coordinating conjunction joining two independent
clauses ƒ Quotation Marks:
ƒ To indicate: ƒ In a direct quotation
ƒ Omissions or avoid possible misreading ƒ To enclose:
ƒ Nonessential elements in a sentence: ƒ Titles of short poems, songs, chapters, articles, and other parts
of books or magazines
ƒ Appositive and appositive phrase
ƒ A quoted passage of more than one paragraph: at the
ƒ Participial phrase
beginning of each paragraph and at the end of the last
ƒ Adjective and adverb clauses paragraph
ƒ Direct address ƒ Apostrophes:
ƒ Well, yes, no, or why ƒ To form:
ƒ Parenthetical expressions ƒ Possessive case of nouns
ƒ To set off introductory phrases or clauses ƒ Individual possession within a group
ƒ In dates and addresses ƒ Possessive case of indefinite pronouns
ƒ After salutations and closings of letters ƒ To show omissions from words
ƒ Semicolons: ƒ With s to form plurals of letters, numbers, signs, and words used
ƒ Between independent clauses: as words
ƒ If not using coordinating conjunction ƒ Dashes:
ƒ Joined by transitional words ƒ After a series of words or phrases giving details about a state-
ƒ Joined by coordinating conjunction if clauses already contain ment that follows
commas ƒ To indicate an abrupt change or break in a sentence
ƒ Between items in a series if the items contain commas ƒ To set off parenthetical elements or confidential comments

Grammar & Composition cont. p. 188

187
GRADE 12

ENGLISH: Grammar & Composition cont.

Grammar cont. ƒ Regular verb endings
ƒ Parentheses: ƒ Irregular verbs
ƒ To enclose: ƒ Using correct principal parts
ƒ Parenthetical elements ƒ Verb tenses: progressive and emphatic forms
ƒ Brief confirmatory information ƒ When to use the verb tenses
ƒ Brackets: ƒ Using logical verb tense sequence between clauses and
between verbals and independent clause
ƒ To enclose editorial comments within quotations
ƒ Avoiding unnecessary shifts in sentences: in subjects, verb
ƒ To replace parentheses within parentheses
tense, voice of verbs
ƒ The sentence:
ƒ Active and passive voice
ƒ Definition of sentence
ƒ Mood: indicative, imperative, and subjunctive
ƒ Kinds of sentences classified by purpose: declarative, imperative, ƒ Avoid incorrect verb forms
interrogative, exclamatory
ƒ Use troublesome verbs correctly and avoid verb usage errors
ƒ Recognizing subjects and verbs: complete subject, simple subject,
ƒ Nouns:
complete predicate, simple predicate, and verb phrase
ƒ Recognizing nouns:
ƒ Overcoming problems locating subjects and verbs:
ƒ Compound, common, proper, and collective
ƒ Finding:
ƒ Concrete and abstract
ƒ Subject in an inverted sentence: interrogative sentence,
sentence beginning with there or here ƒ Substantives
ƒ Keeping agreement of subject and verb
ƒ Subject of an imperative sentence
ƒ Recognizing and diagramming nouns as predicate nominatives,
ƒ Subject before its appositive
direct objects, indirect objects, objects of prepositions, direct
ƒ Verb phrase that is interrupted by other words address, appositives, and objective complements
ƒ Diagramming subjects and verbs ƒ Using parallelism
ƒ Recognizing and diagramming compound subjects and verbs ƒ Pronouns:
ƒ Recognizing and diagramming complements: direct object, ƒ Antecedents
indirect object, objective complement, predicate nominative,
ƒ Recognizing personal, interrogative, demonstrative, indefinite,
predicate adjective
compound, relative
ƒ Fragments and run-on sentences
ƒ Recognizing reflexive and intensive pronouns
ƒ Recognizing and diagramming simple, compound, complex, and
ƒ Keeping agreement of verbs and indefinite pronoun subjects
compound-complex sentences
ƒ Making pronouns agree with their antecedents:
ƒ Sentence improvement:
ƒ In number and in gender
ƒ Unity and coordination
ƒ In person
ƒ Subordination:
ƒ Nominative case:
ƒ Choosing what to subordinate
ƒ For subjects, predicate nominatives, appositives of subjects,
ƒ Avoiding upside-down, illogical, and excessive subordination appositives of predicate nominatives, appositives to subjects,
ƒ Placement of modifiers: and appositives to predicate nominatives
ƒ Avoid: ƒ For complements of the infinitive to be
ƒ Squinting modifiers and split constructions ƒ Objective case:
ƒ Dangling participial phrases ƒ For direct objects, indirect objects, objects of prepositions
ƒ Dangling gerund and infinitive phrases and for appositives of direct objects, indirect objects, objects
ƒ Elliptical clauses of prepositions and for appositives to direct objects, indirect
ƒ Pronoun reference objects, and objects of prepositions
ƒ Clear and logical construction ƒ For subjects of infinitives and complements of the infinitive to be
ƒ Parallelism ƒ Possessive case:
ƒ Point of view: ƒ Using correct case for who, whom, whoever, and whomever
and in incomplete clauses beginning with than or as
ƒ Avoid unnecessary shifts in:
ƒ Avoid pronoun usage problems: double subject, possessive
ƒ Subject, voice, and tense
case before a gerund
ƒ Mood, person, number, discourse, and tone ƒ Adjectives:
ƒ Consistency of subject, tense, or voice ƒ Recognizing and diagramming adjectives: Participles and proper
ƒ Clear and effective diction adjectives and infinitives as adjectives
ƒ Conciseness ƒ Distinguishing adjectives from nouns and pronouns
ƒ Parts of speech: ƒ Recognizing and diagramming predicate adjectives
ƒ Recognizing eight parts of speech ƒ Using and diagramming:
ƒ Verbs: ƒ Prepositional and participial phrases as adjectives
ƒ Recognizing action (transitive and intransitive), linking, and ƒ Infinitive phrases as adjectives
helping verbs ƒ Adjective clauses
ƒ Distinguishing verbs from verbals: participles, gerunds, and ƒ Placing and punctuating adjective modifiers
infinitives ƒ Using adjectives in comparison
ƒ Using principal parts of verbs ƒ Avoiding double comparison and double negatives

Grammar & Composition cont. p. 189

188
 GRADE 12
h RED indicates first introduction of content.
ENGLISH: Grammar & Composition cont.
Grammar cont. ƒ Topic sentence
ƒ Adverbs: ƒ Summarizing sentence
ƒ Recognizing and diagramming adverbs ƒ Paragraph development by examples, incidents, reasons,
comparison and contrast, and combination of methods
ƒ Infinitives as adverbs
ƒ Paragraph unity
ƒ Nouns as adverbs
ƒ Paragraph coherence: chronological order, order of importance,
ƒ Distinguishing adverbs from adjectives
transitional expressions, space order, pronoun reference, and
ƒ Using and diagramming:
repetition
ƒ Prepositional phrases as adverbs
ƒ Paragraph with proper emphasis
ƒ Infinitive phrases as adverbs
ƒ Essays (6):
ƒ Adverb clauses
ƒ Essay answer
ƒ Correct placement of adverb modifiers
ƒ Narrative and argumentative essays
ƒ Distinguishing dependent clauses
ƒ Outline:
ƒ Using adverbs in comparison
ƒ Topical and sentence outlines
ƒ Prepositions:
ƒ Format of outline
ƒ Recognizing prepositions, prepositional phrases, and objects of
ƒ Parallelism in an outline
prepositions
ƒ Steps to preparing an outline
ƒ Distinguishing between prepositions and adverbs
ƒ Extended definition
ƒ Using prepositions correctly
ƒ Writing descriptions about persons, places, and things (6):
ƒ Conjunctions:
ƒ Steps: point of view, careful selection of details, arrangement of
ƒ Recognizing coordinating, correlative, and subordinating
details, use of exact nouns and verbs
conjunctions
ƒ Character sketch
ƒ Using parallel structure
ƒ Critical book reviews: written and oral review
ƒ Interjections:
ƒ Writing letters:
ƒ Definition
ƒ Friendly: letter parts, thank-you note, bread-and-butter note
ƒ Punctuation with interjections
ƒ Business:
ƒ Other parts of speech used as interjections
ƒ Letter parts, order letter, request letter, complaint letter, and
ƒ Diagramming interjections
letter to a government official
ƒ Recognizing and diagramming:
ƒ Letter of application, résumé
ƒ Nominative absolute and expletives
h Vocation Project (Research paper):
ƒ Nominative absolute phrases
ƒ Planning the paper:
ƒ Word study:
ƒ Selecting subject
ƒ Using the dictionary:
ƒ Finding sources: encyclopedia, periodical databases, Essay and
ƒ Kinds of dictionaries General Literature Index, published bibliographies
ƒ Selecting a dictionary ƒ Writing bibliography cards
ƒ Using the dictionary ƒ Making a preliminary outline
ƒ Parts of the dictionary ƒ Taking notes: writing note cards, avoiding plagiarism
ƒ Usage and diction: h Writing a questionnaire cover letter and conducting
ƒ Levels of usage an interview
ƒ Using correct diction ƒ Writing the paper: introduction, body
ƒ Using clear and effective diction ƒ Using parenthetical citations
ƒ Appropriateness ƒ Rewriting the paper: check organization, introduction, conclusion,
ƒ Exactness and vividness unity, coherence, and citations
ƒ Figurative language ƒ Editing the paper: check each paragraph, sentence, word;
ƒ Gobbledygook capitalization and punctuation
ƒ Jargon ƒ Typing the paper:
ƒ Triteness ƒ General information
ƒ Wordiness: ƒ Formatting pages: title page, pledge page, outline page, first
ƒ Sentences beginning with there, it, and this page, and succeeding pages
ƒ Wordy expressions ƒ Inserting footnotes or endnotes
ƒ Redundancies ƒ Additional guidelines:
ƒ Glossary of diction ƒ Abbreviations in citation entries
ƒ Ellipsis marks in quotations
Composition ƒ Block quotations
ƒ Manuscript form: ƒ Documentation for research paper:
ƒ Abbreviations, numbers, titles ƒ Parenthetical citations
ƒ Abbreviations in footnotes and parenthetical references ƒ Endnotes and footnotes
ƒ The Writing Process: plan, write, rewrite, edit ƒ Typing instructions
ƒ Introducing paragraphs:

189
GRADE 12

ENGLISH: Vocabulary, Poetry

Knowing and using a selection of choice vocabulary words gives high school students an advantage, whether
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it is in a job interview, on a college entrance exam, or simply in meeting today’s expectations for expression
and communication. Mastering the vocabulary words in Vocabulary, Poetry VI will help students in their writ-
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Fifth Edition
ing, speaking, and reading comprehension. Many of the words are taken from English Literature. Students will
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study the antonyms and synonyms included with the definitions and learn prefixes, root words, and suffixes,
expanding their vocabulary even further. Students will also memorize ten poems throughout the year. The
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students will benefit from reciting and memorizing poetry.

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Added Enrichment Evaluation

ƒ Vocabulary lists (12): ƒ Each vocabulary word includes: ƒ Prefixes (48), suffixes (48) ƒ Weekly quizzes (8)
ƒ Total words and definitions (144) ƒ Pronunciation, etymology, ƒ Greek and Latin roots and ƒ Quarterly review (1 each 9 weeks;
ƒ Organized by word origin or by part of speech meanings (100) each counts as 2 quiz grades)
roots, prefixes, and suffixes ƒ Definition, sample sentence ƒ Guidelines for solving analogy ƒ Poetry quizzes: written (9),
ƒ Practice exercises (100) including: ƒ Synonyms, antonyms questions oral (1)
ƒ Pretest over vocabulary words ƒ Related forms of the word ƒ Index includes vocabulary
and their meanings ƒ Pronunciation key words; prefixes, roots, suffixes;
ƒ Cumulative review of vocabulary synonyms antonyms
ƒ Vocabulary chart showing:
words and definitions

h RED indicates first introduction of content.

Skills Development Poetry Skills Development

h Master vocabulary words and definitions h Memorize 10 lyrical poems
ƒ Use vocabulary words in sentences and in proper context ƒ Develop appreciation for poetry
ƒ Memorize vocabulary definitions ƒ Lay foundation for future literature study
ƒ Master 48 prefixes, 100 roots, and 48 suffixes ƒ Recite in unison
ƒ Learn more than 1,000 synonyms, antonyms, and related words for ƒ Use appropriate expression and volume
vocabulary words ƒ Increase vocabulary
ƒ Analyze word meanings based on their prefixes, roots, and suffixes ƒ Demonstrate comprehension of emotion and content
ƒ Develop ability to solve analogy questions ƒ Develop a mental visualization of the poem
ƒ Apply spelling and phonics concepts through teacher-directed oral ƒ Discuss meaning and purpose of poems
practice and independent written practice ƒ Use proper punctuation in writing and reciting poems

ENGLISH: Literature
English Literature presents a chronological study of English literature from the Anglo-Saxon period to the
Modern Age (twentieth century). Classics such as Beowulf, The Importance of Being Earnest, Pride and
Prejudice, Paradise Lost, Robinson Crusoe, David Copperfield, and The Canterbury Tales were chosen not
only for their literary value but also for their character development. Students will learn about a variety of
literary genres and will further analyze literature through in-depth studies of a tragedy, an allegory, and a
novel. In order to help students visualize the works and time periods they are studying, English Literature
contains a variety of illustrations and photographs of English people, places, and art.

Literary Value Added Enrichment Evaluation

ƒ 105 authors, including well-known ƒ Footnotes define and explain
writers such as Elizabeth Bar- unfamiliar words
rett Browning, Geoffrey Chaucer, ƒ Comprehension and discussion
Daniel Defoe, Charles Wesley, and questions after selections
Oscar Wilde ƒ Character-building quotations
ƒ Prose selections (24), poems (221), and verses
plays (4), essays (13), devotional ƒ Introductory paragraphs for
works (7), and sermon (1) interest and background infor-
mation
ƒ Author biographies and literary ƒ Comprehension quizzes (22)
terms ƒ Homework reading quizzes (29)
ƒ Glossary of literary terms ƒ Tests (8), 9-weeks exam (2)
ƒ Unit reviews ƒ Semester exam, final exam
ƒ Introduction to each literary
period describing literary char-
acteristics of that age

Literature cont. p. 191

190

ENGLISH: Literature cont.
Reading Skills Development
ƒ Develop skills in reading comprehension
ƒ Further develop oral reading skills
ƒ Be able to identify significant quotations and the selections in which
they are featured
ƒ Increase vocabulary
ƒ Further develop writing skills
h Study various literary forms: lyric and epic poetry, drama, allegory,
Romantic and Victorian poetry, and modern fiction
ƒ Study meaning and use of literary terms and devices such as
theme, plot, imagery, figurative language, analogy, aside, caesura,
carol, comic relief, exemplum, idyll, kenning, madrigal, metonymy,
ode, rondeau, scop, currealism, and terza rima
ƒ Study historical backgrounds and writing techniques to better
understand each literary period
h Study the development of plot, theme, setting, and character(s) in
short stories, essays, and other notable works of English literature
GRADE 12
h RED indicates first introduction of content.
Comprehension, Discussion, & Analysis
Skills Development
h Read entire works: The Pilgrim’s Progress and Macbeth
ƒ Develop proper discernment according to the truths of Scripture
ƒ Answer factual, interpretive, and inferential comprehension and
discussion questions
ƒ Improve ability to use deductive reasoning, understand cause
and effect, and draw conclusions
ƒ Build appreciation for good literature and a love of reading
ƒ Develop an understanding of people’s motives and feelings while
recognizing consequences of particular actions
ƒ Learn to analyze literature while studying selections
ƒ Comprehend and appreciate the basic elements of a work of
literature
ƒ Learn to appreciate the rhyme, rhythm, and figurative language
of poetry

MATHEMATICS: Precalculus
The purpose of Precalculus is to teach the student how to select and apply various techniques to solve
mathematical problems in a skillful, systematic, and logical manner. Students will learn the underly-
ing principles of trigonometry and interrelationships of lines and functions with graphical and analytical
problem-solving techniques from a study in analytical geometry. The study culminates with an introduction
to selected calculus topics.
Also available: Consumer Mathematics and Business Mathematics on Electives pp. 199-203.

Topical Interest Essays Evaluation

ƒ The History of Pi ƒ Euler’s Formula e i + 1 = 0 ƒ Quizzes (49)
ƒ Distance of travel due to earth’s rotation ƒ Missile Guidance Technology ƒ Tests (9)
ƒ Mathematics in Astronomy—Eratosthenes’ ƒ Mathematics in Physics—Projectile Motion ƒ 9-weeks exam (2)
calculation of earth’s circumference ƒ Mathematics in Biology ƒ Semester exam
ƒ Sir Isaac Newton ƒ Summation—A Calculation of Pi ƒ Final exam
ƒ Oscilloscope Measurement of Household ƒ The Design of Cylindrical Containers
Voltage ƒ Mathematics in Physics—Fluid pressure on a
ƒ Mathematics in Engineering vertical surface
ƒ The Place of Imaginary Numbers

h RED indicates first introduction of content.

Trigonometry & Analytical Trigonometry h Negative angle, double angle, half angle

ƒ Basic trigonometric ratios h Sum and difference, product to sum, sum to product

ƒ Solving right triangles h Verifying

h Advanced trigonometric ratios h Used to find unknown values

h Trigonometric functions ƒ Special angle function values (30°, 45°, etc.; 6 , 4 , etc.)
h Solving trigonometric equations ƒ Inverse function values using a calculator
ƒ Trigonometric graphs: ƒ Function values:
ƒ Intercepts ƒ Angles in degrees
h Symmetry, sinusoid h Angles in radians

h Amplitude, period, key angles, key points h Finding unknown function values

h Vertical and horizontal scaling h Function values using the unit circle, line diagrams of function
values
h Vertical and horizontal translation
ƒ Using a calculator, using right triangles, using special triangles:
h Phase shift
ƒ 30°-60°-90°
h Vertical asymptotes
ƒ 45°-45°-90°
h Signs of the functions by quadrant
ƒ 90°; 6 - 3 - 2 , 4 - 4 - 2
h Periodic motion: simple harmonic motion, frequency, rotating
object, suspended object h Reducing trigonometric function angles: reference angle, reference
triangle
h Identities:
h Rewriting as a cofunction
h Reciprocal, cofunction, Pythagorean, quotient

Precalculus cont. p. 192

191
GRADE 12
h RED indicates first introduction of content.
MATHEMATICS: Precalculus cont.
Coordinate Geometry Angles
ƒ Basic review, terminology ƒ Angles on the Cartesian plane:
h Trigonometric Function graphs: ƒ In degrees
h Intercepts, symmetry, sinusoid h In radians
h Amplitude, period, key angles, key points h Initial side, terminal side, standard position
h Vertical and horizontal scaling h Quadrant of an angle, coterminal angles, positive and negative
h Vertical and horizontal translation, phase shift angles: in degrees, in radians, conversions
h Vertical asymptotes h Bearing

h Angles in degrees and radians h Key angles for a trigonometric function graph

h Graphing by addition of ordinates ƒ Trigonometric function values:

h Inverse functions, inverse trigonometric functions h Reference angle by quadrant: in degrees, in radians

ƒ Intercepts: x-intercept, y-intercept ƒ Special angles: 30°, 45°, etc.; 6 , 4 , etc.

h Symmetry: x-axis, y-axis, origin
Functions
ƒ Domain:
ƒ Functional notation
ƒ Limiting operations
ƒ Domain and range:
h Determining
h Finding, using inequalities, using intervals, characteristics
ƒ Complex number plane
h Functions: even, odd, periodic, inverse
ƒ Points of intersection
h Horizontal line test, vertical line test, one-to-one functions
ƒ Distance
ƒ Slope: Triangles
h Variation, inclination ƒ Solving right triangles abeka.com

ƒ Parallel and perpendicular lines h Solving oblique triangles:

h Angle between two intersecting lines ƒ Law of sines, law of cosines
ƒ Straight line: h The ambiguous case
h Inclination ƒ Using angles of elevation and depression
h Distance to a point ƒ Finding area
ƒ Systems of lines ƒ Right triangle trigonometry
ƒ Equation forms: h Reference triangle
ƒ Slope-intercept ƒ 30°-60°-90°, 45°-45°-90°; 6 - 3 - 2 , 4 - 4 - 4
h Point-slope, two-point, intercept, parallel to axes, general
ƒ Midpoint
Complex Numbers
ƒ Imaginary numbers and basic quantities
ƒ Parametric equations:
ƒ Standard form
h Eliminating the parameter
ƒ Graphing on the complex plane
h Developing equations: Shrödinger’s wave model graph
h Magnitude, argument, trigonometric form, polar form, conversions
h Involute of a circle, brachistochrone, cycloids
h Multiplying and dividing complex numbers
ƒ Locus of a point
h Finding roots and powers: De Moivre’s theorem
h Conic sections:
ƒ Circle: center, radius Distance
ƒ Ellipse: ƒ Length of an arc:
h Vertexes, foci, major and minor axes, latus rectum, eccentricity ƒ Using degrees
ƒ Parabola: h Using radians
ƒ Vertex ƒ Distance between two points:
h Focus, latus rectum, eccentricity ƒ In two dimensions
h Hyperbola: vertexes, foci, transverse and conjugate axes, latus h In three dimensions
rectum, eccentricity, asymptotes, conjugate hyperbolas h Horizontal and vertical distance
h Horizontal and vertical translation, rotation of axes h From a line to a point
h Graphing in three dimensions:
h Traces, cylinders, elements Vectors
h Graphs: ellipsoid, paraboloid, hyperboloid of one sheet, hyperbo- h Scalar, equal vectors, unequal vectors, negative vector, resultant,
loid of two sheets, hyperbolic paraboloid, cone vector sum

Polar Coordinates Regression Analysis

h Graphing techniques h Method of least squares: general equations for solution

h Terminology, conversions h Close-fit curve

h Analysis techniques: branch tangents at the pole, symmetry, h Summation notation

determining angles resulting in undefined values h Pearson-r correlation coefficient

h Rotation of axes h Linear and non-linear data: y = mx + b, y = aetx, y = axt,

h Graphs: lines, circles, roses, cardioids, limaçons, parabolas y = a + bx + cx2 ... + mxn

Precalculus cont. p. 193

192
 GRADE 12
h RED indicates first introduction of content.
MATHEMATICS: Precalculus cont.
Introductory Calculus ƒ Velocity:
h History, limits ƒ Average
h First derivative of a polynomial: using limits, using the short method h Instantaneous

h Slope using derivatives ƒ Acceleration:

h Second derivative of a polynomial: maximum and minimum, ƒ Average
critical points h Instantaneous

ƒ Rate of change: h Anti-derivative

ƒ Average h Area under a curve

h Instantaneous

HISTORY & GEOGRAPHY: American Government (one semester)

12
American Government in Christian Perspective seeks to give students a clear understanding of the
historical and philosophical elements that make the United States a unique nation. Only when students
fully understand these foundational elements will they be able to love and appreciate our republic.
American Government in Christian Perspective traces the roots of our political institutions and examines
the Constitution itself. Through a clear explanation of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of
government, students learn how a republic actually functions. Students will also study state and local
government and be better able to understand their local systems, which will in turn develop a better
understanding of and a greater appreciation for American philosophy and ideology.
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89281001

Added Enrichment Evaluation

ƒ Special feature boxes (44): ƒ Important U.S. documents: the Constitution ƒ Reading quizzes (15)
ƒ Give better understanding of the following: of the United States, the Declaration of Inde- ƒ Review quizzes (19); (includes memorization
ƒ Foundations of American liberty pendence, and the Articles of Confederation quizzes for “The Star-Spangled Banner,” the
ƒ Operation of opposing government systems ƒ State and Local Government (5 sections) Preamble to the Constitution, and four Scripture

ƒ Symbols of American government
ƒ Concepts of American government
ƒ Highlight those who have helped shape
American government through their writings
and biographical sketches
ƒ Helps students understand the state and
local government by completing the study
outline for their state
passages totaling 15 verses)
ƒ Current events (14; each counts as quiz grade)
ƒ Patriotic project (counts as test grade)
ƒ Tests (4), 9-weeks exam (1)
ƒ Final exam

h RED indicates first introduction of content.

Foundations of American Government h English tradition takes root in America:

h America—a unique nation: h Compacts, colonies, and charters

h Miracle of America: h Colonial law and government

h A blessed nation h Local government

h American character h Steps toward unity:

h Need for vigilance h Spiritual revival in the colonies

h American symbols h Early efforts at political union

h Patriotism versus nationalism h A nation is born:

h Government under God: h Steps toward independence

h Foundations of civil government: nature of government h Independence declared

h Forms of government:
Our Constitutional Republic
h Theocracy and human governments
h Constitution of the United States:
h Constitutional republic
h From Plymouth to Philadelphia:
h Dictatorship
h Roots of America’s Constitution
h Christians and government:
h Articles of Confederation
h Christian’s response and responsibilities to government
h New Constitution adopted:
h Character and government
h Constitutional Convention, 1787
h Shaping of the American republic:
h Bundle of compromises
h English heritage:
h Federalists and Anti-Federalists
h Bible and Christianity in England
h Main features of the Constitution:
h English common law and government
h Supreme law of the land
h Struggle for liberty
h Purposes of our government

American Government cont. p. 194

193
GRADE 12
h RED indicates first introduction of content.
HISTORY & GEOGRAPHY: American Government cont.
Our Constitutional Republic cont. h Constitution and federalism: dividing power and fulfilling
obligations
h Rights and responsibilities of the American people
h History of federalism: rise of central power:
h Republican and limited government
h Dual, cooperative, and coercive federalism
h Congress—legislative branch:
h Federalism today:
h Structure of Congress:
h States and the Supreme Court
h Congressional houses and leadership
h States and Congress: the 10th Amendment
h Constitutional qualifications
h State and local government:
h Procedures within Congress: process, pay, privileges, and penalties
h Fifty individual states:
h Responsibilities of Congress:
h State constitutions and the federal Constitution
h Lawmaking and the process
h Changing states constitutions
h Representation and oversight
h Functions of state government
h Powers of Congress that they can and cannot exercise
h State executive officers
h President—executive branch:
h State legislators:
h President and the Constitution: creation, term, tenure,
qualifications, succession, and compensation h Terms, sessions, and apportionment

h President’s leadership: constitutional powers and God-given h Qualifications, elections, compensation, and personnel

authority h Powers of the state legislature

h Vice President h Officers and organization of the state legislature

h Roles of the President: chief of state, commander in chief h Legislative process

h President’s team: h Voter participation in the lawmaking process

h White House office h State courts

h Office of Management and Budget h Local government: county, New England town, township, and abeka.com

h Other advisory bodies municipal government

h Bureaucracy—executive branch: h Financing state and local government

h From patronage to a merit system h American citizen in action—making a difference:

h Growth of the bureaucracy h United States citizen:

h Organization of the bureaucracy: h Citizenship defined

h Executive departments h Citizenship by birth and naturalization

h Agencies h Citizen and his government: elected and appointed

h Government corporations h Political participation in America:

h Power of the bureaucracy: h Citizen and the military, voting process, political party, interest
group, public opinion, and news media
h Bureaucracy and the Constitution
h Other forms of political action
h Legacy of expanding bureaucracy
h Citizen and his character: importance of righteousness in the
h Reform of the bureaucracy: reorganization, reduction, and
preservation of the nation
removal
h Federal Courts—judicial branch: State and Local Government Study Outline
h Constitutional and legislative courts: nominating federal judges ƒ A research guide divided into five sections to help students better
and justices understand their state and local government:
h Judicial process: ƒ Section 1—My home state
h Civil and criminal cases ƒ State history
h Procedure in a trial court and an appeals court ƒ Voter requirements
h Supreme Court: ƒ Elections
h Judicial review: Marbury v. Madison ƒ State constitution overview
h Legal road to the Supreme Court ƒ Changing the state constitution
h Court in session ƒ Section 2—State executive officers
h Changing role of the Court: Earl Warren ƒ The governor’s office
h Bill of Rights and other amendments: ƒ Gubernatorial qualifications, elections, and terms
h Bill of Rights: ƒ Powers and duties of the governor
h Background of the Bill of Rights ƒ Lieutenant governor
h Our civil rights and responsibilities ƒ Secretary of state
h Original meaning of separation of church and state ƒ State attorney general
h Other amendments ƒ State treasurer
h Importance of various court cases ƒ State auditor
Our Federal Republic ƒ State comptroller
ƒ State superintendent of education
h American federalism:
ƒ Other state offices
h Federalism defined
h Founders’ choice

American Government cont. p. 195

194
 GRADE 12
h RED indicates first introduction of content.
HISTORY & GEOGRAPHY: American Government cont.
State and Local Government Study ƒ State court levels
Outline cont. ƒ The jury system
ƒ Section 3—State legislature ƒ Section 5—Local government
ƒ Overview ƒ County government
ƒ Terms and sessions ƒ New England town government
ƒ Apportionment ƒ Township government
ƒ Qualifications and elections ƒ Municipal government
ƒ Officers, organizations, and powers Prayer Time
ƒ Legislative committees ƒ Learn to pray for our nation and for government officials
ƒ The legislative process
ƒ Section 4—State courts

HISTORY & GEOGRAPHY: Economics (one semester)

The purpose of Economics: Work and Prosperity is to teach basic economic principles and to give students a
clear understanding of free-enterprise capitalism, individual moral responsibility, and the biblical work ethic
                 

Work & Prosperity

from a conservative Christian perspective. This course emphasizes God’s Word as the one standard for man’s
Work & Prosperity

thoughts and actions and encourages man’s dependence upon God rather than upon government. It stresses
THIRD
in Christian Perspective  EDITION

acceptance of moral responsibility and accountability to God and man. Finally, this course strengthens the link
®

between economic freedom and the political and individual freedoms Americans enjoy.
Russell Kirk

Added Enrichment Evaluation

´1NU!d¨
17465301

                      
ƒ Special feature boxes (25): ƒ Reading quizzes (18)
ECONOMICS ƒ Emphasize the importance of responsibility in economics ƒ Review quizzes (17)
WORK & PROSPERITY
in Christian Perspective ƒ Highlight people that have had positive and negative ƒ Current events (18; each counts as quiz grade)
Supplement
with Personal
Financial Literacy
influence on economics ƒ Research paper (1; counts as test grade)
ƒ Include illustrations of the success of capitalism, compari- ƒ Tests (4), 9-weeks exam (1)
son and contrasts of different economies, and relationships ƒ Final exam
                      
of economics and government ƒ Optional assessment to coordinate with
ƒ Supplement with personal financial literacy use of supplement
ƒ 56 applications expand on textbook topics
ƒ 8 optional project ideas to further enhance application of
topics
h RED indicates first introduction of content.

Everybody’s Economics h Supplement

h Why bother about economics? h Achieving national economic goals

h Building an economy: the Pilgrims at Plymouth h Renewable and nonrenewable resource development

h Economists and the language of economics h Wage and salary equity factors

h Everything has to be worked for

Laws of Supply & Demand
h Goods, wants, and needs
h Value of goods
h Goods for production and goods to use up
h Marginal utility and value
h What makes goods valuable?
h Basic laws of supply and demand

Economists & Economic Laws h Supply and demand in balance

h First principles of economics h Government and economic laws

h Early economic history h Supplement

h Adam Smith and The Wealth of Nations h Impulse buying

h Ways to prosperity h Establishing wages, market value, and productivity

h Supplement
Productive Market Economy
h Public policy decision-making model
h Market signals

Factors of Production h Contrasting economic systems

h Prosperity does not grow on trees h Profits and productivity

h Factors of natural resources, labor, capital, and h Supplement

entrepreneurship h Buying a new or used car

h Achieving economic prosperity h Four types of economies

h Production possibilities curve model: choice, scarcity, opportunity
h Economics benefits of a college education

Economics cont. p. 196

195
GRADE 12
h RED indicates first introduction of content.
HISTORY & GEOGRAPHY: Economics cont.
Good That Competition Does h Government agencies protections of U.S. banking system

h Healthy competition h Lenders protection on borrowers’ loans

h Perfect competition h Credit history

h Monopolies and monopolistic competition h Credit counseling for out-of-control debt

h Oligopolies h Bankruptcy types

h Competitive encouragement in the free market h Financing the purchase of a home

h Supplement h Stimulating the economy

h Pricing strategies
Government & the Economy
h Benefits from natural monopolies
h Purpose of government
h Comparing various market structures
h Government and macroeconomics
h Government’s role in protecting consumers from fraud
h Government’s potential danger to economics

Efficiency of Production h American government and the economy

h Source of efficiency h Supplement

h Total cost and efficiency h Dishonest investment schemes from the past

h Division of labor h How taxes are levied in the United States

h Scale of production h Taxes employees pay

h Absolute and comparative advantage h Federal spending and budget deficits and the national debt

h Geographic specialization and trade

Successes & Difficulties in the Market Economy
h Supplement
h Achievements of the market economy
h Marginal cost analysis
h Business cycles

Why Everybody Needs to Save h Inflation

h Fables in support of saving h Selfishness and envy

h Saving in Old Egypt and in modern countries h Supplement

h Rewards of saving h Technological advancements and economic growth

h Wise and foolish saving h Types of business organizations

h Many forms of saving h Effect of recessions on unemployment rate

h Savings in stocks, bonds, and mutual funds h Influence of inflation on world economics

h Compulsory saving h Effect of demand on salaries

h Supplement h Creating a budget

h Spending and saving balance h Personal responsibility in estate planning

h Effect of inflation on purchasing power

Promise & Performance in the Command
h Extended warrantees
Economy
h Insurance considerations
h Goals, tours, and permanent problems of a command economy
h Investment strategies that minimize risk
h Infiltration of socialism
h Government actions that encourage or discourage saving
h Effect of taxes on investment choices Look at the Global Economy
h Stock price changes h Growth of the global economy

h Investment information for specific companies h Global issues in perspective

h Factors that affect the value of financial assets h Supplement

h Risk tolerance in financial decision-making h Open-market flow diagram and the global economy

h Government transfer programs—workers’ compensation, social h International economics

security disability, unemployment insurance
Cheerful View of Our Economic Future
What Money Is Good For h Refuting the prophets of doom
h Three functions of money h Killing the goose that lays the golden eggs
h Metallic and paper money h Building the moral foundation of economics
h Money supply h Supplement
h The Treasury, Federal Reserve, and commercial banks h Charities and nonprofits donations
h Use and abuse of money h A moral foundation to economics
h Supplement
h Factors of borrowing money
Prayer Time
ƒ Learn to pray for our nation and for government officials
h Credit score protection
h Primary financial institutions of the United States
h Securities and Exchange Commission

196
 GRADE 12

SCIENCE: Physics
Physics: The Foundational Science describes the laws that govern the interactions between matter and energy. Clear
and thorough explanations penetrate the most perplexing questions. Whenever possible, the principles of physics are
illustrated by everyday experience and practical devices. Numerous illustrative problems are solved in detail.
This course will play an important role in showing students the harmony between scientific knowledge and Christian
belief. The premise of the book is that we live in a God-created world governed by laws discoverable by reverent scien-
tific inquiry. Issues of vital importance to Christians are handled in depth.
Physics: The Foundational Science adopts the traditional procedure of starting with solids, liquids, and gases—tangible
things familiar to students. By putting the study of matter first, this course offers a smooth transition between chemistry
and physics. An extended treatment of mechanics follows so that the student will be well prepared for further study in
physics and engineering. While taking a traditional approach, this text more than adequately covers the most recent
developments in physics for a broad range of topics: from particle physics to electronics and from lasers to relativity.
The emphasis throughout is upon solid advances in knowledge rather than upon theoretical speculation.

Added Enrichment Evaluation

ƒ Feature boxes include:
ƒ Information on physics in action in the everyday world (10)
ƒ Articles highlighting Christian physicists and their contributions (6)
ƒ Information about related physics topics (3)
ƒ Key symbols and abbreviations at the beginning of each chapter
ƒ Reading quizzes (23)
ƒ Review quizzes (42)
ƒ Science project includes background paper, investigation
plan, experimentation, follow-up paper, and oral presentation
(counts as 2 quiz grades and 2 test grades)

ƒ Key equations listed at the end of each chapter ƒ Tests (8), 9-weeks exam (2)
ƒ Laboratory exercises (20) ƒ Semester exam, final exam

h RED indicates first introduction of content.

Introduction to Physics ƒ Valence electrons

ƒ Nature of science: ƒ Elementary particles:
ƒ Branches of science, man’s dominion, God’s revelation ƒ Einstein’s equation, photons, mass gain, nuclear mass defect
h Classical and modern physics ƒ Subatomic particles
ƒ The Scientific Method: cogitation, observation, experimentation, h Elementary particles

scientific method, hypothesis, data ƒ Quarks

ƒ Measurement: h Hadrons, mesons, baryons, gluon

ƒ Units of measurement: h Leptons

h Fundamental and derived quantities ƒ Neutrino, positron, gamma radiation

ƒ Systems of units: h Pair production

ƒ FPS, MKS ƒ Particle reactions:

h CGS h Antiparticles, antimatter, annihilation, electron capture

ƒ Standards of measurement: ƒ Heavy atoms

ƒ Length, mass, time ƒ Radioactive decay, half-life
h Need for consistent standards h Reaction implications

ƒ Scientific notation
Liquid State
ƒ Measurement calculations: metric-metric conversions, calculations
ƒ Characteristics of a liquid:
with physical qualities, dimensional analysis
ƒ Surface tension
ƒ Significant digits:
ƒ Adhesion, cohesion
ƒ Determining, calculation rules, accuracy and precision
ƒ Capillarity:
h Tolerance, error of measurement, systematic and random errors
h Capillary tubes, meniscus
ƒ Mathematical techniques:
ƒ Hydrostatics:
ƒ Fractions, literal equations, proportions
ƒ Law of liquid pressure:
h Steps in working physics problems
ƒ Force, pressure
Matter h Defined, equation, Pascal’s vases, water head, lateral force
ƒ Nature of matter: h Pascal’s principle: transmission of liquid pressure, hydraulic device
ƒ Characteristics: h Archimedes’ principle: derivation, buoyant force
ƒ Inertia h Hydrodynamics:
ƒ Mass, weight, density, specific gravity h Principle of viscosity: poise
ƒ Pure substances and mixtures: h Principle of continuity:
ƒ Molecule, elemental molecule, compound, mixtures h Ideal liquids
ƒ Homogeneous, heterogeneous, solid, liquid, gas, plasma h Cavitation, laminar flow, eddy currents, volume flow rate
ƒ Composition of matter: h Bernoulli’s principle: velocity and pressure, lateral pressure
ƒ Atom, nucleus, proton, atomic number, neutron, mass number
ƒ Isotope, atomic mass, atomic mass units
ƒ Electron, ion, anion, cation, element, periods, groups
Physics cont. p. 198

197
GRADE 12
h RED indicates first introduction of content.
SCIENCE: Physics cont.
Gaseous State h Vector composition of skewed vectors:

ƒ Air pressure: h Parallelogram method: law of cosines, law of sines

ƒ Gases in the air, vacuum, atmospheric pressure h Vector resolution

h Gases compared to liquids: h Vector composition revisited: component method

h Archimedes’ principle, Bernoulli’s principle, airfoil ƒ Projectile motion:

ƒ Barometers: h Projectile motion and gravity, rate of fall, final velocity, trajectory

h Horror vacui, Pascal’s discovery h Effect of air resistance, critical velocity

ƒ Standard atmospheric pressure ƒ Escape velocity

h Gauge and absolute pressure
Forces in Nature
ƒ Aneroid barometer ƒ Newton’s three laws of motion:
ƒ Gas laws: ƒ Newton’s first law:
ƒ Boyle’s law, inverse proportion, Charles’s law ƒ Inertia, force
ƒ Absolute zero, absolute temperature, direct proportion h Friction
ƒ Combined gas law, Avogadro’s law, mole, Avogadro’s number ƒ Alternative formulations
ƒ Universal gas constant, ideal gas law ƒ Newton’s second law: determinants of force, units of force,
h Pneumatic devices: entrained, water and exhaust pumps, compres- meaning of mass, mass vs. weight
sors, siphon ƒ Newton’s third law: action-reaction
Solid State ƒ Friction—the cause, kinetic and static friction
ƒ Characteristics of solids: h Laws of kinetic friction, normal force:

ƒ Elasticity, plasticity ƒ Coefficients of friction: coefficients of kinetic and static friction

h Rigidity, resilience, elastic limit h Reducing friction: minimizing roughness, lubricating, rollers and
bearings
h Mechanical working, forging, rolling, malleability, drawing, ductility
ƒ Four fundamental forces: strong, electromagnetic, weak, and
h Moduli of deformation:
gravitational forces
h Hooke’s law: tensile force, restorative force
ƒ Gravity and gravitation—geocentric, heliocentric:
h Forces of deformation: stress, strain
ƒ Laws of planetary motion:
h Tensile stress:
ƒ Empirical, law of orbits
h Tension, Young’s modulus, proportional limit, elastic limit
h Mathematical description of law of areas
h Ultimate tensile strength, breaking point, brittle, compression
ƒ Aphelion, perihelion
h Shear stress and volume stress
h Quantitative treatment of law of periods

Introduction to Motion ƒ Universal gravitation:

h Kinematics: translational, rectilinear, and curvilinear motion h Kinematics, dynamics

ƒ Speed and velocity: ƒ Universal law of gravitation, Cavendish’s measurement of G

ƒ Rates of motion: h Earth’s gravitational field:

ƒ Velocity h Factors affecting g, static equilibrium, center of gravity

h Constant velocity, uniform, variable velocity, sign convention h Stable, unstable, and neutral equilibrium, instability

h Velocity equations: change in position over time, graph of dis- h Determining the CG, multiple suspensions, center of mass
placement vs. time, instantaneous velocity h Gravitational field, gravitational field strength
ƒ Acceleration:
h Types of acceleration: average, uniform, variable
Concurrent Forces
h Force as a vector:
ƒ Acceleration equations:
h Free-body diagram, principle of transmissibility, tension
h Graph of velocity vs. time, instantaneous acceleration, decelera-
tion h Center of gravity, friction, translational equilibrium, equilibrant

h Horizontal motion: final velocity, average velocity, displacement, h Force problems:

common equations h Friction, level surfaces, angled forces, inclined plane

ƒ Vertical motion: h Load-bearing structures

h Free-fall acceleration, effect of air resistance, terminal velocity

Circular & Periodic Motion
Vectors & Projectile Motion h Uniform circular motion:

ƒ Introduction to vectors: h Centripetal acceleration: rate of, centripetal force, centrifugal

ƒ Vector properties force, roadway and railway curves

h Parallel, antiparallel, collinear, perpendicular h Periodic motion:

h Skewed, vector diagram, concurrent vectors h Motion of a spring:

ƒ Resultant h Spring constant, equilibrium, oscillatory motion

ƒ Vector composition of collinear vectors h Period, amplitude, frequency, simple harmonic motion

ƒ Vector composition of perpendicular vectors: h Motion of a pendulum: laws of a pendulum, physical pendulum

h Parallelogram method h Resonance: natural frequency, resonance

ƒ Pythagorean method:
ƒ Magnitude
h Direction
Physics cont. p. 199

198
 GRADE 12
h RED indicates first introduction of content.
SCIENCE: Physics cont.
Work & Machines h Parallel forces:

ƒ Work: h Effects of parallel forces on rotating body

ƒ Scientific definition, work and force, basic work equation h Effects of static equilibrium: translational equilibrium, rotational
equilibrium
ƒ Units of work, scalar quantity
h Applied at an angle Heat
h Concurrent applied forces ƒ Thermometry:
h Negative work, net work, work and potential energy ƒ Thermal equilibrium
ƒ Power: watt, horsepower, defining work in terms of power ƒ Constructing a temperature scale:
h Simple machines: ƒ Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin scales
ƒ Lever: h Triple point, absolute scale
h Law of levers, fulcrum, load ƒ Converting among temperature scales
ƒ Input force, output force, input distance, output distance h Thermal expansion:
ƒ Input lever arm, output lever arm, input work, output work h Effects of heating a solid: linear, area, and volume expansion
ƒ Mechanical advantage, classes of levers h Liquid expansion
ƒ Inclined plane, wedge, and screw; pulley: block and tackle; wheel ƒ Heat exchange:
and axle h Caloric theory
ƒ Efficiency ƒ Units of heat
ƒ Law of heat exchange:
Energy & Momentum
ƒ Heat capacity
ƒ Energy:
ƒ Specific heat
ƒ Kinetic energy:
ƒ Phase changes: melting, freezing, exothermic, heat of vaporization,
h Kinetic energy equation, work and kinetic energy, relative
condensation, calorimeter, calorimetry
contributions of mass and velocity
ƒ Heat transfer:
ƒ Potential energy:
h Heat conduction, thermal conductor, thermal conductivity
h Gravitational, elastic force
h Thermal insulator, heat flow
h Conservative forces: nonconservative force, dissipative force
ƒ Conduction, convection, radiation
ƒ Conservation of energy:
h Mechanical energy Laws of Thermodynamics
h Law of conservation of mechanical energy ƒ First Law of Thermodynamics:
ƒ Law of conservation of energy ƒ Internal energy:
ƒ Momentum: ƒ System, surroundings
h Original formulation of Newton’s second law: h Closed system, open system, isolated system
h Two useful interpretations h Equilibrium, internal energy, thermal energy
ƒ Law of conservation of momentum ƒ Mechanical equivalent of heat
h Colliding objects: ƒ Thermodynamics
h Elastic and inelastic collisions, elastic one-dimensional collisions h Internal energy equation
h Completely inelastic one-dimensional collisions h Qualitative explanation of adiabatic processes, isothermal
h Impulse ƒ Ideal gas law:
h Reversible and irreversible processes
Rotary Motion: Angular, Circular & Rotary Motion ƒ Second Law of Thermodynamics:
h Angular velocity and angular acceleration:
ƒ Entropy:
h Arc length, rim speed, radians
h Quantitative definition
h Rotary motion:
ƒ Tendency to minimum energy and maximum entropy
h Angular displacement, angular velocity, and angular accelera-
h Other formulations of the second law
tion
h Cause of ordered complexity
h Basic equations for rotary motion, linear motion and angular
h Evolution and the second law of thermodynamics: evolution’s
motion
challenge to science
h Radian measure for circular motion
h Zeroth and Third Laws of Thermodynamics: thermal equilibrium
h Rotational inertia: experimental study of, equation for, I for various
bodies Waves
h Torque: ƒ Transverse waves:
h Law of torque: radius of a force ƒ Wave pulse, crest, trough
h Work, power, kinetic energy, and momentum: h Elastic medium
h Total kinetic energy of moving body ƒ Energy transport
h Conservation of energy in rotary motion ƒ Wave properties:
h Conservation of angular momentum h Simple harmonic motion, sinusoidal, periodic
h Flywheels ƒ Frequency, period, speed, wavelength, amplitude
h Angular momentum as a vector: h Wave classification:
h Right-hand rule h One-, two-, and three-dimensional waves
h Gyroscope h Interface, wavefront, ray; straight, spherical, and plane waves

Physics cont. p. 200

199
GRADE 12
h RED indicates first introduction of content.
SCIENCE: Physics cont.
Waves cont. ƒ Additive mixing, primary colors
ƒ Longitudinal waves: h Secondary and complementary colors

ƒ Compression pulse, rarefaction pulse, longitudinal waves ƒ Objects’ colors:

h Sinusoidal character of longitudinal waves ƒ Surface color
ƒ Water waves, sound waves h Transparent, translucent, opaque, color filters, hue, pure color,
brightness
ƒ Boundary effects:
ƒ Pigment mixing:
ƒ Reflection:
ƒ Subtractive mixing, subtractive primaries
ƒ Angle of incidence, angle of reflection, law of reflection, reflec-
tion of sound, sonar h Subtractive secondaries

ƒ Refraction: of sound waves Reflection of Light

ƒ Diffraction: of sound waves ƒ Laws of reflection:
ƒ Superposition: h Absorbed, scattered, transmitted, reflected, reflectance, specular
h Composite wave trains and diffuse reflection
ƒ Constructive and destructive interference ƒ First law of reflection
h Standing wave train, standing wave: h Second law of reflection
h Node, antinode, loop, envelope of oscillation h Mirror images:

Sound h Plane mirrors: virtual and real images, right-angled mirror, double

ƒ Nature of sound: mirror

h Graphical representation of sound waves: h Concave mirrors:

h Displacement and pressure wave trains h Spherical mirrors, concave, convex

ƒ Speed of sound: h Vertex, center of curvature, principal axis

h Hardness h Secondary axis, radius of curvature, aperture, point source

ƒ Density, temperature, effect of air temperature h Focal point, focal length, focal plane, ray diagram

ƒ Doppler effect: h Principal rays: central, parallel, and focal rays; real and virtual image

h General Doppler equation h Convex mirrors: spherical aberration

ƒ Sonic booms, supersonic speed, shock wave h Parabolic mirrors

ƒ Characteristics of sound: h Mirror equation:

ƒ Intensity: h Establishing the mirror equation: geometric relationships,

important sign conventions
h Threshold of hearing, quantitative treatment, amplifying
h Lateral magnification: comparing heights, important references
ƒ Loudness:
h Nonlinear receiver, relative intensity, quantitative treatment Refraction of Light
ƒ Decibel ƒ Laws of refraction:
ƒ Pitch: h Optical density
h Sonic spectrum, mean free path, audio spectrum ƒ Refraction
ƒ Infrasonic and ultrasonic waves h Refractive index, refractometer
h Cavitation h First law of refraction: angle of incidence, angle of refraction
h Ear’s nonlinear response to frequency h Second law of refraction: principle of reversibility

Nature of Light ƒ Refraction effects: mirage

ƒ Early light theories: h Total internal reflection: critical angle

h Ancient contributions, camera obscura, rectilinear propagation ƒ Lenses:

ƒ Huygens’ theory ƒ Convex and concave lenses
ƒ Newton’s theory: h Planar lenses, sign convention, focal length of lens

h Corpuscles h Converging lenses:

h Young’s demonstration, Herschel’s discovery h Principal axis, principal focal point, optical center, focal length

ƒ Infrared rays h Secondary focal point, converging images, ray diagrams

ƒ Maxwell’s theory, electromagnetic waves, photons, wave-particle h Optical plane; parallel, central, and focal rays
duality h Diverging lenses
ƒ Electromagnetic spectrum: h Lensmaker equation
ƒ Nature of an electromagnetic wave: range of wavelengths, elec- h Thin lens equation:
tromagnetic spectrum, Planck’s constant h Lateral magnification: lens combinations, corrective lenses
ƒ Regions within the electromagnetic spectrum: visible light, infra- h Myopia, hyperopia, power of a lens
red, ultraviolet
ƒ Color: Wave Optics
ƒ Spectrum of visible light: ƒ Interference:
ƒ ROY G. BV h In phase, out of phase, antinode, node

h Solar spectrum h Newton’s rings: fringes, cause of, optically flat

ƒ Monochromatic, composite light ƒ Interference fringes in soap film:

ƒ Light mixing:

Physics cont. p. 201

200
 GRADE 12
h RED indicates first introduction of content.
SCIENCE: Physics cont.
Wave Optics cont. h Magnetic induction

h Monochromatic and color fringes ƒ Permeability

ƒ Iridescence ƒ Magnetic moment:
ƒ Diffraction: ƒ Spin magnet, orbital magnets, domain theory
ƒ Obstacle diffraction: umbra, penumbra h Saturation

ƒ Single-slit diffraction: diffraction fringes, antinode, node, fringe ƒ Diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic
formation ƒ Electromagnets:
h Multiple-slit diffraction: double slits, coherent light, triple slits, h Conventional current
zeroth-order maximum, first-order maximum, second-order ƒ Oersted’s discovery
maximum h Ampere’s right-hand rule
ƒ Diffraction gratings: ƒ Solenoid
h Diffraction angle, grating constant, reflection grating, transmis- h Magnetic force: two loops or two solenoids, two parallel conductors,
sion grating, phase gratings ampere, coulomb, force of a straight conductor
ƒ Dispersion: h Defining magnetic induction:
ƒ Dispersion of white light: h Direction of magnetic force: three-finger rules
ƒ By a prism h Force on a moving charge
h By diffracting grating h Magnetic flux: flux density
h Chromatic aberration
ƒ Rainbows: Current Generation
ƒ Formation, primary bow, secondary bow ƒ Electromagnetic induction:
h Supernumerary bows, miniature bows, lunar bow
ƒ Current in a moving conducting loop:
h Right-handed three-finger rule, magnetic flux
ƒ Polarization: unpolarized, polarized, by selective absorption, by
reflection ƒ Electromagnetic induction
h Scattering, structural colors h Different motions in a magnetic field
ƒ Galvanometer
Electrostatics ƒ Discovery of electromagnetic induction:
ƒ Charge: h Law of induction
ƒ Static electricity: discharge, law of electric charges, neutralized h Lenz’s law: direction of current
ƒ Charge carriers: ƒ Electric generators:
ƒ Anion, cation ƒ Simple AC generators: armature, slip rings, brushes, alternating
ƒ Current in gases, liquids, and solids current, AC frequency
ƒ Conductors, delocalized electrons, insulators, semiconductors ƒ Simple DC generators: direct current, commutator
ƒ Transfer of charge: conduction, induction, grounded, electroscope h Complex generators: rotor, stator, prime mover, three-phase current
ƒ Coulomb’s law: ƒ Motors:
ƒ Law of electric force, coulomb h Motor effect: electric motor, torque, torque arm, two-pole motor
h Microcoulombs, permittivity h Energy losses: hysteresis, eddy currents
h Comparing gravitation and electric force, charge conservation ƒ Electrochemical cells:
ƒ Electric fields: ƒ Current production: electrodes, electrolyte, salt bridge, load,
h Electric field strength: first formulation, second formulation anode, cathode, electromotive force
ƒ Electric field maps: ƒ Batteries: cells in series and in parallel
ƒ Lines of force ƒ Thermoelectricity:
ƒ Uniform field h Seebeck effect: thermocouple, Seebeck voltage and effect
h Electric potential: h Peltier effect
h Electric potential energy vs. electric potential ƒ Piezoelectricity:
h Potential difference h Piezoelectric effect and devices
h Potential gradient: GPE, EPE
h Distribution of free electrons: corona discharge, equipotential
Electric Circuits
surface, equipotential lines ƒ Resistance:
ƒ Defining resistance
Magnetism h Resistance in a conductor
ƒ Magnetic materials: h Ohmic, nonohmic, resistivity
ƒ Dipolarity: magnetite, lodestone, north pole, south pole, dipolar, ƒ Rheostat
monopoles, law of magnetic poles h Nichrome
ƒ Making magnets: ƒ Insulators, semiconductor, conductor, superconductivity
ƒ Magnetization, contact, induction, demagnetization, keeper, ƒ Ohm’s Law:
temporary vs. permanent magnets
ƒ Elements of a circuit: current source, conventional current
h Permalloy, alnico
ƒ Circuits with a single resistance: Ohm’s law
ƒ Coulomb’s law of magnetic force
ƒ IR drop: voltage, energy transactions
ƒ Magnetic fields:
h Quantitative treatment of equivalent resistance:
ƒ Mapping a magnetic field, lines of flux
h Series and parallel resistors

Physics cont. p. 202

201
 GRADE 12
h RED indicates first introduction of content.
SCIENCE: Physics cont.
Electric Circuits cont. ƒ Incandescence
h Rules for resistances in series h Radiancy

h Equivalent parallel resistance, rules for resistance in parallel h Stefan-Boltzmann law, Wien’s law

ƒ Complex circuits: ƒ Quanta: Planck, quantum theory

ƒ Networks ƒ Photons:
ƒ Circuit resistance and current: ƒ Photoelectric effect:
ƒ Open circuit h Photoelectrons, work function

h Open-circuit voltage h Saturation potential, stopping potential

ƒ Closed circuit h Threshold frequency, Eistein’s hypothesis, Compton effect

h Closed-circuit voltage ƒ Matter waves:

ƒ Short circuit h Momentum of light

h Measuring electricity: multimeter, galvanometer, ammeter, ƒ De Broglie’s equation, matter waves

voltmeter, ohmmeter h Wave-particle duality, complementarity

h Kirchhoff’s Laws: first law, junctions, principle of charge conservation, ƒ Quantum numbers:
second law ƒ Pauli exclusion principle, orbital
Electrical Devices ƒ Principal, subshell, magnetic, and spin quantum numbers
h Angular momentum
ƒ Electrical work:
ƒ Work and heat: ƒ Spectral lines:
h Calculation of joule heat
ƒ Line emission spectra:
ƒ Work and power: ƒ Line absorption spectrum, emission spectra and classical theory,
quantized, ground and excited states
h Three equations for electric power
h Quantitative relationships between wavelength, energy, and
ƒ Energy consumption
quantum numbers
ƒ Effective values of current and voltage: house current, in phase
ƒ Wave mechanics:
ƒ Capacitor:
h Wave mechanical model, wave function
h Calculating capacitance: farad, dielectric, dielectric constant,
permittivity of free space, dielectric strength ƒ Uncertainty principle:
h Mathematical formulation, philosophical implications
h Capacitor combinations: parallel and series capacitors
h Inductance: single loop, self-induced emf, coil, self-inductance, Relativity
inductor, mutual inductance ƒ Speed of light:
h Inductor combinations: series and parallel inductors, series-aiding h Galileo’s, Rømer’s, and Michelson’s methods; ether, interferometer
and series-opposing combinations ƒ Theories of relativity:
ƒ Transformers:
h Physical absolutes, relativism:
h Transformer equation
ƒ Special relativity:
ƒ Step-up and step-down transformers
ƒ Five applications, rest mass, time dilation, length contraction
h Efficiency
h Quantitative aspects
Advanced Physics Concepts ƒ General relativity: its effects, conclusion
ƒ Quantum theory:
ƒ Blackbody radiation:

BIBLE: Genesis—(one semester)

Genesis—First Things introduces the student to the fascinating record of God’s Evaluation
Creation and the beginning of Israel, His chosen nation. Relevant topics such as mar- ƒ Verses:
riage, government, and the sanctity of life are addressed from a Christian perspec-
ƒ Verse quizzes (14)
tive through the stories of Genesis. This course imparts practical application and
ƒ 9-weeks verses exam (1)
proposes many thought-provoking questions that encourage a student to think
biblically and develop a Christian worldview. Memory passages have been selected ƒ Final verses exam (1)
to correlate with the topics discussed and help the student become grounded in the ƒ Content:
ƒ Content quizzes (6)
´1OB!-¨
Word of God.
17473401

ƒ 9-weeks content exam (1)

h RED indicates first introduction of content. ƒ Final content exam (1)

Lessons 69 ƒ Beginning of marriage and family:

h About Genesis: ƒ Perfect marriage
h The inspiration of the sacred Scriptures ƒ Adam’s Fall
h The Bible and scientific discoveries ƒ Cain, Abel, and Seth
ƒ Creation and the nature of man: h Earth’s great catastrophe and its effect on man:

ƒ Man is the crown jewel of creation ƒ Noah prepares the ark

h Man’s practice of paganism h After the Flood:

ƒ Man’s dominion of the earth h Atmospheric changes

Genesis cont. p. 203

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h RED indicates first introduction of content.
BIBLE: Genesis—First Semester cont.
h Civil government mandate Music 40 songs
ƒ Nations begin to form: ƒ Hymns of the faith, holiday songs
ƒ Tower of Babel
h Origin of nations
Memory Work
ƒ Passages (14 containing 47 verses)
ƒ Beginning of Israel: journeys of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Joseph
Prayer Time
ƒ Learn to pray for each other, our nation, those in authority over us

BIBLE: Book of the Revelation—(one semester)

Using the seven churches of Asia Minor as an outline of church history, Book of the Revela- Evaluation
tion chronicles the life of the church from the apostolic church of the first century to the ƒ Verses:
Laodicean church of the twentieth century. The text focuses particularly on godly men
ƒ Verse quizzes (13)
and women who allowed themselves to be used by God. This gives students a greater
ƒ 9-weeks verses exam (1)
appreciation for their Christian heritage and provides them with good role models such as
John Wycliffe, George Whitefield, David Livingstone, Fanny Crosby, and Billy Sunday. Book ƒ Final verses exam (1)
of the Revelation continues with a look at the future events revealed to John on the isle ƒ Content:
of Patmos. The prophecies of Revelation are clearly explained to help students develop a ƒ Content quizzes (15)
greater desire for the Lord’s return and to encourage them to watch and be ready. ƒ Test (1)
ƒ Final content exam (1)
h RED indicates first introduction of content.

Lessons 69 h Things to come:

h Church history: h Rapture of the Church:

h Ephesus: seven periods of church history h Why we believe the Rapture occurs before the Tribulation

h Smyrna: some famous martyrs h Throne of God and Six Seal Judgments:

h Pergamos: h The First Parenthesis: 144,000 Jewish Evangelists

h Emperor Constantine h Seventh Seal is opened:

h Arian and Augustine and the Pelagian controversies h Six Trumpet Judgments

h Doctrine of Balaam weakens the believers h The Second Parenthesis:

h Doctrine of the Nicolaitans gets a stronghold h Mighty angel

h The spread of the Gospel to Africa and Ireland h Bitter-sweet book

h Thyatira: h Measuring rod

h Rise of the Papacy h Two faithful witnesses

h Doctrines of men h Third Parenthesis:

h Long line of popes h Antichrist and False Prophets:

h Reactions and divisions: h Great Dragon persecutes Israel

h Mohammed and Islam h Winepress of God’s Wrath

h Eastern Catholics break with the Roman Church h 7th Trumpet:

h Sardis: h Seven last plagues

h The English Reformation h The Great Day of the Lord’s Wrath

h State churches and denominations h Babylon and its fall

h Separatists and pilgrims h Second Coming of Christ: to judge and make war

h Philadelphia: h Christ’s Millennial Reign and Satan’s Doom:

h Pietists and Moravians h Resurrection of the saved and the lost

h Great Awakening circuit riding preachers and camp meetings h Great White Throne Judgment

h America’s Second Great Awakening h The New Jerusalem

h Victorian Era
Music 42 songs
h Heroes of the faith in the 1800s
ƒ Hymns of the faith, choruses
h Satan’s response to the Philadelphia Church:
h The rise of false philosophies and cults Memory Work
h How we should respond when encountering a cult ƒ Passages (19 containing 53 verses)
h Laodicea:
Prayer Time
h Revival fires in the first half of the 20th Century: Satan counter-
ƒ Learn to pray for each other, our nation, those in authority over us
moves with Neo-orthodoxy
h The Laodicean Church in the last half of the 20th Century:
h History of New Evangelicalism
h Social revolution in the 1960s and ’70s
h Progressive Education and Materialism impact the Laodicean
Church
203