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Abstract
This paper describes the basic principles and experimental results of a digital control method for
switching power converter operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM). The method is especially
suitable for boost converter in power factor correction applications. In contrast to other well known
approaches, the new method requires very low hardware and CPU resources and is thus well suited
for low-cost 8 bit microcontroller. With that it becomes realistic that a microcontroller which is already
available in most systems today becomes powerful enough to control an active PFC circuit or a
switched mode power supply virtually in a sideline.
Keywords: Power factor correction, digital control, current mode, continuous conduction mode
PWM
from Atmel or the drive controller SAF C868 -
e.g.
from Infineon. C1 Vc Vcp TPS2818
R4 R2
MIC4417
IL Rs
When the µC provides a control voltage VC then According to fig. 3 and eq. (2) the choke current
the boost switch T is turned-on. The current IL directly follows the control voltage VC. At this the
will increase with a slew rate which is only deter- switching frequency is only a function of input
mined by the actual input voltage and the boost voltage, output voltage, choke inductance and
choke inductance L according to comparator hysteresis, and is not restricted by
dI L (t ) Vin (t ) the performance of the microcontroller.
= (1)
dt L As long as the switching frequency is much
higher than the line frequency the input voltage
until the turn-off threshold current can be considered constant within a switching
R4 period in first approximation. Under this assump-
I L , off (t ) = VC (t ) (2) tion the switching frequency is given by
RS R3
1 Vin (t )
is reached. During the off-state of T the current f sw (t ) = (Vout − Vin (t )) . (5)
IL decreases according to L ∆I L Vout
Since the input voltage changes within a line half verter. The input voltage is then multiplied by the
period, the switching frequency becomes time- output of a PI controller and converted back to
dependent. Under the assumption of a bridge an analog signal by means of a PWM modulator
rectified ideally sinusoidal input voltage, the fre- connected to a simple RC low-pass filter (s. fig.
quency characteristics according to eq. (5) is 5). Input for the PI controller is the deviation bet-
shown in fig. 4. In reality, the switching fre- ween the actual output voltage and the set
quency does not decrease to zero at the line value. The output voltage of the boost converter
voltage zero-crossings. In this range one has to is kept constant this way whereas the line
consider that the approximation which equation current precisely follows the line voltage shape.
(5) is based on, is no longer fulfilled. With the This results in a pure resistive behaviour at the
same parameters as used for fig. 4, experi- line connector.
mental measurements resulted in a minimum
In contrast to some other digital PFC control
switching frequency of about 30kHz. The dotted
methods, the control loop operation is not de-
line in fig. 4 is valid for a non-negligible signal
pendent on a precise line synchronization which
delay between the shunt resistor and the swit-
makes the proposed solution quite insensitive to
ching transistor, e.g. due to the delay time of the
line noise.
comparator, the gate driver, etc.
The special course of the switching frequency
over a line period, which is a result of the new µC
control method, is especially advantageous for Vout,set VC(t)
PWM
two reasons:
1. The switching losses in the power switch (T) V out,act Vin(t)
are reduced, because the switching fre-
quency is lowered in a phase with high line Fig. 5: The voltage control loop is easy to implement
voltage and high line current. in most low-cost microcontroller.
2. The EMI level is reduced because of the in-
herent jitter (modulation) of the switching fre-
quency. This is particularly beneficial for an
average noise detection mode. The benefit 3. Practical implementation
increases with the order of the switching fre-
quency harmonics. The experimental investigations have been car-
ried out using a low-cost 500W drive inverter
board with active power factor correction (s. fig.
100 6). The on-board processor was a SAF C868
switching frequency [kHz]
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
time [msec]