Abstract

1. Military Radar
2. Touch scrren sensor
3. Border security using wireless
integrated network sensor

Submitted By: Submitted to:

Anupam shekhawat S.SARABJEET SINGH
ECE-B,8th sem (LECTURER,ECE)
Roll No.17 gvset.
 Topic:- A Basic Touch-Sensor Screen System
The touch-sensor technology is about using our fingers or some other pointer, to
view and manipulate information on a screen. On a conventional system, with
every mouse click, the operating system registers a mouse event. With a touch-
screen system, every time your finger touches the screen, a touch event is
registered.The touch-sensor is a clear panel, which when touched, registers a
voltage change that is sent to the controller. The controller processes this signal
and passes the touch event data to the PC through a bus interface. The software
driver takes this data and translates the touch events into mouse events
A touch-screen sensor any of the following five mechanics:
resistance, capacitance, acoustics, optics and mechanical force.
1. Resistance-based sensors.
A resistant sensor uses a thin, flexible membrane separated from
a glass or plastic substance by insulating spacers. Both layers are
coated with ITO (Indium-tin-oxide). These metallic coatings meet
when a finger or stylus presses against the screen, thus closing
an electric circuit.

2. Capacitance-based sensors.
Here voltage is applied to the corners of the screen with
electrodes spread uniformly across the field. When a finger
touches the screen, it draws current from each current
proportionately. The frequency changes are measured to
determine the X and Y coordinates of the touch event.

3. Acoustic sensors.
These sensors detect a touch event when a finger touches the screen resulting in
absorption of sound energy. Bursts of high frequency (5-MHz) acoustic energy are
launched from the edges of the screen. Arrays of reflection at the edges divert the
acoustic energy across the screen and redirect the energy to the sensors. Because
the speed of sound in glass is constant the energy arrival time identifies its path. A
touch causes a dip in the received energy waveform for both axes. The timing of
dips indicates the X and Y touch point coordinates.
 Topic:- Border Security using Wireless Integrated Network
Sensors

Wireless Integrated Network Sensors (WINS) now provide a new monitoring and
control capability for monitoring the borders of the country. Using this concept we
can easily identify a stranger or some terrorists entering the border. The border
area is divided into number of nodes. Each node is in contact with each other and
with the main node. The noise produced by the foot-steps of the stranger are
collected using the sensor. This sensed signal is then converted into power spectral
density and the compared with reference value of our convenience. Accordingly
the compared value is processed using a microprocessor, which sends appropriate
signals to the main node. Thus the stranger is identified at the main node. A series
of interface, signal processing, and communication systems have been
implemented in micro power CMOS circuits. A micro power spectrum analyzer
has been developed to enable low power operation of the entire WINS system.

Thus WINS require a Microwatt of power. But it is very cheaper when compared
to other security systems such as RADAR under use. It is even used for short
distance communication less than 1 Km. It produces a less amount of delay. Hence
it is reasonably faster. On a global scale, WINS will permit monitoring of land,
water, and air resources for environmental monitoring. On a national scale,
transportation systems, and borders will be monitored for efficiency, safety, and
security.
 SYNOPSIS ON :- MILITARY RADAR
INTRODUCTION:-
RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) is basically a means of gathering information about
distant objects by transmitting electromagnetic waves at them and analyzing the
echoes. Radar has been employed on the ground, in air, on the sea and in space.
Radar finds a number of applications such as in airport traffic control, military
purposes, coastal navigation, meteorology and mapping etc.

The development of the radar technology took place during the World War II in
which it was used for detecting the approaching aircraft and then later for many
other purposes which finally led to the development of advanced military radars
being used these days. Military radars have a highly specialized design to be highly
mobile and easily transportable, by air as well as ground.

Milit
ary radar should be an early warning, altering along with weapon control functions.
It is specially designed to be highly mobile and should be such that it can be
deployed within minutes.Military radar minimizes mutual interference of tasks of
both air defenders and friendly air space users. This will result in an increased
effectiveness of the combined combat operations. The command and control
capabilities of the radar in combination with an effective ground based air defence
provide maximum operational effectiveness with a safe, efficient and flexible use
of the air space. The increased operational effectiveness is obtained by combining
the advantages of centralized air defence management with decentralized air
defence control.

ADVANCED FEATURES AND BENEFITS

Typical military radar has the following advanced features and benefits: -

¢ All-weather day and night capability.

¢ Multiple target handling and engagement capability.
¢ Short and fast reaction time between target detection and ready to fire moment.
¢ Easy to operate and hence low manning requirements and stress reduction under
severe conditions.
¢ Highly mobile system, to be used in all kind of terrain
¢ Flexible weapon integration, and unlimited number of single air defence
weapons can be provided with target data.
¢ High resolution, which gives excellent target discrimination and accurate
tracking.
Name: Gaurav Sharma(E&C)
 Abstract

1. Data compression technique

2. Bluetooth based smart sensor
networks
3. Optical fiber communication.

Submitted By: Submitted to:

Nikhlesh Garg S.SARABJEET SINGH
ECE-B,8th sem (LECTURER,ECE)
Roll No.55 SKIT.
 Topic:- optical fiber communication
Optical fiber refers to the medium and the technology associated with the
transmission of information as light pulses along a glass or plastic wire or fiber.
Optical fiber carries much more information than conventional copper wire and is
in general not subject to electromagnetic interference and the need to retransmit
signals. Most telephone company long-distance lines are now of optical fiber.
Transmission on optical fiber wire requires repeaters at distance intervals. The
glass fiber requires more protection within an outer cable than copper. For these
reasons and because the installation of any new wiring is labor-intensive, few
communities yet have optical fiber wires or cables from the phone company's
branch office to local customers (known as local loops).

Optical fiber consists of a core, cladding, and a protective outer coating, which
guide light along the core by total internal reflection. The core, and the higher-
refractive-index cladding, are typically made of high-quality silica glass, though
they can both be made of plastic as well.

Two main categories of optical fiber used in fiber optic communications are multi-
mode optical fiber and single-mode optical fiber. Multimode fiber has a larger core
allowing less precise, cheaper transmitters and receivers to connect to it as well as
cheaper connectors

NEEDS OF OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION:~

Fiber optics technology is based on small transparent, usually glass, fibers that
are wire thin and able to transfer data via beams of light. One of the great
advancements of the modern era, fiber optics gain a great advantage in speed
compared to traditional wiring when transferring complex data like images. There
is an entire branch of engineering devoted to the study and development of fiber
optics. Telecommunications and networking can rely on fiber optics, the
advantages being low data loss over long distances, and a high capacity
transmission. In addition to the aforementioned benefits, fiber optics cables have
high electrical resistance, are not affected by electromagnetic fields, secure, and
low weight. Even so, short distance communications normally rely on electrical
copper wiring due to its much lower cost, ease of use, and ability to carry a current.
Other uses of fiber optics include medical imaging and as sensory tools.

Topic:- Data Compression Techniques

Data compression is the process of converting an input data stream or the source
stream or the original raw data into another data stream that has a smaller size. data
compression is popular because of two reasons

1) People like to accumulate data and hate to throw anything away. No matter
however large a storage device may be, sooner or later it is going to
overflow. Data compression seems useful because it delays this inevitability

2) People hate to wait a long time for data transfer. There are many known
methods of data compression. They are based on the different ideas and are
suitable for different types of data.

The main aim of the field of data compression is of course to develop methods for
better and better compression. Experience shows that fine tuning an algorithm to
squeeze out the last remaining bits of redundancy from the data gives diminishing
returns. Data compression has become so important that some researches have
proposed the "simplicity and power theory". Specifically it says, data compression
may be interpreted as a process of removing unnecessary complexity in
information and thus maximizing the simplicity while preserving as much as
possible of its non redundant descriptive power.

Basic Types Of Data Compression

There are two basic types of data compression.

1. Lossy compression
2. Lossless compression
 Topic:- Bluetooth Based Smart Sensor Networks
The communications capability of devices and continuous transparent information
routes are indispensable components of future oriented automation concepts.
Communication is increasing rapidly in industrial environment even at field
level.In any industry the process can be realized

Wireless sensor networks - networks of small devices equipped with sensors,

microprocessor and wireless communication interfaces.In 1994, Ericsson Mobile
communications, the global telecommunication company based in Sweden,
initiated a study to investigate, the feasibility of a low power, low cost ratio
interface, and to find a way to eliminate cables between devices. Finally, the
engineers at the Ericsson named the new wireless technology as "Blue
tooth"throug

BLUE TOOTH
Blue tooth operates in the unlicensed ISM band at 2.4 GHZ frequency band and
use frequency hopping spread spectrum technique. A typical Blue tooth device has
a range of about 10 meters and can be extended to 100meters. Communication
channels supports total bandwidth of 1 Mb / sec. A single connection supports a
maximum asymmetric data transfer rate of 721 KBPS maximum of three channels.

BLUE TOOTH - NETWORKS

In bluetooth, a Piconet is a collection of up to 8 devices that frequency hop
together. Each Piconet has one master usually a device that initiated establishment
of the Piconet, and up to 7 slave devices. Master's Blue tooth address is used for
definition of the frequency hopping sequence. Slave devices use the master's clock
 Abstract

1. DTH
2. CRT
3. Night vision technology

Submitted By: Submitted to:

Nikhil Jain S.SARABJEET SINGH
ECE-B,8th sem (LECTURER,ECE)
Roll No.54 SKIT.
 Topic:- Direct to home television (DTH)
Direct to home (DTH) television is a wireless system for delivering television
programs directly to the viewer's house. In DTH television, the broadcast signals
are transmitted from satellites orbiting the Earth to the viewer's house. Each
satellite is located approximately 35,700 km above the Earth in geosynchronous
orbit. These satellites receive the signals from the broadcast stations located on
Earth and rebroadcast them to the Earth.

The viewer's dish picks up the signal from the satellite and passes it on to the
receiver located inside the viewer's house. The receiver processes the signal and
passes it on to the television.The DTH provides more than 200 television channels
with excellent quality of reception along with teleshopping, fax and internet
facilities. DTH television is used in millions of homes across United States, Europe
and South East Asia. Direct to home television is a wireless system for delivering
television programming directly to a viewer's house. Usually broadcasting stations
use a powerful antenna to transmit radio waves to the surrounding area. Viewer's
can pickup the signal with a much smaller antenna. The main limitation of
broadcast television is range. The radio signal used to broadcast television shoot
out from the broadcast antenna in a straight line. Inorder to receive these signals,
you have to be in the direct "line of sight" of the antenna

DTH Television solves both these problems by transmitting broadcast signals from
satellites orbiting the Earth. Since satellites are high in the sky there are a lot more
customers in the line of sight. Satellites television systems transmit and receive
radio signals using specialized antennas called satellite dishes.
The television satellites are all in geosynchronous orbit approximately 35,700 km
above the Earth. In this way you have to direct the dish at the satellite only once,
and from then on it picks up the signal without adjustment.
More than 200 channels with excellent audio and video are made available. The
dish required is quite small (30 to 95 cm in diameter)
 Topic:- CRT
CRT stands for cathode ray tube, the common picture tube used in TV sets for
decades and still the most common display type today. Newer display types like
Plasma and LCD work differently and aren't as large or heavy as the CRT, but the
picture isn't necessarily any better.

CRT produces its pictures from a ray of electrons emanating from a cathode in the
neck of a picture tube. The ray strikes the inner face of the picture tube, which is
coated with lines of phosphor that light up when struck by the electron beam. The
scan line offers resolution greater than most LCD, plasma or DLP displays. For a
fixed pixel display to equal a CRT running 1080i, a resolution of 1920x1080
would be required. Only the most expensive LCD or plasma displays can reach this
resolution.

Advantages of CRT
1.Over 50 years of engineering experience in CRT.
2.CRT TV sets are reliable and have a long life.
3.CRT rear-projection HDTVs are the least expensive large-screen TV.
4.1080i is equal to a fixed pixel resolution of 1920x1080.
5.Direct-view CRT is still the all-around best picture of all display types.
6.CRT TV is inexpensive and better than ever before.

Disadvantages of CRT
1.CRT's are the biggest and heaviest of all TV types.
2.Direct-view picture tubes have a size limitation about 36".
3.CRTs use more energy and generate more heat than DLP or LCD.
4.Rear-projection TVs have limited brightness when viewing at an angle.
 Topic:- Night Vision Technology
Night vision is a spy or action movie you've seen, in which someone straps on a
pair of night-vision goggles to find someone else in a dark building on a moonless
night. With the proper night-vision equipment, you can see a person standing over
200 yards (183 m) away on a moonless, cloudy night. Night vision can work in two
very different ways, depending on the technology used.

" Image enhancement - This works by collecting the tiny amounts of light,
including the lower portion of the infrared light spectrum, that are present but may
be imperceptible to our eyes, and amplifying it to the point that we can easily
observe the image.
" Thermal imaging - This technology operates by capturing the upper portion of
the infrared light spectrum, which is emitted as heat by objects instead of simply
reflected as light. Hotter objects, such as warm bodies, emit more of this light than
cooler objects like trees or buildings.

This technology takes the small amount of light that's in the surrounding area (such
as moonlight or starlight), and converts the light energy (scientists call it photons)
into electrical energy (electrons).
These electrons pass through a thin disk that's about the size of a quarter and
contains more than 10 million channels. As the electrons go through the channels,
they strike the channel walls and thousands more electrons are released. These
multiplied electrons then bounce off of a phosphor screen which converts the
electrons back into photons and lets you see an impressive nighttime view even
when it's really dark.In night vision, thermal imaging takes advantage of this
infrared emission