CONTEMPORARY PHILIPPINE ARTS and black men taught black women that our bodies

ART  aren’t our own. In response, many black women

 Expression and application of human skills and turned inward, and used specific tactics to ensure
imagination.  survival. Walker sees art as a means of reclaiming
MAJOR CATEGORIES OF ART our bodies. She is attempting to use art to force
1. VISUAL ARTS / FINE ARTS  people to view black women as whole beings. If
 Aesthetic beauty of an artwork. sugar is connected to both desire and capital, she is
2. APPLIED ARTS  saying that black women are entitled to both. We can
 Functionality, used in everyday life. be sexy without being hypersexualized. We can be
bold in our sexuality. We can be fierce. We are

entitled to our bodies. 
CONTEMPORARY vs  MODERN ARTS   
ARTS  5. DEFENSE OF A FILIPINA WOMAN’S
1970s-present  TIMELI 1900s-1960s  HONOR 
NE   Fernando Amorsolo.
Living  ARTIST  Deceased   It can be seen in the painting that the
Does not follow any STYLE  Traditional Art man is holding an ‘itak’ or bolo trying
rules  Style  to defend a woman, almost no clothes
Societal Issues  THEM Expressions  on, from being abused by a Japanese
E  soldier fromWW2.
ARTWORKS
1. SABEL IN BLUE  6. BULUL
 Benedicto Cabrera.  Rice god of cordillera community.
 Dislocation in society.  Site specific.
                         

    
2. MONA LISA 
 Leonardo da Vinci.
Characteristics of Contemporary Art
 Self-portrait depicting social status.
1. SITE SPECIFIC
 Based on place.
2. INTERACTIVE
 Relationship of artwork and audience. 
3. SPOLIARIUM   Ex: 3d art gallery.
 Juan Luna. 3. ORIGINALITY 
 Dying gladiators during roman empire are in the  Parody.
basement. 4. INTEGRATED
 Talks about human rights.   2 or more art forms. 
  5. CAN BE SOLD ONLINE 
 Through social media.
6. PROCESS-BASED 
 Have no idea what the subject will be.
7. SELF-TAUGHT 
 Based on experience.
 Ex: Genesis painted by Hernando Ocampo
HOW TO UNDERSTAND AN ARTWORK
8. COLLABORATIVE
1. What do I see? 
 Help from another artist.
2. What are the materials? 
3. What I feel?  ARTS AND ITS VISUAL ELEMENTS 
4. SUGAR SPHINX 
 Kara 1. LINE 
Walker.  Elongation of points.
 Position
of a sphinx form: We
understand black
women's desire and
pleasure in relation to the
oppression we’ve endured for centuries.
 Ex: Spoliarium.  
Experiencing sexual terrorism at the hands of white
  Vertical Line – strength and power. (yung nakared 7. TEXTURE
na humahatak) 
 Diagonal Line – dynamic action/conflict and stress.  Feel 
(nakawhite)  Tactile – exact.
 Horizontal Line – suggests no motion or at rest.   Visual – 2d art forms.
 Curve Line – emotion, grace, sadness.  Ephemeral – subject to change like clouds and
 Broken Line – to hide things and make it smoke.
mysterious. 
COLOR WHEEL  
 Jag or Zigzag line – suggests direction.
COLOR SCHEMES – combinations.
1. MONOCHROMATIC
2. SHAPE AND FORM 
 Single color, shape, and tint.
 Enclosed space made from lines. 
 Geometric Shape 
 Can measure using mathematical equations.
 Height and width or 2D.
 Organic Shape 
 Cannot be measured.
 Height and width.
 Natural like leaves flowers and trees.
 Geometric Form 
 Height, width, depth or 3D.
 Organic Form  2. ANALOGOUS
 Height, width, depth or 3D.  Neighboring colors.
Abstract – icon.
Circle – infinity.
Triangle – fire, stability.
Inverted Triangle – water.
3. COLOR 
 Produced when light, striking an object, is reflected 3. COMPLEMENTARY 
back to the eyes.  Opposite direction.
a. Hue 
 Presented in the color wheel.
b. Value  
 Lightness and darkness of color.
 Tint – white.
 Shade – black.
c. Intensity or
Saturation
 Brightness or dullness of a 4. SPLIT COMPLEMENTARY
color.  Neighboring color of complementary.
 Gray – dullness.
 Same color – brightness.

4. VALUE 
 Lightness and darkness of an area in an art piece.
5. MOTION  5. TRIADIC
 movement of art.   3 colors evenly placed.
 2d or 3d.
 3d – kinetic sculpture.
 Implied
6. SPACE
 Area that the artwork occupies. 
 Actual space – positive and negative space.
 Illusion space – perspective (atmospheric and linear
perspective.  
6. TETRADIC 
 “double complementary.”  Theme – general message.
 2 complementary pairs.  Subject – specific message.
      1. GENRE PAINTING 
PAINTINGS  - Portrayal of everyday life
usually in rural areas 
 Application of Harvesting Rice by Fernando
pigment or paint on a surface. Amorsolo.
(awarded in 1972 by Ferdinand
FORMS OF PAINTING E. Marcos) 
1. EASEL PAINTING 
 Painting done in an easel.        
 Common type of painting. El Ciego “The Blind Man” by
Fernando Amorsolo.
 Purpose: beautify the house or establishments. 
2. MURAL PAINTING      
 Done in a wall or ceiling. 
 Purpose: to tell societal issues to a larger crowd.
 Legal  Planting Rice by Fabian Dela
    Rosa.

First Mass in
Limasawa by Carlos
Botong  Francisco. 2. HISTORICAL PAINTING 
- History. 
      
Katipunan Blood
Compact by Juan Luna.
Bayanihan by Carlos     
Botong Francisco 
CARLOS BOTONG
FRANCISCO 
 His artworks are focused on common people in rural
areas, historical and social issues.  Filipino Responses to Spanish
Colonization by 
PORTABLE MURAL PAINTING - Use
Vincent San Pablo dePio. 
of plywood. 
GRAFITTI      
Breaking Colonial Ties
 Street art. 
II by Aileen Lanuza-de 
 Illegal.  Pio.
3. TELON PAINTING      
 Use as backdrop or background.
 Ex: In Sarswelas, Photography Studio. 
First Mass in Limasawa
4. JEEPNEY AND CALESA PAINTING  (Leyte, Cebu; March 
- Jeepney was inspired by Americans. 31,1521) by Carlos Botong
- Designs of Jeepneys are focused on the idols of Francisco.
jeepney drivers.
 
- Calesa was inspired by Spaniards.               - Designs
of Calesas are focused on geometric shapes and lines. 3. SCAPES 
5. COLLAGE PAINTING   Wider view or scenery. 
 Different elements to form an art piece.  Ex: Landscape, Seascape, Skyscape, 
JONATHAN BENITEZ  Cityscapes (starry night), Galaxyscapes.
 Artwork focuses more on human and environment. 4. PORTRAITS 
ANDRES BARRIOQUINTO - - Focus on a person's expression. 
Artwork focuses more on human. 
THEMES OF PAINTING
 - Depicts the beliefs.

    
Purita Kalaw Ledesma by Fabian Dela Rosa. Sorrow or Pieta 
    
5. STILL-LIFE PAINTING 
- Portray inanimate objects. Burning of Idles by Fernando
(natural and man-made) Amorsolo. 

     Genesis by Hernando Ocampo.

Still Life with Golden Goblet (2019) by Olan  (inspiration of the curtain in CCP) 
Ventura.          

Crucifixion by
Vicente Manansala. (transparent
cubism) 
    
Ang Macopa by Fernando Amorsolo.
6. NUDES 
- Painting of the naked human body PAINTINGS IN THE PHILIPPINES

- Women are usually painted because they are much elegant
compared to men (curvy shape)
Labandera by Fernando Amorsolo.
    
Nude Relection by Arvino Yanuario.
   
1. Granadean Arabesque  
 Jose Joya in 1958.  
 Mixed media.
 First to present in Venice competition in 1964.
 Napoleon "Billy" Veloso Abueva (youngest artist to
receive award at 46)
2. The fruit gatherer   - Fernando Amorsolo. (1950) 
3. The Fishermen   - Ang Kiukok. (1981) 
4. Muslim Betrothal - Carlos Botong Francisco.
- Most controversial painting in the Philippines.
5. Untitled (Burnt Out Europe 1992) - Manuel Ocampo.
6. Isla Hubad  - Neil Pasilan. (2012) 
7. Sabel in Blue - Benedicto Reyes Cabrera. (2006) 
8. OMG Christ - Ernest Conception. (2015) 
9. Alkaff Bridge  - Pacita Abad. 

Nude in 1998 and Nude in 10. The Sketch  - Victorio Edades.

2007 by Benedicto 
Cabrera. SCULPTURE 

- 3d. (Width Height Depth) 

2 major/method technique classifications of sculpture
1. Subtraction 

7. RELIGIOUS   Cutting/chipping of pieces from its own material to

form a sculpture.

 Ex: Wood carving, Stone carving, and Ice carving. 

2. Additive   Type of sculpture is moving through machines or 
electric devices. (also through winds)
 Adding the same or other materials from the  Ex: Kiping Quezon. 
sculpture you are making. 
4. GLASS SCULPTURE 
 Ex: Welded and Kinetic Sculpture. 
 A type of sculpture that is made out of glass. 
4 TECHNIQUES IN SCULPTURE (specific)
 Ex: Together Again by Ramon Orlina 
1. Carving 
 Young Eve by Ramon Orlina 
 Under subtracting.
5. WELDED SCULPTURE 
 Same meaning as subtracting. 
 A type of sculpture that is made out of bronze nickle
 Dx: Wood Carvings  and iron welded by a machine. 
2. Substitution/Casting 
 Ex: Molding the Future by Eduardo Castrillo.
 Casting materials into a mold.  6. ASSEMBLAGE SCULPTURE 
 Ex: Holding hands, any sculpture that is molded  Combining different materials together.
together.
 Ex: Buenviaje by Anton Del Castillo. 
3. Manipulation 
 Man and Woman by Lamberto Hechanova. 
 Manipulation or controlling of your hand to form a
sculpture. 7. SYMBOLIC SCULPTURE 
 Ex: Clay Molding like the use of Polymer Clay.   Symbolizes cultural communities like ethnic
groups. 
4. Assembling 
 Ex: BULUL by Benedicto Cabrera. 
- Putting different elements together to form a sculpture. 
GENERAL KINDS OF SCULPTURE  SARIMANOK by Abdul Marie Ace Emao (First
Maranao to be awarded international artist) 
1. Free-Standing Sculpture 
OTHER FAMOUS SCULPTURES 
 It can stand without a surface or background. 
1. BONIFACIO MONUMENT 
 Ex: UP LIFT by Ferdinand Cacnio.  
 Guillermo Tolentino. 
 Transfiguration by Napoleon Abueva. 
 In Grace Park Caloocan City. 
 Up Oblation by Guillermo Tolentino.
2. MACARTHUR LANDING  
 Sacrifice for country and academic freedom.  - Anastacio Caedo.
2. RELIEF SCULPTURE 
 In Palo, Leyte. 
 Attached to a background. 3. MONUMENTO NG LAKAS NG BAYAN 
 Ex: Relief (Liberation of Leyte and the Rebirth of the - Eduardo Castrillo. 
Republic) by Juan Fadual (ex of Low relief sculpture
also)  4. FARM GIRL 
TYPES - In Victoria Tarlac. 
1. Low Relief Sculpture - Is rinsed/projected from its 5. FRANCISCO MACABULOS MONUMENT 
background and slightly rinsed from its surface.
 2. High Relief/Alto Relief Sculpture - Is projected - In Maria Cristina Park Tarlac City.
mostly/more than its circumference/surface. 
 Ex: Tandang Sora by Florente Beltran Caedo.
 Jose Rizal Martyrdom Tableau in Manila Rizal Park.
3. Sunken Relief   
- Is projected inside its surface. 
DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION
3. KINETIC SCULPTURE 
DISASTER AND DISASTER RISK
1. 1990 QUAKE THE ‘BIG ONE’  DISASTERS FROM DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE
2. 1991 MOUNT PINATUBO ERUPTION
3. 2011 TOHOKU EARTHQUAKE AND
TSUNAMI(JAPAN)
4. TYPHOON YOLANDA
DISASTER  - sudden, calamitous event, bringing great
damage, loss, destruction and devastation to life and property
(Asian Disaster Preparedness Center ADPC, 2012)
-Serious disruption of the functioning of the society, causing
widespread human, material or environmental losses, which
exceed the ability of the affected people to cope, using their
human resources. (Adelman, 2011)
DISASTER RISK
Probability that a community’s structure or geographic area is
to be damaged or disrupted by the impact of a particular
hazard, on account of its nature, construction and proximity to
a hazardous area. (ADPC, 2012)
Risk Information – What, when, where, and who.
NATURE OF DISASTERS
1. NATURAL DISASTERS – occur due to the forces
of nature (geological, meteorological,
hydrometeorological, and biological forces)
 Agricultural diseases and pests
 Storm surge
 Drought and water shortage
 Earthquakes
2. MAN-MADE/TECHNOLOGICAL DISASTERS
– occur due to the action of people towards other
people, environment, and materials
 Hazardous materials
 Power service disruptions and blackout
 Explosion
RISK FACTORS UNDERLYING DISASTERS
1. Severity of exposure – the more exposure to disaster
the more mental health illnesses developed. High risk
– first hand, relatives; Low risk – watchers.
2. Gender and Family – women and children
experience more negative effects. 
3. Age – victims around 40 to 60 years old and children.
4. Developing country – developed countries – not that
serious damage.
5. Low social support – trigger future problems
especially if victims aren’t given any support, and
deceased or injured family member.
EFFECTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS
1. Displaced Population – evacuation can bring no access
to their shelters.
2. Health Risks – diseases after disasters.
3. Food Scarcity – contamination to food and water.
4. Emotional aftershocks – trauma experienced by
victims.
An event is a disaster if it is sudden, progressive wide spread
human loss, properties, and environment.
1.Physical Perspective – phenomenon that can cause
damage to physical elements such as buildings,
infrastructures, including people and their properties.
(e.g. houses and environmental sources of living)
2. Psychological Perspective – regarded as an
occurrence involving an unexpected or uncontrollable
event rather than a long-term experience.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) – mental
health condition
Other Psychological effects: emotional, cognitive,
physical, interpersonal.
3. Socio-cultural Perspective – based on how people
respond having as parameter their social conditions
and cultural settings.
 Religion, ethnicity, traditions, age, gender, wealth
4. Economic Perspective – natural event that causes
perturbation to the functioning of the economic
system, with a significant negative impact on assets,
production factors, output employment and
consumption. (totality)
5. Political Perspective – natural disasters are
commonly thought to be less politically contentious
than armed conflicts. (government)
6. Environmental Perspective – disasters aren’t
random and don’t occur by accident.
EXPOSURE AND VULNERABILITY 
EXPOSURE – refers to the elements at risk from a natural or
man-made hazard event.
ELEMENTS AT RISK
1. Human beings
2. Dwellings
3. Buildings and structures 
4. Public facilities and infrastructures assets
5. Public and transport systems
6. Agricultural commodities
7. Environmental assets
VULNERABILITY – characteristics and circumstances of a
community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the
damaging effects of a hazard – danger.
VULNERABILITY TO SPECIFIC HAZARDS
1. Poor design and construction of buildings
2. Inadequate protection measures.
3. Lack of public information and awareness
4. Limited official recognition of risks and preparedness
measures.
5. Disregard for wise environmental management.
RESONS WHY CERTAIN SECTORS ARE MORE
VULNERABLE TO DISASTER THAN OTHERS
1. Demographic factors
 Population density – weight; the denser the
more vulnerable.
 Age of population – women and elderly.
 Distribution of population – allocation of
people within the community.
 2. Socio-economic factors
 Wealth – privileged are more prevented,
prepared, and can recover quickly. (survival
kit is a must)
 Education – having the knowledge about
DRRR is a privileged.  HAZARD
 Nature of society – highly centralized have
careful planning and emergency personnel.  
 Understanding of the area – knowledge
3. Community Preparedness
 Building codes – to be sure if it’s safe.
 Scientific monitoring and early warning
system – advanced will be prepared.
 Communication networks – communication
is crucial, it must be a good quality.
 Emergency Planning – start in our house.
4. Dealing with the After Effects
 Insurance cover /catastrophe insurance –
invested by people to protect their business
and residences.
 Emergency personnel – go through training.  
 Aid request – fast and efficient lowers the
risk, helping helps in recovering.
FOUR MAIN TYPES OF VULNERABILITY (UNISDR)
1. Physical Vulnerability – determined by aspects such
as population density levels, remoteness of a
settlement, the site, design and materials used for
critical infrastructure and for housing.
2. Social vulnerability – refers to inability of people,
organizations and societies to withstand adverse
impacts to hazards due to characteristics inherent in
social interactions, institutions and systems of
cultural values.
3. Economic Vulnerability – refers to the levels of
economic status of individuals, communities and
nations.
4. Environmental Vulnerability – refers to depletion and
degradation of natural resources.
TRIAGRAM OF DISASTER RISK
 Hazard  2.
 Exposure
 Vulnerability
There are 100 cities that are prone to calamities, 4 came from
Asian countries, and 21 are from the Philippines.  10 cities are
prone worldwide and 8 are from the Philippines.
WHY PHILIPPINES IS VULNERABLE TO NATURAL
DISASTERS
1. Pacific typhoon belt/Pacific ring of fire
2. Nature of landscape
3. Archipelago – surrounded by water and islands. 15-
20 disasters visit every year.
4. Areas at or below sea level.
5. Longest coastline
6. Agriculture and fishing – prominent job
7. Poor capacity – Philippines is a developing country.
8. Corruption and poverty – by the government.  rock materials below the earth’s surface.
9. Other risks – earthquakes with active fault lines,
active volcanic eruptions, and floods due to
deforestation. 
BASIC CONCEPT OF HAZARD
 
Those elements of the physical environment, harmful
to man and caused by forces extraneous to him
(Burton et al 1978)
 A source of potential harm or a situation with a
potential to cause loss (Standards Australia, 2000)
 A natural event that has the potential to cause harm
or loss (Asian Disaster Preparedness Center or
ADPC)
 Phenomenon or situation, which has the potential to
cause the disruption or damage to people, their
property, their services, and their environment.
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDS
Natural hazards – came purely from natural
processes.
 Quasi-natural hazards – interaction of natural
processes and human activities.
 Technological/Man-made hazards – brought by the
result of human activities. 
TYPES OF HAZARDS
1. Atmospheric – originated from the atmosphere
(hale, snow, rainfall, hurricanes, thunderstorms
2. Hydrologic – from waters (floods, glacier)
3. Geologic – from land (massive movement, landslide,
mudflow, avalanche, earthquake)
4. Biologic – from life (diseases, pandemics)
5. Technologic – from humans and technologies
(transportation accident, terrorism, nuclear
explosions)
IMPACTS OF HAZARDS – severity and how long it last
1. Physical Impact – destruction of housing, bridges,
and death
Psychological Impact – mental health, trauma,
depression and anxiety
3. Socio-cultural Impact – cultural settings, conflicts
from ethnic groups, Identity crisis
4. Economic Impact – loss of jobs
5. Environmental Impact – loss of forest, disruption of
biodiversity and habitats
6. Biological Impact – acquire diseases like epidemics
and pandemics.
POTENTIAL EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS AND THEIR
EFFECTS
EARTHQUAKES 
 One of the most common hazards faced by people
that brings great damage to life and properties.
 Feeble shaking to violent trembling of the ground
produced by the sudden displacement of rocks or
TYPES
 Tectonic – sudden displacement.
 Volcanic – induced by rising magma or lava
beneath the earth.
FAULT 
 Refers to a fracture, fissure, or a zone of weakness
where movement or displacement has occurred or
may occur again.
 Response of tectonic plates when they experience
too much stress.
 Philippines: Western, Eastern, South of Mindanao,
Marikina fault
POTENTIALS
1. GROUND SHAKING – disruptive up-down and
sideways movement or motion experiences during an
earthquake.
2 MEASUREMENTS  alarms and communication facilities are located.
 Magnitude – refers to the amount of energy
released, measured by the amount of ground
displacement or shaking.
 Intensity – the strength of an earthquake as
perceived and felt by people in a certain
locality/community.  5.
Use: ROSSI-FOREL SCALE and MODIFIED
MERCALLI SCALE.
2. GROUND RUPTURE – displacement on the
ground due to movement of fault.  c.
3. LIQUEFACTION – process that transforms the
behavior of a body of sediments from that of a solid
to that of a liquid when subjected to extremely
intense shaking.  e.
4. EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED GROUND
SUBSIDENCE (LOWER) AND LATERAL
SPREADING – lowering of the ground brought by
intensified vibration.
5. EARTHQUAKE INDUCED LANDSLIDES –
failures in steep or hilly slopes triggered by an
earthquake.
 Loose thin soil covering on the slopes of steep
mountains are prone to mass environment.
 Many landslides occur as a result of ground shaking.
6. TSUNAMI/ SEISMIC SEA WAVES – sea waves
resulting from the disturbance of ocean floor by an
earthquake.
Tsunami – series of giant sea waves commonly
generated b under-the-sea earthquakes and whose
heights could be greater than 5.
Storm surge – the increase in wave heights
associated or during typhoons or tropical cyclones.
TSUNAMI SIGNS
 A strong felt earthquake
 Unusual sea level change
 Unusual rumbling sound of approaching waves
 Animal behavior (elephants)
HAZARD MAP – map that contains hazardous areas. 
PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES FOR EARTHQUAKES
– ways or tips to lessen the impact.
BEFORE:
1. The key effective disaster prevention is PLANNING.
a. Know the earthquake hazards in your area
b. Follow structural design and engineering practices
when constructing a house or a building
c. Evaluate structural soundness of the buildings and
houses; strengthen or retrofit if necessary
2. Prepare your homes, workplace, or schools
a. Strap or bolt heavy furniture, cabinets to the walls
b. Check the stability of hanging objects like ceiling
fans and chandeliers
c. Breakable items, harmful chemicals and flammable
materials should be stored properly in the
lowermost secured shelves.
3. Know where fire extinguishers, first aid kits,
Learn how to use them beforehand.
a. Prepare a handy emergency supply kit with the first
aid kit, canned food and can opener, water, clothing,
blanket, battery-operated radio, flashlights and extra
batteries.
4. Familiarize yourself with exit routes.
Conduct and participate in regular earthquakes
drills.
a. Be alert
b. Listen to teacher’s instruction
Walk out of the classroom in an orderly manner
d. While walking along the corridors to the nearest exit
of the building, be alert and look out for the falling
debris.
DON’T Run, DON’T Push, Don’t talk, DON’T
return, and DON’T bring your things.
f. Quietly but quickly proceed to the designated
evacuation area for the class and wait for further
instructions from the teacher.
g. NEVER go back to the building once you are
outside.  Engineers should inspect buildings for
possible damages after an earthquake.
DURING:
1. When you are INSIDE a structurally sound building
or home, STAY there! “Drop, Cover and Hold on.”
a. If possible, quickly open the door for exit
b. Drop under a sturdy desk or table, and hold on to it,
or protect your head with your arms.
c. Stay away from glass windows, shelves and other
heavy objects
d. Beware of falling objects. Be alert and keep your
eyes open
2. If you’re OUTSIDE, move to an open area!
a. Stay away from trees, power lines, posts and
concrete structures
b. Move away from steep slopes which may be
affected by landslides
c. If you are near the shore and feel an earthquake,
move quickly to HIGHER grounds
 3. If you’re in a moving vehicle, STOP and get out.
AFTER:
1. Be prepared for an aftershock. Once the earthquake
stops, take the fastest and safest way out of the
building.
2. DON’T  3.
a. Use elevators
b. Enter damaged buildings
c. Use telephone unless necessary
d. PANIC
3. CHECK
a. Yourself and others for injuries
b. Water and electrical lines for damages
c. For spills of chemical, toxic and flammable materials
d. Control fires which may be spread.  usually triggered by intense rainfall during typhoons,
4. If you need to evacuate your residence, leave a
message stating where you are going and bring your
emergency supply kit.
4. Keep updated on disaster prevention instructions
from battery-operated radios.
“Earthquakes alone don’t injure or kill people. It is our
practices at home, in school, in the workplace or outside that
could hurt or injure us and others.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF VOLCANIC HAZARDS
Volcanic Hazards - These are phenomena arising from
volcanic activity that pose threat to persons or property in a
given area within a given period of time.
 Active – regularly erupt.
 Dormant – haven’t erupted in a long time but can in
the future.
1. Lava flows – stream-like flows of incandescent
molten rock erupted from a crater or fissure.
 Can burn
 Can bury
DEVASTATING EFFECTS OF LAVA FLOWS
 Lava flows may instigate other types of hazards
(lahar)
 Everything in the path of an advancing lava flow
will be knocked over, surrounded, buried, or
ignited by the extremely hot temperature of lava.
 When the lava erupts beneath a glacier or flows
over snow and ice, melt water from the ice and
snow can result in far-reaching lahars.
METHODS OF CONTROLLING PATHS OF LAVA
FLOWS
 Construct barriers and diversion channels.
 Cool advancing front with water.
 Disruption of source or advancing front of lava
flow by explosives.
2. Ashfall or tephra fall – these are showers of
airborne fine to coarse grained volcanic particles that
fallout from the plumes of a volcanic eruption.
 Can cause poor or low visibility.
 Burial by ashfall.
 Clogs filters and vents of motor, human lungs,
industrial machines and nuclear power plants.
 Dangerous for aircrafts.
 Burial by tephra can collapse roofs of buildings,
break power and communication lines and damage or
kill vegetation. 
Pyroclastic flows and surges – these are turbulent
mass of ejected fragmented volcanic materials (ash
and rocks), mixed with hot gases that flow downslope
at very high speeds.
 Destroy anything on its path by direct impact.
 Burn sites with hot rocks debris.
 Burn forests, farmlands, destroy crops and buildings.
4. Lahars – rapidly flowing thick mixture of volcanic
sediments from the pyroclastic materials and water,
monsoons, and thunderstorms.
 Can destroy by direct impact.
 Can block tributary stream and form a lake.
 Can bury valleys and communities with debris.
 Can lead to increased deposition of sediments along
affected rivers.
DESTRUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF LAHAR
 Lahars move rapidly down valleys like rivers of
concrete.
 Lahars can occur with or without a volcanic
eruption.
 Lahars pick up materials as they travel, which
can cause damage to structures in their path.
 Lahars and excess sediment cause serious
economic and environmental damage to river
valleys and flood plains.
5. Volcanic gases – gases and aerosols released into the
atmosphere. (water vapor, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur
dioxide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen
chloride, hydrogen fluoride)
5. Debris avalanche or volcanic landslide – massive
collapse of a volcano, usually triggered by an
earthquake or volcanic eruption.
5. Ballistic projectiles – volcanic materials directly
ejected from the volcano’s vent with force and
trajectory.
5. Tsunami – sea waves or wave trains that are
generated by sudden displacement of water.
PRECURSORS OF AN IMPENDING ERUPTION 
 Increase in the frequency of volcanic quakes with
rumbling sounds.
 Increased steaming activity.
 Crater glow.
 Ground swells, ground tilt and ground fissure.
 Localized landslides, rock falls and landslides from
the summit area.
 Noticeable increase in the extent of dying up
vegetation.
 Increased in temperature of hot springs, wells and
crater lake.
 Development of new thermal areas and/or
reactivations of old ones.
MEASURED BY: 1. Stay inside the house or evacuation area.
2. Listen to the radio for advice and information.
1. Ground Deformation 3. If you are outside and very near the volcano, leave
 EDM (Electronic Distance Meter) the area immediately. 
 GPS (Global Positioning System) 4. Do not drive. 
 Use of Remote sensing images 5. Check that your pet or livestock have enough food.
2. Geochemistry 6. Do not try to clean or shovel the ashfall during
 Thermometer  eruptions.
 pH meter 7. Protect yourself from ashfall. 
 Gas monitoring equipment 8. Close windows and doors to stop the ash from
3. Seismicity  entering the house.
 Seismometer – measure seismic waves. 9. Turn of all electric fans and air conditioning units.
4. Visual observations 10. Wear dust mask or cover your face with clean wet
 Intensified steaming activity towel or cloth.
 Crater glow 11. Better to used bottled water.
 Frequency of rolling rocks from the summit AFTER
5. Auditory observations 
 Hear rumbling sounds 1. Listen to the latest update about Alert Levels & other
6. Olfactory observations information from the radio.
 Smell of sulfur 2. Cook food thoroughly.
7. Tactile observations 3. If the family has evacuated during the eruption, only
 Ground movement or volcanic earthquake the adult members of the family should be allowed
increasingly become felt. to go home to inspect the house condition.
4. Only when local authorities have declared that is
VOLCANO ALERT LEVELS  safe to go home that the family should return.
5. As soon as the ashfall has stopped, remove the ash
0: quiet – no eruption yet
immediately.
1: low level unrest – abnormal signs 6. Wear dust mask before you start cleaning.
7. Lightly damp the ash so that it does not billow when
2: moderate unrest – could lead to eruption swept.
8. Clean house roofs first, to prevent damage to gutters
3: relatively high unrest – magma is close to crater
and down pipes.
4: intense unrest – force evacuation 9. Do not dump ash in sewage systems.
10. Inside the house, use damp cloth to remove ash.
5: hazardous eruption ongoing – ongoing Avoid vigorous rubbing.
11. To remove ash from your car, wash with plenty of
water.

PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES FOR VOLCANIC CHAPTER 1

ERUPTION 
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
BEFORE TECHNOLOGY
1. For longer term development planning, consult INFORMATION
available volcano maps that indicate areas declared
as PDZ,s. • knowledge obtained from investigation, study,
2. Beware of the kinds of volcanic hazards present in or instruction
your area.
3. Be aware of the meanings of Alert Levels, and COMMUNICATION
recommended actions.
• the act of transferring information from one
4. Be aware of community efforts such as identified
evacuation areas as well as designated pick up place, person or group to another
points. TECHNOLOGY
5. Stock enough non-perishable food and potable
water. • the practical application of knowledge especially
6. Consider provisions for pet animals, etc. in a particular area
7. Always listen to the radio’s latest PHIVOLCS
Alerts. Information and Communications Technology
DURING
  diverse set of technological tools and resources
used to transmit, store, create, share or exchange
information.
 a study of computers as data processing tools
 deals with the use of different communication
technologies such as mobile phones, telephone,
Internet to locate, save, send and edit
information
How do we use the different tools in ICT to share and
communicate information?
COMPUTER - an electronic device for storing and
processing data, typically in binary form, according to
instructions given to it in a variable program
INTERNET - global system of interconnected computer
networks that uses the internet protocol suite (TCIP/IP)
to link billions of devices worldwide.
WORLD WIDE WEB - a system that allows
documents to be connected to other documents by
hyperlinks
STATIC WEB PAGE
- is known as a flat page or stationary page and cannot
be manipulated by the user
- content is also the same for all users
DYNAMIC WEB PAGES
– user is able to see website differently than others
e.g. social networking sites, wikis, video sharing sites.
FEATURES OF WEB 2.0
a. FOLKSONOMY - allows user to categorize and
classify information using freely chosen keywords
b. RICH USER EXPERIENCE – content is
dynamic and is responsive to user’s input
c. USER PARTICIPATION- The owner of the
website is not the only one who is able to put
content.
d. LONG TAIL– services that are offered on
demand rather than on a one-time purchase.
e. SOFTWARE AS A SERVICES- users can
subscribe to a software only when needed rather
than purchasing them
f. MASS PARTICIPATION– diverse information
sharing through universal web access
WEB 3.0
- the new paradigm in web interaction and will mark a
fundamental change in how developers create
websites, but more importantly, how people interact
with those websites.
WEB 3.0 Main Characteristics
1. REAL-TIME - events and information are made
available to users as they happen.
2. UBIQUITOUS - users are always connected to
the Internet
3. MACHINE LEARNING - computers and
mobile devices can create data and make
decisions based on the user’s previous actions.
TRENDS IN ICT
1. CONVERGENCE– is the synergy of
technological advancements to work on a similar
goal or task.
2. SOCIAL MEDIA– is a website, application, or
online channel that enables web users to create,
co-create, discuss modify, and exchange user
generated content.
SIX TYPES OF SOCIAL MEDIA
1. SOCIAL NETWORKS – sites that allows you
to connect with other people with the same
interests or background. Once the user creates
his/her account, he/she can set up a profile, add
people, share content
Example: Facebook and Google
2. BOOKMARKING SITES – sites that allow
you to store and manage links to various website
and resources. Most of the sites allow you to
create a tag to others.
Example: Stumble Upon, Pinterest
3. SOCIAL NEWS – sites that allow users to post
their own news items or links to
other news sources. The users can also
comment on the post and comments may
also be rank.
Ex. Reddit and Digg
4. MEDIA SHARING – sites that allow you to
upload and share media content like images,
music and  video.
Ex. Flickr, YouTube and Instagram 
5. MICROBLOGGING –  posting brief and often
frequent updates online. Those that
 subscribed to the user will be able to
receive these updates.
Ex. Twitter and Facebook
6. BLOGS AND FORUMS – allow user to post
their content. Other users are able to
comment on the said topic.
Ex. Blogger, WordPress and Tumblr
7. Mobile Technologies - technology that goes
where the user goes. It consists of portable two-
way communications devices, computing
devices and the networking technology that
connects them.
- consists of internet-enabled devices like
smartphones, tablets and watches
TYPES OF MOBILE NETWORKS
a. Cellular Networks
b. 4G Networking
c. Wifi
d. Bluetooth
8. ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY - an umbrella
term that includes assistive, adaptive, and
rehabilitative devices for people with
disabilities and also includes the process used in
selecting, locating, and using them.
Examples: screen readers, screen magnification
software, braille embossers, assistive listening devices
9. WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES - also
known as “Internet of Things", is a category of
electronic devices that can be worn as
accessories, embedded in clothing, implanted in
the user's body, or even tattooed on the skin
Examples: Google Glass, Microsoft HoloLens
EXAMPLES OF WEARABLE TECHNOLOGY
• In Louisville, Kentucky, wearable devices made
by AIR Louisville are being used to monitor
local air quality, measure pollutants, and identify
hotspots for residents with respiratory problems.
• Cyrcadia Health has developed iTBra, an
intelligent patch that can detect early signs of
breast cancer and transmit the information to a
lab for analysis.
◦ Smart tattoos that contain flexible electronic
sensors are being developed to monitor heart
and brain activity, sleep disorders, and muscle
function.
◦ Child monitoring devices equipped with GPS
10. CLOUD COMPUTING - storing and
accessing data and programs over the Internet
instead of your computer's hard drive. 
- delivery of different services through the
Internet, including data storage, servers,
databases, networking, and software
It has three components
◦ Client computers   –   the device that the end user
interact with cloud.
◦ Distributed Servers – servers in geographically
different places, but server acts as if they are
working next to each other.
◦ Datacenters – collection of servers where
application is placed and is accessed viaInternet.
TYPES OF CLOUDS
 PUBLIC CLOUD allows systems and services
to be easily accessible to the general public.
Public cloud may be less secured because of its
openness, e.g. e-mail
 PRIVATE CLOUD allows systems and
services to be accessible within an organization.
It offers increased security because of its
private nature.
 COMMUNITY CLOUD allows systems and
services to be accessible by group of
organizations.
 HYBRID CLOUD is a mixture of public and
private cloud. However, the critical activities
are performed using private cloud while the non-
critical activities are performed using public
cloud.
KEY TERMS
 Information and Communications Technology
 Web 3.0
 Convergence
 Mobile Technology
 Cloud Computing
CHAPTER 2
ONLINE SAFETY, SECURITY AND ETHICS
Rules of Netiquette
How Safe Are You?
TYPES OF INFORMATION
FIRST NAME
LAST NAME a. VIRUS - program that replicates itself
CURRENT & PREVIOUS SCHOOLS b. WORM - program that can transfer from one
computer to another
MOBILE NUMBER
c. TROJAN - disguised as a useful program
NAME OF YOUR SIBLINGS
d. SPYWARE - runs without you knowing it
ADDRESS
e. ADWARE - sends advertisements
BIRTHDAY
SECURITY MEASURES
 Use strong PASSWORDS
 Control Access
 Put up a firewall
 Use security software
 Avoid logging in to public networks
SOCIAL ISSUES
RULES OF NETIQUETTE  CYBERCRIME - a crime committed or assisted
through the use of computers and networks
ONLINE SECURITY, SAFETY, AND ETHICS
 CYBERBULLYING - a type of offensive
INTERNET THREATS action toward another which takes place using
PROTECTING REPUTATIONS ONLINE electronic technology.

COPYRIGHT  FLAME WARS - a series of flame posts or

messages in a thread that are considered
CONTEXTUALIZED ONLINE SEARCH & derogatory in nature or are completely off-topic.
RESEARCH SKILLS
 COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT - the
Online Safety and Security unauthorized use of copyrighted material, such
as text, photos, videos, music, software, and
ONLINE SAFETY
other original content
- the act of staying safe online (person and the
NETIQUETTES
information)
- refers to observing proper etiquette in
- also commonly known as internet safety, e-safety and
cyber safety engaging activities over the Internet.
- a combination of the words network and
ONLINE SECURITY - concepts such as cybersecurity etiquette and is defined as a set of rules
and computer security, being focused on the specific for acceptable online behavior.
threats and vulnerabilities of online access and use of
the internet SEARCH STRATEGIES

TYPES OF INTERNET SECURITY THREATS 1. Enter terms to search

Malware - collective name for a number of malicious 2. Advanced Search

software variants
Phishing - acquires sensitive personal information
Spam - unwanted email mostly from bots. It can be used
to send malware
Botnet - a network of private computers that have been
compromised mostly with malicious software
TYPES OF MALWARE
3. Narrow down keywords
 Use quotation marks to search as a phrase and keep
the words linked together
 Common words are ignored (That, to, which, a, the)
 + and – can be used to include or exclude a word
 (i.e. Washington NOT school)
4. Use Boolean operators  Microsoft Word is a widely used commercial
word processing software
AND – enter words connect with AND- it will include
sites where both words and found  initially launched in 1983 and has since been
revised numerous times
Uses: joining different topics (i.e. global warming AND
California)  Microsoft Word is often called
simply Word or MS Word.
OR – requires at least one of the terms is found.
FEATURES OF MS WORD
Uses: join similar or synonymous topics (i.e. global
warming OR greenhouse effect) • Working with text and styles
NOT – searches for the first term and excludes sites that • Saving and printing of documents
have the second term. (i.e. Washington NOT school)
• Compatibility with older versions of Word and
KEY TERMS other software
 Cybercrime • Support for cloud or local use
 Virus • Collaboration features
 Spyware TEMPLATE - basic structure of a document.
 Netiquette  Resumes and Cover Letters
 Boolean Operators  Letters
 Security Measures  Business Materials ( Brochures, Business
Cards, Business Reports, Flyers, Invoices)
CHAPTER 3
 Certificates
Advanced Processing Skills
 Calendar
PRODUCTIVITY TOOLS - applications that allow
viewing, creating and modifying of information; INSERT TAB - Cover Page, Illustrations, Add-ins,
applications that can be used for a variety of task. Media, Links, Comments, Header and Footer,
Text, Symbols 
a. Word Processing - used to create documents
ADVANCED WORD PROCESSING SKILLS
b. Spreadsheets - used for mathematical
computations A. MAIL MERGE
c. Presentation Software - allow users to create a - lets you create a batch of documents that are
presentation of ideas by stringing together text, personalized for each recipient.
images and audio/video.
Two Components of Mail Merge
Word Processing Software
1. Form Document / Main Document
 Google Docs
- contains the main body of the message to be
 OpenOffice Writer conveyed or sent.
 AbiWord 2. List or Data Source
 WordGraph - individual information or data that needs to be
plugged in (merged) to the form
 LibreOffice Writer document
 WPS Office Free Placeholders--called merge fields
 Dropbox Paper  B. LABEL GENERATION
WORD PROCESSING  prints individual addresses to a standard form
 use of computer to create, edit and print that it has already pre-formatted
document. 
  the two essential components of creating a
merged document are present: the form
document and the data file
C. INTEGRATING IMAGES AND
EXTERNAL MATERIALS
1. Pictures - electronic or digital pictures or
photographs
2.  Clip Art - line art drawings or images used as
generic representation for ideas and objects
3.  Shapes - use for composing and representing ideas
or messages.
4. Smart Art - predefined sets of different shapes
grouped together to form ideas that are organizational
or structural in nature.
5.  Chart - represent data characteristics and trends
6. Screenshot - realistic image of what is on-screen
COMMON IMAGE FILE FORMAT
JPEG/JPG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
GIF (Graphic Interchange Format)
PNG (Portable Network Graphics)
TIFF (Tagged Image File Format)
BMP (Bitmap)
CHART – Excel will be imported for the data
IMAGE PLACEMENT
- placement of an image in a document (layout)
- wrap images (how the image behaves around other
objects and text)
OPTIONS:
1. In Line with Text - treats your image like a text font
2. Square - allows the image to be placed anywhere in
the paragraph
3. Tight - almost same as square options but the text
“hugs” the image
4. Through - allows the text to take the contours and
shape of the image inserted
5. Top and Bottom - image occupies a whole text line
and pushes text to the top or bottom.
6. Behind Text - allows image to be placed or dragged
anywhere in the document with all texts floating
in front of it.
7. In Front Text - allows the image to placed on top of
the text.
Advanced Spreadsheet Skills
MS EXCEL
SPREADSHEET - An interactive computer application
program for organization and analysis of information in
tabular form
EXCEL - A powerful data visualization and analysis
tool
NUMBER - Most common item in a spreadsheet
FEATURES OF A SPREADSHEET
• Calculation ( it has a battery of supplied
functions to answer statistical, engineering and
financial needs)
• Graphing tools ( can display data as line
graphs, histograms, and charts with three-
dimensional graphical display)
• Pivot tables ( automatically sort, count, total or
give the average of the data stored in a table)
• Macro programming language called Visual
Basic
EXAMPLE OF SPREADSHEET SOFTWARE
 LibreOffice Calc
 OpenOffice.org Calc
 Google Sheets
 Apple iWork Numbers
 Kingsoft Office Spreadsheets
 StartOffice Calc
 Microsoft Excel
MICROSOFT EXCEL
 written and distributed by Microsoft with all the
basic features of a spreadsheet.
 originally marketed as a program called
MULTIPLAN in 1982.
 the first spreadsheet application to use graphical
user interface with pull down menus and a point
and click capability.
 was released in September 30, 1985.
TERMS AND DEFINITION
WORKBOOK - a file created in a spreadsheet
application.
WORKSHEET - basic unit of a workbook, it is a grid CELL POINTER - Used for selecting cells
of cells where data are entered.
FILL HANDLE/AUTOFILL - used for copying
CELL – basic unit of a worksheet. It is the intersection formula or extending a data series.
of rows and columns.
I-BEAM - the I-beam - indicates that you may type text
CELL ADDRESS – a combination of a column letter in this area.
and row number.
SPLIT SCREEN ARROW - Used to separate
RANGE – a rectangular group of cells in a worksheet. worksheets or divide the window into multiple
worksheets
It is identified by its first and last cell separated by a
colon. e.g. A4:E9 SELECT - Used to select a whole row/column when
positioned on the row number or column letter.
DATA TYPES
a. The Logical Data Type - True or False; Boolean
values
b. The Number Data Type - numerical values; stores ERROR MESSAGES IN EXCEL
all numbers as Double- Precision Floating Point
values #DIV/0! - Trying to divide by 0

c. The Text Data Type - labels #N/A! - A formula or a function inside a formula cannot
find the referenced data
d. The Error Data Type - error messages
( #NUM!, #REF!) #NAME? - Text in the formula is not recognized

PARTS OF WORKBOOK #NULL! - A space was used in formulas that reference

multiple ranges; a comma separates range references
NAME BOX
#NUM! - A formula has invalid numeric data for the
ACTIVE CELL type of operation
ROW HEADINGS #REF! - A reference is invalid
SHEET TAB #VALUE! - The wrong type of operand or function
argument is used
FORMULA BAR
#### - Space is not enough for cell value
COLUMN HEADINGS
FORMULAS AND FUNCTIONS
GENERAL RULES
FORMULA – a simple or complex mathematical
1. Formulas and Functions always begin with an operation.
equal sign.
VARIABLE – the resulting value of a formula.
2. Do not enter any extra spaces between formulas
and functions. Building Blocks of a Formula
3. Uppercase or lowercase characters can be used  Equal Sign
when entering a function
 Operators – symbols that represents an action to
4. Arguments in a function must always be be performed.
enclosed in parenthesis.
 Operands – the elements that the operators work
5. All arguments must be separated by a single on (cells and the values in them)
comma.
Formula - basic math operations
MOUSE POINTER LABEL
MDAS rule
MOUSE POINTER - Used to select commands,
buttons and navigate around the window Addition (+)

CROSS BAR - Appears between column letters and row Subtraction (-)
numbers used to adjust column width or row height
 Multiplication (*) ROUND() - rounds off a value
Division (/) SQRT() - returns the square root of a number
 logical operators SUM() - sums one or more numbers or blocks of
numbers
FUNCTION – a predefined formula that consists of a
name and arguments. IF() Function - evaluates a condition conditionally
Building Blocks of a Function Syntax: =if(logical test, value if true, value if false)
a. Equal Sign * there can be sixty four (64) nested IF’s in one IF
b. Function Name Example:
=IF(totalsales=>100,000,if(status=“R”,totalsales*15%,0)
c. Argument – the selected data that , totalsales*10%)
the function acts upon to
produce a result. CHARTS – information presented visually for easier
understanding.
Function
CHART WIZARD – a chart creation tool
 Cell Range (A1:A5)
EMBEDDED CHART – chart printed along with a data
 Arguments enclosed in parentheses sheet.
TYPES OF FUNCTION CHART SHEET – chart on a separate sheet of its own.
• Financial MANAGING DATA IN A LIST
• Date & Time Excel’s powerful database capabilities allows:
• Math & Trigonometry - organization of data
• Statistical - management of large amount of data
• Lookup & Reference - manipulation of large collections of data and
• Database information.

• Text THREE WAYS TO MANAGE DATA

• Logical a. Sort – data and information can be sorted by:

• Information - rows, columns, or keys

• Engineering - alphabetically in ascending or descending order

MOST COMMONLY USED FUNCTIONS - numerically in ascending or descending order.

ABS() - gives absolute value of a number b. Autofilter – used to create custom lists using the
data in a database.
AVERAGE() -gives the average value of a block of
numbers c. Query - an SQL SELECT Statement used to
retrieve data in Excel.
COUNT() -counts the number of values in a block/range
CHAPTER 6
IF() - evaluates a condition conditionally
IMAGE AND DESIGN FOR ONLINE
MAX() - returns the highest value in a list or ENVIRONMENT
block of numbers
IMAGE is a representation of the external form
MIN() - returns the lowest value in a list or block of of a person or thing in art.
numbers
• 2-dimensional, such as a photograph or screen
PROPER() -converts the first character of each word to display
uppercase
• 3- dimensional, such as a statue or hologram
Photographs, drawings, line art RHYTHM
BASIC PRINCIPLE OF GRAPHICS & LAYOUT  How the art work “moves” or “dances” - it is
seen in repeating of shapes and colors
LAYOUT is part of graphic design that deals in the
arrangement of visual elements on a page.  Rhythm is achieved when visual elements create
a sense of organized movement.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
PROXIMITY
1. Balance
 placing related elements close together and
2. Emphasis separating unrelated elements
3. Movement  Related items should be placed near to each
4. Repetition, Rhythm other.

5. Proximity  When there are several elements, add white

space. Whitespace can also mean empty space.
6. Alignment
 White Space is the art of nothing .
7. Color
 Also known as the negative space.
BALANCE means the equal distribution of weight.
ALIGNMENT
There are two kinds of balance:
• the arrangement of different design elements on
• Symmetrical Balance various positions
• Asymmetrical Balance COLOR
SYMMETRICAL BALANCE • Determined by its hue (name of color),
intensity (purity of the hue), and value
• Order of elements are evenly allocated on both
(lightness or darkness of hue).
sides of pages.
• Pure spectrum of colors referred to by the color
• Visual weight is distributed evenly, either
names.
vertically or horizontally.
• Tint lightens the color but it doesn’t make it
ASYMMETRICAL BALANCE
brighter.
• different visual images on either side of a
• Tone reduce the intensity of any color.
design.
• Shade darkens the color, it remains the same
• design needs to have unequal visual weight on
hue only a darker version
either side
CONTRAST
EMPHASIS - creating a focal point in the design
• Contrast allows us to emphasize or highlight key
- an eye-catching part that stands out, distinct elements in your design.
from the rest of the design elements
• Contrast can be applied through the following:
MOVEMENT
• Color
• visual elements guide the viewer’s eyes around
the screen • Size
•  the kinds of lines, shapes, and forms used can • Shape
affect this movement.
CONTRASTING COLORS
REPETITION
INFOGRAPHIICS
• The process of repeating elements throughout
the design Information graphics or infographics are used to
represent information, statistical data, or knowledge in a
• Repetition goes with consistency of your design graphical manner usually done in a creative way to
on font, font size, pattern, colors. attract the viewer ’s attention.
five principles to create an effective infographics:
• Be Unique
• Make It Simple
• Be Creative and Bold
• Less is More
• The Importance of Getting it Across
Principles and Basic Techniques of Image
Manipulation
CROPPING
Cutting parts away to remove distracting or irrelevant
elements in a graphic
COLOR BALANCE
The ambience and the tone of light of the picture
(ex. Warm or cool light)
BRIGHTNESS AND CONTRAST
Making the image darker or lighter.
FILTERS
Making the image look sketched, grainy, classic black
and white or even let it have neon colors. This gives
your image a twist from its original look.
CLONING
Copying or duplicating a part of an image.
CHANGING THE BACKGROUND
Adding background to make your image stand out.
REMOVING COLOR
Removing certain colors in your image or desaturating
the color of the image.
COMBINING TEXT, GRAPHICS, AND COLOR
Adding multiple elements in a layout.