Schedule for Today

18-759: Wireless Networks Goals and structure of the course

Administrative stuff
Lecture 1: Organization, History and Wireless technologies
Applications History
Exciting Applications
Peter Steenkiste
Departments of Computer Science and
Electrical and Computer Engineering
Spring Semester 2010
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~prs/wirelessS10/
Peter A. Steenkiste 1 Peter A. Steenkiste 2

Goals of the Course Course Contents

Learn about the unique challenges in wireless

networking Lectures: unique
q features of wireless
» Starting point is “regular” wired networks » About 20 lectures on diverse topics

Gain an understanding of wireless technologies Surveys of advanced research topics

at the physical, MAC, and higher layers » Critical thinking on exciting current research
» Focus is on the wireless protocol layer » Comparison of proposed solutions
Get experience in working with wireless » Applicability and limitations
networks » Second half of the semester
» Implementing protocols
protocols, algorithms P j t team-based,
Project: t b d hands-on
h d
» Measurements of wireless networks
» More in-depth study of a particular topic
Get a broad view of the ongoing research in the » Topic is flexible
wireless domain » Organized as multiple phasis
» Focus on the protocol level
Guest lectures
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Page 1
 Lectures Surveys

History
y and applications
pp (today)
( y) Last part of the course will deal with
advanced
d d topics,
t i that
th t are the
th focus
f off currentt
» Why are wireless networks so interesting?
research in the wireless networking.
Challenges of wireless networks (Wednesday)
Small teams will prepare a survey on a topic
Physical layer concepts (4-5) based on a small set of papers.
» Focus on impact on higher layers » Summarize the state of the art
» Not an in-depth course on the communications field! » Apply critical thinking on the applicability and
Cellular networks and WiMax ((3-4)) effectiveness of current proposals
» Compare different solutions
WLAN (4) » Identify interesting future work
PAN, sensor networks, etc. (4-5) Surveys will be presented in class and
summarized in a short document
» Work on communication skills

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Projects Prerequisites

Prerequisites in basic probability, networking,

In-depth
p study
y of a p
particular topic.
p and basic signals
» Performance evaluation studies, protocol modifications,
applications, measurements, ..
» Must be wireless, but otherwise flexible
» List of sample topics will be provided
Strongly prefer hands on projects
» Real world is quite different from simulation and analysis
Must carefully consider platform options:
» Emulator
» Real-world experiments
» Simulator based (last resort)
» Or could compare results in different environments
Peter A. Steenkiste
signals, programming
» Or: 18-345 and 15-213 (or 15-441 as a substitute); 18-396;
and 36-217 (36-225 or 36-325 as substitutes)
» C/C++ and/or Java programming for the project
Mostly taken by students who want to extend
their networking background to wireless
» Need to make sure you know some signals as the basis
for the PHY material
But, also accessible to students with more of
an EE background
» But need to read up on networking - see reading list
» Need to consider programming experience as well
Please fill out information form!
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 Administrative Stuff Grading

"Wireless Communications and Networks", Grade distribution:

Willi
William Stallings,
St lli Prentice
P ti Hall,
H ll 2002
» Will not cover all the material in the book Homework: 10%
» Not all material is in the book - slides are fairly detailed Project: 25%
» Some slides taken from various sources
Survey: 15%
» Special credit to Dina Papagiannaki for many contributions
Exams: 50%
Web page is primary source for information
» May
y use blackboard for submission of assignments
g
Course secretary: Angela Miller, Gates 9118,
amiller@cs.cmu.edu
Teaching assistant: Fahad Dogar and Anand
Poovekurussi

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Collaboration Schedule for Today

Traditional rules of collaboration apply

pp y Goals and structure of the course
» http://www.cmu.edu/policies/documents/Cheating.html Administrative stuff
You must complete individual assignments Wireless technologies
and tests by yourself
History
You must collaborate with your partner in the
team-based project and survey assignment Exciting Applications
It is acceptable
p and encouraged
g to helpp fellow
student with generic problems
» E.g. where to find documentation, use of tools, ..

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 Wireless Technologies Why so many?

3 THz
Infrared
Optical
Communications
Diverse application Technologies have
requirements different
IR
R
W e ess
Wireless satellite
LAN
300 GHz » Energy consumption » Signal penetration
EHF

» Range » Frequency use

30 GHz Communications
WiMAX
» Bandwidth » Cost
Terrestrial satellite
SHF

microwave
Experimental
Wi-Fi » Mobility » Market size
3 GHz Communications Ultra- » Cost IrDA » Age, integration
UHF

satellite wideband
Cordless 100

bps)
phone Cellular UWB
phone
g
ZigBee
Diverse

Throughput (Mb
300 MH
MHz Color
TV
deployments
VHF

FM radio 10 WiFi WiMAX

Mobile
30 MHz Black-and Two-way » Licensed versus
White TV radio unlicensed
HF

Shortwave 1 BT
3 MHz radio » Provisioned or Zigbee
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 not
1m 10m 100m 1Km 10km 100km
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Some History… Satellites

Wireless telegraph
g p invented by y Guglielmo
g Launched in 1960
Marconi in 1896 First satellites could carry 240 voice circuits
Tesla credited with first radio communication In 1998 satellites carried:
in 1893 » 1/3 of all voice traffic
First telegraphic signal traveled across the » All television signals between countries!
Atlantic ocean in 1901 Modern satellites induce 250 ms propagation
Used analog g signals
g to transmit alphanumeric
p delay y
characters New ones in lower orbits can allow for data
services such as Internet access
Throughput of 100s Mbps (http://www.viasat.com/news/md1366-disa-
certified-ebem-satcom-modem-establishes-new-high-throughput-exceeding-200-mbps-xtar)

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 Mobile phones The origin of mobile phone

America’s mobile phone age started in 1946

2-wayy 2-party
p y communication using g digital
g with MTS – weighing 40 Kg!
transmission technology
First mobile phones very bulky, expensive
In 2002 the number of mobile phones and hardly portable
exceeded that of land lines
Operator assisted with 250 maximum users
More than 1 billion mobile phones!
The only telecommunications solution in
developing
p g regions
g

How did it all start?

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The MTS network The cellular idea

http://www.privateline.com/PCS/images/SaintLouis2.gif

In December 1947 Donald H. Ring g outlined the

idea in a Bell labs memo
Split an area into cells with their own low
power towers
Each cell would use its own frequency

Did not take off due to “extreme-at-the-time”

extreme-at-the-time
processing needs
» Handoff for thousands of users
» Rapid switching infeasible – maintain call while changing
frequency

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 … the remaining components … and the regulatory bodies

In December 1947 the transistor was invented The FCC commissioner Robert E. Lee said
by William Shockley, John Bardeen, and that mobile phones were a status symbol and
Walter Brattain worried that every family might someday
believe that its car had to have one.
Why no portable phones at that time? Lee called this a case of people “frivolously
using spectrum” simply because they could
A mobile phone needs to send a signal – not afford to.
jjust receive and amplify
p y
The energy required for a mobile phone
transmission still too high for the high From The Cell-Phone Revolution,
power/high tower approach – could only be AmericanHeritage.com
done with a car battery

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DynaTAC8000X: the first cell

phone Cellular Landscape
THEN NOW
The “brick”:
- weighed
i h d 2 pounds,
d • Fi
Firstt complete
l t cellular
ll l
- offered 30 mins of talk time for system (not handheld)
every recharging and
- sold for $3,995!
deployed in 1978 in the
suburbs of Chicago.
It took 10 years to develop (1973- • The system had 10
1983) and cost $100 million! cells, each about a
((delayy due to infrastructure)) mile across
Size primarily determined by the
• With 135 custom-
size of batteries, antennas, designed car phones.
A map of cell-phone towers in Texas as of
keypads, etc. 2005, with different colors representing
Dr. Martin Cooper of Motorola, made the first US analogue different companies.
mobile phone call on a larger prototype model in 1973
Today size determined by the UI!
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 How about WiFi – a little history WiFi in laptops

Antennas pplaced on the frame of the screen

Wavelan at 900MHz
Mini-PCI format allows for full integration
1 Mbps throughput
Latest radio technology may feature up to 3
antennas

PCMCIA form factor

make Wavelan more
portable

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Food for thought Schedule for Today

How large
g will tomorrow’s mobile devices be? Goals and structure of the course
How many wireless interfaces will they have? Administrative stuff
Will they have any of the interfaces we use Wireless technologies
today?☺ History
Exciting Applications

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 What do we use wireless for? Cellular applications

Limited set of “special” users … everyone The first killer application

pp – SMS text
» Broadcasting, emergency services, etc.
messaging
» 10s .. 100s of devices per person
Then ring tones…
Device to infrastructure … people to people
… device to device Now replacement for landlines…
» Broadcasting, Internet access … and with data communication a
» Phone calls, social networking, … dominant use
» Sensor networks,, health,, …
Always-on connectivity…
connectivity
Special-purpose applications … wired link … while on the move
replacement … wireless application market
» Often single-use devices
» Make application/protocol work over wireless
» Wireless only applications for multi-purpose devices
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Googlemaps Shazam

Song
g discovery
y using
g the web

Localization through GPS

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 Where WiFi applications

Find where your

y Wireless access
friends are – Where, to the Internet!
Whrrl, Loopt » In home
» Through hotspots
» While on the
move…

Seattle map
p
through
wigle.net

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Free Internet access through

Google WiFi Network in CA mesh WiFi

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 Home security and energy mgmt
WiFi in developing regions through WiFi (AlertMe)
Kallarakkunnu http://www.alertme.com/home-security/
Bharti Chekk
6 od
Arikko
Kakkancherry
3.04
km
8.5 km
2
Kizzisary
3 5 Km
3.5
d
12
No wiringg needed!
7.75km
22 Malappur
am Melmuri
5 Security sensors communicate
17.5 km 8
3.48 km
5 Vivekananda through WiFi
20 8 Nilambur 5
3
3.5km
25 16.8 km 11.5km
Vettekkod 22.3 km
8
4
Vangalam 17

15.68 km
14.53 km 10
Pullamkode
Kalpakanchery
5 MEA
Smart p
plugs
g allow
6
3
23
22.5 km
for energy
Pallurkotta PTM
23
Tavanoor
24
7
consumption
30
6
10
monitoring
4
24 No of Akshaya
xx
centres http://www.alertme.com/energy-saving/
connected
Sub
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POP
POP
37 Peter A. Steenkiste 38

Vehicle to vehicle
communication Future?

The motorcycles form

and ad hoc WLAN 60 GHz for in-home entertainment
The system Software defined radios
continuously monitors
the position, speed,
distance and direction
of surrounding road
users, even in
conditions of darkness
and poor visibility.
visibility
Data is centralized and sent to the drivers to warn them of
traffic conditions ahead
Motorcycle riders can view information on a display, and
receive safety warnings through advanced interfaces such
as an in-helmet audio system
From http://www.springerlink.com/content/9202x47k06358x8v/fulltext.pdf

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 Rest of the course References

Challenges
g in deliveringg wireless networkingg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX
http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/2007/3/2007_3
solutions (physical layer, protocols, and _8.shtml
supporting infrastructure) http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7432915/
How things work and limitations http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared
Current research topics that will enable more http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-wideband
uses http://www.nec.co.jp/press/en/0602/0802.html
http://bloggerstop.net/2008/01/first-mobile-phone-first-fully.html
http://indianautosblog.com/2008/10/honda-debuts-vehicle-to-vehicle-
communication-system-motorcycle-safety-technology
http://cents.cs.berkeley.edu/retreats/winter_2005/CENTS-tier.ppt
http://www.privateline.com/mt_digitalbasics/ii_wireless_history/17_t
he_first_american_radiotelephone_service/

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