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Procedure
University of Florida
• TRAFFIC
• ENVIRONMENT
• SUBGRADE
• MATL PROPERTIES
PERFORMANCE PAVEMENT
RELATION PERFORMANCE
• LAYER THICKNESSES
NO
PERFORMANCE
y TRAFFIC
y ENVIRONMENT
y SUBGRADE TRIAL TRIAL PERFORMANCE
y MATERIAL MATERIALS THICKNESSES RELATION
PROPERTIES
PERFORMANCE
CRITERIA
LIFE-COST YES
CYCLE
δ1 & δ2
Pavement Responses σ1 σ&ε
δ2 Material Responses
δ1 σ3
AC
element σ2
BASE
Introduction to Pavement Design
4.1 Response = “Reaction to an action”
Predict load responses with structural response models:
• Vary in sophistication:
– Linear Elastic
– Non-linear Elastic
– Viscoelastic
– … etc
1. Development
Design method based on computer model DAMA
• Computes amount of damage (cracking & rutting) based
on traffic in a specific environment
• Multilayer elastic theory; used correction factors to
account for base non-linearity
• Used three temperature regimes; representing three
climatic regions in the US – NY(45), SC(60) & AZ(75)
• Developed design charts from the results
Basic equation:
− f2
N f = f1 ⋅ ε t ⋅ E − f3
AC εt Where:
• Nf = Number of cycles to failure
• εt = Tensile strain @ bottom of AC layer
• f1 = Field correlation shift factor
• f2 & f3 = Laboratory determined values
Topic 6 – Asphalt Institute Design Procedure
2.1 Fatigue Cracking (cont)
− f2
N f = f1 ⋅ ε t ⋅ E − f3
Asphalt Institute calibrated the field shift factor using data from
the AASHO road test
• f1 = 0.0796
2.1.1 Fatigue tests
σ0
Stress, σ
Strain, ε
ε0
ε0
Stress, σ
Strain, ε
σ0
C2
Check:
• Select a strain level
High • Find the corresponding Nf
• Higher stiffness will have less
Nf2 Nf1 number of cycles to failure
Number of Cycles, Log Nf
From the graph:
• Stiffness of the material will depend on time of the year (temperature)
• εt depends on the material properties (E)
• So, the cycles to failure Nf will also depend on the temperature
Must use cumulative damage approach to evaluate failure
Topic 6 – Asphalt Institute Design Procedure
2.2 Damage Ratio
Actual # of Load Repetitions
Dr= Pavement has ‘failed’ if Dr=1
Allowable # of Load Repetitions
p m
n
Dr = ∑∑
i, j Where:
m = no. of load types = 1 for AI
i =1 j =1 Ni, j p = no. of periods in analysis = 12 for a year
Material properties E1, εt1 E2, εt2 E3, εt3 E4, εt4
– Recovery Thaw MR
– Normal
• Table 11.9 shows the suggested conditions to represent frost
effects on the subgrade
Topic 6 – Asphalt Institute Design Procedure
4. Traffic
Calculate design ESALs (Topic 4)
5. Design Procedure
5.1 Objective
DETERMINE THE REQUIRED STRUCTURAL THICKNESS FOR
EXPECTED TRAFFIC, SUBGRADE CONDITIONS, AND
ENVIRONMENT SUCH THAT:
• Rutting < ½ in
• Fatigue Cracking < 20% of Area
OVER THE DESIGN LIFE (as defined by traffic)
Thickness = 8in
Emulsified Base:
• TYPE I – Dense Graded (Crushed Rock)
• TYPE II – Gap Graded (Rounded Gravel)
• TYPE III – Uniform Graded (Sand Asphalt)
Topic 6 – Asphalt Institute Design Procedure
5.2.2 HMA over Emulsified Asphalt Base (cont)
HMA Surface 2”
HMA Surface 2”
hHMA hEMUL
TEMUL=hEMUL-2
Full Depth HMA THMA=hHMA-2 Emulsified Base
TEMUL
SR =
THMA
N1 is the DESIGN life ESALs for h1. Meaning that the pavement
will fail (20% cracking / ½” rutting) after N1 applications of loads
Stage 1 Remaining
X-years & n1 (actual) loads life
8. Variability/Reliability
• Subgrade MR values WILL vary within a design unit (segment)
• If material and test method remain the same, we may
assume that MR is normally distributed with mean MR(avg)
50% of values less than MRAVG 50% of values greater than MRAVG
2’ x x x x
x x x x
• C1= MR values in
C1 C2 C3 descending order
• C2= # of values equal
to or greater than
• C3 =
100%
× C2
# of values
Topic 6 – Asphalt Institute Design Procedure
8.2 Variability/Reliability Method (cont)
4. Plot Percent Greater/Equal Than Vs Resilient Modulus