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В.А.Пилипенко, В.Н.

Пономарь,
В.А.Горушко, А.А.Солонинко

Физические измерения в микроэлектронике.

Физические измерения в микроэлектронике [Электронный ресур] /


В.А.Пилипенко, В.Н.Пономарь, В.А.Горушко, А.А.Солонинко — Электрон.
текст. дан. (3,5 Мб). — Мн.: Научно-методический центр “Электронная
книга БГУ”, 2003. — Режим доступа:
http://anubis.bsu.by/publications/elresources/RadiophysicsElectronics/pilipenko.pdf
. — Электрон. версия печ. публикации, 2003. — PDF формат, версия 1.4 . —
Систем. требования: Adobe Acrobat 5.0 и выше.

МИНСК

«Электронная книга БГУ»

2003

© Пилипенко В.А., Пономарь В.Н.,


Горушко В.А., Солонинко А.А., 2003.
© Научно-методический центр
«Электронная книга БГУ», 2003
www.elbook.bsu.by
elbook@bsu.by

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