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Костина Д.М.
Костина Н. И.
БЕЛГОРОД
2019
ББК 81.2 Англ. Я 73
К 72
© ИПЦ «ПОЛИТЕРРА»
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ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
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UNIT 1
A.
A1. 1) Read the dialogue and make up questions beginning with:
"What time…?",
"Where…?",
"Who…?",
"What…?"
An interview.
Robin Knight, the television reporter, is interviewing the Duchess of Wessex for
the programme ‘The English at home’.
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A 2. Read the story and say what your friend does every day.
Every day.
Judith.
1. a secretary
2. 18
3. the office/5 days a week
4. 7.30
5. nothing
6. orange-juice
7. parents
8. the office/8.15
9. in the canteen
10.home/5.30
11.evening classes
12.eleven o’clock
I’m sailing
I am sailing, I am sailing
Home again across the sea.
I am sailing storming waters
To be near you, to be free.
I am flying, I am flying
Like a bird across the sky.
I am flying passing high clouds
To be near you, to be free.
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A 5. 1) Read the dialogue and ask questions beginning with:
"Who…?"
"What…?"
"Why…?"
A 6. 1)Read the text and say what Julia and Godfrey are wearing
... and now here’s Julia. Julia’s wearing a white cotton blouse and a black
nylon skirt. She’s wearing orange shoes and she’s carrying an orange leather
handbag. Thank you, Julia!
Now, Godfrey’s wearing dark-blue flared trousers and a light-blue woollen
jacket. He’s wearing a yellow shirt and a red tie. Thank you, Godfrey!
"Who…?",
"What…?"
"Why…?"
“How long…?”
B.
Comparative usage:
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B 1. Match sentences 1-13 with the definitions.
B 2. Complete the following sentences using the suitable parts from the right-
hand column.
1. She is packing things ... - never
2. George repairs his car himself ... - since last year
3. They are making the experiment ... - still
4. She has been working on this air line - today
5. Professor Manson receives patients... - every month/week/day
6. They have been discussing the problem... - in the morning/evening
7. We are staying at the hotel... - at the present moment
8. I take a holiday in autumn ... - the whole day
9. I have been teaching at this college... -usually/often/always
- for 2 hours
- since I returned from Italy
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B 4. Make up dialogues based on the key sentences:
Model:
Uncle John is watching TV.
- Is uncle John still watching TV?
- Yes, he usually watches TV at that time.
- How long has he been watching it?
- I think for half an hour already.
B 5. Put the verbs into the correct form: Present Simple, Present Continuous,
Present Perfect Continuous.
Model:
- Let’s go out. It (a)…isn’t raining now.
a) isn’t raining, b) doesn’t rain, c) hasn’t been raining.
- Julia is very good at languages. She (b)… speaks four languages very well.
a) has been speaking, b) speaks, c) is speaking.
- I (b)have been waiting for you for ages. Where have you been?
a) wait, b) have been waiting, c) am waiting.
Model:
My wife normally works at home, but she is spending this month in Nottingham.
She is teaching in a summer school there. (work) (spend) (teach).
B 7. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form. Use Present Simple or
Present Continuous.
1. My friend always (tell) me the truth, but I see that she (tell) a lie now.
2. “I usually (drive) to my work. -Be careful! You (drive) too fast.”
3. As a rule she (wear) smart hats. But today she (wear) a funny-looking one.
4. “Every Sunday Mr. Gray (watch) birds in the forest.”- “Be quiet, the
photographer (watch) that bird. He (want) to take a picture.”
5. You (remember) where he (work)?
6. She (not understand) what the teacher (explain).
7. Shе (say) now that she (love) him very much.
8. I (not recognize) the man who (give) a talk.
9. You usually (not drink) coffee at this time? What is that you (drink) now?
10. “Look, it (rain) again. - Yes, it (rain) most days at this time of year”.
11. “Where are the children?” – “They (play) in the garden. They (get) at home
from school at about four and usually (go) straight out to play with their friends.”
12. What language they (speak) in Holland? What language he (speak) now?
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B 8. Complete the conversation using the correct form of the verb in brackets.
Mind the difference in usage of state verbs and action verbs.
Emma: Hi, Matthew. What do you (look/ are you looking) at?
Matthew: Oh, hi. These are photos of me when I was a child.
Emma: Oh, look at this one. I (think/am thinking) you look lovely, Matthew
Matthew: I (have/am having) some more photos here.
Emma: Look at this. Why such a big coat?
Matthew: It is my brother’s. That’s why it (doesn’t fit/isn’t fitting) properly.
Emma: Oh, I (see/ am seeing). And you (have/ are having) your tea here. And
in this one you (think/are thinking) about something very serious.
Matthew: This is a photo of the village I (come/am coming) from.
Emma: Oh, that’s nice.
Matthew: And now look, this fish which I caught (weighs/ is weighing) about
half a kilo.
Emma: What a nice little boy! And what a sentimental old thing you are now!
1. It (snow) heavily. It (snow) since Monday. The heavy snowfalls (make) the
roads impassable.
2. She speaks a very good English. No wonder, she (study) English since her
childhood.
3. Where is Mike? He (pack) his kit-bag. Oh dear, isn't he ready yet? He (pack) it
since the very morning.
4. I (listen) to this record for half an hour but I can't understand all the words yet.
5. Your friend is fond of you. He (talk) of you very much these days.
6. Look! My son (drive) a car for the first time in his life.
7. What a lovely smell! Mary (make) jam.
8. I (polish) this table all the morning and my mother isn't satisfied with it yet.
9. Peter, you (whisper) to the student on your right for the last five minutes. You
(help) him with his exam paper or he (help) you?
10. That man (stand) at the bus stop for the last half hour.
B 11. Read this conversation between Brian and Sarah. Put the verbs into the
correct form.
Sarah: Brian! How nice to see you! What …you (do) these days?
Brian: I (train) to be a supermarket manager.
Sarah: Really? What’s it like? …you (enjoy) it?
Brian: It’s all right. What about you?
Sarah: Well, actually I (not/work) at the moment. I (try) to find a job but it’s not
easy. But I’m very busy. I (decorate) my flat.
Brian: …you (do) it alone?
Sarah: No, some friends of mine (help) me.
B 12. Choose the correct form of the verbs. Use Present Simple, Present
Continuous, Present Perfect Continuous.
Dear Karen,
At last I am here, in England. I (dream/ I have been dreaming) about it all my life.
(I’m having / I have) a great time here. (I stay/ I have been staying) here for two
months already. My university term (isn’t starting/ doesn’t start) until the autumn,
so (I’m taking / I take) the opportunity to improve my English. (I’m staying / I
stay) with some English friends who (are owning / own) a farm. On weekdays (I’m
catching / I catch) a bus into Torquay to go to language classes. (I’m making / I
make) a good progress, I think. My friends (say / are saying) my pronunciation
(obviously improves/has obviously been improving) since I arrived, and (I’m
understanding / I understand) almost everything now. At weekends (I’m helping /
I help) on the farm. At the moment (they’re harvesting / they harvest) the corn and
(they’re needing / they need) all the help they can get. It’s quite hard work, but
(I’m liking it / I like) it. And (I’m developing / I develop) some strong muscles!
(Do you come / Are you coming) to visit me at Christmas? (I’m spending / I spend)
the winter holiday here at the farm. My friends (are wanting / want) to meet you
and there’s plenty of space. But you must bring your warmest clothes. (It’s getting
/ it gets) very cold here in the winter.
Let me know as soon as (you’re deciding / you decide). And tell me what (you’re
doing / you do) these days.
Do you miss me?
Love,
Paul
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B 13. Complete the conversations using the correct form of the verb in brackets.
Use Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect Continuous.
I.
Pam: Eric! Call the waiter again!
Eric: I (try) to call him.
Pam: Eric! We (sit) here for twenty minutes…and I am not going to wait any
longer!
Eric: I’m sorry, dear… but he (talk) to that girl.
Pam: Yes, he (talk) to her since we came in.
Eric: Waiter!
Waiter: … you (want) the bill?
Eric: The bill! We haven’t seen the menu, yet.
II.
Mrs Baker: Hello, Mrs Parker. …(wait) to see Doctor Savage?
Mrs Parker: Hello, Mrs Baker. Yes, I am.
Mrs Baker: How long you (wait)?
Mrs Parker: I (wait) since nine o’clock.
Mrs Baker: Ah, you (not wait) long. It’s only ten past nine now.
Mrs Parker: No, no, I (…not). I (read) this magazine. It’s very interesting.
There is an article about operations.
III.
Diane: Hello, Judy. You (sit) here for an hour!
Where is your husband?
Judy: Oh, he (dance) with Mrs Winston
Diane: Oh, yes … he (dance) very well. He (dance) all evening?
Judy: Yes, he has… but he (not dance) with me.
IV.
Jenny: I (look) for you. How long you (watch) TV?
Paul: I (sit) here for more than an hour.
Jenny: I was lucky to find you here. I (want) to talk to you.
C.
C2. Translate the sentences into English, using appropriate tenses (Present
Continuous, Present Perfect Continuous):
A.
A1. Read the song and learn it by heart. Comment on the use of Past Simple.
Yesterday.
Yesterday all my troubles seemed so far away.
Now it looks as though they’re here to stay,
oh, I believe in yesterday.
Suddenly I’m not half the man I used to be,
There’s a shadow hanging over me,
Oh, yesterday came suddenly.
Why she had to go I don’t know she wouldn’t say,
I said something wrong, now I long for yesterday.
Yesterday love was such an easy game to play,
Now I need a place to hide away.
Oh, I believe in yesterday.
A2. 1) Read the poem and say what made the day so awfully bad.
2) Ask what, why, where... questions:
A bad day.
I overslept and missed my train,
Slipped on the sidewalk in the pouring rain,
Sprained my ankle,
Skinned my knees,
Broke my glasses,
Lost my keys,
Got stuck in the elevator,
It wouldn’t go,
Kicked it twice and stubbed my toe,
Bought a pen that didn’t write,
Took it back and had a fight,
Went home angry,
Locked the door,
Crawled into bed,
Couldn’t take any more.
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A3.1) Read the text and fill in the gaps with the words from the box.
2) Say what helped Juliana survive in the air crash.
Escape from the jungle.
On Christmas Eve 1971 Juliana Koepke, a seventeen-year-old German girl,
(1).... Lima by air with her mother. They (2).... on their way to Pucallpa, another
town in Peru, to spend Christmas with Juliana’s father. Forty-five minutes later the
plane(3) .... up in a storm, and Juliana (4).... 3,000 metres, strapped in her seat. She
was not killed when the seat(5) .... the ground (perhaps because trees broke her
fall), but she (6).... all night unconscious.
The next morning Juliana(7) .... for pieces of the plane, and (8).... for her
mother. Nobody answered, and she(9) .... nothing except a small plastic bag of
sweets.
Juliana’s collar bone was broken, one knee was badly hurt and she had deep
cuts on her arms and legs. She had no shoes; her glasses were broken (so she could
not (10).... snakes or spiders, for example); and she was wearing only a very short
dress, which was badly torn. But she decided to try to(11) .... out of the jungle,
because she (12).... that if she stayed there she would die.
So, Juliana (13).... to walk. She did not(14) .... anything to eat, and as the
days went by she got weaker and weaker. She was also in bad trouble from insect
bites. She (15).... helicopters, but could not see them above the trees, and of course
they could not see her. One day she(16) .... three seats and (17).... that they had
dead bodies in them, but she did not recognise the people.
After four days she (18).... to a river. She saw caimans and piranhas, but she
(19).... that they do not usually attack people. So, Juliana walked and(20) .... down
the river for another five days. At last she(21) .... to a hut. Nobody was there, but
the next afternoon, four men arrived. They (22).... her to a doctor in the next
village.
Juliana (23).... afterwards that there were at least three other people who
were not killed in the crash. But she was the only one who (24).... out of the jungle.
It took her ten days.
A 4. 1)Read the text. Mind the use of the construction “ used to do”.
When Paul was a child his native place used to be very small and boring.
There used to be only some small shops, a cinema house and a post office. There
used to be neither theatre nor café. There even didn’t use to be a stadium! They
used to play football in the school sports ground.
What a boring life!
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2) Explain what made the life boring in the town.
3) Say how things used to be in your childhood.
Things have changed greatly since that time. A large plant was built and
since then the town has grown rapidly. A lot of supermarkets, fitness centres,
cinema houses, concert halls, galleries, cafes and restaurants have appeared for the
last decades. The town has even got two stadiums recently! What an interesting
life!
A6.Read the poem. Mind the use of Present Perfect in negative and interrogative
sentences.
The beaches of Mexico.
Have you ever seen the beaches of Mexico?
Have you ever walked the streets of San Juan?
Have you ever been to Haiti?
Have you ever been to Spain?
Have you ever walked barefoot in a heavy rain?
Have you ever been in trouble?
Have you ever been in pain?
Have you ever been in love?
Would you do it all again?
Well, I’ve never seen the beaches of Mexico.
I’ve never walked the streets of San Juan.
I’ve never been to Haiti.
I’ve never been to Spain.
I’ve never walked barefoot in a heavy rain.
But I’ve sure been in trouble
I’ve sure been in pain.
I’ve sure been in love.
I’ll do it all again.
I.
John: Where have you been?
Mary: I’ve been in the canteen.
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John: Have you seen George?
Mary: Yes, I have.
John: Has he taken my car?
Mary: Yes, he has.
John: Has he got a licence?
Mary: No, he hasn’t.
John: Why hasn’t he taken a test?
Mary: He hasn’t had time.
John: Where has he gone?
Mary: He’s gone into the town.
John: Has he done any work this morning?
Mary: Yes, he has.
John: What’s he done?
Mary: He’s answered an email.
II.
John: How long have you been in this place?
Mary: I’ve been here since 2006.
John: How long has George been here?
Mary: He’s been here for six years. He’s been here since 2013.
John: How long have you known him?
Mary: I’ve known him for ten years, since our last year at school.
A 8. 1) Read the dialogues and comment on the use of Present Perfect and Past
Simple.
I.
John: What time is it?
Mary: Half past four.
John: What have you done this afternoon?
Mary: I’ve pressed your trousers. I’ve done the flat. I’ve baked a cake.
John: What did you do this morning?
Mary: I went shopping. I bought meat and vegetables. I paid the grocery bill.
John: Oh, honey, you have been as busy as a bee today!
II.
John: By the way, have you seen this new film?
Mary: Yes, I have.
John: When did you see it?
Mary: I saw it last week. Have you seen it?
John: No, I haven’t. Who did you go with?
Mary: I went with George.
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III.
John: Have you been on holiday?
Mary: Yes, I have. I went to Scotland. We went skiing.
John: Where did you stay?
Mary: At our friends in a little village. Have you ever been there?
John: Yes, I went there last year.
Mary: Did you go skiing?
John: No, I didn’t. I’ve never tried it.
A 9. Read the text and describe the lives of the 4 schoolmates. Ask questions
about the story.
Four lives.
Herbert Burke, James Stephens, Mary Foot, and Charlie Phillips all used to
go to the same school. They left school in 1980, and they’ve had very different
careers.
Herbert Burke became a politician ten years ago. He’s very successful. He
bought a country house five years ago, and bought a Jaguar at the same time. He’s
been a Member of Parliament for ten years. He’s had his house and car for five
years.
James Stephens is a criminal. He robbed a bank in 1991, and escaped to a
Pacific island. He bought a luxury yacht the same year. He’s still on the island.
He’s been there since 1991. He’s had the yacht since 1991.
Mary Foot and Charlie Phillips fell in love at school. He gave her a ring
when they left school. She wears it every day, and she’s never taken it off. They
got married in 1983 and they are still in love. They moved to Australia in 1988.
B.
Comparative usage:
B 2. Complete the following sentences using the suitable parts from the right
-hand column.
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B4. Make up dialogues based on the key sentences. Use Past Simple, Present
Perfect, Present Continuous Tenses.
B5. Complete the sentences. Put the verb into Past Simple( positive or negative).
Model:
-It was warm, so I took off my coat. (take)
-The film wasn’t very good. I didn’t enjoy it very much. (enjoy)
B6. You are writing a letter to a friend. In the letter you give news about yourself
and other people. Use the given words to make sentences, use Present
Perfect.
Dear Chris,
Lots of things have happened since I last wrote to you.
1. I (buy) a new car I’ve bought a new car.
2. My father (start) a new job.
3. I (give up) smoking.
4. Charles and Sarah (go) to Brazil.
5. Suzanne (have) a baby.
6. Mary (move) to a new flat.
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7. My mom (leave) for Brighton.
8. Jack (get) a grant at the University.
9. Tom and Mary (build) a new house
10.Fred (break) his leg.
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B 9. Use Past Simple or Present Perfect.
B10. Put the verb into Present Perfect or Past Simple. Make up the dialogues of
your own.
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B11. Alex wants to go to an art college and is being interviewed by Tom Smith,
one of the lecturers. Complete the questions which Tom asks him. Read the
whole conversation before you start. Find suitable verbs to fill in the gaps.
Tom: Right, Alex, let’s find out something about you. You’re obviously not a
teenager, so when did you leave school?
Alex: Five years ago, actually.
Tom: And where have you been since then?
Alex: Well I’ve had several jobs.
Tom: What (1)... first?
Alex: I worked in a cafe for about a year. I needed to save some money.
Tom: Why(2)... money?
Alex: I wanted to travel a bit before I started studying.
Tom: Where (3)... to go?
Alex: Well, the Middle East, Latin America, Australia.
Tom: Good Lord! And (4).. all those places?
Alex: No, not yet. I’ve been to Brazil and Peru so far. And I spent some months
in Turkey.
Tom: What (5)... there?
Alex: I stayed with some friends near Izmir. It was wonderful.
Tom: You’re very lucky. And now you want to come to college.(6) ... some
pictures to show me?
Alex: Um, yes, I have a small portfolio here.
Tom: Where (7)...these works?
Alex: Mostly in Turkey.
Tom: Why (8)... any in South America?
Alex: I didn’t have time really. And I was travelling light, I just (9)…some
pencil sketches.
Tom: (10)... them here with you?
Alex: They’re at the back of the portfolio.
Tom: Well, Alex, I’m very impressed. When (11)... interested in painting and
drawing?
Alex: I think I always have been.
Tom: I can believe that. Will you come with me? I want to show this work to my
colleagues right away.
Alex: Of course. Thank you very much.
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C.
C1. Translate into English, using appropriate tenses Use Past Simple, Present
Perfect.
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UNIT 3.
A.
A Surprise Party.
When I reached my house at seven,
Max was playing the guitar,
Jane was sitting at the table
Eating pickles from a jar.
Ted was sitting at the piano,
Playing sonatas to Louise,
And my parrot Paul was singing
All the songs and melodies.
Bob was sleeping under the table,
He couldn’t even stay awake,
And my dog was in the kitchen
Eating off the birthday cake.
"Who…?",
"What…?",
"Why…?"
John: What were you doing when I phoned this morning?
Mary: I was getting up.
John: What were you doing at 10 o’clock on Monday?
Mary: I was playing tennis. What were you doing?
John: While you were playing tennis, I was sweating in the office.
Mary: Were you working?
John: Of course, I was working.
Mary: But you weren’t working when I phoned. You said you were sleeping.
John: I wasn’t sleeping. I was sweeping. When you phoned I was sweeping the
floor.
Mary: What was the office boy doing while you were sweeping the floor?
John: He was visiting a sick aunt. When I arrived, he was crying. So, I gave him
the day off.
Mary: I am glad his aunt is better.
John: What do you mean?
Mary: When I saw him at 11 he was playing poker.
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2) Act out the dialogue.
3) Make up your own dialogue after the pattern.
4) Make up a story on the basis of the dialogue.
Comparative usage:
B 2. Complete the following sentences using the suitable parts from the right-
hand column
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B 3. Change the following sentences according to the indicator:
1) The boys were discussing the film when Nancy spoke to them.
Which took more time, a) what the boys said, or b) what Nancy said?
2) Sarah phoned the office and drove to the airport.
What did she do first, a) phoned the office, or b) drove to the airport?
3) When Alice arrived, Tom was working at the computer.
Which started earlier, a) Alice’s arrival, or b) Tom’s working?
B 5. Use your own ideas to complete sentences 1-7. Use an appropriate tense
form.
B 6 . Put the verbs into the correct form. Use Past Continuous or Past Simple.
1). My sister and I (stay) at our grandparents’ house when we (meet) Helen for the
first time. She (be) from Leeds and she (look) for a job at that time, but when
we (see) her two months later she already (work) at a publishing house.
2). I first (notice) her when she (dance) at Suisan’s party. It (be) obvious that she
(enjoy) herself a lot. I (be) introduced to her and then we (have) a long talk. As
we (talk) Suisan suddenly (call) me saying that somebody (wait) for me.
3). John (cycle) home yesterday when suddenly a girl (step) out into the road in
front of him. He (go) quite fast but, luckily, he (manage) to stop in time and
(not hit) the girl.
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C
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UNIT 4.
A.
A 1. 1) Read the dialogue, comment on the use of Past Simple and Past Perfect.
"Who…?",
"What…?",
"Why…?"
a) Patty was upset because she had planned to have a party last weekend.
She had been getting ready for the party for a long time. She had invited all of her
friends. She had cooked lots of food. And she had cleaned her apartment from top
to bottom. But at the last minute, she got sick and had to cancel her party. Poor
Patty! She was really disappointed.
b) Michael said he had planned to ask his boss for a promotion. He had been
preparing to ask his boss for a promotion for a long time. He had come to work
early for several weeks. He had worked late at the office every night. And he had
even bought a new suit to wear to the appointment with his boss. Unfortunately,
before Michael could ask for a promotion, his boss fired him.
c) John and Julia had planned to get married. They had been planning their
wedding for several months, and all of their friends and relatives had been looking
forward to the ceremony. Julia had bought a beautiful wedding gown. John had
rented a fancy tuxedo. And they had sent invitations to 150 people. But at the last
minute, John “got cold feet” * and they had to cancel the wedding.
*You can also say: got scared.
2) Talk with other students in your class about the plans you had had that “fell
through”:
32
B.
Comparative usage
B 2. Complete the following sentences using the suitable parts from the right-
hand column
1. He parked his car... …last year
2. He had parked his car... …yesterday
3. What did you do in the garden... …when I arrived
4. They had written the letter... …by that time
5. The train hadn’t arrived yet... …an hour ago
6. I read this book... …by 10
7. He broke his leg …the other day
in a skiing accident... …on Tuesday
8. He had finished cleaning his car …when I was at school
9. I first met George... …before I came
10.What had you done
in the garden...? …before the midnight
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B 3. Change the following sentences according to the indicator:
B5. Read about each situation and choose the correct answer.
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B6. Use Past Simple or Past Perfect.
1). There was nobody in the sitting-room when I (get) home. Everybody (go) to
bed.
2). The house was very quiet when I (get) home, so I (go) straight to bed.
3). She gave him the book his teacher (recommend).
4). They (finish) the translation by five o’clock.
5). She got a message saying he (pass) the exam.
6). At six o’clock he (know) they were not coming.
7). She (go on) with the story where her mother (stop).
8). Margaret was late for work. Her friend (be) very surprised. She never (be) late
before.
9). I didn’t recognize him. He (change) a lot.
B 7. Join the sentences with the time links: before, as soon as, when, after, by,
till, until. Use Past Simple or Past Perfect.
B 8. Use Present Perfect (things that have happened before now) or Past Perfect
(things that had happened before then).
1). He looked at the girl and understood he (see) her somewhere before.
2). “I think John (miss) his 7.30 train. That’s why he isn’t here now.”
– “Looks like him. He (not/come) home in time since he started to work.”
3). When the three bears came home they saw that someone (eat) Baby Bear’s
porridge.
4). John is hungry because he (have) nothing to eat since morning.
5). Mrs Brown lives next door but she never (say) more than “good morning” to
me.
6). They (buy) the apples in the market.
7). He just (see) his friend arrive.
8). It (stop) raining and the sun is shining.
9). She said they (walk) 3 miles.
10). They just (walk) in the park.
11). I wondered what he (do) since we last met?
12). There (be) no post all this week.
13). Nick hoped there (be) no post since Friday.
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B9. Put the verbs in brackets into Past Simple or Past Perfect.
Last Monday Angie 1) …got up..(get up) for work as usual and 2)…(go) to
the kitchen to have some breakfast. But when she 3)…(open) the fridge, she
4)…(find) that her flatmate Lucy 5)…(drink) all the milk – not a good start to the
day! So she 6)…(have) a quick cup of black coffee, 7)…(get) dressed and 8)…(go)
out to the car. However, when she 9)… (turn) the key, nothing 10)…( happen)!
Someone 11)…(leave) the headlights and the battery 12)…(go) flat. She 13) …(be)
furious as Lucy 14)…(use) the car last night and it 15)…(be) her who 16)…(forget)
to switch off the lights. Angie 17)…(head) for the bus stop to wait in the freezing
cold.
1). Tom (sit) in a corner with a book. I told him that he (read) in very bad light.
2). When I (arrive) the lecture already (start).
3). Unfortunately, when I arrived Ann just (leave), so we only had time for a few
words.
4). When we (reach) the field, the game already (start).
5). You (look) very busy when I (see) you last night. What you (do) ?
6). I (call) Раul at 7.00 but it wasn't necessary because he already (get) up.
7). The children (come) to the party at 4 o'clock yesterday; but before that Mr. and
Mrs. Green (decorate) the room, Mrs. Green (bake) cakes, and Mr. Green (buy)
a small present for very little guest.
8). While he (water) the flowers it (begin) to rain.
9). Richard (get) a new exercise-book yesterday because he (fill) his old one.
10). Ann said that she (be) on holiday. I (hope) that she (enjoy) herself.
11). When Margaret (finish) her homework she (turn) on the radio.
36
C
C 1. Translate into English, using appropriate tense forms (Past Simple, Past
Perfect, Present Perfect):
37
UNIT 5.
A.
A 1. Read the poem. Comment on the use of Past Continuous and Past Perfect
Continuous.
A2. Compose your own poem using Past Continuous and Past Perfect
Continuous.
38
B
Comparative usage
B 2. Complete the following sentences using the suitable parts from the right-
hand column.
39
B 4. Make up dialogues based on the key sentences. Use Past Continuous, Past
Perfect Continuous.
A pattern:
A. I heard that……. Is it true?
B. Yes, it is ... and it’s really a nuisance. He/She/They…..for a long time.
B 6. Read the situations and make sentences using the words in brackets.
Model: I was very tired when I arrived home. (I/work/hard all day)
I had been working hard all day.
1). The two boys came into the house. They had a football and they were both very
tired. (They/play/football)
2). There was nobody in the room but there was a smell of cigarettes.
(Somebody/smoke/in the room)
3). Ann woke up in the middle of the night. She was frightened and didn’t know
where she was. (She/dream)
4). When I got home, Mike was sitting in front of the TV. He had just turned it off.
(He/watch/TV)
40
B 7. Use Past Continuous or Past Perfect Continuous.
1). Ann didn’t see me wave to her. She (look) in the other direction.
2). Yesterday afternoon Sharon went to the station to meet Paul. When she got
there, Paul (already wait) for her.
3). When I got home, Bill (lie) on the sofa. The television was on but he (not
watch) it. He had fallen asleep (snore) loudly. I turned the television off and
just then he woke up.
4). I met George and Linda yesterday as I (walk) through the park. They had been
to the Sports Centre where they (play) tennis. They (go) to a cafe for a drink
and invited me to join them.
5). Suddenly I woke up. I was confused and didn’t know where I was. I (dream).
6). When she finally came, Peter (read) a book, Mary (cook) dinner. We (wait) for
her for 4 hours but she didn’t even say she was sorry.
I). Jim was on his hands and knees on the floor, he (look) for his pen.
2). When I arrived she (wait) for me. But she looked angry as she (wait) for a very
long time.
3). They still (walk) when it started snowing.
4). The children looked tired. They (walk) since early morning.
5). The magnificent car (wait) at the door. It (wait) for two hours.
6). The sun (shine) all day long yesterday.
7). She (cry) for a few minutes more before she could stop.
8). John (drive) the car when the accident happened.
9). The sky (clear) though it (rain) still.
10). The telephone (ring) for a few minutes before somebody picked up the
receiver.
B 9. Put the verbs in brackets into Past Continuous or Past Perfect Continuous.
When Jack Brown returned home from a long- term safari, he realised that nobody
1) …(wait) for him. He 2) …(travel) in Africa for 15 years and, of course, nobody
remembered him here. The town 3) …(live) it’s usual life. People 4) …(hurry)
along the streets as 15 years before, kids with their nursemaids 5) …(play) in the
park, housekeepers 6) …(carry) their baskets with products from the market.
Everything looked as before and the acute sense of missing that peaceful life
possessed him. Only then he realised that he 7) …(dream) about that day all the
time. He 8) …(discover) new lands, 9) …(hunt) lions, 10) …(race) horses but all
the time he 11) …(think) about his returning home. And now he was there at last.
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UNIT 6.
A.
A 1. 1). Read the dialogue. Comment on the use of Past Perfect and Past Perfect
Continuous.
A2. Compose your own dialogue using Past Perfect and Past Perfect
Continuous.
.
B
B 4. Put the verb into Past Continuous (I was doing), Past Perfect (I had done)
or Past Perfect Continuous (I had been doing).
1). It was very noisy next door. Our neighbours were having (have) a party.
2). John and I went for a walk. I had difficulty keeping up with him because he
(walk) so fast.
3). Mary was sitting on the ground. She was out of breath. She (run).
4). When I arrived, everybody was sitting round the table with their mouths full.
They (eat).
5). When I arrived, everybody was sitting round the table and talking. Their
mouths were empty but their stomachs were full. They (eat).
6). Jim was on his hands and knees on the floor. He (look) for his contact lens.
7). When I arrived, Kate (wait) for me. She was rather annoyed with me because I
was late and she (wait) for a very long time.
8). I was sad when I sold my car. I (have) it for a very long time.
9). We were extremely tired at the end of the journey. We (travel) for more than
24 hours.
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B5. Use Past Simple, Past Continuous, Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous
C1. Translate the sentences into English, using appropriate tenses (Past Simple,
Past Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous):
1). Когда я вошел в зал, студенты все еще обсуждали первый доклад.
2). В поезде было немного народа. Некоторые читали, другие спали, дети
смотрели в окно.
3). Шел дождь, когда мы расстались.
4). Пока она гладила брюки, он слушал радио.
5). Она как раз открывала дверь, когда зазвонил телефон.
6). Джим вошел в кухню, налил себе кофе и включил телевизор.
7). Она работала уже несколько лет, но управляющий не собирался повышать
ей зарплату.
8). Он заявил, что ждет нас уже полтора часа и не будет ждать ни минуты
больше.
9). Когда я вернулся, он сидел у камина и читал журнал.
10). Мы шли по дороге уже несколько часов, когда начался дождь.
11). Они ехали очень долго, прежде чем увидели огни города.
12). Они жили в этом доме больше 10 лет, когда землетрясение разрушило
его.
13). Они обсуждали эту проблему 2 часа, прежде чем пришли к соглашению.
14). Джейн печатала рассказ уже несколько часов и выглядела усталой.
15). Утро было прекрасное: ярко светило солнце и громко пели птицы.
44
UNIT 7
Present Tenses for the Future.
A 1. Read the dialogue. Comment on the use of Present Tenses for the future
B 2. Complete the following sentences using the suitable parts from the right-
hand column.
45
B3. Read each pair of sentences and then answer questions about them.
46
UNIT 8
47
A 2. 1) Read the superstitions. Comment on the use of if-clauses.
Superstitions.
B2. Choose the correct form of the verb to express future meaning.
49
B3. Read each pair of sentences and then answer questions about them.
B5. Read the story and fill in the gaps with the verbs in the appropriate tense
form expressing future.
A Penguin Joke!
One day a man and his wife were walking down the street when they came across
a penguin.
“Oh!” exclaimed the man. “What a surprise! What we (do) with it?”
“I know,” said his wife. We (ask) a policeman.”
So, they found a policeman and explained what had happened.
“Mmm,” said the policeman, I think the best thing is to take it to the zoo.”
“What a good idea!” said the woman. We (go) there straight away.”
50
The next morning the policeman was walking down the same street when he saw
the couple again with the penguin. “I thought I told you to take that penguin to
the zoo,” the policeman said.
“Well, we did,” said the man. “We took it to the zoo and we all had a really good
time.
So, this afternoon we (take) it to the cinema, and this evening we (have) a meal in
a fish restaurant.”
B6. Read the dialogue and put the verbs in brackets into the appropriate tense
form expressing future.
B7. 1). Read the stories and put the verbs in brackets into the appropriate tense
form expressing future.
Too bad
51
UNIT 9
52
Happy Thanksgiving.
Thanksgiving is this week and several of our relatives from out of town will be
staying with us during the long holiday weekend.
Uncle Frank will be staying for a few days. He’ll be sleeping on the couch in the
living-room. My wife’s parents will be staying until next Monday. They’ll be
sleeping in the guest room over garage. And Ñousin Bertha will be staying for a
week or more. She’ll be sleeping on a cot in the children’s bedroom. My wife and I
will be busy for the next few days. She’ll be preparing Thanksgiving dinner and
I’ll be cleaning the house from top to bottom.
We’re looking forward to the holiday but we know we’ll be happy when it’s over.
Happy Thanksgiving.
B2. Answer the questions. You are saying what you will be doing as part of
your routing.
Model: You want to have a look at your friend’s magazine tonight. (read)
Will you be reading your magazine tonight? Can I take it till
tomorrow?
1). You want your friend to give the important papers to the manager. (see)
2). You want to use your dad’s car. (drive)
3). You want your friend to give you a lift to the festival. (drive)
4). You want your friend to give a message to your football coach. (phone)
B4. Put the verb into Future Simple (will do) or Future Continuous
( will be doing).
1). I’m going on holiday on Saturday. This time next week I (lie) on a beach
or (swim) in the sea.
2). This time tomorrow I (be) at home. You may come around. But do not
come late at night. From 9 to 11 p.m. I (meet) some special people.
3). You (pass) the post office when you’re out?
4). “If you see Sally, can you ask her to phone me?” – “Sure. I (see) her this
evening, so I’ll tell her.
5). “You (use) your bicycle this evening?” – “No. Do you want to borrow it?”
6). Don’t call me at 10 a.m. I (be) in my office. I (work).
7). Let’s wait for Mary to arrive and we (have) dinner.
8). Don’t phone me between 7 and 8. We (have) dinner.
B5. Match two parts of the dialogues (1-9 with a-i). Put the verbs in brackets
into the necessary tense forms expressing future: Present tenses, Future
Simple and Future Continuous.
55
UNIT 10
Nancy: Will you have finished your course paper by the end of the term?
Alice: I hope I will. I think I’ll have written the first part by Sunday and then
I’ll have completed everything before the next month.
Nancy: Perhaps you’ll need some time to consult your tutor.
Alice: I expect we’ll have discussed all the problems before deadline.
B 1. Complete the following sentences using the suitable parts fro the right-hand
column. Mind the use of Future Simple and Future Perfect.
1. I shall have translated all the articles... …by the time we get to the station
2. We shall know the results... …before the teacher comes
3. The students will have discussed
the problem... …next year
4. The train will have left... …never
5. I shall remember this day... …by next winter
6. He will come again... …all my life
7. I shall have finished this book... …in a week
8. They will forgive me... …by ten o’clock
9. My friend will be a teacher... …by tomorrow evening
10. I shall have saved the necessary …forever
sum of money... …in two days
56
B 2. Change the following sentences according to the indicator:
Model: Has Jack returned or is he still making a tour round the country? (be back)
- Has Jack returned or is he still making a tour round the country?
- I believe he is still travelling.
- When do you think he will be back?
- If nothing keeps him he will have been back by next Sunday.
1). Has Albert made a film about his travel or is he still making one? (make)
2). Have they shown the play or is he still rehearsing it? (be ready)
3). Have they carried out the experiment or are they still preparing it? (conduct)
4). Has Donald written his article or is he still collecting the material? (finish)
5). Has Miss Radcliff translated the article or is she still working at it? (finish)
57
UNIT 11
B 1. Complete the following sentences using the suitable parts fromthe right-
hand column. Mind the use of Future Continuous, Future Perfect
Continuous.
Model: Has Melany cooked the dinner or is she still cooking it?
Jack: Hi, Melany. Remember, we’ll be having dinner with the Browns tonight.
Have you cooked the dinner?
Melany: - No, I’m still cooking it. When are you going to get back, by the way?
Jack: - I expect at 7p.m.
Melany: - By the time you return I’ll have been cooking dinner for2 hours. But I’ll
have finished cooking and laid the table by that time.
1). Has Albert made a film about his travel or is he still making one?
2). Have they shown the play or are they still rehearsing it?
3). Have they made the experiment or are they still preparing it?
4). Has Donald written his article or is he still collecting the material?
5). Has Miss Radcliff translated the novel or is she still working at it?
B 4. Put the verb into Future Continuous ( will be doing) or Future Perfect( will
have done).
Model: Don’t phone me between 7 and 8. We’ll be having (have) dinner then.
Phone me after 8 o ‘clock. We’ll have finished (finish) dinner by then.
1). Tomorrow afternoon we’re going to play tennis from 3 o’clock until 4.30. So,
at 4 o’clock, we (play) tennis.
2). ''Can we meet tomorrow afternoon?’’- “Not in the afternoon. I (work).”
59
3). Ben has to go to a meeting which begins in two hours. It (finish) by 11.30.
4). Tom is on holiday and he is spending his money very quickly. If he continues
like this, he (spend) all his money before the end of his holiday.
5). Chuck came to Britain from the USA nearly three years ago. Next Monday it
will be exactly three years. So, on Monday, he (be) in Britain for exactly three
years.
6). Do you think you still (do) the same job in ten years’ time?
7). Jane is from New Zealand. She is travelling round Europe at the moment. So
far, she has travelled about 1,000 miles. By the end of the trip, she (travel) more
than 3,000 miles.
8). If you need to contact me, I (stay) at the Lion Hotel until Friday.
9). A: You (see) Laura tomorrow?
B: Yes, probably. Why?
A: I borrowed this book from her. Can you give it back to her?
B 5. Put the verb into the correct tense form expressing the future
B 6. Put the verb into the required tense form expressing the future.
61
C
62
UNIT 12
A 2. Analyse the forms of the passive voice. Match the verb tense in the report
with the form of the verb.
After a UFO (1)had been seen in the sky above London, it (2)was
reported to the police. A helicopter (3)was sent by the army to look at it more
closely. While the photos (4)were being taken by the pilots, the helicopter (5)was
shot down by the UFO and both men in it (6)were wounded. The photographs of
the UFO(7) have been given to the police. They (8)are being looked at by the
experts now. The results of their investigation (9)will be published in the scientific
journal
a) Present Simple passive
b) Present Continuous passive
c) Present Perfect passive
d) Past Simple passive
e) Past Continuous passive
f) Past Perfect passive
g)Future Simple passive
The newspaper (1 ) that the bus (2) from outside the school. The thief (3) by some
children. They (4) nearby when they (5) a stranger. This man never (6) in that
place before. The bus (7) by the police now. The children’s description (8) to
catch the thief.
Comments
Using the active or passive form of the verb depends on the subject of the
sentence.
a) when the subject is the person or thing doing the action (the agent), an active
form of the verb is used.
Ex.: We must learn the use of Passive. ( we is the subject and the
agent of the sentence).
b) when the subject is not the agent ( is not doing the action), a passive form of the
verb is used.
Ex.: The Passive must be learnt and used. (The Passive is the
subject but not the agent of the sentence)
c) In a passive sentence the agent can be mentioned (if it is important for the
meaning or add some more information) or not mentioned (if it is not important
for the meaning ). The agent is used with by
Ex.: The Passive must be learnt and used by us. (The Passive is
the subject, by us is the agent)
B1. Read the poem. Find the agent in each sentence. See whether the subject
and the agent is the same thing or not. Comment the use of Active and Passive.
B2. In each of these sentences underline the agent. State active and passive.
Model: They are redecorating the café. (they is the agent. Active)
1). The potato was brought to Europe by Sir Walter Raleigh.
2). The water was pouring out of the hole.
3). A photo was taken by my brother.
4). The teacher has been checking the tests the whole day.
5). The teacher has been listened to by the students with great attention.
B4. Reply to what people say. Use the subject in brackets. Change the voice of
the verb.
B6. Put the verb into the correct form, active or passive.
B7. Make up your own dialogues using the following ones as a pattern.
Use the prompts from the box
Model:
I.
A.- Have you heard about Harry?
B. -No, I haven’t. What happened?
A. -He was fired last week! (That’s terrible! That’s too bad!) That’s the second
time he’s been fired this year!
B.- What a shame.
II.
A. Have you heard about Helen?
B. No, I haven’t. What happened?
A. She was given a raise last week.
66
B. That’s great! (That’s fantastic! That’s wonderful!) That’s the second time she’s
been given a raise this year!
1. Mr and Mrs Wilson (robbed)
2. Uncle John (invited) to the White House
3. Larry (hurt) in a car accident)
4. Maria (promoted)
5. Our mailman (bitten) by a dog
6. The man across the street (arrested)
7. Claudia (sent) to Honolulu on business
8. Mrs Miller (taken) to the hospital
9. Arthur (rejected) by the army
10. Lana (offered) a movie contract)
11. Walter (chosen) “an employee of the month”
III
A: Margaret is very happy today.
B: Is she? Why?
A: Because she's been paid a compliment.
IV
A: Have you heard the latest news?
B: I don't think I have. What is it?
A: Tom was given a notice yesterday.
67
B 8. Use Present Simple Passive or Present Continuous Passive.
1). Papers (deliver) usually at 8 in the morning, they (look through) at the moment
and you'll gel yours soon.
2). “What strange sounds!” – “Oh, our piano (tune).”
3). “Where is your car?”– “It (fill) in the garage at the moment”.
4). The witness (question) by the police-inspector now.
5). The old motorway (use) by many people, but it's not very convenient, that's
why a new ring-road (build) in the city.
6). Our luggage (examine) at the Customs now. Any luggage going abroad (check)
usually here.
7). We (give) a lot of advice by our parents.
8). You'll have your copy soon, the contract (type).
9). You can't use the fax now. It (fix).
10). Lots of people (operate on) in this clinic. And now unfortunately my uncle
John (operate) on here.
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B 11. Use Future Simple Passive or Future in the Past Passive
1). The child hopes he (give) a computer by Santa Claus, but his parents made up
their minds that the boy (present) with a new scooter.
2). Get your passports ready, they (examine) by the officer. Do you remember we
were warned that our papers (examine) here?
3). The whole nation hoped he (elect) Prime-Minister.
4). I wonder when my project paper (publish).
5). The child (bring up) in a respectable family.
6). They made sure that the child (bring up) by decent people.
7). Don't leave your bicycle outside. It (steal).
8). When he turns up he (tell) the truth.
9). No one expected that the flight (delay).
10). We felt happy that the car (repair) the next day.
1). The children look strong, and healthy because (look after well).
2). 'The book is very interesting that's why (talk about much).
3). He often says amusing things which (laugh at).
4). I respect him very much because (rely on).
5). The house looks very nice because (look after well).
6). The climate in England is not very good that's why (complain about).
7). The book is very popular with our students because (touch upon many
problems)
8). She felt lonely and unhappy because (not to care for).
9). The discussion was very long but at last (arrive at an agreement).
10). He always says clever things that's why (listen to).
11). Sunday was our day off that's why (agree upon as…).
12). She works very hard that's why (think well of).
13). He won some prizes at the musical festivals that's why (look upon as...).
B 13. Put each verb in brackets into an appropriate passive tense form .
B 14. Put each verb in brackets into an appropriate passive tense form.
1). Nothing has been seen (see) of Pauline since her car (find) abandoned near
Newbury last week.
2). As our new furniture (deliver) on Monday morning I'll have to stay at home to
check that it (not damage) during transit.
3). The new Alhambra hatchback, which in this country (sell) under the name
‘Challenger’, (fit) with electric windows as standard.
4). For the past few days I (work) in Jacks office, as my own office (redecorate).
5). The last time I went sailing with friends the boat (sink) in a gale. Luckily I (not
invite) again since then!
6). It (announce) that the proposed new office block (not build) now because of the
current economic situation.
7). A major new deposit of oil (discover) in the North Sea. It (think) to be nearly
twice the size of the largest existing field.
8). Pictures of the surface of the planet Venus (receive) yesterday from the space
probe 'Explorer' which (launch) last year.
9). A large sum (raise) for the Fund by a recent charity concert but the target of
£250.000 still (not reach).
10). No decision (make) about any future appointment until all suitable candidates
(interview).
B 15. Put each verb in brackets into an appropriate passive tense form.
B 16. Rewrite the text using the passive where possible and so that the words
underlined do not appear.
People know for a fact that the Chinese made rockets and fireworks long before
people used gunpowder in Europe, which occurred at about the beginning of the
thirteenth century. We generally believe that gunpowder brought to an end the
‘Age of Chivalry’, since anyone with a firearm could bring down a mounted
knight. In fact, people did not develop efficient firearms until the sixteenth century.
They used gunpowder mainly in siege cannon when people first introduced it.
Later they used it in engineering work and in mining, but they found that it was
extremely dangerous. Modern explosives have now replaced gunpowder, but we
still use it for making fireworks, just as the Chinese did.
1). The children are being played/are playing football on the sports ground.
2). The children have been put to bed/ will put to bed rather late.
3). All my questions were answered/had answered after classes.
4). The car is being repaired/ is repairing just now.
5). The fact mentioned/was mentioned in the newspapers.
6). The train had started/had been started before we got to the station.
7). When he felt/ was felt unwell the doctor had sent for/was sent for.
8). She didn’t approve of/ wasn’t approved of his behaviour.
9). My things were packing/were being packed when the taxi arrived.
B18. Put the vebs in brackets in the required tense and voice form.
B19. Read the letter. Put the verb in a suitable tense form, active or passive.
Dear Sally,
How are you? We’ve been having a lovely time. We very well (0)…(look) after by
our hosts. We (1)…(take) sightseeing and we (2)…(introduce) to some other
friends, who (3)…(make) us feel very welcome. Last night we (4)…(show) round
the castle, by the owner! Most of the land in this area (5 (belong) to his family for
about five hundred years.Apparently, this land (6)…(give) to them after one of his
ancestors (7)…(kill) while trying to save the king’s life. Quite romantic, isn’t it?
The castle itself was a little bit disappointing, to be absolutely honest. The owner
told us that it (8)… (suffer) serious damage during a fire about thirty years ago.
When it (9)…(restore) they (10)… (add) central heating and things like that. So
once you are inside it (11)…(not seem) much different to another large, old house.
But the owner is a real character. He told us lots of stories about things that
(12)…(happen) to him when he was young. He kept us laughing for hours. I hope
he (13)…(invite) here before we (14)…(leave) and we (15)…(look forward) to this
moment.
I’ll tell you lots more when we (16)…(get back).
Take care.
Yours affectionately
Ann.
C1. Translate the sentences into English using the Passive Voice.
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UNIT13.
Sequence of Tenses
Hi, Alice,
I’m writing to say that at last my dream has realized! It’s evident now that I’ve
done everything to use the chance of getting this job and believe me that I’m still
doing my best to get as much experience, as possible. I hope I’ll be a success and
soon will be promoted. But when I was preparing for the interview I once thought
that I had never even dreamed to become a reporter. At that time, I wasn’t sure that
it was a chance of my life and I would be so glad when I got it. But now I believe
my life is going to change and I will write to you about everything.
Let me know what you think about it.
Write soon.
Take care,
Karin
B
Comments.
Sequence of tenses isn’t observed in complex sentences when the verb in the main
clause is in one of the present tenses.
Ex: - I think it often rains here.
-They are just reporting it is raining now.
-I think it has already rained and we can go out now.
-I’ve heard it rained yesterday. …
Sequence of tenses is observed in complex sentences when the predicate of a main
sentence is in the past tense. In this case the verbs in subordinate clauses are
normally in the past tenses as well.
In such cases
a)- the verb in Past Simple in the subordinate clause denotes an action
simultaneous to the action of the main clause;
b)- the verb in Past Continuous in the subordinate clause denotes an action
which was happening just at the moment when the action of the main
clause was developing;
c)- the verb in Past Perfect in the subordinate clause denotes an action prior
to the action of the main clause;
d) - the verb in Past Perfect Continuous in the subordinate clause denotes an
action which lasted a certain time before the action of the main clause;
e) - the verb in Future- in- the Past in the subordinate clause denotes an
action next to the action of the main clause;
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B1. Match the sentence (1-4) with the definition (a-e).
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UNIT 14
Reported Speech.
A.
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B.
Comments
I. Reported speech is usually introduced by a verb in the past tense. Verbs in the
direct speech have then to be changed into a corresponding past tense according to
the sequence of tenses.
B1. Match the corresponding tense forms showing how direct speech is changed
into reported one.
A is talking to B about their friend, George. B has not heard the same as A.
II. Changes are also made to the pronouns, the words referring to time and place
and sometimes to word order.
1). Ann said they were going on a trip (next week/ the following week)
2). Ben’s going to take his camera along (tomorrow/ the next day)
3). He told us that he had sold his car (two weeks ago/ two weeks before)
4). The weather was wonderful (two weeks ago/ two weeks before).
5). He told me that Jane would return (the day after tomorrow/ in two days time)
6). The secretary said that Mr. Smith was having a visitor (now/ then).
7). She said that her husband had been away for a week (then/ now)
8). Peter told me that he had been to the picture’s gallery (yesterday/ the previous
day).
9). I bought tickets for a cup game (yesterday/ the previous day).
III. There are many reporting verbs apart from say and tell which are more
descriptive: demand, insist on, admit, complain, interrupt, explain, warn, deny,
boast, suggest, etc.
Model: 1) He said, “I can’t go with you because I’m busy with my report”
He explained that he couldn’t go with me because he was busy with his
report.
2) He said, “Let’s go to the theatre tomorrow.”
He suggested going to the theatre the next day.
IV. Sometimes we report the idea rather than the actual words. Then the reporting
verbs like offer, promise, refuse, agree, allow, etc. with the following infinitive are
used.
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V. There are groups of verbs after which either infinitive, or gerund or that-clause
are used:
1)refuse 2) insist on 3) complain
offer accuse of explain
agree to do apologize for doing exclaim that…
promise deny agree
allow admit promise
B4. Think about the appropriate reporting verb and report the idea.
B5. Report the sentences using the reporting verbs mentioned above.
1). “Okay, I’ll lend you my camera, but return it in two days,” Tom said to Mary.
2). “Yes, It was me. I broke the window,” said Ken.
3). “But I didn’t wear your jeans,” Kate said to Angela.
4). “I can translate from any European language,” said he proudly.
5). “ I won’t tell anybody, honest I won’t,” Ann said to me.
6). “ I have a sore throat,” Tom said to the doctor.
7). “ I won’t give you any money,” Dan said to his son.
8). “ I’ll give you a lift to the station, if you like,” Peter said to me.
9). “Let’s go to the cinema tonight,” Dan said to Megan.
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VI. Reported commands and advice are formed with a verb followed the
noun/pronoun and infinitve. The reporting verbs in this case are: ask...,
tell...,order..., warn..., invite.., remind.., advise smb to do smth/ not to do smth
Model: 1) “Come and have dinner with us”, Sarah said to Tom
Sara invited Tom to come and have dinner with them.
2) “Don’t forget to buy some bread”, she said to him
She reminded him to buy some bread.
3) I said to him, “Meet me outside the cinema at 6 o’clock.”
I asked him to meet me outside the cinema at 6 o’clock
4) The doctor said to her, «Don’t go back to work for a fortnight”
The doctor told her not to go back to work for a fortnight.
1). “Hand in your tests, please,” -the teacher said to the pupils.
2). “Leave me alone!”- she said to him
3). “Don’t walk on the grass!”- the park keeper told the boys.
4). “Please, don’t go!”- he asked her.
5). “Don’t go out without your coat,”- she said to her daughter
6). “Take this medicine and stay in bed for two days,”- the doctor said
VII. Questions in the reporting speech become indirect questions where the direct
word order is preserved. They are usually introduced with the following words and
phrases: ask, wonder, want to know, inquire. Say is never used as a reporting verb
in reported questions. If the direct question begins with a question word (when,
where, why, who, how etc.) the question word is repeated in the reported question.
In case there is no question word, if or whether is used in the reported question (the
reported question starts with if or whether). If is the more usual case while whether
can emphasize that a choice has to be made.
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B7. Report the following questions
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B9. Report the following conversation.
B10. Report the following conversation expressing the idea rather than the
actual words.
Kate: “Mum, please, will you let me stay at Ann’s house tonight?”
Mum: “No, I won’t.”
Kate: “Why?”
Mum: “The last time you stayed there, you stayed up late and you were too tired to
go to school the next day.”
Kate: “That’s true. But we won’t do that again.”
Mum: “And you were both smoking cigarettes.
Kate: “That’s not true! I’ve never smoked in my life.
Mum: “Well, all right then, you can go, but only if you promise to behave.
Start like this: Kate begged her mother to let her stay at Ann’s house that night but
her mother refused…
B11. Read the story and make up a conversation in the actual words.
Tim met Mary in the street. Tim noticed that Mary looked pale. He
wondered why? Mary explained that she hadn’t been sleeping enough for the
whole month. Tim asked if she had fallen ill. Mary said that it was because she had
taken a kitten. She complained that she had got a lot of problems with it. She also
said that though the kitten was very touchy and funny it was rather naughty and
noisy. That’s why instead of working at her report she was going to the shop for
some food for her kitten. Tim agreed that sometimes it was a nuisance to have a
little pet in the house. He was sure it was because little creatures needed much
attention. He advised Mary to spend more time with her pet and not to punish it for
its naughtiness. In the end he promised to help her with her report.
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B12. Translate from Russian into English:
1. Пит напомнил Рику, что у них нет домашнего задания на следующий день
и предложил сходить в кино, сказав, что давно не видел ни одного фильма.
2. Оказалось, что у Рика нет денег. Тогда Пит сказал, что у него достаточно
денег для них обоих. Рик поблагодарил его и пообещал вернуть деньги в
понедельник.
3. В этот момент появился их приятель Джон.
4. Он спросил, куда они идут, и Пит ответил, что они идут в кино.
5. Джон поинтересовался, какой фильм они собираются посмотреть.
6. Пит сказал, что они собираются смотреть Войну и мир.
7. Джон заметил, что его родители уже видели этот фильм, и он им очень
понравился.
8. Рик спросил, почему он не посмотрел фильм вместе с родителями, и Джон
объяснил, что он был очень занят в тот день.
9. Когда Рик спросил Джона, хочет ли он пойти вместе с ними в кино, Джон
ответил, что да, но только он обещал отцу помочь починить автомобиль.
Рик предложил Джону пойти вместе в кино и пообещал, что после фильма
они пойдут к нему и помогут ему с автомобилем.
10.Джон поблагодарил своих друзей и спросил, когда начинается фильм.
11.Рик ответил, что он начинается в 12.30, и мальчики поторопились в
кинотеатр.
12.Разговаривая о погоде, Пит заметил, что день великолепен, Джейн
согласилась, сказав, что это первый поистине теплый день этой весной, так
как погода была неважной в последнее время.
13.Пит возразил, сказав, что каждый день было немного солнца.
14.Джейн иронично заметила, что каждый день был также и дождь.
15.Пит назвал ее пессимисткой.
16.Потом он предложил ей устроить пикник.
17.Джейн воскликнула с сожалением, что она не может, т.к. ей надо
готовиться к экзаменам.
18.Пит предложил ей поехать за город в выходные, но она отказалась.
19.Пит был разочарован.
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PROGRESS TESTS
TEST PAPER 1
(PRESENT SIMPLE-PRESENT CONTINUOUS)
I.In the following letter fill in the gaps with the correct tense form of the verbs
(Present Simple or Present Continuous).)
Dear Malcolm,
At last I’m here in New York. I’m very excited – everything is so big and people
…(1)( move) so fast. At the moment I ..(2)( stay) at the hotel. It ‘s not too
expensive and near the centre, which is very convenient. It’s quiet here, so I..(3)
(sleep) all right. I ..(4)( think) of looking for a small flat to rent. I ..(5)( prefer) to
live in a flat rather than in a hotel. I (6)( not think) hotels are very nice places to
stay for more than a few days and in a flat you… (7)( feel) more comfortable.
As for my job I ..(8)( work) three days a week as a receptionist at another hotel. A
lot of people who ..(9)( work) in the hotel are Spanish or German and their English
is not very good, either!
… you (10)( come) to visit me at Christmas? Let me know as soon as you ..(11)
(decide).
I ..(12)( look) forward to hearing from you.
Regards,
Ann Marie
II .Complete the following pairs of sentences using the given verb twice: in
Present Simple and in Present Cont.
1) see
a) …. you … what I mean?
b) What time …you … the bank manager?
2) not enjoy
a) We … this party at all. The music is too loud.
b) We … going to big parties
3) use
a) We usually …. this room for big meetings.
b) Today we ….it for a birthday party.
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TEST PAPER 2
(PRESENT SIMPLE-PRESENT CONTINUOUS-
-PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS)
I. Fill in the gaps with the required tense form. (Present Simple, Present
Continuous, Present Perfect Continuous).
Dear Francesca,
We… (1)(have) a wonderful time here in New York. We’ve been here for five
days now and we …(2)(plan) to stay for the rest of the week because we …(3)
(enjoy) ourselves so much. We’ve visited the Cathedral and the Castle Museum
and this morning we…(4)(walk) around the little old-fashioned streets, looking at
the shops and cafes.
I …(5)(write) this while we stop for a cold drink before lunch. The weather has
been very good so far and the countryside around York is so lovely that we …(6)
(take) some lovely long walks lately. But people …(7)(say) it can be very cold and
it often …(8)(rain) for days.
What you …(9)(do) with yourself all this time? How you…(10)(plan) to spend
your vocations?
I …(10)(hope) to see you soon.
Roberta.
III. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the verb in brackets.
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TEST PAPER 3
(PRESENT SIMPLE- PRESENT CONTINUOUS-
PRESENT PERFECT - PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS)
.
III. Write a second sentence so that it has the similar meaning to the first. Begin
with the word in brackets.
IV. Use the correct indicator: for the last two weeks; yet; since; still; always;
already; since
V. Ask questions
1. My mother often speaks about family matters (alt.,sp.)
2. Nick has already collected material for his scientific work. (gen., sp.)
3. It has been freezing for the last two hours. (disj., sp., alt.)
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TEST PAPER 4.
(ALL PRESENT AND PAST SIMPLE)
I. Match two parts of the sentences 1-5 and the definition a-n of the tense form.
a) the event that happened recently and we can see the result of it now
b) something happening as you are speaking.
c) routine or permanent situations.
d) actions or situations that began in the past and which are still continuing
e) the cases of the activity or situation which ends just before now but you can still
see the results of it.
f) things that happen repeatedly.
g) a completed action in the past but in a time period that still continuous.
h) temporary situation in a given time period.
i) definite intentions for the future.
j) to show how long something has been happening.
k) things that happened regularly in the past but stopped in present.
l) natural or scientific laws.
m) future calendar or timetable events.
n) something in the past which is finished.
II. Put the verbs into the necessary tense form and match it with the definition
mentioned above.
IV. Write a second sentence so that it has the similar meaning to the first. Begin
with the word in brackets.
V. Use the correct indicator: for the last two weeks, already, still, constantly,
ago, since, always, last time, so far, yet, since,
1. The people have been at the hotel… Friday.
2. You haven’t done your project…, I suppose.
3. Are you …looking for a job?
4. Does he …play golf at the weekend?
5. It hasn’t been raining… .
6. It’s ages… I saw him… .
7. Mr. Green went to Ireland three years… and he hasn’t returned… .
8. Have you finished cleaning the room…? That was too quick!
9. You are …asking me these silly questions . It’s so annoying!
10. I saw Tom yesterday but I haven’t seen him … today.
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TEST PAPER 5.
( PRESENT AND PAST TENSES)
IV. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense form.
Dear Juli
I (1- arrive) in England three days ago. I (2-stay) with a family in a village near
York. They are really nice. Mr Jones (3-work) in York. Mrs Jones just (4-have) a
baby so she (5-not work) at the moment. I (6-not ask) what she does yet but I (7-
think) she is a secretary.
I (8-have) a good time here. My course in the college (9-start) only in a week.
So yesterday I (10-take) a bus to the sea shore to enjoy the warm and sunny day. I
thought I (11- make) good arrangements for my journey, but as soon as I (12-set
off) I (13-realize) that I (14-not plan) enough. The beach (15-look) very attractive,
but I had to miss the opportunity to go swimming as I (16-not bring) the bathing
costume with me. I was very upset as the people around (17-lie) in the sun and (18-
swim) in the sea.
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TEST PAPER 6.
(FUTURE TENSES.)
1). –What time does your English class finish/ is your English class finishing?
- Half past nine.
- Shall I come / Do I come and collect you?
-Thanks, but I meet/ I am meeting my sister for drink.
II. Complete each sentence with the suitable form of the verb.
III. Complete each second sentence using the word given so that it has a similar
meaning to the first sentence. Write between two and five words in each gap.
1). We’ll save enough money and then we’ll buy a computer. (as soon as)
We ‘ll buy a computer…………saved enough money.
2). The scientists will find a cure for cancer. It will be wonderful. (when)
It will be wonderful…… a cure for cancer.
3). He’ll be translating this article. They’ll be discussing the problem. (while)
He’ll be translating this article………. the problem.
4). The conference starts at 10a.m. tomorrow. (making)
At 11a.m tomorrow I …. a report.
5) It’s 3 p.m. and we are still flying to London. I hope we’ll land at11p.m..(been)
We…….8 hours before our arrival to London.
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TEST PAPER 7.
(ALL TENSES. ACTIVE VOICE.)
II. Complete each second sentence using the word given so that it has a similar
meaning to the first sentence. Write between two and five words in each gap.
Put the verb into the necessary tense form.
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III. Correct the mistakes in the sentences.
Dear Paul
My stay in England is coming to an end. In ten days’ time I (1-be) back in Italy. I
can hardly believe that I (2-be) in Bristol for three months. The time (3-go) so
quickly! Yesterday I (4-take) my final exams. As soon as I (5-get) the results, I (6-
let) you know.
I’d really like to have a holiday when the course (7-finish), but I have to go straight
back to Italy. Unfortunately, I (8-not see) much of Britain– I even (9-not be) to
London yet!
Nevertheless, I (10-have) a good time here. Yesterday I (11-take) a train to York to
do some sightseeing. Something really very embarrassing (12-happen) when I was
there. After I (13-visit) the Viking museum, I (14-decide) to do some shopping.
Earlier in the day I (15-see) a beautiful sweater in a department store, so I (16-go)
back to buy it. The shop assistant (17-put) it into a bag when I (18-realize) that I
(19-leave) my credit card at home. So, unfortunately, I couldn’t buy it after all.
My host family (20-be) really nice to me. They (21-look) after me very well. I (22-
miss) them. But I (23-look) forward to seeing my family again. I often (24-dream)
that this time in two weeks I (25-sit) in my room and (26-tell) my parents about
this visit. I also (27-make) a party and (27-invite) all my friends to it.
Anyway, I (28-not book) my plane ticket yet, so I must go into town now and do
that. See you next week. I (29-give) you a ring when I (30-arrive) home.
Take care. Best wishes.
Alberto
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TEST PAPER 8.
(PASSIVE)
I. Put the verb ‘develop’ into the necessary tense form in Passive.
III. Complete using the correct passive form of the verbs in brackets.
1). The Earth (hold) by the gravity of the Sun and orbits around it.
2). The first feature-length comedy film (create) by Charlie Chaplin.
3). The award for the best video (present) later this evening.
4). By the time you read this, I (arrested) for murder.
5). I don’t know whether our tests (mark) yet or not.
6). You wouldn’t think it to look at him now, but Jack (bully) when he was at
school.
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V. Write a second sentence so that it has the similar meaning to the first. Use the
word in brackets.
1). The doctor began to work at six o’clock and is still working. (yet)
The work…
2). Rupert didn’t have his credit card. (forgotten)
His...
3). Nancy had been writing a report. It was ready when I came. (written)
The report…
4). I didn’t know the plan of the game. (told)
I….
After some people had seen a UFO in the sky above London, they reported it to the
police. The army sent a helicopter to look at it more closely. While the pilots in the
helicopter were taking photos, the UFO shot the helicopter down and wounded
both men in it. People have given photographs of the UFO to the police. Experts
are looking at them now. They will publish the results in the scientific journal.
VII. Read the newspaper report and put the verbs into the most suitable passive
form.
A Shop robbery.
In Pixham yesterday a shop assistant (1)(force) to hand over $500. The man
escaped in a car which (2)(steal) earlier in the day. The car later (3)(find) in a car
park where it (4)(abandon) by the thief. A man already (5)( arrest) and still (6)
(question) by the police.
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TEST PAPER 9
(ACTIVE AND PASSIVE)
I. Put the verb ‘to catch’ into the following tense forms:
II. Read the letter. Put the verbs in brackets in a suitable tense form, active or
passive.
Dear Sally,
How are you? We’ve been having a lovely time. We very well (0) …
(look) after by our hosts. We (1) …(take) sightseeing and we (2) …(introduce)
to some other friends, who (3) …(make) us feel very welcome. Last night we
(4) …(show) round the castle, by the owner! Most of the land in this area (5)
(belong) to his family for about five hundred years. Apparently, this land
(6)…(give) to them after one of his ancestors (7)…(kill) while trying to save the
king’s life. Quite romantic, isn’t it? The castle itself was a little bit disappointing,
to be absolutely honest. The owner told us that it (8)… (suffer) serious damage
during a fire about thirty years ago. When it (9)…(restore) they (10)… (add)central
heating and things like that. So once you are inside it (11)…(not seem) much
different to another large, old house. But the owner is a real character. He told us
lots of stories about things that (12)…(happen) to him when he was young. He
kept us laughing for hours. I hope he (13)…(invite) here before we (14)…(leave)
and we (15)…(look forward) to this moment. I’ll tell you lots more when we
(16)…(get back).
Take care.
Yours affectionately
Ann.
1). Jonathan was/has chosen to play the lead role in the school play.
2). I’m sleeping downstairs because my bedroom is being painted/has been
painting.
3). This picture was/has probably taken during the winter.
4). Someone was/has left their wallet on the floor.
5). Treasure Island was/has written by Robert Louis Stevenson.
6). When we got to the airport, we learned that our flight had delayed/had been
delayed.
7). Your parents have/were paid the tickets for you.
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IV. Complete using the correct passive form of the verbs in brackets.
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TEST PAPER 10.
(REPORTED SPEECH).
1). “I’m going fishing with mother this afternoon”, said the small boy, “and we are
going into the garden now to dig for worms”.
2). “If you want to smoke you’ll have to go upstairs”, said the bus conductor.
3). “Remember to insure your luggage”, my father said.
4). “Don’t smoke near the petrol pump”, said the mechanic.
5). “Let’s stay here till the storm has passed”, I said.
6). “How can I get from the station to the airport?” said Bill.
7). “Have you done this sort of work before?” said his new employer.
II. Complete the second sentence so that it has the similar meaning to the first
one. Use the word in brackets. Write between two and five words in each gap
including the word given.
1). “What went wrong, Frankie?” said Paul. (asked)
Paul ……. wrong.
2). “Can I stay here for a couple of days, Jude?” Said Phil (there)
Phil asked Jude………for a couple of days
3). “Yes, I went there on my own,” Haskins said. (gone)
Haskins admitted that he……. own.
4). “Don’t mention this ever again, Chris,” said Brenda (to)
Brenda told Chris…….again.
5). “I think, Joe, you should tell her about it,” said Mr. Green (advised)
Mr. Green ……. her about it.
6). “What time does this pub close at weekends, Jack?” said Alexis (time)
Alexis asked Jack……. at weekends.
7). “You will ask for a receipt, won’t you?” Anna said to Steve (reminded)
Anna…….. a receipt.
8). “We are going tomorrow,” said Liza (going)
Liza said that………. day.
9). “ Don’t touch this cable,” he said to us.(touch)
He warned…………….. cable.
III. You work for a tour operator and have been travelling with a group of
tourists. Back at the office you wrote down some of the comments you heard.
Report what people said, using each of these verbs once only:
Admit, advise, ask, complain, enquire, promise, refuse, suggest, request, tell,
threaten, demand, want to know, wonder, offer
There was an accident on the road. The policeman asked the driver if he had been
speeding. At first the driver denied that he had been speeding but then he admitted
that he had been driving a bit fast. Mr Brown wanted to know if anyone had called
an ambulance. Mr Jones informed that the ambulance was coming. Tim was
wounded and complained that his leg hurt. Mr Smith asked if he could move his
leg. Doctor Baker warned Tim not to try to stand up.
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REFERENCE SECTION.
• Reference Section is for learners of English who want to speak and write
more correctly. It contains short clear explanation of the use of different
tense forms and peculiarities of their use after various conjunctions,
prepositions, and adverbs and examples of correct use.
• All the material is given in an alphabetical order to make the use of it easier
and more effective. You can find more complete explanations of some
points in grammar books mentioned in the book list.
After -is the conjunction which joins two clauses into a sentence. It introduces an
adverbial clause of time and different tense forms can be used in the tense
clauses.
1) “After” can’t be followed by a future tense. Instead, we use the present simple
to express a future meaning.
Ex.: I’ll work in the company afterI graduate from the University
2) The present perfect is used in the adverbial clause of time introduced by “after”
to denote an action completed before a definite moment in the future.
Ex.: I’ll come round to your place after I’ve finished my work.
But with the verbs of sense perception and motion the present simple, instead
of the present perfect, is mostly used.
Ex.: You will be very much surprised after you hear this news.
3) When we speak about the order of events in the past, we use the past simple in
both clauses – the main and subordinate ones.
Ex.: After she finished school, she went to China.
4) But the past perfect is used in the adverbial clauses of time introduced by
“after” to show that something was completely finished before the action of
the main clause.
Ex.: After I had finished the report, I realized that it was too late to post it.
5) In the adverbial clauses of time introduced by “after”, the past perfect is also
used to denote a future action viewed from the past and completed before
the action of the main clause.
Ex.: She said she would see you after she had settled everything with him.
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Always - is an adverb of frequency. It can be used as an indicator of different tense
forms.
2) When it means “through the past until now”, it is usually used with the present
perfect.
Ex.: I’ve always believed he was innocent.
4) And when we talk about irritating, annoying things that happen frequently,
continuous tense forms are also used.
Ex.: He is always asking me for money.
5) The present continuous is also used to denote (for the sake of emphasis) actions
in progress referring to all or any time.
Ex.: The Earth is always rotating around the Sun.
3) Sometimes continuous tense forms are found in the main clause while the
simple forms are in the subordinate one.
Ex.: He is working. But at the same time as he works he is exercising.
4) The past simple is used when two short actions happen at the same time.
Ex.: George arrived as Sue left.
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5) It should be noted that “as” is used only if two things happen at the same time.
Ex.: As I walked into the room, the phone started ringing.
But If one thing happens after another, “when” is used to join two sentences
into one.
Ex.: When I got home, I had a bath.
6) The present simple or the future simple are used in the adverbial clause of
comparison introduced by “as” when the action refers to the future.
Ex.: She’ll probably be on the same plane as I am(or will be) tomorrow.
As-clauses usually introduce less important information and most often go at the
beginning of the sentence.
As soon as -is a conjunction which introduces the adverbial clause of time and
different tense forms are used in these clauses.
1)The present simple is used in the adverbial clause of time after “as soon as” to
denote a future action.
Ex.: I’ll tell you as soon as I know
2) The present perfect is used in the adverbial clause of time introduced by “as
soon as” to underline the completion of a future action before a definite
moment in the future.
Ex.: I’ll meet you as soon as I have finished the report.
3) The past simple is used in the adverbial clause of time introduced by “as soon
as” (like “after”, “before”, “when”), if the relation between actions
approaches succession and the idea of completion is of no importance.
Ex.: As soon as we got tickets, we went aboard the plane.
4) If we want to underline the completion of the action before another action in the
past, the past perfect is used in the adverbial clause of time introduced by
“as soon as”.
Ex.: She tore up the letter as soon as she had read it.
5) When we are talking about people’s immediate reactions, we use the past
simple, not the past perfect after “as soon as”.
Ex.: I got a real shock as soon as I opened the box.
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6) The past perfect is used in the adverbial clause of time introduced by “as soon
as” to denote a future action viewed from the past and completed before the
action of the main clause.
Ex.: I felt sure he would come as soon as he had finished his work.
1) In the meaning of “for” it shows the period of duration. Future tenses are never
used after “as long as”.
Ex.: You will stay here as long as three weeks but no longer.
You may keep it as long as you need it.
I shall remember that day as long as I live.
2) In the meaning of “provided that” the conjunction “as long as” is often used to
make conditions.
Ex.: I’ll lend you the book as long as you keep it clean.
No future tenses are possible here.
1) The present simple is used in the adverbial clause of time after “before” to
denote a future action.
Ex.: Come and see us before you go away.
3) The present perfect is also used in the adverbial clause of time introduced by
“before”to show that the action has been completed “at any time up to now”
or “by now”.
Ex.: He never argues before he has listened to all the arguments.
4) The past simple is used both in the main and in the adverbial clauses of time
introduced by“before” when we speak about the order of events in the past.
In this case “before” is used in the meaning of “then”.
Ex.: He worked as a salesman before he got married.
5) The past perfect is used in the complex sentences with the adverbial clause of
time introduced by “before”. It can denote either the priority or the
completion of the action. If it is used in the main clause, it denotes priority
(i.e. the action of the main clause took place before the action, expressed in
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the adverbial clause).
Ex.: We hadn’t gone thirty yards before a great black opening loomed in
the wall.
They had been friends for some ten yards before I met them.
If the past perfect is used in the adverbial clause, it underlines the completion
of the action (i.e. the action of the adverbial clause was completed or not
after the action of the main clause expressed by the verb in the past simple).
Ex.: I refused to give a definite answer before I had received a letter from
him.
1) the present perfect is used when the event takes place “at any time up to now”
or “by now”.
Ex.: I’m sure we’ve met before.
2) the past perfect is used in the sentence when the event had taken place “at any
time by then”.
Ex.: I was sure I had lost this photo long before.
3) the past simple is used when we speak about the order of events.
Ex.: I know his face but I can’t think where I saw him before.
2) With the meaning “for a period of time” in case the period of time is not
completed, perfect or perfect continuous tense forms can be used in the
sentence,.
Ex.: During the last few years unemployment has been increasing.
1) When it means “at any time up to now” it is an indicator of the present perfect.
Ex.: Have you ever been in a submarine?
2) When the action refers to any time at present, the past simple or the future
simple tense forms are used in this case.
Ex.: If you ever do that again, I’ll be very annoyed.
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3) When it means “at any time before then” the past perfect is used.
Ex.: She asked me if I had ever been in trouble with the police.
For – is a preposition.
1) It is used to say how long an action or a situation lasts. In this case the simple
tense forms (present, past or future) are used.
Ex.: I once studied the guitar for three weeks.
We go to the seaside for a week every August.
My boss will be away for the next ten days.
2) The past simple is also used when we say how long the action or a situation
lasted before something happened.
Ex.: He was ill for three years before he died. (It means that illness lasted
three years.)
For the first time – is an adverbial phrase. The simple tense forms are usually
used with this expression.
Ex.: I’m here for the first time.
For a while – is used to say that the action or a situation lasts for some time or
lasted before the other action. The simple tense forms are usually used
with this expression.
Ex.: He stood for a while then went slowly upstairs.
From – is a preposition.
1) It denotes when an action or the situation starts or started. The simple tense
forms are usually used in these cases.
Ex.: He studied the piano from the age of three.
2) If we can say when the action starts and when it finishes we use “from… to” o
“from… till/until”. In this case the verb is used either in a simple or a
continuous tense form.
Ex.: I was asleep from three to six.
I was working from three to six.
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3) When we mean “from a time in the past until now”, “since” not “for” is used
with the verb in the perfect tense forms.
Ex.: I have known her since my childhood.
Hardly –is an adverb. (It is almost negative in meaning). In the meaning “едва ли”
it is used with simple tense forms.
Ex.: Hardly anyone wears hats nowadays.
1) It’s an indicator of the present perfect when it means “in the very recent time”,
“not long ago”, “some time before now”.
Ex.: “Where is Eric?” – “He has just gone out”.
2) In the meaning “at the very moment” it is used with the continuous tense forms.
Ex.: I’m just going your direction. I can give you a lift.
Just as –means
1) that two short actions or events both happened at the same time. The past simple
is used with this expression.“Just as”is used here in the meaning of “when”.
Ex.: Just as he caught a boll there was a tearing sound.
Just after- (like “just before” and “just when”) suggests closeness to the time in
question.
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Ex.: I saw him just after lunch. (=very soon after lunch).
Just now-
1) When it means “a moment ago” it is used with the past simple.
Ex.: I felt a sudden pain just now.
3) But when the verb in the adverbial clause of time after “since” indicates activity
having duration up to the moment of speaking, the verb is put in one of the
perfect or perfect continuous tense forms.
Ex.: Since we have lived here we have made many friends.
I’ve loved you since I’ve known you.
He has been writing his thesis since he has been working in our
university.
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4)“Since” can be used with a simple tense forms in the structure “It is… since…”.
Ex.: It’s ages since we went to the cinema.
How long is it since you last saw Joe?
1) It is used to talk about the continuation of the situation or an action that started
in the past, especially when we are expecting it to stop some time soon, or
we are surprised that it has not stopped. So, it’s an indicator of the
continuous tense forms.
Ex.: Oh, hell, it’s still raining.
2)“Still” can also be used to speak about actions and events that were going on, or
are expected, around a particular past or future tense. Simple tense forms
are used in this case.
Ex.: Will you still love me when I’m old and gray?
I still didn’t decide, so I asked George what he thought.
Till/ until
1) the conjunctions which mark the end point of a period of time. They are
associated with a verb denoting an action or the lack of the action, which
can continue during the period ending at that point. Simple tense forms are
used in this case.
Ex.: Wait here till I come back.
2) With “till/until” the perfect tense forms denote not only the priority but also the
completion of the action before the definite moment in the present, past or
future. In this case the simple past action may precede the past perfect
action.
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- The present perfect is used in the adverbial clauses of time introduced by “till/
until” (and other conjunctions of time) to denote a future action completed
before a certain moment in the future.
Ex.: I’ll stay with you until you’ve finished everything.
- The past perfect is used in the adverbial clause of time introduced by “till/until”
to denote the completion or expected completion of the action.
Ex.: I waited until the rain had stopped.
- The past perfect is also used in the adverbial clause of time introduced by “till/
until” to denote a future action viewed from the past and completed before
the action of the main clause.
Ex.: She said she wouldn’t discuss the problem until she had investigated
the case.
3) But when we speak about the priority of the action, the perfect or perfect
continuous forms are used in the main clause.
Ex.: The violinist had been practicing the passage hour after hour until he
mastered it at last.
1) When we speak about the order of events in the past we use the past simple in
both clauses.
Ex.: We came to the station, then the train arrived.
2) It’s used to refer the action or the situation to a particular past or future.
Ex.: Life was harder then as neither of us had a job.
I’ll see you on Friday. We can discuss it then.
What/ where/ whether/ who are relative pronouns. The verb after them is used in
the present simple though the action refers to the future.
Ex.: I’ll have a good time whether I win or lose.
I’ll go where you go.
I’ll always do what I think is best for everybody.
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1)The present simple is used in the adverbial clauses of time with future meaning.
Ex.: I’ll ring you up when he comes.
2) The present perfect is used in the adverbial clause of time to denote an action
completed before the definite moment in the future.
Ex.: I’ll let you go only when you have finished your work.
3). But with the verb of sense perception and motion the present simple instead of
the present perfect is mostly used.
Ex.: You will be interested in this when you see it with your own eyes.
4) When we speak about the order of events in the present, past or future and the
idea of completion is of no importance, the simple tense forms are usually
used.
Ex.: When the light changes into green, the passers-by cross the road.
When the sun rose, they began to work.
When he finishes school, he will try to apply for the University.
5) The past perfect is used in the adverbial clause of time introduced by “when” to
show that something was completely finished before the action of the main
clause.
Ex.: When I’d finished all my letters, I did some gardening.
6) The past simple, not the past perfect is usually used when we are talking about
people’s immediate reaction.
Ex.: When he saw Alice before him, he got embarrassed.
When she saw the mouse, she screamed.
7) The past perfect is used in the adverbial clause of time introduced by “when” to
denote a future action viewed from the past and completed before the
action of the main clause.
Ex.: I felt sure he would come when he had finished his work.
II. When/ while – When we speak about actions or situations which happen
simultaneously, the simple or continuous tense forms are used in the
sentence.
1) When the actions in both parts of the sentence are simultaneous, the continuous
tense form is used in the adverbial clause of time if it denotes the
“background” situation which started before a shorter event of the main
clause and perhaps went on after it.
Ex.: When/ While I was walking down the street I noticed a police car in
front of the house.
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2) “While” is most often used in the sentence to talk about two long simultaneous
actions. Both simple and continuous tense forms are used in this case in
both parts of the sentence.
Ex.: While they were talking, the boy was waiting outside.
John cooked supper while I watched TV.
3) The continuous tense forms can be used either in the principle or in the
adverbial clause of time.
Ex.: When I was working there I played in the local jazz band.
They were talking inside while he stood watching the path.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Unit 1. The Active Voice. Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect
Continuous. _______________________________________________ 2-14__
Unit 2. Past Simple, Present Perfect. ____________________________15-25___
Unit 3. Past Simple, Past Continuous. ___________________________26-29___
Unit 4. Past Simple, Past Perfect. ______________________________30-36____
Unit 5. Past Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous. _________________ 37-40___
Unit 6. Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous. _____________________41-43____
Unit 7. Present Tenses for the Future. ___________________________44-45___
Unit 8. Present Tenses for the Future and Future Simple. ____________50______
Unit 9. Future Simple, Future Continuous. ___________________ 51-54
Unit 10. Future Simple, Future Perfect. __________________________55-56___
Unit 11. Future Continuous, Future Perfect Continuous. _____________57-61
Unit 12. The Passive Voise___ 62-72
Unit 13. Sequence of Tenses. __________________________________73-75
Unit 14. Reported Speech 76-83
Progress Test.______________________________________________84-102__
Reference Section. __________________________________________103-114_
Table of Contents. ___________________________________________115____
References. 116-
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М,: Просвещение, 1979
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СПб.:Антология, 2007
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М,: Русский язык, 1991
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Минск: "Аурика", 1993
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Мн.: ООО ‘Харвест’, 2001
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14. Soars L. New Нeadway, Intermediate. – Oxford University Press, 1996
15. Soars L. Нeadway, Upper-Intermediate. – Oxford University Press, 1987
16. Swan M., Walter C. Нow English Works. – Oxford University Press, 1997
17. Swan M. Practical English Usage. – Oxford University Press, 1996
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University Press, 1999
19. Vince М., Advanced Language Practice. – Heinemann, 1994
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