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Goat Farming —
profitable and
O n productive
2000 Revised Edition
Animal Production
farm
Goat Farming —
profitable and
O n productive
2000 Revised Edition
Contact
Peter Schuster
MLA Industry Affairs and Communications
Ph: 02 9463 9236
Fax: 02 9463 9208
Email: pschuster@mla.com.au
This publication is published by Meat & Livestock Australia Limited ACN 081678364
(MLA). Where possible, care is taken to ensure the accuracy of information in the
publication. However, MLA cannot accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness
of the information or opinions contained in the publication. Readers should rely on their
own enquiries in making decisions concerning their interests.
Animal Production
Contents
Foreward 2
Chapter 1: Goatmeat 3
Chapter 2: Mohair 8
Key Contacts 18
The goat industry has great potential • saffron, variegated, nodding, spear This Publication
for growth. Two factors underpin this and artichoke thistles; and
potential: Australia has vast areas of Most of the text in this publication is
• serrated tussock.
land suitable for goat production; and based on the booklet, Goat Farming
– profitable and productive, which
markets for goat products, especially Goats have been used in the
was published by the Rural Industries
goatmeat, are very strong. management of Pinus radiata forests
Research and Development
by reducing herbage growth to allow Corporation (RIRDC). This edition is
Although Australia produces a easier access during pruning and essentially an update of that booklet
minor percentage of the world’s which was authored by Bruce
thinning and by reducing the amount
goats and goat products, it is the McGregor and based on excerpts
of pruning required.
world’s largest exporter of goatmeat. from RIRDC’s A New Rural Industries
The traditional ‘big’ players in goats – A Handbook for Farmers and
cater to subsistence needs, with huge
Industry Structure Investors. The ‘Global Goatmeat
herds providing a self-sufficient Situation’ information is taken from
The goat industry has a similar an MLA paper by James Kellaway,
supply of goatmeat to a population
structure to the sheepmeat and cattle Growth in the goatmeat industry: is it
with a strong associated culinary
industries — the Goat Industry sustainable? Copies of these and all
tradition. The fact that the world’s
Council of Australia (GICA) is its other related publications can be
major producers are not major obtained through Rural Connect.
peak national body and an affiliate
exporters, places Australia in a
member of the National Farmers’
commanding position. This publication includes contact
Federation (NFF). GICA is made up details for organisations — industry,
Goats are multi-purpose animals, of representatives elected by each government and interest groups —
providing milk, meat and fibre. state farmer organisation and their that can assist any producers
They also benefit pasture by helping goat industry committee. The Boer, interested in getting involved in the
Cashmere and Mohair breed societies goat industry.
to control many weeds. Potential
savings in labour and chemicals and are affiliate members of GICA.
in reclaiming land have hardly been Thanks
tapped in most grazing areas of GICA’s responsibilities include
strategic planning in conjunction GICA and MLA appreciate RIRDC’s
Australia.
and Bruce McGregor’s involvement
with Meat and Livestock Australia
in the evolution and reproduction of
Being agile, goats can be grazed (MLA). Together, they set objectives
this publication. Thanks also to all
on steep, inaccessible and weed- for industry marketing, communication, the organisations listed at the rear of
infested country provided that research, producer training and this book and, in particular, Gaille
suitable fencing and management industry development. Abud, Denise Cunningham, Heather
practices are implemented. Goats Osborn, Craig Clancy, Peter McInnes,
have successfully helped control Each year MLA participates in Jane Erkens, Barbara O’Shea and
and/or have assisted in the seminars throughout the country. Carolyn Gould.
2
Chapter 1. Goatmeat
5,000
15,000
4,000
3,000 10,000
2,000
5,000
1,000
0 0
Taiwan United Caribbean Canada Other Malaysia UAE Singapore China Philippines Other
States
Source: AFFA
3
Goatmeat
Fat % of CW 20 30 25 38
(range) (6-24) (8-40) (10-35) (25-45)
Bone % of CW 15 15 15 12
(range) (12-22) (7-24) (9-20) (8-16)
Australia’s major customers include at the US. Export volumes from Additionally, goatmeat is an essential
the US, Taiwan, Canada, the Australia to the US have been food item among developing
countries of the Caribbean and South growing at an average annual rate Hispanic, African, Asian and Middle
East Asia as well as small but growing of over 30% since 1990 due, in Eastern nations and throughout the
volumes to South Africa and the part, to the continued influx of Caribbean. Demand from these
Middle East. ethnic immigrants. Although countries continues to outstrip supply.
This demand is assisted by the
goatmeat is far from a familiar fare
There are three areas where introduction of respective
to most Americans, the changing
Australia’s goatmeat is currently government programs to raise the
mix and diversity of cultures is
in demand and has great potential intake level of protein among their
creating a significant market. This
massive populations.
to expand: includes the growth of ethnic
restaurants which may serve to Future Strategies
• Western, health-conscious
introduce goatmeat to Western Currently, the Australian industry can
consumers
consumers. sell carcases of almost any weight
Goatmeat is exceptionally lean
and age to both the local and export
and low in fat, making it an ideal
The US is a major importer of markets. However, to ensure the
choice for health conscious
Australian goatmeat, as well as construction of a firm customer base,
consumers. Unlike sheep, the
taking almost a third of the the production and marketing of
subcutaneous fat cover is
world’s exports. consistent quality lines of goatmeat in
characteristically thin on the
goat — fat cover on the loin of
crossbred farm goats has been • Countries that traditionally
measured at 2.3 mm compared consume goatmeat but produce
to 5 – 6 mm in sheep of the same only small amounts
sex and similar age. Recent tests Taiwan and Kuwait are both large
have also suggested that goatmeat consumers of goatmeat sourced
cholesterol content is very low. from Australia, with the former
consistently representing Australia’s
• Ethnic immigrants to the West largest market. Both these countries
The opportunity for export to the have a tradition of consuming
ethnic markets of Western countries goatmeat and enjoy a degree
can best be observed by looking of affluence. General region for current goatmeat production
4
Goatmeat
5
Goatmeat
6
Goatmeat
7
Chapter 2. Mohair
8
Mohair
Economics of
Production
9
Mohair
10
Chapter 3. Cashmere Goats
11
Cashmere Goats
finest white cashmere (<16 µm) $50 - $110/kg clean cashmere down
coarser white and lightly coloured cashmere $20 - $80/kg clean down
(16-17.5 µm)
12
Chapter 4. Dairy Goats and Goat Milk Products
Introduction anticipated to give Australian goat housed stock and lot feeding are
dairy products an advantage similar also practiced.
The dairy goat industry in Australia has to that enjoyed by the mainstream
traditionally supplied fresh milk to the dairy industry. Intending dairy goat farmers should
health food sector. Farms have been consider completing dairy farm
small, typically milking 15-20 does, Most cheese is made in Victoria and qualifications. Knowledge of pasture
and have operated as cottage industries. Tasmania. Proximity to a successful and grazing management, nutritional
dairy cow industry, especially with a requirements, herd improvement and
The increased popularity of specialty manufacturing component, has proved disease control will lead to increased
cheeses has created an unprecedented important as it enables the sharing productivity.
demand for goats milk. Access to a of resources.
market that is easy to service means To reduce seasonal variations in milk
that farmers are no longer tied to land Fresh whole milk remains a relatively supply and fill seasonal feed shortages,
near city markets, and no longer have small, health food-focussed market, it is likely that dairy goats will need
to self manage the whole enterprise, but is being developed on a larger supplementary feeding.
from production and packaging scale in some states. The emphasis
through to marketing and distribution. varies, from state to state, from fresh Dairy doe requirements
milk to manufacturing milk. • 11MJ/day at 6-8% protein for
The industry has more than doubled maintenance.
in size in the 1990s, due largely to Yoghurt production remains small. • 5MJ/litre of milk at 15-18% protein
the establishment of larger operations. for production (a doe producing 3
Farmers generally still manage access Other products are currently being litres/day needs 26MJ/day).
to markets and deliver milk 2-3 times developed. It is expected that milk • Specialised equipment for milking,
per week. As with any dairy operation, powder will be produced in 2000. milk storage and transport.
a time commitment is needed and This is a specialty market and includes
• Debudding and hoof trimming
land must be suitable for high health, manufacturing and export.
equipment and animal
productivity dairying. identification equipment (tattoo,
Prices paid at farm gate range from
tags, electronic ID).
65c – 100c/litre, sometimes with a
Markets and
delivery fee. Some payments are based
Marketing Issues Dairy goats are seasonal breeders
on milk solids, and some have a
and usually kid in spring. Variations
seasonal incentive so that prices are to kidding times are needed in order
Australian goat cheese production higher in times of lower production
in 1998-99 was valued at A$3.6 to provide a more continuous milk
(such as winter). supply. Kids are hand-raised in sheds.
million. Cheese is a specialty or
gourmet product that is sold to food
service and delicatessen outlets. Production Farm layout
Demand for cheese is increasing and Requirements • Based on cow dairy models.
imports have been growing, however, • Careful siting of sheds, yards and
the local market may not be able to The requirements for dairying, laneways is needed for efficient
absorb much more product. regardless of the species milked, are farm and labour management.
very similar. Farmers are successfully • Holding yards at the milking area
Export markets for cheese are using many management techniques are usually covered and may also
currently being explored. Other that have been developed for be used for a feed pad.
products, especially milk powder, cows. Intensive pasture and grazing
are known to have export potential. management systems are showing Other general requirements are
The ability to provide high quality excellent results. More traditional discussed in the Chapter 5, Goat
product at competitive prices is methods based on wholly or partly Production Requirements.
13
Dairy Goats and Goat Milk Products
14
Chapter 5. Goat Production Requirements
Goats have evolved to graze and not well adapted to the wetter recommended where its use is
browse in semi-arid rangelands. Mixed temperate environments (> 800 mm practical.
feeding behaviour allows them to p.a) and can be prone to internal
consume a wide range of plants parasites and foot complaints when Husbandry
including grasses, herbs, scrub and run in these conditions.
weeds. Contrary to popular opinion, With your first steps you should
Like sheep, goats are susceptible ‘hasten slowly’. It is strongly
goats do not eat everything - they
to soil trace-element deficiencies, recommended that potential goat
can be quite selective, usually
particularly in higher rainfall regions. farmers talk to and visit a number
choosing only the most digestible
They may be susceptible to internal of established goat farms before they
plant parts available. However, they
parasites where grazing pressures are buy any goats. Excellent technical
are very flexible and will change constantly > 10 DSE/ha. (Dry Sheep information is available from industry
their preferences with the season. Equivalents). associations and departments of
Goats can be kept on conventional
agriculture. Read this information
pastures quite satisfactorily but Goats require specific fencing and the proceedings from field days
because of their ability to eat a wider similar to that needed for crossbred and conferences. Plan your objectives
variety of plants than sheep and cattle, ewes. A well strained bottom wire clearly. It is better to start with a
they are productive in various approximately 70 mm above the smaller number of goats and build
environments. ground is the single most important up your herd as you improve your
fencing requirement. A totally new management skills.
Goats prefer areas with between 250 prefabricated wire fence in open
and 600 mm rainfall per annum (p.a). country costs from $1500 per km, Important Points to Note
When they are grazed with sheep at whereas a 5-line electric fence will • Appropriate goat fencing should
the recommended stocking rate, there cost about half this amount. In some be erected before goats are
are complementary benefits, however, locations an old fence can be ‘goat- introduced. Fencing is best done
recommended stocking levels should proofed’ by the addition of one single by a ‘goat-wise’ fencer according
always be observed as goats are not electric wire supported by outriggers. to industry best practice.
as efficient as sheep at grazing very Electrified fencing is effective,
short pastures. Generally, goats are relatively inexpensive and is strongly • Goats should be grazed at no
more than the recommended
stocking rate for sheep in your
chosen district. Discuss grazing
requirements with the local
Department of Agriculture officers.
The cheapest feed for all types
of goat is pasture. Knowledge of
efficient pasture and grazing
management will lead to increased
productivity.
15
Goat Production Requirements
16
Goat Production Requirements
17
Key Contacts
The industry’s peak national body and an affiliate member of the National Farmers’ Federation (NFF). GICA is made up
of representatives elected by each state farmer organisation’s goat commodity section. Tel 02-6273-3855, Fax 02-6273-
2331; PO Box E10 Kingston ACT 2604.
Tom Harmsworth
Victorian Farmers’ Federation
Tel: 03 5381 1321 Fax: 03 5381 1321
Breed Associations
Australian Cashmere Growers Association Ltd Dairy Goat Society of Australia Ltd
PO Box 380 PO Box 189
Kellyville NSW 2155 Kiama NSW 2533
Tel: 02 9894 7877 Tel: 02 4232 3333
Fax: 02 9894 7055
Mohair Australia Ltd
Boer Goat Breeders’ Association of Australia Ltd C/- ABRI
c/- ABRI University of New England
University of New England Armidale NSW 2351
Armidale NSW 2351 Tel: 02 6773 3557
Tel: 02 6773 5177 http://www.mohair.org.au
18
Key Contacts
Farmer Groups
Industry Organisations
AUS-MEAT: LiveCorp:
The national organisation and accreditation authority The Australian Livestock Export Corporation Ltd (LiveCorp)
responsible for quality standards and the accurate is a company owned, controlled and funded by livestock
description of meat and livestock. exporters. Its role is to support the sustainable and
Tel: 07 3247 7200 profitable development of the trade in live cattle,
PO Box 3175, Sth Brisbane, QLD 4101 sheep and goats.
www.ausmeat.com.au Tel: 02 9223 7655
GPO 3466, Sydney 1043
Australian Livestock Transporters Association (ALTA): livecorp@livecorp.com.au
This body represents livestock transporters and operates www.livecorp.com.au
the quality assurance system, Truckcare.
Tel: 02 6247 5434 Livestock Export Accreditation Program (LEAP):
GPO Box 2078, Canberra, ACT Is an industry-based assurance scheme initiated by ALEC
2601resolution@interact.net.au and operated by LiveCorp.
www.ausmeat.com.au/programmes/leap/
Australian Meat Processor Corporation (AMPC):
A national body representing all processors active in the Meat and Livestock Australia (MLA):
red meat processing industry. Specifically, AMPC aims A producer-owned company adding value to the red meat
to promote, protect and further the rights and mutual and livestock industries of Australia by promotion and R&D.
interests of its members. 165 Walker Street, North Sydney, NSW 2060
Tel: 02 9223 6900 Tel: 02 9463 9333 1 800 023 100
PO Box H131, Australia Square, Sydney NSW 1215 www.mla.com.au
www.ampc.com.au
19
Key Contacts
Government Organisations
20
Other Contacts
Other Contacts
agSearch: RSPCA:
Farmwide’s agricultural search engine; Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals is
http://www.farmwide.com.au/agsearch/default.asp a non-profit organisation that polices, inspects and
educates with respect to preventing cruelty to animals.
Australian Federation of Islamic Councils Inc (AFIC): Tel: 02 6282 8300,
Body representing the many Australian Islamic councils PO Box E369, Kingston, ACT 2604
and related organisations. rspca@rspca.org.au
Tel: 02 9698 8891 www.rspca.org.au
PO Box 331, Waterloo, NSW 2017
Rural Connect:
Australian Goat Milk Association, A distribution service and system for agriculture and rural
RMB 5004A Wodonga, VIC 3690 focused publications and information
Tel: / Fax: 02 6020 6076 Tel: 1800 1100 44
LAMBPLAN: Infoscan:
Australia’s sheep and goat genetic evaluation system. www.infoscan.com.au
LAMBPLAN, Department of Animal Science, is a useful link which gives access to ABOA and
University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351. ARRIP databases.
Dr Alex Ball,
Tel: 02 6773 2493;
Dr Rob Banks,
Tel: 02 6773 2948 ;
ansc.une.edu.au/lambplan/index
21
Publications & References
Publications
References
Boer Goat Breeders’ Association of Australia Ltd, Davies, L. and Murray, G. 1997 The Economics of a
Boer Briefs, Summer 1999, No. 20. Commercial Cashmere Goat Enterprise, Rural Industries
Research and Development Corporation, Canberra.
Brydon, D. (Ed.) 1990 Goat Health and Production.
Proceeding No. 134. Post-Graduate Committee in McGregor, B. A. (Ed) Proceedings National Mohair
Veterinary Science, University of Sydney 500 pp. Conferences, 1994, 1995, 1996 Agriculture Victoria,
Melbourne.
Browne, R. J. (Ed.) 1990 Cashmere Goats Notes,
2nd Edition, Australian Cashmere Growers Association, NSW Agriculture, Marketing Prime Goat Kids,
Guildford, NSW, 350 pp. 1996, Orange, 11 pp.
Davies, L. and Murray, G. 1997 The Economics of a NSW Department of Agriculture, The Goat Manual,
Commercial Angora Goat Enterprise, Rural Industries 1990, Sydney.
Research and Development Corporation, Canberra.
22
165 Walker Street, North Sydney NSW 2060
Price: Non MLA members $25 www.mla.com.au