Chast 3 Differentsialnye Uravnenia Uravnenia Matematicheskoy Fiziki Teoria Optimizatsii - Berkov Zubkov Minostsev Pushkar

Лауреат второго Всероссийского конкурса НМС по математике
Министерства образования и науки РФ «Лучшее учебное издание по математике

в номинации «Математика в технических вузах»
Н. А. БЕРКОВ, В. Г. ЗУБКОВ,
В. Б. МИНОСЦЕВ, Е. А. ПУШКАРЬ
КУРС МАТЕМАТИКИ
ДЛЯ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ
ВЫСШИХ УЧЕБНЫХ
ЗАВЕДЕНИЙ
Часть 3
Дифференциальные уравнения.
Уравнения математической физики.
Теория оптимизации
Под редакцией
В. Б. Миносцева, Е. А. Пушкаря
Издание второе, исправленное
ДОПУЩЕНО
НМС по математике Министерства образования и науки РФ
в качестве учебного пособия для студентов вузов, обучающихся
по инженерно&техническим специальностям
•САНКТ/ПЕТЕРБУРГ•МОСКВА•КРАСНОДАР•
•2013•
ББК 22.1я73
К 93
Берков Н. А., Зубков В. Г., Миносцев В. Б.,
Пушкарь Е. А.
К 93 Курс математики для технических высших учебных
заведений. Часть 3. Дифференциальные уравнения.
Уравнения математической физики. Теория оптимизации:
Учебное пособие / Под ред. В. Б. Миносцева,
Е. А. Пушкаря. — 2+е изд., испр. — СПб.: Издательство
«Лань», 2013. — 528 с.: ил. — (Учебники для вузов.
Специальная литература).
ISBN 9785811415601
Учебное пособие соответствует Государственному образовательному
стандарту. Пособие включает в себя лекции и практические занятия.
Третья часть пособия содержит 25 лекций и 25 практических занятий по
следующим разделам: «Обыкновенные дифференциальные уравнения»,
«Дифференциальные уравнения в частных производных», «Элементы
вариационного исчисления и теории оптимизации».
Пособие предназначено для студентов технических, физико+
математических и экономических направлений.
ББК 22.1я73
Рецензенты:
À. Â. ÑÅÒÓÕÀ äîêòîð ôèçèêî-ìàòåìàòè÷åñêèõ íàóê, ïðîôåññîð,
÷ëåí ÍÌÑ ïî ìàòåìàòèêå Ìèíèñòåðñòâà îáðàçîâàíèÿ è íàóêè ÐÔ;
À. À. ÏÓÍÒÓÑ ïðîôåññîð ôàêóëüòåòà ïðèêëàäíîé ìàòåìàòèêè
è ôèçèêè ÌÀÈ, ÷ëåí ÍÌÑ ïî ìàòåìàòèêå Ìèíèñòåðñòâà îáðàçîâàíèÿ
è íàóêè ÐÔ; À. Â. ÍÀÓÌÎÂ äîêòîð ôèçèêî-ìàòåìàòè÷åñêèõ íàóê,
äîöåíò êàôåäðû òåîðèè âåðîÿòíîñòåé ÌÀÈ; À. Á. ÁÓÄÀÊ äîöåíò,
çàì. ïðåäñåäàòåëÿ îòäåëåíèÿ ó÷åáíèêîâ è ó÷åáíûõ ïîñîáèé ÍÌÑ
ïî ìàòåìàòèêå Ìèíèñòåðñòâà îáðàçîâàíèÿ è íàóêè ÐÔ;
Ó. Ã. ÏÈÐÓÌÎÂ ïðîôåññîð, çàâ. êàôåäðîé âû÷èñëèòåëüíîé
ìàòåìàòèêè è ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèÿ ÌÀÈ (Òåõíè÷åñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò),
÷ëåí-êîððåñïîíäåíò ÐÀÍ, çàñëóæåííûé äåÿòåëü íàóêè ÐÔ.
Обложка
Е. А. ВЛАСОВА
Охраняется законом РФ об авторском праве.

Воспроизведение всей книги или любой ее части запрещается без письменного
разрешения издателя.
Любые попытки нарушения закона
будут преследоваться в судебном порядке.
© Издательство «Лань», 2013

© Коллектив авторов, 2013
© Издательство «Лань»,
художественное оформление, 2013

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(x2 − 3y 2 )dx + 2xydy = 0
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= Q(x, y).
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ϕ (y) = 4y 3 .
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!

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.

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3

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#

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ϕ (y) = 0

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& '
"
! $
$ (
$ ! $

) # * $ !
$ ' +
! ' ! *
! x = x0 $ * ,
$ $ - '
& ⎧
⎨ y = f (x, y, y ),
y(x0 ) = y0 , . /
⎩
y (x0 ) = y0 .
)
! * $
! $ 0
!
! *
# ! ! 1
! ! * x = a

x = b *%
- $
& ⎧
⎨ y = f (x, y, y ),
y(a) = ya , . 2/
⎩
y(b) = yb .

y + y = 0
!"#
y = C1 sin x + C2 cos x.
"
"
$

%
&' y(0) = y(π) = 0;
y(0) = 0

C2 = 0
y = C1 sin x y(π) = 0

(&)'
y
x
0 π

*' y(0) = 0, y(b) = 1; 0 < b < π;

y = sin x
sin b
( &&'
y
1 x
0 b π

y(0) = 0, y(π) = 1;

y = C1 sin x

y(0) = 0

(π, 1).

! "" # $

$
% & '

%
(% ) y y *
y = f (x). +(%(,

-'

y = p(x)
y = p (x)% .
+(%(,

*
p (x) = f (x),

p(x) = f (x) dx = F (x) + C1 .
& p(x) = y y = F (x) + C1 % -

/
'
+(%(,*

y = F (x)dx + C1 x + C2 .
+(%0

y = cos x
! * . y = p(x)
y = p (x)
$ ' $

p (x) = cos x.

!
p(x) = cos x dx = sin x + C1 % 1
p(x) y
/ '
*

y = (sin x + C1 ) dx = − cos x + C1 x + C2 .
2% ) ' "

# y *
f (x, y , y ) = 0. +(%(0

y = p(x)
y = p(x)

p(x)
f (x, p, p) = 0.

! p = ϕ(x, C1),
dy

p = dx

"#$%$&'
y= ϕ(x, C1)dx + C2 .
#$%$(

(1 + x2 )y = 2xy y(1) = 0, y (1) = 1.
) ! *+ y = p(x), y = p (x)% *

2xp
p (x) = ·
1 + x2
) ,

dp 2xdx
= ⇒ ln |p| = ln (1 + x2 ) + ln |C1 |.
p 1 + x2
* -
p = C1 (1 + x2 ).
. p = y y = C1(1+x2)% /

! -

x3
y = C1 x + + C2 .
3
/

- !

y(1) = 0, C1 (1 + 13 ) + C2 = 0, 4
C
3 1
+ C2 = 0,
⇒ ⇒ ⇒
y (1) = 1, C1 (1 + 1) = 1, C1 = 12 ,

C2 = − 23 ,
⇒
C1 = 12 ·
0 !
x3 x 2
y= + − ·
6 2 3

x
f (y, y , y ) = 0.
! "!# p(y)$

% & y $ ' y = p(y) ""#

x ""#
&
"!#
() '$ ( y
"!# & x
d(y ) dp(y) dp(y) dy
y ≡ ≡ ≡ · ·
dx dx dy dx
dy
*! !! ≡ y ≡ p(y)$ !( +
dx
dp(y)
y ≡ · p(y).
dy
,
y y
- $
( ' !
+ "!# p(y)
dp
f (y, p, · p) = 0.
dy
.' / $ &
p = ϕ(y, C1 ).
,
&& ' p = ϕ(y, C1 )
0
y = p(y)$ ( ""# + ' !
"!# y x
dy
= ϕ(y, C1 ).
dx
1

%

.' '$ ( % & '
-'

dy
= x + C2 .
ϕ(y, C1 )

yy = y 2

dp

y = p(y) y = p
dy

dp
yp = p2 .
dy
p = 0
p
dp dy

=

p y
ln |p| = ln |y| + ln |C1 | ⇒ p = C1 y.
y
= p(y)

y = C1 y.

dy
= C1 dx ⇒ ln |y| = C1 x + ln |C2 | ⇒ y = C2 eC1 x .
y
p = 0 y = const! "
#
C1 = 0$
%$ & ''( F (x, y, y, y ) = 0 )

'( y * $ $
F (x, ky, ky , ky ) = k n F (x, y, y , y ) "
y = yz z(x) + '($
,
" y $ ,''(
y = yz x
y yz

y = y z + yz = y(z 2 + z ),
" * " y
")
$ "
)
y, y , y ky, ky , ky

k = 1/y
" y )
($
-.$./

x2 yy − (y − xy )2 = 0.
0 + '(

* y, y , y
n = 2
F (x, λty, λt y , λt y ) = λ2t [x2 yy − (y − xy )2 ] = λ2t F (x, y, y , y ).

y = yu
y = yu+yu = y(u2 +u) u(x)

x2 y 2 (u2 + u ) − (y − xyu)2 = 0,
y 2 [x2 (u2 + u ) − (1 − xu)2 ] = 0.
y ≡ 0
y = 0
x2 u2 + x2 u − 1 + 2xu − x2 u2 = 0,
u

2 1
u + u = 2 ,
x x
! "

#! $% "

u + x2 u = 0 u = xC2
&

% u = C(x)x2
! u = Cx2 − 2C "
x3
'( u u C = 1

C = x + C1
) )%

C1 1
u= + ·
x2 x
*
y = yu ⇒ y /y = u ⇒ (ln |y|) = u ⇒ ln |y| = u dx ⇒ y = C2 e u dx
,
C1 1 C1
y = C2 e ( x2 + x )dx = C2 xe− x .
& y ≡ 0 C2 = 0 !
)%

(2 − 9xy 2 )xdx + (4y 2 − 6x3 )ydy = 0.

!
" #
$$% &' ! $%( U (x, y) ( #
dU = P (x, y)dx + Q(x, y)dy )! ' )
U (x, y) = *+,-.
/
P (x, y) = (2 − 9xy 2 )x, Q(x, y) = (4y 2 − 6x3 )y.
0$$%
∂P ∂Q
= −18x2 y, = −18x2 y,
∂y ∂x
∂P ∂Q
) ≡ )
∂y ∂x
# ' #
$$%
"' $%( P (x, y) = Ux ! x #
$%( U

U = (2 − 9xy 2 )xdx = x2 − 3y 2 x3 + C,
' C $%! y

U = x2 − 3y 2 x3 + ϕ(y),
1! ϕ(y) $$% U ! y #
# Uy = Q
Uy = −6x3 y + ϕ(y);
−6x3 y + ϕ(y) = 4y 3 − 6x3 y;
ϕ (y) = 4y 3 ⇒ ϕ(y) = y 4 ;
U (x, y) = x2 − 3y 2 x3 + y 4 .

U (x, y) = C

x2 − 3y 2 x3 + y 4 = C.

e−y dx − (2y + xe−y )dy = 0.
!" # $
% ∂P∂y
≡
∂Q
∂x

∂P
= (e−y )y = −e−y ,
∂y
∂Q
= (−2y − xe−y )x = −e−y .
∂x
&"
' U $ P (x, y)

U (x, y) = e−y dx = xe−y + ϕ(y),
Uy = −xe−y + ϕy = Q = −2y − xe−y ⇒ ϕ (y) = −2y,

ϕ(y) = −y 2 .
U (x, y) = xe−y − y2, (

xe−y − y 2 = C.
)

(x2 + y 2 + x)dx + ydy = 0 .
* $ +

∂P ∂Q ∂P ∂Q
= (x2 + y 2 + x)y = 2y; = yx = 0. ⇒ = ·
∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x
, $ ,# " '!" %,$ +
" # , " " - . $
# %
Py − Qx Py − Qx
P
Q
·

Py − Qx

P
= 2
2y
x + y2 + x

Py − Qx
=
2y
= 2

x Q

y

Py −Q Qx

! "
x#
$ %&$

μ(x) '$

(
' )
*& μ(x)

+

'

∂P
∂y
=
∂Q
∂x
(

μ(x)(x2 + y 2 + x) dx + μ(x)y dy = 0;
∂P
= (μ(x)(x2 + y 2 + x))y = 2μ(x)y;
∂y
∂Q
= (μ(x)y)x = yμx ;
∂x
2μy = yμx .
,

%
))*
%
' '&$
' μ-
μ = C1 e2x .
(

" C1

'

''

C1 = 1 .

%&$
-
e2x (x2 + y 2 + x)dx + ye2x dy = 0.
/%

' ' '

))* " %

"

' ) *'
2x + ln(x2 + y 2 ) = C.
0
&$ $+

'
$%
"'

y
ydx − xdy = 2x3 tgdx.
x

!
y x dy − y dx
! " d ≡ .
x x2
#" $ $ ! %
" x2 &
ydx − xdy y y y
2
= 2x tg dx ⇔ − d = 2x tg dx.
x x x x
& % t = xy
−dt = 2x tg tdx,
%
& $ %
!

ctg t dt = −2xdx ⇒ ln | sin t| = −x2 + ln |C|,

2
sin t = Ce−x .
' "( % ") $
y 2
sin = Ce−x .
x
*

1
y =
x
.

' y = f (x)
+ , % $ y = p(x) y = p (x)

1
p = ·
x
- ! %()

1 dp 1 dx dx
p = ⇒ = ⇒ dp = ⇒ dp = ;
x dx x x x
p = ln |x| + ln C0 ⇒ p = ln(C1 x).

y (y = p(x))
y = ln(C1 x)
dy
y = ln(C1 x) ⇒ = ln(C1 x) ⇒ dy = ln(C1 x)dx
dx
dy = ln(C1 x)dx ⇒ y = ln(C1 x)dx.

u = ln (C1 x), du = 1 dx,
y= ln (C1 x)dx = x
dv = dx, v = x.

1
= x · ln (C1 x) − x dx = x · ln (C1 x) − x + C2 =
x
= x(ln C1 + ln |x|) − x + C2 = x · ln |x| + C · x + C2 ,
C = ln C1 − 1

!
y = x ln |x| + Cx + C2 .
"#"

2
y + 2y = ex y .
$ % &
'

! &

' &
y = p(x), y = p p (
p + 2p = ex p2 . )"##*
+ )"##*
p = 0
,
y = 0

y = C
$ - -
)"##* p2 = 0 ,
& p−1 = z z
z − 2z = −e−x

z = e2x (C1 + e−x ).
.
- p = z−1

1 dx
p= , y= + C2 .
ex + C1 e2x ex + C1 e2x

ex = t, d ex = ex dx = dt.

dx dt
= ·
ex + C1 e2x t2 (1 + C1 t)

!
"
# $$
%
1 A B C
= + 2+ ·
t2 (1 + C1 t) t t 1 + C1 t
& # '

t!
! t = 0, t = 1 t = 1/C1!
$$

A, B, C : A = −C1! B = 1 C = C12(
)
%

dt 1 C1 C12
= − + dt =
t2 (1 + C1 t) t2 t 1 + C1 t
1
= − − C1 ln |t| + C1 ln |1 + C1 t| + C2 .
t
*

t = ex!
#

y = −e−x − C1 x + C1 ln |1 + C1 ex | + C2 ,
C1, C2 +

(

$
y = C = ,-./0 (p = 0)(
12(3

2
1 + y = 2yy .

%

x

!

! $$

$
y(x) !
! y y

x% y ≡ yx y ≡ yxx

( &

$
p(y)! yx = p(y)4
p( &
y y
$$
dp
yxx =

!
dy
dp
1 + p2 = 2yp ·
dy

2pdp dy
= ·
1 + p2 y

ln(1+p2) = ln |y|+ln |C0| 1+p2 = C1y
p = ± C1 y − 1
dy dy
p = dx dx = ± C1 y − 1

dy
dx = √ ·
± C1 y − 1

!
"

2
4
x + C2 = ± C1 y − 1,

(x + C2 )2 = 2 (C1 y − 1),
C 1 C 1

! #

C12 (x + C2 )2 + 4
y= ·
4C1
$%&

yy = y (y + 1).
' #
( !

!
!

))
*

+
" , -

y(y + 1) (
- y = 0, (y + 1) = 0
(

y y
= ·
y + 1 y
.

+

(ln(y + 1)) = (ln y)) ,

+

)) *

+
" (

ln(y + 1) = ln y + ln |C1 |,
*

y + 1 = C1 y.

dy dy dy
= C1 y − 1 ⇒ = dx ⇒ = C1 dx ⇒
dx C1 y − 1 y − C11

1
⇒ ln y − = C1 x + ln |C2 |.
C1

1
y= + C2 eC1 x .
C1

!

" y = 0, (y + 1) = 0

y = 0
y + 1 = 0 y = −x + C1

(x + y + 2)dx + (x + 3y + 4)dy = 0

2

+ 4y ln x dy = 0
2y 3y 3
− 2 dx +
x x x

(x + sin y)dx + (x cos y + sin y)dy = 0

(3x2 + 2xy 3 )dx + (2x2 y 2 − 2y 3 )dy = 0

(x + y2 )dx − 2xydy = 0

2yx − 3x2 dx + dy = 0
!

y = sin x

y = √x2+ 9

y = xe−x

y(0) = 1, y (0) = 0

y = sin2 x cos x

y(0) = −1, y (0) = 1

xy + y = 0

y + 6y tg 3x = 0

(ex + 2)y − e y = 0
x

xy −y = x2 ex

y(0) = −1, y (0) = 0

yy −y2 = y2 ln y
2

y = y y+ 1

(y2 +4)y = 2yy2

y = y2 − y

y(1) = − 4 ,1
y (1) = 12

!" #
$
" "% & $
%

a0 (x)y + a1 (x)y + a2 (x)y = f (x). ' (

f (x) ≡ 0

a0 (x)y + a1 (x)y + a2 (x)y = 0

! f (x) ≡ 0
"
#

$ " ! % %
#

y a0(x) = 0&
f (x) − a1 (x)y − a2 (x)y
y = · '
a0 (x)
( ) #
y = f (x, y, y) #
* %
+% *
,
#
) ! *
-
) a0 (x) a1 (x) a2 (x)

f (x) (α, β)
. ) a0(x) *

) ' .
y y
f (x) − a1 (x)y − a2 (x)y
f (x, y, y ) = ,
a0 (x)
a2 (x) a1 (x)
fy (x, y, y ) = − , fy (x, y, y ) = −
a0 (x) a0 (x)
/ /0 0 x #
! *0 (α, β)
"

a0 (x)! a1 (x)! a2 (x) "
f (x) #$%
(α, β)! "& a0 (x) '

" ! ' ' "
y(x0 ) = y0 y (x0 ) = y0 ! " x0 (
(α, β)!
!
)
"

C1y1(x)+C2y2(x)

y1(x) y2 (x)

y1 = y1(x) y2 = y2(x)

!!"# $
Y (x) = C1 y1(x) + C2y2 (x)

%
& $ $ & $ C1 C2

y1 (x) y2 (x)

a0 (x)y1 (x) + a1 (x)y1 (x) + a2 (x)y1 (x) ≡ 0,

a0 (x)y2 (x) + a1 (x)y2 (x) + a2 (x)y2 (x) ≡ 0.

Y (x) = C1 y1 (x) + C2 y2 (x)
! !
"
! !
#
a0 (x)[C1y1 (x) + C2 y2 (x)] + a1 (x)[C1y1 (x) + C2 y2 (x)]+

+a2 (x)[C1y1 (x) + C2 y2 (x)] ≡ a0 (x)[C1y1 (x) + C2 y2 (x)]+
+a1 (x)[C1y1 (x) + C2 y2 (x)] + a2 (x)[C1y1 (x) + C2 y2 (x)] ≡
≡ C1 [a0 (x)y1 (x) + a1 (x)y1 (x) + a2 (x)y1 (x)]+
+C2 [a0 (x)y2(x) + a1 (x)y2 (x) + a2 (x)y2 (x)] ≡
≡ C1 · 0 + C2 · 0 ≡ 0,

Y (x) = C1 y1 (x) + C2 y2 (x)

!

'
$ y = y1(x)
% &!

!

'( (

) ' *
" y = C1 y1 (x) +

! *
(
,

!&
*
+
' C2 = 0
$ !& !* "!

y1 = y1 (x)
y2 = y2 (x)
'( (

(
*
( !! "-

y = ϕ(x, C1, C2 )

*
(
(

+
*
+
&
&
C1 C2
#
"

(

Y = C1 y1 (x) + C2 y2 (x) "-!

! *

.

x y − 4xy + 6y = 0
2

y = x , y = 3x y = x

2 2 3
! " " #!

1 2 3
$

" "
" %

y = x % !
3
Y = C x + C · 3x
3
2 2
$

& "
1 2

'()

[a, b]

! C1 y1 (x)+C2 y(x) "

#

$ % C1 = 0 C2 = 0
& #

[a, b]

%
'
y1 (x)
= const
y2 (x)

"
$ (! )

* % )

%

C1 C2 %

)
C1 y1 (x) + C2 y2 (x) ≡ 0

[a, b]

* # )
(!
"
)

y1 (x) = λy2 (x).

'(* + %

%
) n (!
'(* $ )(! x2 x|x|
x ∈ [−1, 1] ,

[−1, 1]
+ , $%

#

-

2
C x + C x|x| ≡ 0.
1 2
.

% x = 1 x = −1

C1 + C2 = 0,
C1 − C2 = 0,

C1 = C2 = 0

{sin2 x, cos2 x, 1}.

y1(x) y2(x)
x

y (x) y2 (x)
W (x) ≡ W [y1 (x), y2(x)] ≡ 1 ≡ y1 (x)y (x) − y (x)y2 (x)

y1 (x) y2 (x) 2 1
! "#

$ y1(x) y2(x)

[a, b]

!"

% & ' y1 (x) y2 (x)

y2 (x) = λy1 (x)

y (x) y2 (x) y1 (x) λy1 (x)
W [y1 (x), y2 (x)] = 1 = =
y1 (x) y2 (x) y1 (x) λy1 (x)

y (x) y1 (x)
= λ 1 ≡ 0.
y1 (x) y1 (x)
( & ' )* (

+ !)+ #
&
)*
# W (x) ≡ 0
$
"

% W (x)
!

& '
"

,
-
W (x) ≡ 0
& '
+* .
)* /

& ' ϕ1 (x) = x2 , ϕ2 (x) = x|x|

[−1, 1] -
0
1
2
x x |x|

W (x) = =
2x | x | + x 234 x

= x2 |x| + x3 x − 2x
2
|x| = x3 x − x
2
|x| ≡ 0.

y1 (x), y2 (x)

(a, b)

! "

#

W [ y1 (x), y2(x) ]
$%

&#

! " #

$

$ x0 ∈ (a, b)# $ W (x0 ) = 0 % $
$ &'( y1 (x), y2 (x) ) *) $ x0
+
% y1 (x0 ) = y10 , y1 (x0 ) = y10

, y2 (x0 ) = y20 # y2 (x0 ) = y20

(

C1 y10 + C2 y20 = 0,
,-
C1 y10 + C2 y20 = 0.
.

,- $* C1 , C2
* / W (x0 ) = 0#
0 (

* " 0

+
1 (

* ,- 1 , C2 = C
C1 = C 2 #
$
i
C *
2
&' 1 y1 (x) + C
y(x) = C 2y2 (x)#
$

*) 0 1

* ,-3

1 ,-
" x = x0 $
y(x0 ) = 0, y (x0 ) = 0. ,4-
5

6 $*

,4-
1 ,-
5 1# $ #
,

- 1 y(x) ≡ 0# # $ # +
* $*
,4- 2 #

1 y(x)

*
C1 y1 (x) + C2 y2 (x) ≡ 0,
# $# &' y1 (x), y2 (x) (
* " $ +
$ *
"

' ( .
! #

+
*(

* ) &'(# )
1 (*)
*) (# %
# %

x ∈ (a, b)

a0 (x) = 0

y1(x) y2(x)

(a, b)!

!!
"

!!
#
!
$%

" y1(x) y2(x)

(a, b) #
$
W (y1(x), y2(x)) = 0!

%

y ≡ 0! % #

#
$
& !
'%

(! )
y1 = y1(x) y2 = y2(x) '*+!+(
(a, b)

#
Y (x) = C1 y1 (x) + C2 y2 (x). &
'
( !
)
!

& "
! $ *+ ( , + C1 C2 -
*
* ! ,

$ !
*.
*+

(
,
(
!

!
, !
$
"

. , !
/
y(x0 ) = y0 , y (x0 ) = y0 .
0
! , !

Y (x) = C1 y1 (x) + C2 y2 (x),
Y (x) = C1 y1 (x) + C2 y2 (x),

y0 = C1 y1 (x0 ) + C2 y2 (x0 ),
y0 = C1 y1 (x0 ) + C2 y2 (x0 ).

C1 C2

y (x ) y2 (x0 )
W (x0 ) = 1 0

y1 (x0 ) y2 (x0 )

! y1 (x) y2 (x)
x = x0 " #

$
y1 (x) y2 (x)

$

(a, b)

% x0 W (x0 ) = 0"

$

&

y0 y2 (x0 ) y1 (x0 ) y0

y0 y2 (x0 ) y1 (x0 ) y0
C10 = , C20 = ·
W (x0 ) W (x0 )
# '

$

Y (x) = C10 y1 (x) + C20 y2 (x),

'

"
(%

)*+"+, !
a0 (x) y

'

%

%
"
" !
" #

$

$ !

!
"
-

$

{y1 (x), y2(x)}

(a, b)"

!

'

$
'

!"
.

'

y
!&

y1 (x) y2 (x) y

W (x) ≡ y1 (x) y2 (x) y = 0.
y1 (x) y2 (x) y

/

! y1 (x), y2(x), y "

y1(x) y2(x)
y, y , y

!
"#$ %& '
y1 (x), y2 (x)
(
"#$ %& )

* W (x) ) *
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y+

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y 1
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+ y y1 (x) y2 (x)
y1 (x) y2 (x)
= 0.
"#$ %&
,) y W [ y1(x), y2(x) ]

y1 (x), y2(x)
(a, b) -
"#$ %& W
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, '

- +
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"#$ %& W [ y1(x), y2(x) ] ")
y & ) ) +

y1 (x) y2 (x)

y1 (x) y2 (x)
p(x) = −
W [ y1 (x), y2 (x) ]
· "#$ ./&
0 *

"#$ ./&

1 W [ y1(x), y2(x) ] ≡ y1(x)y2 (x) − y1 (x)y2(x)

2 "#$ ./&

W p(x) +
W
p(x) = − ,
W

dW
p(x)dx = − ; ⇒ − p(x)dx + ln |C| = ln |W |,
W

C = W (x0 )

x
− p(x)dx
W (x) = W (x0 )e x0
.

! "
# " $ $
#

%

&

y1 (x)

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( "
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&
y2 (x)#

!$ y2 (x) ) *+

&

# %
y1 (x) ,

W [ y1 (x), y2(x) ] $
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y1 (x) y2 (x)
− p(x)dx
y1 (x) y2 (x) = C1 e .
! %
y2 (x)

$

-

$ . # % '

y1 (x)y2 (x) − y1 (x)y2 (x) = C1 e− p(x)dx
;

+
% y12 (x) $ # %
y1 (x)y2 (x) − y1 (x)y2 (x) y (x)
2
≡ ,
y12 (x) y1 (x)
( '
d y2 (x) 1
= 2 C1 e− p(x)dx,
dx y1 (x) y1 (x)
y2 (x)/y1(x) (

y2 (x) C1 e− p(x)dx
= dx + C2 .
y1 (x) y12 (x)
! $ /
%

&

# " C1 = 1# C2 = 0
%
$ %

− p(x)dx
e
y2 (x) = y1 (x) dx.
y12 (x)
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%

&

# +/

&

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! " # $ %

" &
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# "' !%
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( ') & & !
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k ,
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ekx ' /
k 2 + pk + q = 0. 0
1 $
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k $ &
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+! 0
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2*%
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p p2 p p2
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y = ekx , * "

+ *%
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k1 k2 , ! !
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! (k1 = k2 )4
5
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/ k1 = k2 ( ! ! *
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y1 = ek1 x y2 = ek2 x

y2 ek2 x
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!"
y = C1 y1 + C2 y2 = C1 ek1 x + C2 ek2 x .
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y − y − 6y = 0
$ " % &

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(

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k 2 − k − 6 = 0.
*+ + & "

1 1
k1,2 = ± + 6 ⇒ k1 = 3, k2 = −2.
2 4
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&
&+ "
y1 = e3x , y2 = e−2x ,
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y = ekx
& y1 = ek1 x
23 & ) ( & y2 (x) '
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y2 = xek1 x
1&
& ( y2 (x)

'
. /#0 4 ( ( y2 +
y2 = (1 + k1 x) · ek1 x , y2 = k1 (2 + k1 x) · ek1 x .
2 y2 , y2 y2 (
. /#0"
k1 (2 + k1 x)ek1x + p(1 + k1 x)ek1 x + qxek1 x = 0,

[(k12 + pk1 + q)x + (2k1 + p)]ek1x = 0.

k1
k12 + pk1 +
+ q = 0 k1 = k2 = − p2
2k1 = −p 2k1 + p = 0

y2 + py2 + qy2 ≡ 0
!" y2(x) = xek1x #
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* # y1 = ek x y2 = xek x + !,
1 1
# + -

1
y1 /y2 = ek1 x /(xek1 x ) = = const.
x
+ #
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k1 = k2 = k $ %&.)-
y = C1 ekx + C2 xekx = ekx · (C1 + C2 x). $%&'/)
0 1 + # y1 = ekx
# y2 1 ! $%&'&)
2

e−p dx
y1 = e−p x/2 , y2 = e−p x/2 dx = ekx dx = xekx .
e−p x
%&.

y + 6y + 9y = 0
3 # - 4 k2 + 6k + 9 = 0
k1 = k2 = −3 5 !

# +1# - y1 = e−3x , y2 = xe−3x
#
y = (C1 + C2 x) · e−3x .
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,
1 !!,
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k1 = α + βi, k2 = α − βi.
5 # $%&'() +1
+ 1
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-
ȳ1 = ek1 x = e(α+βi)x = eαx · eiβx ; ȳ2 = ek2 x = e(α−βi)x = eαx · e−iβx .

(eit = cos t + i sin t e−it = cos t − i sin t)
ȳ1 ȳ2
ȳ1 = eαx · (cos βx + i sin βx), ȳ2 = eαx · (cos βx − i sin βx).

!
1 1
y1 = (ȳ1 + ȳ2 ) = eαx [(cos βx + i sin βx) + (cos βx − i sin βx)] =
2 2
= eαx · cos βx,
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y2 = (ȳ1 − ȳ2 ) = eαx [(cos βx + i sin βx) − (cos βx − i sin βx)] =
2i 2i
= eαx sin βx.
"
! y1 y2 #!
ȳ1 ȳ2
$%&'() %&&

* y1(x) y2(x) #+

+ , #+

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y = C1 y1 (x) + C2 y2 (x) = C1 eαx cos βx + C2 eαx sin βx,

y = eαx · (C1 cos βx + C2 sin βx).
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y − 6y + 10y = 0.
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k1 = 3 + 9 − 10 = 3 + i k2 = 3 − 9 − 10 =
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+
y = e3x · (C1 cos x + C2 sin x).
1 / + #!

#.-
$%&'() +

-
+ +
.

.

y − 5y + 6y = 0

! " #
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' $ ($
( " # " $ !
)* + " "
) * C1 C2 ),

y = C1 y1 + C2 y2 = C1 e3x + C2 e2x .
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y − 3y = 0

y(0) = 2 y (0) = 3

% $
k 2 − 3k = 0
k1 = 0, k2 = 3 . * $"
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y2 = e3x " )*+, + /),
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0 + *+ y = 3C2 e3x $
* $ y(0) = 2 y (0) = 3 #
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y = e3x + 1.

y + 8y + 16y = 0

k 2 + 8k + 16 = 0
k1 = k2 = k = −4

! " " # $% &
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! * +"
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y + 2y + 10y = 0

k 2 +2k +10 = 0
k1 = −1+3i( k2 = −1−3i , " " *-( "
# ' $% & y1 = e−x cos 3x
y2 = e−x sin 3x . %)
%
y = C1 y1 + C2 y2 = e−x (C1 cos 3x + C2 sin 3x).

/ y1 = 2x3 + 1 y2 = 2x2 − 3

0 y1 = cos x, y2 = 3 cos x

1

y + 9y = 0.
23

y +3y +2y = 0

y(0) = 1 y (0) = −1.

22

y + 4y + 4y = 0
2

y − 16y = 0
24

y −2y +17y = 0
25

y + 4y = 0

y(0) = 0 y (0) = 2
2

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x

*

"
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Y (x)

y(x)

ȳ(x)

y(x) = ȳ(x) + Y (x) $%-'(

!!" #

.
#
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$%&'( .

+ ȳ(x)

#

$%&'(+
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*

$%&&(+
a0 (x)Y (x) + a1 (x)Y (x) + a2 (x)Y (x) ≡ 0.

y(x) = ȳ(x) + Y (x)

ȳ(x) Y (x)
!

a0 (x)(ȳ(x) + Y (x)) + a1 (x)(ȳ(x) + Y (x)) + a2 (x)(ȳ(x) + Y (x)) ≡
≡ [a0 (x)ȳ (x) + a1 (x)ȳ (x) + a2 (x)ȳ(x)]+
+[a0 (x)Y (x) + a1 (x)Y (x) + a2 (x)Y (x)] ≡ f (x) + 0 ≡ f (x),

"#$ y(x) = ȳ(x) + Y (x) %

&
#!
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&
# ! ) & *!

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+
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y1 (x) y2 (x) &
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%% # *$%+ Y (x) =
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( (( (/

%
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y0 = ȳ0 (x0 ) + C1 y1 (x0 ) + C2 y2 (x0 ),
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C1 y1 (x0 ) + C2 y2 (x0 ) = y0 − ȳ0 (x0 ),
(-
C1 y1 (x0 ) + C2 y2 (x0 ) = y0 − ȳ0 (x0 ).
0

(-

.#
# x = x0+ W (x0) = 0 # ## y1(x) y2(x) *! "

&%

%

C10 C20

y(x) = ȳ(x) + C10 y1 (x) + C20 y2 (x)
y = ϕ(x)

!

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a0 (x)y + a1 (x)y + a2 (x)y = f (x).

y1 (x), yn(x)

!"# # $# # %"

Y (x) = C1 y1 (x) + C2 y2 (x), &
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)
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0 . / (+

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2

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& '( )
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$
ȳ(x) ! ȳ (x) ,-! ȳ (x)
,,! 0,! $
a0 (x)[C1 (x)y1 (x) + C1 (x)y1(x) + C2 (x)y2 (x) + C2 (x)y2 (x)]+
+a1 (x)[C1(x)y1 (x) + C2 (x)y2 (x)] + a2 (x)[C1(x)y1 (x) + C2 (x)y2 (x)] = f (x),
1 1
( C1 (x) C2 (x)
C1 (x) C2 (x)
[a0 (x)y1 (x) + a1 (x)y1 (x) + a2 (x)y1 (x)]C1(x)+
+[a0 (x)y2 (x) + a1 (x)y2 (x) + a2 (x)y2 (x)]C2(x)+ ,0!
+a0 (x)[C1 (x)y1 (x) + C2 (x)y2 (x)] = f (x).
2 y1 (x) 3 4 1
a0 (x)y1 (x) + a1 (x)y1 (x) + a2 (x)y1 (x) ≡ 0,

# #
"
' 5 1
# '
y2 (x)
4 1 2 "
,0!
f (x)
C1 (x)y1 (x) + C2 (x)y2 (x) = . ,!
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⎧
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⎩ C1 (x)y1 (x) + C2 (x)y2 (x) = f (x)
,

a0 (x)

!

"
# $ C1 (x) C2 (x)
%
& C1 (x) C2 (x)
# ' #

y (x) y2 (x)
Δ(x) ≡ 1 ≡ W [y1 (x), y2 (x)] = 0
y1 (x) y2 (x)
# # (! )* y1(x) y2 (x)
$+,
)

#+ &
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,#+ )
.

y2 (x)f (x) y1 (x)f (x)
C1 (x) = − , C2 (x) = ·
a0 (x)Δ(x) a0 (x)Δ(x)
/! 0
1 $ )* C1 (x)
C2 (x)

)*

C1 (x) = −
y2 (x)f (x) dx
a0 (x)Δ(x)
+ C1 , C2 (x) =
y1 (x)f (x) dx
a0 (x)Δ(x)
+ C2 , 2
! C1 C2 3 !

4#
# #
#

1
C1 (x) C2 (x)

2 & 5
4

$ !
, & "
!
1 $

#
y(x) = ȳ(x) + Y (x) = −y1 (x)
y2 (x)f (x)
a (x)Δ(x)
dx+
0

y1 (x)f (x)
+y2 (x) dx + C1 y1 (x) + C2 y2 (x),
a0 (x)Δ(x)
! Δ(x) # # (! W [y1 (x) y2 (x)]
6
$
# $

+,
!

*
$ # $ +,
, & "
! !

$

xy − y = x2

x = 0
y
y − = x
x
xy − y = 0 !
y 1 1
= ⇒ (ln |y |) = ⇒ ln |y | = ln |x| + ln |A| ⇒
y x x
A
y = Ax, y = x2 + B.
2
"! # $ %
$!& % {1; x2 } & '(
'(
y(x) = C1 (x) + C2 (x)x2.
) C1 C2 % !*$$ &
' !% * +!
$ % ' % {1; x2 }
⎧
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⎨ 1· + x2 = 0,
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⎪
⎩ 0 · dC1 + 2x dC2 = x,
dx dx
!
dC2 1 x dC1 x2 x3 1 .
= ⇒ C2 (x) = + C 2 ⇒ =− ⇒ C1 (x) = − + C
dx 2 2 dx 2 6
' ', C1 (x) C1 (x) ',

y(x) ( #
x3 1 + C
2 x2 .
y= +C
3

y + 4y = cos12x

y + 4y = 0 !""
# $ %
k 2 + 4 = 0.
& % k1 =

= 2i, k2 = −2i '() "(
* +( y1 (x) = sin 2x) y2 (x) = cos 2x

Y (x) = C1 sin 2x + C2 cos 2x.
# +(% %)

% ""# (
(
ȳ(x) = C1 (x) sin 2x + C2 (x) cos 2x. , -
. ( "(
{sin 2x) cos 2x}

sin 2x cos 2x

W [sin 2x, cos 2x] = .
2 cos 2x −2 sin 2x
/ , 0- %* C1 (x) C2 (x))
!"" # ! )
1
% ) + 1
+

C1 (x) sin 2x + C2 (x) cos 2x = 0,
1
2C1 (x) cos 2x − 2C2 (x) sin 2x = .
cos 2x

C1 (x)
C2 (x)

sin 2x cos 2x
Δ(x) = = −2 = 0,

2 cos 2x −2 sin 2x
cos 2x · 1
y2 (x)f (x) dx cos 2x dx = x + C
1 ,
C1 (x) = − =−
a0 (x)Δ(x) −2 2
sin 2x 1
y1 (x)f (x) dx cos 2x dx = 1 ln | cos 2x| + C
2 .
C2 (x) = =
a0 (x)Δ(x) −2 4

C1
C2

!"#
x 1
ȳ(x) = sin 2x + ln | cos 2x| cos 2x.
2 4
$

% &'

'(

!" ) *(

& ! # *(

&&+

1 1
y = ȳ(x) + Y (x) = x sin 2x + cos 2x ln | cos 2x| + C1 sin 2x + C2 cos 2x.
2 4
,

*

C1(x)
C2 (x)

*
!"#

* *(
!
!-

ex
y − 2y + y = ·
x

.
)

)

'(

λ2 − 2λ + 1 = 0
)
(λ − 1)2 = 0 ⇒ λ1,2 = 1.

Y (x) = C1 ex + C2 xex .

ȳ

C1
C2

x C1 = C1(x)
C2 = C2(x)
ȳ = C1 (x)ex + C2 (x)xex.

!
C1 (x)
C2 (x)
"

#
"

$ %

ex, xex
&
#

"

y &

'
$ "
(
#
(
⎧
⎨ C1 (x)ex + C2 (x)xex = 0,
x
⎩ C1 (x)ex + C2 (x)(x + 1)ex = e .
)*+',-
x
.
"
(
(

C1 (x)
C2 (x)' /
%
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(
'
0
' (

ex

C2 (x) = − C1x(x)

C1 (x)
C1 (x) = −1
!
C2 (x)

1
C1 (x) = −1, C2 (x) = .
x

"
!

C1 = −x + C, C2 = ln |x| + C.
1

ȳ = −xex + (ln |x|)xex .
/

y = C1 ex + C2 xex − xex + x ln |x|ex .

y + 3y + 2y = ex 1+ 1 .

x2y − xy = 3x3

y + y = sin1 x

x3(y − y) = x2 − 2

y + 4y = ctg 2x

!
"# $ !% &"$

! "
$ %' !%

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(
)

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)

%
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+

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y + py + qy = f (x), /#

f (x) = eαx (Pm (x) cos βx + Qn (x) sin βx),
Pm (x) Qn (x) x m
n ! "
#
!
$ % &
"
ȳ = xr eαx (Sl (x) cos βx + Tl (x) sin βx). '
( α β & ! %! Sl (x)
Tl (x) x l )
*""#
Ak Bk , k = l, l − 1, . . . , 1, 0! ) l $
m n+
Sl (x) = Al xl + Al−1 xl−1 + · · · + A0 ,
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r

α + βi ,

k 2 + pk + q = 0 ,

! & r = 0
- ,
! Sl (x) Tl (x) &
! & x l !
)
*""#
& !
*! & & "
# f (x) ,

"
# cos βx sin βx! " ' &
,! &, cos βx
sin βx
. ,

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, "
# !
$

& & $
%
ȳ1(x)

y + py + qy = f1 (x),
ȳ2 (x)

y + py + qy = f2 (x), /

ȳ1 (x) + ȳ2 (x)

y + py + qy = f1 (x) + f2 (x).

ȳ1 (x) + ȳ2 (x)

y + py + qy ≡ (ȳ1 (x) + ȳ2 (x)) + p(ȳ1 (x) + ȳ2 (x)) + q(ȳ1 (x) + ȳ2 (x)) ≡
≡ (ȳ1 (x) + pȳ1 (x) + q ȳ1 (x)) + (ȳ2 (x) + pȳ2 (x) + q ȳ2 (x)) ≡ f1 (x) + f2 (x).
! " "
ȳ(x) = ȳ1(x) + ȳ2 (x)

#

$ %"
& #
'

#(
$
)
m
f (x) = Pm (x).
* +

# ȳ(x)

ȳ(x) = Sm (x)xr ,
& Sm(x) , & -
& Pm(x)

" +%%$ r .
(
/
& "(

0

f (x) = Pm (x)eαx ,
& Pm(x) , &
m +%%$ α +
/
" ,

* +

# ȳ(x)

ȳ(x) = Sm (x)xr eαx ,
& Sm(x) , & -
& Pm(x)
1" +%%$ r ,
(
/

& "( α
) α = 0
! "

f (x) = e0x Pm (x) ≡ Pm (x)
2

#

!
f (x) = M cos βx + N sin βx,
& M, N β , "

* +

# ȳ(x)

ȳ(x) = (A cos βx + B sin βx)xr ,

A B

r

βi

! "#$%&

f (x) = eαx (Pm (x) cos βx + Qn (x) sin βx),
Pm (x) Qn (x) '
α β

! '

(
)

f (x)

"#$%& ' * '
! '

(

+ ,
-

! . '

' α + βi (
"#$/& f (x) = Pn (x) k1 = 0 k2 = 0 ȳ = Qn (x)
r=0
"#$0& α = 0, β = 0 k1 = 0 ȳ = Qn (x) · x
k2 = 0 r = 1
"#$1& k1 = k2 = 0 ȳ = Qn (x) · x2
r=2
"#$%2& f (x) = Pn (x)eαx k1 = α k2 = α ȳ = Qn (x)eαx
r=0
"#$%%& β = 0, α = 0 k1 = α ȳ = Qn (x)eαx · x
k2 = α r = 1
"#$%3& k1 = k 2 = α ȳ = Qn (x)eαx · x2
r=2
"#$%4& f (x) = k = ±βi r = 0ȳ = Ul (x) cos βx+
= Pn (x) cos βx+ +Vl (x) sin βx
+Qm (x) sin βx l = max(n, m)
"#$%$& α = 0, β = 0 k = ±βi r = 1 ȳ = x(Ul (x) cos βx+
+Vl (x) sin βx)
l = max(n, m)
"#$%5& f (x) = k = α ± βi r = 0 ȳ = eαx (Ul (x) cos βx+
αx
= e (Pn (x) cos βx+ +Vl (x) sin βx)
+Qm (x) sin βx) l = max(n, m)
"#$%#& α = 0, β = 0 k = α±βi r = 1 ȳ =
= xeαx (Ul (x) cos βx+
+Vl (x) sin βx)
l = max(n, m)

y + 4y = 2x − 3

y + 4y = 0 k 2 + 4k = 0
k1 = 0; k2 = −4
! "#
Y = C1 e0x + C2 e−4x = C1 + C2 e−4x .

$ # % f (x) = 2x − 3
# & f (x) = Pn (x)' k = α + βi ≡ 0'
" & ( )r = 1*'
# ) +*
ȳ = Qn (x) · x = (Ax + B) · x = Ax2 + Bx.

, - . A B "' . ȳ .
% / - & ȳ = 2Ax + B
y¯ = 2A # %
y + 4y = 2x − 3 ⇒ 2A + 4(2Ax + B) ≡ 2x − 3 ⇒
⇒ 8Ax + (2A + 4B) ≡ 2x − 3.
, !' #- -
. # .% #% x % % !. .
. 0 - # ( ( &

8A = 2,
2A + 4B = −3,
" & % A = 14 'B = − 78 1'

1 7
ȳ = Ax2 + Bx = x2 − x,
4 8

1 7
y = ȳ + Y = x2 − x + C1 + C2 e−4x .
4 8
2

2y −y −y = 4xe2x.

2k 2 − k − 1 = 0
2y − y − y = 0

k1 = 1, k2 = − 12

x
Y = C1 ex + C2 e− 2 .

f (x) = 4xe2x

f (x) = Pn (x)eαx ! n = 1
α = 2! "
α = 2! ! r = 0!

#$% &'(
ȳ = Qn (x) · eαx = (Ax + B) · e2x .

) ȳ ȳ, ȳ y¯ *
!

2y − y − y = 4xe2x ⇒ 2e2x (4Ax + 4B + 4A)−

− e2x (2Ax + 2B + A) − e2x (Ax + B) ≡ 4xe2x .
+ e2x , *
- - x " " *
!

"

5A = 4,
7A + 5B = 0,
4
"
A= 5
! B = − 28
25
.!

4 28
ȳ = (Ax + B)e2x = e2x x− ,
5 25

4 28 x
y = ȳ + Y = e2x x− + C1 ex + C2 e− 2 .
5 25
$% /

y + 4y + 4y = xe−2x .
0 -

k 2 + 4k + 4 = 0 ⇒ k1,2 = −2.
1

y = Y (x) + ȳ(x),

Y (x) = C1 e−2x + C2 xe−2x

C1 , C2

k1,2 = −2

!

"

#

ȳ(x) = x2 (Ax + B)e−2x #
A B

$
"%% &

y = ȳ(x)

! !

1

#

"%% &
A = , B = 0 '!

6

(
1
y = C1 e−2x + C2 xe−2x + x3 e−2x .
6
)**

y − 9y = e3x cos x.
+

( ,

( k 2 − 9 = 0,

#
( k1,2 = ±3.
-

!

Y (x) = C1 e3x + C2 e−3x ,

C1 , C2

. %%

&

f (x) = e3x cos x

f (x) = eαx (Pm (x) cos βx +
+Qn (x) sin βx)# α±βi = 3±1·i

# r = 0#

%%

&

(
ȳ = e3x (A cos x + B sin x).

! !
"
/

ȳ = 3e2x (A cos x + B sin x) + e3x (−A sin x + B cos x) =
= e3x ((3A + B) cos x + (3B − A) sin x),
ȳ = 3e3x ((3A + B) cos x + (3B − A) sin x)+
+e3x (−(3A + B) sin x + (3B − A) cos x) =
3x
= e ((9A + 3B + 3B − A) cos x + (9B − 3A − 3A − B) sin x) =
= e3x ((8A + 6B) cos x + (8B − 6A) sin x)

ȳ ȳ
y − 9y = e3x cos x ⇒
e3x ((8A + 6B) cos x + (8B − 6A) sin x) − 9e3x (A cos x + B sin x) ≡
≡ e3x cos x.

e3x

(−A + 6B) cos x + (−6A − B) sin x ≡ cos x.

! cos x sin x

! A B
−A + 6B = 1,
−6A − B = 0,
1 6
A = − , B = "
37 37
# $

6 1
y = C1 e3x + C2 e−3x + e3x sin x − cos x .
37 37
%&"'

y − 5y + 6y = ex + x2
( $ ) k 2 − 5k + 6 = 0
k1 = 2, k2 = 3" * $ +
$

Y = C1 e2x + C2 e3x .
,

+ $
+

+ !
y − 5y + 6y = ex , -%&"./0
2
y − 5y + 6y = x , -%&".10

+ ! $
ȳ1 ȳ2 " 2
$
-%&"./0 -%&".30
ȳ1 = A1 ex ,
+

α = 1 ! (r = 0)"

ȳ1

ȳ1 , ȳ1 ȳ1

y − 5y + 6y = ex ⇒ A1 ex − 5A1 ex + 6A1 ex ≡ ex .
ex ! 2A1 = 1 A1 = 12

" ȳ1 = 12 ex
# $ %
"

&
ȳ2 = A2 x2 + B2 x + C2 ,
! ' (!)
*(
α = 0 * (r = 0)
ȳ2

ȳ2, ȳ2 ȳ2
%
y − 5y + 6y = x2 ⇒ 2A2 − 5(2A2x + B2 ) + 6(A2 x2 + B2 x + C2 ) ≡ x2 .
!
( + ' !
6A2 x2 + (6B2 − 10A2 )x + (2A2 − 5B2 + 6C2 ) = x2 .
,
( ( x '
' ! ( ! ' "
( A2 B2 C2&
⎧
⎨ 6A2 = 1,
6B2 − 10A2 = 0,
⎩
2A2 − 5B2 + 6C2 = 0,
' A2 = 61 , B2 = 185 , C2 = 108

19

-
"
1 5 19
ȳ2 = x2 + x + ·
6 18 108
. $' ! $ /
(
)
")
( '
(
!( $'
1 1 5 19
ȳ = ȳ1 + ȳ2 = ex + x2 + x + .
2 6 18 108
+ $&
1 1 5 19
y = ȳ + Y = ex + x2 + x + + C1 e2x + C2 e3x .
2 6 18 108

y − 2y + 2y = x2.

y − 2y +
+ 2y = 0 k 2 − 2k + 2 = 0
! k1 = 1 + i k1 = 1 − i" # $
% &$& ' ()
Y = ex · (C1 cos x + C2 sin x)
f (x) = x2 *
( " # *
ȳ = Ax2 + Bx + C +( ȳ = 2Ax + B y¯ = 2A
ȳ ,,'
y − 2y + 2y = x2 ⇒ 2A − 2(2Ax + B) + 2(Ax2 + Bx + C) ≡ x2 .
- ! ( x
2Ax2 + (2B − 4A)x + (2A − 2B + 2C) ≡ x2 .

#,, ' ! ! x
⎧ 1
⎨ 2A = 1, A= ,
2
2B − 4A = 0, ⇒ B = 1,
⎩
2A − 2B + 2C = 0, 1
C= ·
2
. /"

1 1 1 1
ȳ = Ax2 + Bx + C = x2 + x + = · (x2 + 2x + 1) = (x + 1)2 .
2 2 2 2
- " $
1
y = ȳ + Y = (x + 1)2 + ex (C1 cos x + C2 sin x).
2

y − 2y − 3y = (2x − 3)e−x .

y − 2y − 3y = 0
k 2 − 2k − 3 = 0 !
! k1 = −1, k2 = 3 "# $
% &$& ' (
)
Y = C1 e−x + C2 e3x *
# ! & α = −1
+ k1 = α = −1#
r = 1#

ȳ = Qn (x)eax · xr = (Ax + B) · e−x · x = (Ax2 + Bx) · e−x .

,
ȳ = (2Ax + B)e−x − (Ax2 + Bx)e−x = (−Ax2 + (2A − B)x + B)e−x ,

ȳ = (−2Ax + (2A − B))e−x − (−Ax2 + (2A − B)x + B)e−x .

- ȳ, ȳ ȳ ..' # (

y − 2y − 3y = (2x − 3)e−x ⇒
(−2Ax + (2A − B))e−x − (−Ax2 + (2A − B)x + B)e−x −
−2(−Ax2 + (2A − B)x + B)e−x − 3(Ax2 + Bx)e−x ≡ (2x − 3)e−x .
- $ / e−x = 0 !
x /
0 · x2 − 8Ax + (2A − 4B) ≡ 2x − 3.

- +.. ' ! ! x#
A=− ,
1
−8A = 2, 4
⇒
2A − 4B = −3, 5
B= .
8
* #

1 2 5 1
ȳ = (Ax + Bx)e = − x + x e−x =
2 −x
−2x2 + 5x e−x ·
4 8 8

1
y = ȳ + Y = −2x2 + 5x e−x + C1 e−x + C2 e3x .
8

y + 4y + 5y = 2 cos x − sin x.
k2 + 4k + 5 = 0

! "
#$
k1 = −2 + i k2 = −2 − i % &
'

( "

Y = e−2x (C1 cos x + C2 sin x).
) * # *+ βi = i
$ + r = 0 &

! "

"

ȳ = A cos x + B sin x.
, !+ $
ȳ = −A sin x + B cos x+
ȳ = −A cos x − B sin x

%
ȳ, ȳ ȳ $

! " + &

y + 4y + 5y = 2 cos x − sin x ⇒ −A cos x − B sin x+
+4(−A sin x + B cos x) + 5(A cos x + B sin x) ≡ 2 cos x − sin x.
%

# #+
(4A + 4B) cos x + (4B − 4A) sin x ≡ 2 cos x − sin x.
%
(
+
" + &
!# cos x sin x * * $
(#
#" #
4A + 4B = 2, 3 1
⇒A= , B= .
4B − 4A = −1, 8 8
- +

ȳ = A cos x + B sin x = 38 cos x + 18 sin x+
3 1
y = ȳ + Y = cos x + sin x + e−2x (C1 cos x + C2 sin x).
8 8

y +y = xex +2e−x

k 2 + 1 = 0
k1 = i, k2 = −i
! Y = C1 cos x+C2 sin x
"# $ %
& $ '
f (x) = f1 (x) + f2 (x) = x · ex + 2e−x .
( ' f1 (x) = x · ex
ȳ1 = (Ax + B) · ex '
f2 (x) = 2 · e−x ⇒ ȳ2 = Ce−x
") % '
$ f (x)
&$ ' #!$ & &
'
*
ȳ = ȳ1 + ȳ2 = (Ax + B)ex + Ce−x .
+'
ȳ = Aex + (Ax + B)ex − Ce−x = (Ax + B + A)ex − Cex ,
ȳ = A · ex + (Ax + B + A)ex + Ce−x = (Ax + B + 2A)ex + Ce−x
ȳ, ȳ ȳ $
y + y = xex + 2e−x ⇒
(Ax + B + 2A)ex + Ce−x + (Ax + B)ex + Ce−x ≡ xex + 2e−x .
" &$ )'
2A · xex + (2A + 2B)ex + 2Ce−x ≡ xex + 2e−x .
,# & &$ &%
$ ' ' $ % '
⎧
⎨ 2A = 1, 1 1
2A + 2B = 0, ⇒ A = , B = − , C = 1.
⎩ 2C = 2, 2 2
- . '&$

)

−x 1 1 x 1
x
ȳ = (Ax + B)e + Ce = x− e + e−x = (x − 1)ex + e−x .
2 2 2

1
y = ȳ + Y = (x − 1)ex + e−x + C1 cos x + C2 sin x.
2

y +6y +10y = 3xe−3x −2e3x cos x.

!

"

y + 6y + 10y = 0 k2 + 6k + 10 = 0. #

k1 = −3 + 2i, k2 = −3 − 2i,

Y (x) = e−3x (C1 cos 2x + C2 e−3x sin 2x).
$ !

ȳ !

% ȳ = y1 (x) + y2(x)

%
y + 6y + 10y = 3xe−3x , &'(
y + 6y + 10y = −2e3x cos x,

&)(

%

*

!

%

y = Y (x) + y1 (x) + y2 (x).
$ !

&'(
y1 = (Ax + B)e−3x , &+(
!

&)(
y2 = e3x (C cos x + D sin x). &(
#% ,
-
. &+(
y1 = Ae−3x − 3(Ax + B)e−3x, y1 = −3Ae−3x − 3Ae−3x + 9(Ax + B)e−3x.
/ -
.* &+( 0 ,

&'(
−6Ae−3x + 9(Ax + B)e−3x + 6(Ae−3x − 3(Ax + B)e−3x )+
+10(Ax + B)e−3x ≡ 3xe−3x ,
!

% 1--.
A, B

9A − 18A + 10A = 3,
−6A + 9B + 6A − 18B + 10B = 0,

A = 3, B = 0
y1 (x) = 3xe−3x .

y2 (x)

!" #
y2 = 3e3x (C cos x + D sin x) + e3x (−C sin x + D cos x),
y2 = 9e3x (C cos x + D sin x) + 3e3x (−C sin x + D cos x)+
+3e3x (−C sin x + D cos x) − e3x (C cos x + D sin x)
"
" " $%
9e3x (C cos x + D sin x) + 6e3x (−C sin x + D cos x)−
−e3x (C cos x + D sin x) + +18e3x (C cos x + D sin x)+
+6e3x (−C sin x + D cos x) + 10e3x (C cos x + D sin x) = −2e3x cos x.
&

" ' " C, D %

36C + 12D = −2
−12C + 36D = 0,
1 1
( )
C = − 20 , D = − 60

1 1
y2 = −e3x cos x + sin x .
20 60
*
+!

+, (

1 1
y = e−3x (C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x) + 3xe−3x − e3x cos x + sin x ,
20 60
C1 , C2

y + y = 5x + 3

y − 2y − 3y = (x + 2)e
3x

y + y − 2y = 8 sin 2x

y + 2y + y = ex + e−x

y + y = 4xex

y + y = 4 sin x

y + 3y − 4y = e−4x + xe−x

y − 4y + 8y = e2x + sin 2x

y (n) = f (x)

! " #

" #

n$% & ' (
&'

)

F (x, y, y , . . . , y (n) ) = 0, * )+
F

!
! ! "
y(n)
, -& ' -
n$% '$

!& !& ' x, y, y , y , . . . , y (n−1) ./&
! & y (n)
(n)
,. / - / - # x0 , y0 , y0 , . . . , y0 * )+
! && '0

(n) ∂F
F (x0 , y0 , y0 , . . . , y0 ) = 0, = 0,
∂y (n) (n) (n)
x=x0 ,y=y0 ,...,y =y0
&% &' #

* )+ '! /$
& & & y (n) 0
y (n) = f (x, y, y , . . . , y (n−1) ). * )+

* )+ /& ' /$

1 ' & & &# / #

(n = 2),

n

y (n) = f (x, y, y , . . . , y (n−1) ),

f (x, y, y , . . . , y (n−1) )

y, y . . . , y (n−1) !

(n−1)
"

x = x0 , y = y0 , y = y0 , . . . y (n−1) = y0

y = y(x) #

x = x0
(n−1)
y|x=x0 = y0 , y |x=x0 = y0 , y |x=x0 = y0 , . . . , y (n−1) |x=x0 = y0 . !"#

$ $! %%&

n
' (

n
%%&

%& y = ϕ(x, C1 , C2 , . . . , Cn )
" n )
)
# #! )
)
) C1 , C2 , . . . , Cn #!

#

*+, x = x0

"
Φ(x, y, C1, C2 , . . . , Cn ) = 0

!

*+- #!

" ! (
%
& ' (&
) ' ) C1 , C2, . . . , Cn, ' *

'

+
! # ,

( , x y
' - .
,
'

ψ(x, y, y, . . . , y(n−1), C1) = 0

C1

!!"#
x $% $ y = y(x) &$ '
C1 (
ψ = 0
' $
(

!!"

) $ 2yy 2
= y + 1
'
y 2
= Cy − 1

x !

y
" C = 2y
2

y = Cy −1 #
$

%

&

n' '
(

&
)!
%

( &
*&

( $ $
$
+

'
,! ( " "
"

( ( -

y (n) = f (x, y, y , y , . . . , y (n−1) ),

(n−1) % &
y|x=x0 = y0 , y |x=x0 = y0 , y |x=x0 = y0 , . . . , y (n−1) |x=x0 = y0

.
+

'
( )

("
x ∈ [a; b] ,! ( '
" (
"

#
( $
$
"
)
( ( .
"" ( '
$/

) y(x) / ( '
"
"
y (x) = −f (x), a x b, y(a) = y(b) = 0,
f (x) 0
(
),! (

#
) '
(n > 2)
$
) ( )( .
1" ("/

(#
$
$ ( [a; b] 2

(,
"
"

"

! " n

# !

"#

!
$
y (n) = f (x), %&'!'(
y (n−1)
= u(x)#
y(n) = u %&'!'(
u = f (x)#

u(x) = f (x) dx = F (x) + C1 ,
F (x) ) f (x)# C1 )

! * u(x) = y(n−1) #

y (n−1) = F (x) + C1 ,
# %&'!'(!
* # n
%&'!'(

y= . . . f (x) dx dx . . . dx + C1 xn−1 + C2 xn−2 + . . . + Cn−1 x + Cn .

n
&'!+

y = x ln x %&'!&(

y(1) = 1, y (1) = 0, y (1) = −1.
" , -

x2 x2
y = x ln x dx = ln x − + C1 ,
2 4

x ln x dx

dx 1
x dx = dv ⇒ du =
u = ln x, , v = x2 ,
x 2
2
1 2 1 dx x x2
x ln x dx = x ln x − x2 = ln x − + C1 ,
2 2 x 2 4

x3 5x3
y = ln x − + C1 x + C2 ,
6 36
x4 13 4 x2
y= ln x − x + C1 + C2 x + C3 .
24 288 2

!"
y y y # $ y(1) = 1, y (1) = 0, y (1) = −1
$ $ $ % C1 , C2 , C3
⎧
⎪ 13 1
⎪
⎪ − + C1 + C2 + C3 = 1,
⎪
⎪ 288 2
⎨
5
− + C1 + C2 = 0,
⎪
⎪ 36
⎪
⎪
⎪ 1
⎩ − + C1 = −1,
4
3 8 17
$& $ C1 = − , C2 = , C3 =
4 9 32
'
(
x4 13 4 3 2 8 17
y= ln x − x − x + x+ ·
24 288 8 9 32
¾º ) $ % *$+ y ("

! # , ( % ( # $

F (x, y (k) , y (k+1) , . . . , y (n) ) = 0,
$ ! (# ( ($& ( ( %
%% $ ( $& ($& *$+& z(x) #
($ % y (k) = z(x) - ($ # $ $"
(n − k)"
F (x, z, z , . . . , z (n−k) ) = 0.
) . $ $ $%
z = ϕ(x, C1 , . . . , Cn−k ) Φ(x, z, C1 , . . . , Cn−k ) = 0,

y

y (k) = ϕ(x, C1 , . . . , Cn−k ) Φ(x, y (k) , C1 , . . . , Cn−k ) = 0.

!

y + 2xy = 0.
" #$ y = u(x), y = u u
u +2xu = 0 % &
2
u = C1 e−x '
'
(
)

−x2 −x2
y = C1 e dx + C2 , ⇒ y = C1 e dx dx + C2 x + C3 .
#
'

1 −x2 −x2
y = C1 e + x e dx + C2 x + C3 ,
2
C1 , C2 , C3 *

¿º +
'
x

F (y, y , y , . . . , y (n) ) = 0,
$ )
)
) y )
) ,-)
y = p(y). .
/ ,
$ ,-
d(y ) dp(y) dp dy dp
y = = = · =p ; 0
dx dx dy dx dy
2
d(y ) d dp d dp dy dp d2 p
y = = p = p =p + p2 2 ·
dx dx dy dy dy dx dy dy
12
3 $ %
'
#

$ . 0 12 y y
y ,,-
-
'

x

!
"#!$

yy = y 2

% &
' %
yy yy = yy
(ln y) = (ln y)! (

' ln y = ln y+
+ ln C

y = yC.

!

"#!#

n

n
y dx dy
, . . ., n
d y
dx
a0 (x)y (n) + a1 (x)y (n−1) + . . . + a(n−1) (x)y + an (x)y = F (x). )"#!**+
, - a0 (x) = 0 x ∈ (a, b)

a0 (x), . . . , an (x), F (x)

(a, b)

y (n) + p1 (x)y (n−1) + . . . + pn−1 (x)y + pn (x)y = f (x), )"#!*.+

)"#!**+

a0 (x)

/
"#!. )0/

&
+
!
"#$ %&' pi(x), i = 1, . . . , n

(

f (x)
[a, b] )
"#$ %&'
* (

[a, b]
1 f (x)

)"#!*.+

!
1

f (x) ≡ 0

'
a0 (x)y (n) + a1 (x)y (n−1) + . . . + a(n−1) (x)y + an (x)y = 0. )"#!*2+

x = ϕ(ξ) ϕ(ξ) n !
"
"# "!# ϕ(ξ) = 0$ %

&$
'

! "!# y = β(x)η + γ(x).
(

$
)*$) α1ϕ1(x) + . . . + αnϕn(x)
α1 , α2 , . . . , αn

ϕ1 (x), . . . , ϕn(x)
)*$+

{αi} ≡ 0
x ∈ (a, b)
!
α1 ϕ1 (x) + . . . + αn ϕn (x) ≡ 0,
{ϕi (x)}

" {αi } = 0

{αi } = 0 # {ϕi (x)}

)*$*
$ 1, x, x2, . . . , xn

(−∞, +∞)
, - .! / 0
$ 1 2
α0 + α1 x + α2 x2 + . . . + αn xn ≡ 0.
3 4

4

2
α0 + α1 x + α2 x2 + . . . + αn xn 2 4 n
n !$
)*$5$$ %
1 2 n "!#
& x
y1 (x), y2 (x), . . . , yn (x),
&

(n − 1) !
!4
2$

y1 (x) y2 (x) ... yn (x)

y1 (x) y2 (x) ... yn (x)

W [ y1 (x), . . . , yn (x) ] ≡

.

(n−1)
y1 (n−1)
(x) y2
(n−1)
(x) . . . yn (x)

{yi(x)}

W (x) ≡ 0

y1(x), . . . , yn(x)
! (a, b)" # !$%&'"

W [ y1(x), . . . , yn(x) ] ()
*
! " #$%&
$&$" ##$%'$" $$& (

$%' $%+) *
' +$( $,
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" -& n .$& ,
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$ $ $ $
x ∈ (a, b) $ pi (x) ∈ C
/ , #
( n * #
- 0 ( !- .$ ##,
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- $&$ $
$ (a, b) - #$$'$ ,
.$& $-" !$ !- "
' +$(
- $ $ $ $ 1 $

! () #
" y1(x), . . . , yn(x) (
# n
!$%&&" () # .
y = C1 y1 (x) + . . . + Cn yn (x),
C1, C2, . . . , Cn /

n

n
!"

# $ "
% "
" & #"!' !'

n

()

n

an y (n) + an−1 y (n−1) + an−2 y (n−2) + . . . + a0 y = f (x), *(+
an , an−1, an−2 , . . . , a0

an = 0
,

n
!
-$$&.
an y (n) + an−1 y (n−1) + . . . + a0 y = 0, *(/+
ai = 01234, an = 0
, ' !'
n !' # ' $ " ,!

-! $
& ! "
*(/+
5 - &" !

L(λ) ≡ an λn + an−1 λn−1 + . . . + a1 λ + a0 , *(6+
! # *(/+ !

*(/+ y = eλx *(6+ #!
"
7 # ! &
'

+ # !

L(λ)
$

λk = λm , λk ∈ R
, - $
& {eλ x}nk=1 # $ "
k
{yk (x)}nk=1 *(/+

n
n
y= Ck · yk (x) = Ck · eλk x ,
k=1 k=1
λk

an λn + an−1 λn−1 + . . . + a1 λ + a0 = 0.

L(λ)

r
λ1 , . . . , λ1 , λ2 , . . . , λ2 , . . . , λr , . . . , λr : ki = n,

k1 k2 kr i=1
ki

λi
! "
#
{eλ1 x , xeλ1 x , x2 eλ1 x , . . . , xk1 −1 eλ1 x , eλ2 x , . . . xk2 −1 eλ2 x , . . . , xkr −1 eλr x }
$
%& '
%

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%
&
, -""#
.

*
%
./ - % 0%
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.
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α ± βi & 0%

+

. '
e(α±βi)x / +
.
) + %
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eαx cos βx
eαx sin βx
- + . 0%
+

. '
$

0 2
'

eα1 x cos β1 x, xeα1 x cos β1 x, . . . , xk1 −1 eα1 x cos β1 x, . . .
eα1 x sin β1 x, xeα1 x sin β1 x, . . . , xk1 −1 eα1 x sin β1 x, . . . .
3 2k1 '
& 0%
*0 1
. )*

. +

λ1 = α1 ± β1 i
k1 4
%
. " *
%. 0 % . % %
. )
. +

4%

)2 '
%

""
#%

n* 0 0
. -""*
#
( %&2
5 %

an λn + an−1 λn−1 + . . . + a1 λ + a0 = 0.

n
λ1 , λ2 , . . . , λn

n

•
! "
λ
y = eλx #
•
!
"
λ1 $

" k1 %
λ1 = λ2 = . . . = λk1 = λ1 $
k1 y1 = eλ1 x ,
y2 = xeλ1 x , y3 = x2 eλ1 x , . . . , yk1 = xk1 −1 eλ1 x #
•
!

!&

λ1 = α1 ± β1 i
'
y1 = eα1 x cos β1 x y2 = eα1 x sin β1 x#
•
!

!&
λ1 = α1 ± β1 i

k1 2k1
y1 = eα1 x cos β1 x, y2 = xeα1 x cos β1 x, . . . , yk1 = xk1 −1 eα1 x cos β1 x,
yk1 +1 = eα1 x sin β1 x, yk1 +2 = xeα1 x sin β1 x, . . . , y2k1 = xk1 −1 eα1 x sin β1 x.
()

'

$
** +"'
, - )
* "
. n y1 $ y2 $
. . . , yn $ ) %/012
y(x) = C1 y1 (x) + C2 y2 (x) + . . . + Cn yn (x), %/0 1
C1 , C2 , . . . , Cn 3 "

/0/

y V − 2y IV − 16y + 32y = 0.
4
•

λ5 − 2λ4 − 16λ + 32 = 0;
• "

'
! $

(λ − 2)(λ4 − 16) = 0, (λ − 2)2 (λ + 2)(λ2 + 4) = 0,
λ1 = λ2 = 2, λ3 = −2, λ4 = 2i, λ5 = −2i.

A, B, C, D

ȳ = −2x3 − x − 1.

y = ȳ + Y (x) = −2x3 − x − 1 + C1 ex + C2 e−x + C3 cos x + C4 sin x.

!

y = x23 ·
" #
$
%

2 dx 1
y = 3 ⇒y =2 3
= − 2 + C1 ,

x x x
1 1
y = − 2 + C1 dx = + C1 x + C2 ,
x x
1 x2
y= + C1 x + C2 dx = ln x + C1 + C2 x + C3 .
x 2
& C1 ' % ( $
%
y = ln x + C1 x2 + C2 x + C3 .
)

y = e−x
y(0) = 0, y (0) = 0, y (0) = 0.
" * $

y = e−x ⇒ y = e−x dx = −e−x + C1 ,

y = (−e−x + C1 ) dx = e−x + C1 x + C2 ,

x2
y= (e−x + C1 x + C2 )dx = −e−x + C1 + C2 x + C 3 .
2

λ1 = 1, λ2 = −1, λ3 = i, λ4 = −i

Y (x) = C1 ex + C2 e−x + C3 cos x + C4 sin x.

f (x) = Pm (x) cos βx + Qn (x) sin βx

βi ≡ i
λ3 = i
(r = 1)

ȳ = (A cos x + B sin x) · x.
ȳ !
" !#

4A sin x − 4B cos x = 5 cos x,
5

4A = 0, −4B = 5,
A = 0, B = − $
4

5
ȳ = − x sin x,
4

5
y = ȳ + Y (x) = − x sin x + C1 ex + C2 e−x + C3 cos x + C4 sin x.
4
%&'

y − 6y + 9y = xe3x + e3x cos 2x. (%&)*
+

#
λ3 − 6λ2 + 9λ = 0

, λ(λ − 3)2 = 0 - λ1,2 = 3
- λ3 = 0 .

Y (x) = (C1 + C2 x)e3x + C3 .

(%&)* !
/

! xe3x ! . γ1 ≡ α1 + β1 i = 3

e3x cos 2x γ2 ≡ α2 + β2 i = 3 + 2i 0 . !

-
y − 6y + 9y = xe3x ,
y − 6y + 9y = e3x cos 2x.

λ1,2 = 3 γ1
r = 2
y1 = x2 (Ax + B)e3x !!"
y = y1 , y = y1 , y = y1 y = y1

!!" A, B

1 1
A= , B=− .
18 18
# γ2 = α2 + β2 i = 3 + 2i

y2 = e3x (C cos 2x+D sin 2x) !!"
y = y2 , y = y2 , y = y2 , y = y2

!!" C, D

3 1
C=− , D=− ·
52 26
$%
y = Y (x) + y1 + y2 ,

2 1 1
y1 = x x− e3x ;
18 18

3 1
y2 = e3x − cos 2x − sin 2x .
52 26
$& %

3x 21 1
y = (C1 + C2 x)e + C3 + x x− e3x +
18 18

3 1
+e3x − cos 2x − sin 2x .
52 26

1 1
y IV = cos2 x y(0) = , y (0) = 0, y (0) = , y (0) = 0.
32 8

y = 24x + 6.

y − 8y = 0.

y IV − y = 0.

y V − 10y + 9y = 0.

y − 3y + 3y − y = 0.

y V − y IV − y + y = 0.

y IV + 5y + 4y = 0.

y + y = cos 2x.

y IV − 2y + y = x3 .

y + y = x2 + 1 + 3xex .

! "#

$

$ % &
$ "
" "
$
' ! (

" " " "
" $
"
" %$
& )

" "
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!
$

**+

!" #! # $ % !
& ' % (( ) *
$ & & + & ,- " #
$ % #%% #
! , "" $ $ "
" " t
$ " V (t) - ." $ % & /
# $
" " Δt $ $"
ΔV = V (t + Δt) − V (t) 0 # $ " Δt

1 0, 1Δt $ $ "
V (t) + α(t) $
V (t)+α(t)
20
$ $ ' " 0, 1 V (t)+α(t)
20
Δt
$ % α(t) → 0
Δt → 0& /" $" $ " Δt
$ $" ΔV = 0, 1Δt − 0, 1 V (t)+α(t)
20
Δt

Δt → 0

V
dV = 0, 1dt − dt.
200

t
V = Ce− 200 + 20.
! !

t = 0

" ! V = 20 · 0, 8 = 16
C
16 = C + 20,
C = −4.
#

#$%

t
V (t) = 20 − 4e− 200 .
! !

& !

& ''( ''(
V = 20 · 0, 99 = 19, 8 ) & V (t)
t
t t t
19, 8 = 20 − 4e− 200 , 4e− 200 = 0, 2, e− 200 = 0, 05.

"
t = −200 · ln 0, 05 = −2, 99 · (−200) = 598 .

!

''()
**)+

! y = f (x) ,

M(x, y) , & ) - %
& & .) /+0)

|BM| = |MA| ! "
! Ox & |OP | = |P A| = x) 1 ) /+
y y
tg(180◦ − α) = =⇒ tg α = − ·
x x

M
y=f(x)
y
α
0 P A x
x

tg α

M(x, y) y

y
y = − ,
x

!
"

y dy y dy dx
y = − =⇒ = − =⇒ =− =⇒
x dx x y x
C
=⇒ ln |y| = − ln |x| + ln |C| =⇒ y = ·
x
#
$ %
&

'
(

' ' (
% "
)) *

! " +%
,

M m -

.
F (

m %
M ·m
F =k ,
r2

r

3
k

k = 6, 66 · 10−8 ·2

!"# ma = F

! m $
d2 r M ·m d2 r M
m = −k 2 = −k 2 · %&&'(
dt2 r dt2 r
) *

* ))
))

"

+ , "# * #
#$
dr
r=R = V0 t = 0,
dt
R %R = 63 · 107 ( V0

- *

$
dr d2 r dV dV dr dV
= V (r), = = =V ,
dt dt2 dt dr dt dr
V

,
%&&'(
* $
dV M
V = −k 2 , %&&.(
dr r

))

"
+ $

dr dr V2 kM
V dV = −kM =⇒ V dV = −kM =⇒ = + C1 .
r2 r 2 2 r
/ * # ! R(0) = R V (0) = V0 # C1 $
V02 kM kM V2
= + C1 =⇒ C1 = − + 0·
2 R R 2
0

r # * #
# $

V2 kM kM V2 V2 kM V02 kM
= − + 0 = + − .
2 r R 2 2 r 2 R

0
m

F1

F1

Oy ! "#
$ # "

F1y = −ky % k, k > 0

&" ' (

"# F1y "
)

*#
+
F2
" ,

" "

) F2 "" "
# "
v -$ "# F2 Oy .

F2y = −λv = −λ λ > 0 F2y = −λ
dy
dt

/ " ""

.
) )
/ " 0)
y = 0 ! $
"
/
1
**#

"

ma = F. 0223

a

F

! F1 F2 " !

Oy #
$
!

% &&'
Oy
"
$
d2 y

a
Oy 2 "

((
dt
$

d2 y dy
m = −ky − λ
dt2 dt

d2 y dy
m + λ + ky = 0. &&)
dt2 dt
* &&)

"
"

!
+(($ !

, "

"
! !
-
. "

Oy

F (t) ( $ t
&&) "

d2 y dy
m 2 + λ + ky = F (t) &&&
dt dt
!

/
% &&& m
%

λ k F (t)
= 2b, = ω2, = f (t),
m m m
"
! 0 !
%

(
1
d2 y dy
+ 2b + ω 2 y = f (t). &&2
dt2 dt
* &&2

! ! (( $
!

"
"

!
+(($

/

! ! +

3 #

"
! (b = 0)

(f (t) ≡ 0) +
&&2 "

d2 y
2
+ ω 2 y = 0. &&4
dt

k2 + ω2 = 0 k1,2 = ±ωi !

!
Y (t) = C1 cos ωt + C2 sin ωt.
"
# $ C1 C2
$ N > 0 ϕ % &
C1 C2 !
C1 = N sin ϕ, C2 = N cos ϕ.
' N % ϕ () C1
C2 %*
C1
N = C12 + C22 , tg ϕ = ·
C2
+ ( C1 C2
"&
Y (t) = N sin ϕ cos ωt + N cos ϕ sin ωt = N sin(ωt + ϕ).
,& !
( $
Y (t) = N sin(ωt + ϕ).
- % & !
( & )

+
T = 2πω
& N . & ϕ . $ %
& ω

/
+$ $ (b = 0)&
( f (t) ≡ 0&

! )
# 0

1
d2 y
dt2
dy
+ 2b + ω 2 y = 0.
dt

23

√ k 2 + 2bk + ω 2 = 0
k1,2 = −b ± b − ω
2 2
4

& b < ω
# 0√ )
* k1,2 = −b + ω i& ω = ω2 − b2
5 !

23
Y (t) = e−bt (C1 cos ω t) = N e−bt sin(
t + C2 sin ω ωt + ϕ),

C1 = N sin ϕ, C2 = N cos ϕ

N e−bt → 0 t → +∞
0
t

b > ω
!"
" #
$$%

√ √
b−ω 2 )t b−ω 2 )t
Y (t) = C1 e(−b+ + C2 e(−b− .
& '
( )
(

Y (t) → 0 t → +∞ # (
(

b = ω
Y (t) = C1 e−bt + C2 te−bt .
* + !
" )

(b = 0)

f (t) = a sin μt ,

( $$-

d2 y
+ ω 2 y = a sin μt. $$
dt2
. '

! )
ȳ(t)
$$ .
Y (t)

.
$$/
y + ω 2 y = 0.

Y (t) = N sin(ωt + ϕ).

!

μ " #

"
ω $
" "
" %
μi
" &

""'
k2 + ω2 = 0!

ȳ "

ȳ(t) = A sin μt + B cos μt.
(() ȳ
*!
ȳ (t) = −μ2(A sin μt + B cos μt)

"
* ȳ(t) ȳ(t)

"%(() A B +
−μ2 (A sin μt + B cos μt) + ω 2 A sin μt + ω 2 B cos μt = a sin μt,
"

A = ω2 −a μ2 , B = 0 $
"
,!

a
ȳ(t) = sin μt,
ω 2 − μ2
%'

y(t) = ȳ(t) + Y (t) =
a
ω 2 − μ2
sin μt + N sin(ωt + ϕ). -
., - !

μ , #

/ ,"
"
"
*a ω!

, ω2 − μ2 ,"
" /

"
ω2 − μ2
," ,

0 ω = μ ,
( - ,
$
" "
" % μi = ωi " &

""'

k2 + ω2 = 0!

"

ȳ(t) = (A sin μt + B cos μt)t.
0
ȳ(t)
ȳ (t) = 2(μA cos μt − μB sin μt) + μt(−A sin μt − B cos μt)

! μ = ω!

"%(() A B +
2μA cos μt − 2μB sin +μ2 t(−A sin μt − B cos μt)+
+μ2 t(A sin μt + B cos μt) = a sin μt,

a

A = 0, B = −
ȳ(t)
2ω

at
ȳ = − cos ωt,
2ω

at
y(t) = Y (t) + ȳ(t) = N sin(ωt + ϕ) − cos ωt.
2ω

t ! "
#

$ %
&'

at
'(
− cos ωt

) & "
2ω
*"

+

"
!,
$ $
$ ! $
!
0 t

-
$!
''(
+!
%

" !

! #

$ (

R L C

U = U (t) ! ! "#$!
L
b c
R C
a U(t) d

%

I = I(t)!& U '

!
(
)*+
,
-
Uab + Ubc + Ucd = U (t).
. +
Uab = RI(t) /$
t
dI 1
Ubc = L , Ucd = I(t)dt.
dt C 0
&
dI(t) 1 t
RI(t) + L + I(t)dt = U (t).
dt C 0
0++
t

dI d2 I 1
R + L 2 + I = U (t)
dt dt C

d2 I R dI I
+ + = U (t).
dt2 L dt LC

I

! U " #
$%
U = 0 &
$
R I
I + I + = 0.
L LC

''(

2R = 1, 8
H = 2, 45
2r = 6
√

k 2gh
g = 10 2
! h

k

" "#$
#

%&'
) * + $ $ t ,

$ $ h(t) ,

" (-% ΔV = Sh = Sv Δt , .
$!
Δt
S , !

S = r2 πv(t)
v = v(t) , √
!

"v = 0, 6 2gh%
R
h(t)
r

Δt

ΔV = πR2 Δh ! " ΔV # #

$Δh < 0% #

#
& &
Δh Δt

πR2 Δh = −πr2 · 0, 6 2ghΔt.

π &
"
Δt → 0# ""
'

(

R2 dh = −0, 6r2 2gh dt.

)

#
*

"
' h = h(t)(
√ r2
2 h = −0, 6 2 2gt + C.
R
+
C
# h = H t = 0 +
t h "
' # C (
√
C = 2 H,
"
'

h t
(

√ √ g r2
h− H = −0, 6
2 R2
$,,-%
t

&
#

h = h(t)(
2
√ g r2
h= H − 0, 6 t .
2 R2
.
&

tk #

& *
*
$,,-%

t
#
" h = 0 +#

R2 2 √ √
tk =
0, 6 r2 g
H− h .
h=0
$,,/%
0 #

$,,/%

#
# ( R = 0, 9 H = 2, 45 r = 0, 03
g = 9, 8 122

#

(

0, 92 2
tk = 2, 45 ≈ 1006 ≈ 16, 7
.
0, 6(0, 03)2 9, 8

! " # $%
&' ( # $ (

v = v(t)
dv
t v(0) = 2 m = F (t)
dt
F (t) !" m

# $ " % $$&
F (t) = −kv(t) k > 0 '((& $$&
# # $ $ )" ")*
!" " +, -
' , % $$"% $, % $' ((*
& )"
dv
m = −kv.
dt
. "!" $%
"
$%, " $#
dv
m = −kdt =⇒ m ln |v| = −kt + ln |C|
v
-!
k
v = Ce− m t .
# v(0) = 2 $' C = 2
k
v(t) = 2e− m t .
/ ( # # 0 %
k
k −4
v(4) = 1 ) $ # : 1 = 2e m
m
k ln 2
=
m 4 t
- V (t) = 21− 4 1" T # *
23 4 , "

T T
0, 25 = 21− 4 2−2 = 21− 4 −2 = 1 − T
4

T = 12

t t
t 8 t

s(t) = v(t) dt = 21− 4 dt = 1 − 2− 4 .
ln 2
0 0

8
!"

# 11, 5
ln 2

$$%

! !
" # $

# %! " &
'(
) g !

$2*
&
'

( )

t *

' + v(t) * '
,

# Fdrag '

-
(
Fdrag = kv 2 (t),

k * .+
+
,

'

'

+
(
ma = mg − Fdrag ,

a *

'
dv
/

a =

+
dt

-
' v
t
dv
m = mg − kv 2 .
dt
k
= η )
m
1 dv 1
= g − v2.
η dt η

1 dv
− = dt;
η v2 − 1 g
η

1 dv
t=− ·
η v 2 − η1 g

!
v(t)
√
g 1 − e−2 ηgt
v= √ ·
η 1 + e−2 ηgt
"
#
η$

%

&' ( $ ) t → +∞ v(t) !

&' ( $ "
t → +∞ * η
√
g 1 − e−2 ηgt g
lim v = lim √ = ,
t→+∞ t→+∞ η 1 + e−2 ηgt η

g η 1 g
50 = , = , η= ·
η g 2500 2500

η v(t)

g
1 − e− 25 t
v = 50 g ,
1 + e− 25

1 − e−0,4t e0,2t − e−0,2t
v = 50 ≡ 50 ·
1 + e−0,4t e0,2t + e−0,2t
+

,

%*

*

ds e0,2t − e−0,2t
= 50 0,2t ,
dt e + e−0,2t

s = s(t)

t
e0,2t − e−0,2t
s= 50 dt =
e0,2t + e−0,2t
0
= 250 ln(0, 5(e0,2t + e−0,2t ))|t0 = 250 ln(0, 5(e0,2t + e−0,2t )).

et + e−t ≈ et
t

!

250 ln (0, 5(e0,2t + e−0,2t )) = 1000;
0,2t −0,2t
e +e = 2e4 ⇒ e0,2t ≈ 2e4 ⇒ 0, 2t ≈ 4 + ln 2;
t ≈ 20 + 5 · 0, 7 = 23, 5
.
""#$

% & ! '

#
(

Ox# )

! #
AM ! * MO +
# ,-#
y
K1
M(x,y)
A
K N
0 B x
y=f(x)

y = f (x)

x

y = f (x)
KK1
MN

!

AM
Ox ∠OKM =
= ∠AMK1 = ∠OMK = α "

OKM # $

%
O |OM| =
|OK|
$

OMB |OM| = x2 + y2 &
'
|OK| !

Y − y = y (X − x).
Y = 0 &

Ox'
X = x − yy
y
|X| = |OK| = −X = −x + ·
y

OM OK ((
)

x2 + y 2 = −x +
y
y
, y =
y
,
x + x2 + y 2

%
*

% ((
)
% y
$

!
y = f x +

y
y =
y
2 2
≡
y/x
2
≡f
x
. &,,-'
x+ x +y 1 + 1 + (y/x)
.
)
$

&,,-'

x +

2
x2 + y 2
x =
dx
dy
=
x+
y
x
= +
y
x
y
+1=f
x
y
. &,,/'
0

&,,/'
t = xy
x = ty x = ty +t

√ √
t y + t = t + t2 + 1 =⇒ t y = t2 + 1.

dt dy √
√ = =⇒ ln |y| = ln |t + t2 + 1| + ln C
2
t +1 y
√
y = C(t + 1 + t2 )

! ! t = y "
x

⎛ ⎞
2
x x ⎠
y =C⎝ + 1+ .
y y

#

y2
= x + x2 + y 2 .
C
x

y4 2y 2 x
2
− + x2 = x2 + y 2
C C
$#
$

y2 2x C
y2 2
− = y 2 =⇒ y 2 = 2Cx + C 2 =⇒ y 2 = 2C x + .
C C 2

$"
!

C "
% − 2 , 0 "
&
#
C

'
"
"
$

!

!

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(()
◦ ◦ ◦
!
" #◦$ %&
' (
"
)
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((( +,
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/ 0 )

'-1 / 2"(

3 ( ,
. " 3 !

g = 10

R = 6
H = 10
!" # $ %
% "
&
'
# ( #
√ %
)

0, 6 2gh
" g = 10 2 *
%+
h * % ,

(" "
- %
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( + . " % ./
" " 0% "
" h 1 " /

% R ! +,
2 "

% v +" % + - " ,
p %
,
+ ρ - % +
μ
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%) % ,
%% 3 +
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+

3
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%

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#

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%
( #
#

%

)
%
%
*
(

( # * %

+
k
# s1, s2, . . . , sk &

$
n = s1 + s2 + . . . + sk

# #
%
(* #

! !

,-.
n

⎧
⎪ dy1
⎪
⎪ dx = f1 (x, y1 , . . . , yn ),
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨ dy2
⎪ dx
= f2 (x, y1 , . . . , yn ), /,-.0
⎪
⎪ .....................
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩ dyn = fn (x, y1 , . . . , yn ).
dx
1 n

/,-.0

y1 (x), y2(x), . . . , yn (x),
! "
# $ %

y1 (x), . . . , yn (x) $

y1 (x0 ) = y10 , . . . , yn (x0 ) = yn0 ,
x0 , y10 , . . . , yn0 !
$

"
yi = yi (x), i = 1, . . . , n, #
$ $

(x, y1 , . . . , yn ) %

&

&
!' ( !
yi (x0 ) = y10 , i = 1, . . . , n, ' ( ! #
$ ! !% (x0 , y10 , y20 , . . . , yn0 ).
) !
%

%( % %%
** +( (
%, !% %

$ $ , % -

# ' yi = yi (x, C1, C2 , . . . , Cm ),
i = 1, . . . , n( !

G,
(
" ! ) C1, . . . , Cm,
" )
$
* ( )
" ! +

,$ m = n.
. ' Φi(x, y1, . . . , yn) = 0,
i = 1, . . . , n( &
(
)

&

+
' Φi(x, y1, . . . , yn, C1, . . . , Cm ) = 0( &
i = 1, . . . , n( ! &
(

C1, . . . , Cm " )
$
** &
* *

m

⎧
⎪
⎪ d2 x dx dy dz
⎪
⎪ m = F x t, x, y, z, , , ,
⎪
⎪ dt2 dt dt dt
⎪
⎨ d2 y
dx dy dz
⎪
m 2 = Fy t, x, y, z, , , , !"#
⎪ dt dt dt dt
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ d2 z dx dy dz
⎪
⎩ m 2 = Fz t, x, y, z, , , .
dt dt dt dt
$ x(t), y(t), z(t) %

v

a

dx dy dz
v=
dt
i + j + k,
dt dt
!&#
d2 x d2 y d2 z
a= i + j + k.
dt2 dt2 dt2

F = F x i + F y j + F z k

!
"
#

$ % "" &

'!&

m

#& "" &

(
#& & ") x = x(t), y = y(t), z = z(t)
* %

dx dy dz d2 x du
" u(t) =, v(t) = , w(t) = $( 2 = ,
dt dt dt dt dt
2 2
dy dv d z dw
= , =
% +

)
dt2 dt dt2 dt

⎧
⎪ du 1
⎪
⎪ = Fx (t, x, y, z, u, v, w),
⎪
⎪ dt m
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ dv 1
⎪
⎪ = Fy (t, x, y, z, u, v, w),
⎪
⎪ dt m
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨ dw 1
= Fz (t, x, y, z, u, v, w),
dt m
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ dx
⎪
⎪ = u(t),
⎪
⎪ dt
⎪
⎪ dy
⎪
⎪ = v(t),
⎪
⎪ dt
⎪
⎪ dz
⎩ = w(t).
dt

! "

fi (x, y1, . . . , yn)
i = 1, 2, . . . , n

∂y i
j
∂f
, i, j = 1, 2, . . . , n

x, y1 , . . . , yn
! G ! ! "#

$ x0, y10, y20, . . . , yn0
%
! G %
#

&

y1 = y1 (x) y2 = y2 (x), . . . ,
yn = yn (x)
$'%
( " $)
y1 (x0 ) = y10 , y2 (x0 ) = y20 , . . . , yn (x0 ) = yn0 .
#
$

% $

&
" n
' $

n(
)
$ *

+
" $ ,
(

+

( *

" $ & "
* $

(

,

"

$ & "

⎧
⎪
⎪ dx
⎨ = y 2 + sin t,
dt
⎪
⎪ dy x
⎩ = ·
dt 2y

!!
d2 x dy
= 2y + cos t. " #$
dt2 dt
dy
% ! 2y = x, &! " #$
dt
!' (
d2 x
− x = cos t. " )$
dt2
* + ,
! ,& ! -+! , ,
+ ./
λ2 − 1 = 0 0 ,
λ1,2 = ±1 &! / !
X(t) = C1 et + C2 e−t 1 /!
!! +2 ,& x̄ = A cos t + B sin t
& ' ' +
" )$ ! A = − 12 , B = 0 , +!
x̄ = − 21 cos t
3, ! ! / " )$ !!
1
x = C1 et + C2 e−t − cos t.
2
% ! !
dx 1
y2 = − sin t = C1 et − C2 e−t − sin t.
dt 2
3, ! ! !! !

et + C2 e−t − 12 cos t,
x = C1
y=± C1 et − C2 e−t − 12 sin t.

⎧
⎪ dx
⎪
⎪ = z − y,
⎪
⎪ dt
⎨
dy
= z,
⎪
⎪ dt
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩ dz = z − x.
dt

d2 x dz dy
= − ·
dt2 dt dt
! "
d2 x
+ x = 0.
dt2
# $$ !
$ " $# % $&
$ λ2 + 1 = 0 ' $ ! λ1,2 = ±i
(
x = C1 cos t + C2 sin t.
)* + "
dz
− z = −x
dt
dz
− z = −C1 cos t − C2 sin t.
dt
( (
dz
− z = 0 +
dt
z = C3 et .
, ( &
-" $#
z = A cos t + B sin t.
$# A B !

B − A = −C1 ,
−B − A = −C2 .

A = C1 +2 C2 , B = C2 −2 C1 .

1 1
z = (C1 + C2 ) cos t + (C2 − C1 ) sin t + C3 et .
2 2

dx 1 1
y=z− = (C1 − C2 ) cos t + (C1 + C2 ) sin t + C3 et .
dt 2 2

⎧
⎪
⎪ x = C1 cos t + C2 sin t,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨ 1 1
y = (C1 − C2 ) cos t + (C1 + C2 ) sin t + C3 et ,
⎪
⎪ 2 2
⎪
⎪
⎪ 1 1
⎩z = (C1 + C2 ) cos t + (C2 − C1 ) sin t + C3 et .
2 2

! "

#$

# !
"

% &

% ' (
n
#

% )

$

! #* %
+,%-

⎧
⎪ dx y
⎨ =− ,
dt t
⎪
⎩ dy = − x , t > 0.
dt t
. ! $ $
"

d 1
(x + y) = − (x + y),
dt t

#*

d(x + y) dt
=− ,
x+y t

C1
x+y = ·
t

d 1
(x − y) = (x − y),
dt t

x − y = C2 t.

⎧
⎨ C1
x+y = ,
t
⎩x − y = C t
2

x = x(t) y = y(t)
!"

#
⎧
⎪ 1 C1
⎪
⎨ x = + C 2 t ,
2 t

⎪
⎪ 1 C1
⎩ y= − C2 t .
2 t
$%&

⎧
⎪ dx
⎨ = x2 y,
dt
⎪
⎩ dy = y − xy 2 .
dt t
' ( # )

!

y

* x

dx dy xy d xy
y +x = (xy) = ·
dt dt t dt t
+,

xy = C1 t. -$%./0

xy
dx
C1 t
= C1 tx

dt
t2

x = C2 eC1 2 C2 = 0

!"#$%

C1 t C1 −C1 t2
y= = te 2 .
x C2
&'
(

( )

⎧ 2
⎨x = C2 eC1 t2 ,
⎩y = C1 te−C1 2 .
t2
C2
*

x = 0

y = Ct+
y = 0

x = C

,

-

n .
. /-

'
../0
dyi
n
= aij yi + fi (x), i = 1, . . . , n, !"##%
dx j=1
aij = 12345 6 '

'
../
.'/ fi (x)
!"##%

fi(x) ≡ 0,

7

-

) yi (x) ≡ 0.
,

!"##%
0
⎧
⎪ dy1
⎪
⎪ = a11 y1 + a12 y2 + . . . + a1n yn ,
⎪
⎪ dx
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨ dy2 = a21 y1 + a22 y2 + . . . + a2n yn ,
dx !"#8%
⎪ .................................
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩ dyn = an1 y1 + an2 y2 + . . . + ann yn .
dx

A n
dy

y !
dx
⎛ dy1
⎞
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ dx
a11 a12 . . . a1n y1 ⎜ ⎟
⎜ dy2 ⎟
⎜ a21 a22 . . . a2n ⎟ ⎜ y2 ⎟ dy ⎜ dx ⎟
A=⎜ ⎟, y = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ """ ⎠ , =⎜ ""
⎟.
⎝ ... ... ... ... ⎠ dx ⎜⎜ "
⎟
⎟
an1 an2 . . . ann yn ⎝ ⎠
dyn
dx
#

$%&"''(
!
dy
= Ay. $%&"')(
dx
* +
n
y1 = α1 eλx , y2 = α2 eλx , . . . , yn = αn eλx , $%&"',(

- αk - yk
λ "
αk λ $%&"',(
yk = λαk eλx , k = 1, . . . , n

$%&"'.(" /
-

α1 , α2 , . . . , αn !
⎧
⎪ (a11 − λ)α1 + a12 α2 + . . . + a1n αn = 0,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨ a12 α1 + (a22 − λ)α2 + . . . + a2n αn = 0,
$%&"'0(
⎪
⎪ ....................................
⎪
⎪
⎩
an1 α1 + an2 α2 + . . . + (ann − λ)αn = 0.
1 $%&"'0( +

α1 , α2 , . . . , αn 2 ""

(a11 − λ) a12 ... a1n

a (a − λ) . . . a
21 22 2n = 0. $%&"'%(
. . . . . . . . . . . .

an1 an2 . . . (ann − λ)

n
λ

! "

#

n λ! $ %

& #
n ' λ1 & λ2 & . . . & λn & (

) A *

! +

'
|A − λE| = 0,
E ,

)
n
&

-!
.

(A − λE) · b = 0,
b = (α1, α2 , . . . , αn) ,

) A

) A

b& (/

( Ab = λb!
+&

!&

) A&

&

+
(
& % #

0
&
( λk
(α1k , α2k , . . . , αnk )& k = 1, 2, . . . , n * #

11
)

n

.

'
2 . y1 (x)& (/ ( λ = λ1& n
1)'
y11 = α11 eλ1 x , y21 = α21 eλ1 x , . . . , yn1 = αn1 eλ1 x ;
. y2 (x)& (/ ( λ = λ2& n

1)'
y12 = α12 eλ2 x , y22 = α22 eλ2 x , . . . , yn2 = αn2 eλ2 x ;
................................................................................................
n2 . yn (x)& (/ ( λ = λn & n
1)'
y1n = α1n eλn x , y2n = α2n eλn x , . . . , ynn = αnn eλn x .

y1(x), y2 (x), . . . , yn(x)

y = C1 y1 (x) + C2 y2 (x) + . . . + Cn yn (x)

⎧
⎪
⎪ y = C1 y11 (x) + C2 y12 (x) + . . . + Cn y1n (x),
⎨ 1
⎪
y2 = C1 y21 (x) + C2 y22 (x) + . . . + Cn y2n (x),
.................................
!" #
⎪
⎩ y = C y (x) + C y (x) + . . . + C y (x),
n 1 n1 2 n2 n nn
$
% yij (x)
⎧
⎪
⎪ y = C1 α11 eλ1 x + C2 α12 eλ2 x + . . . + Cn α1n eλ1 x ,
⎨ 1
⎪
y2 = C1 α21 eλ1 x + C2 α22 eλ2 x + . . . + Cn α2n eλ2 x ,
..........................................
!"&#
⎪
⎩ y = C α eλ1 x + C α eλn x + . . . + C α eλn x .
n 1 n1 2 n2 n nn
' (

) !"#

#
*

)

)
* +

) ) n)
+ %

! % #!
!,

⎧
⎪
⎪ dy
= −y − 2z,
⎨
dx
⎪
⎪
dz
⎩ = 3y + 4z.
dx
- . / + %
a11 = −1, a12 = −2,
a21 = 3, a22 = 4* % y1 = y, y2 = z !
0
(

!"#.

(−1 − λ) −2
= 0 ⇒ λ2 − 3λ + 2 = 0.
3 (4 − λ)
1
λ1 = 1, λ2 = 3!
2

y = α1 eλx, z = α2eλx *

λ1 = 1! 3

!",#* α1 , α2*

(−1 − λ)α1 − 2α2 = 0,

3α1 + (4 − λ)α2 = 0,
λ = λ1 = 1

! !
"

#

α1 + α2 = 0,

α1 , α2 $
α1 = 1 α2 = −1 $ %

λ = 1

&

y1 (x) = ex , z1 (x) = −ex .

' !

"

λ = λ2 = 2

α1 = 2, α2 = −3 "
(

%

)

&

y2 (x) = 2e2x , z2 (x) = −3e2x .

* +
,

&

&

-

y = C1 y1 (x) + C2 y2 (x) = C1 ex + 2C2 e2x ,
z = C1 z1 (x) + C2 z2 (x) = −C1 ex − 3C2 e2x .
' ! ( ##
&
#
(
( "
. %,, .

# )

(
( "

( # #(

⎧
⎪
⎪ dx
⎨ = y,
dt

⎪
⎪
dy
= −x.
⎩
dt

d2 x dy
=
dt2 dt
dy

dt
d2 x
+ x = 0.
dt2

λ2 + 1 = 0 λ1,2 = ±i

! x = C1 sin t + C2 cos t"

! # $%&"'(

y = C1 cos t − C2 sin t" )* $%&"'(

x = C1 sin t + C2 cos t,
y = C1 cos t − C2 sin t.
%&"+

⎧
⎪ dx
⎪
⎪ = y,
⎪
⎪
⎨ dt
dy
= x,
⎪
⎪ dt
⎪
⎪
⎪ dz
⎩ = x + y + z.
dt
,

d2 x dy
=
dt2 dt
-
d2 x
− x = 0.
dt2
)

λ2 − 1 = 0 *
λ1,2 = ±1
!
x = C1 et + C2 e−t .

dx
y= = C1 et − C2 e−t .
dt

x(t) y(t)

z
dz
− z = 2C1 tet .
dt

z = C3 et + 2C1 tet .
!"#

⎧
⎨ x = C1 et + C2 e−t ,
⎩
y = C1 et − C2 e−t , $%&'()
z = C3 et + 2C1 tet .
%&'*

⎧
⎪
⎪ dx x
⎨ = ,
dt 2x + 3y
⎪
⎪ dy y
⎩ = ·
dt 2x + 3y
+

,
, " ,
+
dx x dx dy
= ⇒ = ⇒ ln |x| = ln |y| + ln |C1 | ⇒ x = C1 y.
dy y x y
-

'
, ,
" , #.
+
dx dy 2x 3y dx dy
2 +3 = + ⇔2 +3 =1⇔
dt dt 2x + 3y 2x + 3y dt dt
⇔ d(2x + 3y) = dt ⇒ 2x + 3y = t + C2 .

x = C1 y,
2x + 3y = t + C2 ,

⎧
⎪
⎪ C1 (t + C2 )
⎨ x= ,
2C1 + 3
⎪
⎪ y = t + C2 ·
⎩
2C1 + 3

⎧
⎪ dx
⎪
⎪ = y − z,
⎪
⎪
⎨ dt
dy
= x + y + t,
⎪
⎪ dt
⎪
⎪
⎪ dz
⎩ = x + z + t.
dt
! "#$ #

$
%
#

d
(y − z) = y − z,
dt
&

$

ln |y − z| = t + ln |C1 |,
&
$ #
y − z = C1 et .
' #( ) $% &

$

%

$

x = C1 et + C2 .
*
+ x = x(t)

*#
$ y!
dy
= y + C2 + C1 et + t.
dt

y = (C1 t + C3 )et − t − 1 − C2 .

x
y

dx
z=y− = (C1 t + C3 − C1 )et − 1 − C2 .
dt
!"#

⎧
⎪
⎪ x = C1 et + C,
⎨
y = (C1 t + C3 )et − t − 1 − C2 ,
⎪
⎪
⎩
z = (C1 t + C3 − C1 )et − 1 − C2 .
$%&'

⎧
⎪ dy
⎨ = 5y − z,
dx
⎪
⎩ dz = y + 3z.
dx

( )
"#
*
+$%&,,-

a11 = 5, a12 = −1, a21 = 1, a22 = 3,

"
y1 = y, y2 = z & .

+$%&,$-

(5 − λ) −1
= 0 ⇒ λ2 − 8λ + 16 = 0 ⇒ (λ − 4)2 = 0
1 (1 − λ)
/ λ1,2 = 4

0&

"
/

&

* λ1,2 = 4

y1 ≡ y(x) = e4x (A1 x + A2 ), y2 ≡ z(x) = e4x (B1 x + B2 ).
1

y(x)
z(x)
dy dz
= A1 e4x + 4(A1 x + A2 )e4x , = B1 e4x + 4(B1 t + B2 )e4x ,
dx dx

dy dz
, , y z

dx dx
e4x = 0

A1 + 4(A1 x + A2 ) ≡ 5(A1 x + A2 ) − (B1 x + B2 ),
B1 + 4(B1 x + B2 ) ≡ A1 x + A2 + 3(B1 x + B2 ).

x

A 1 , A 2 , B1 , B2

4A1 = 5A1 − B1 , A1 + 4A2 = 5A2 − B2 ,
4B1 = A1 + 3B1 , B1 + 4B2 = A2 + 3B2 .
A1 = B1
A2 − B2 = A1 ! A1 = C1 A2 = C2 B1 = C1 , B2 =
= A2 − A1 = C2 − C1 "# $ %
⎧
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. %
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α1 , α2

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y(x) = e(2+i)x ≡ e2x (cos x + i sin x),
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y = e2x (C1 cos x + C2 sin x),
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y − y = e2x cos x

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IV

y = 8y + 2y + 2xy IV = 10y + 2xy IV ⇒ y0V = 10 · 6 + 2 · 0 · 0 = 60.
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y0V I = 0, y0V II = 840
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(2c2 + 2 · 3c3 x + 3 · 4c4 x2 + . . . + (n − 1)ncn xn−2 + . . .)+
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y = ϕ(x) x2
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sol
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ic2(sol, x0, y0, y0)

sol
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bc2(sol, x1, y1, x2, y2)

sol
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desolve(eqn, x)
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= % #"$# 3%4 ;>?0 %
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−a − 1 = 0 ⇒ −a = 1 ⇒ −at + C2 = x ⇒ x + at = C2 .
dx dx

ξ = x − at η = x + at

x t

ξ η
∂ξ ∂ξ
ξ = x − at ⇒ = 1; = −a;
∂x ∂t
∂η ∂η
η = x + at ⇒ = 1; = a;
∂x ∂t
∂u ∂u ∂ξ ∂u ∂η ∂u ∂u
= + = −a +a ;
∂t ∂ξ ∂t ∂η ∂t ∂ξ ∂η
∂u ∂u ∂ξ ∂u ∂η ∂u ∂u
= + = + ;
∂x ∂ξ ∂x ∂η∂x ∂ξ ∂η 2
2
∂ u ∂ ∂u ∂ ∂u ∂ u ∂ξ ∂ 2 u ∂η
= −a + a = −a + +
∂t2 ∂t ∂ξ ∂t ∂η ∂ξ 2 ∂η ∂ξ∂η ∂t
∂ 2 u ∂t ∂ 2 u ∂η ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
+a + 2 = −a − 2 a + a +
∂ξ∂η2 ∂η ∂η2 ∂t 2 ∂ξ 2 ∂ξ∂η 2
∂ u ∂ u ∂ u ∂ u ∂ u
+a − a + 2 a = a2 2
−2 + 2 ;
∂ξ∂η ∂η ∂ξ ∂ξ∂η ∂η
∂ 2u ∂ ∂u ∂u ∂ 2 u ∂ξ ∂ 2 u ∂η ∂ 2 u ∂ξ
2
= + = 2 + + +
∂x ∂x ∂ξ ∂η ∂ξ ∂x ∂ξ∂η ∂x ∂ξ∂η ∂x
∂ 2 u ∂η ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
+ 2 = 2 +2 + 2.
∂η ∂x ∂ξ ∂ξ∂η ∂η

∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
a2 + 2 + − a2 − 2 + = 0,
∂ξ 2 ∂ξ∂η ∂η 2 ∂ξ 2 ∂ξ∂η ∂η 2

∂ 2u
∂ξ∂η
= 0. !
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ξ η

u(ξ, η) = F (ξ) + )(η) *
ξ = x − at,
η = x + at
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ξ = ϕ(x, y)

ϕx ϕy
0

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η = y
ϕ(x, y) !"#$ %&
∂ 2u
!"'$

∂ξ 2
2 2
∂ξ ∂ξ ∂ξ ∂ξ
A + 2B +C = 0.
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
2
(
√B − AC = 0 &

$ B = AC

2 2 2
∂ξ ∂ξ ∂ξ ∂ξ ∂ξ √ √ ∂ξ ∂ξ
0=A + 2B +C =A +2 A C +
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y
2 2
∂ξ √ ∂ξ √ ∂ξ
+C = A + C
∂y ∂x ∂y
√ ∂ξ √ ∂ξ
A + C = 0. !"))$
∂x ∂y
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* %
!"'$ C
∂η 2
2 2
∂η ∂η ∂η ∂η ∂η ∂η
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∂ 2u
* %
!"'$
∂ξ∂η
∂ξ ∂η ∂ξ ∂η ∂ξ ∂η ∂ξ ∂η ∂ξ ∂ξ
A +B + +C =A ·0+B · 1+
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂x
∂ξ ∂ξ ∂ξ ∂ξ √ √ ∂ξ √ √ ∂ξ
+ ·0 +C ·1=B +C = A C + C C =
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√ √ ∂ξ √ ∂ξ
= C A + C = 0
∂x ∂y
+ , !"))$
, %

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.
∂η 2 ∂ξ ∂η

u = u(ξ, η) ! " #
u = u(ϕ(x, y), y) ! "

ξ = x η = ϕ(x, y)

∂ 2u ∂u ∂u
= 2 ξ, η, u, , ,
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!
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2∂ u ∂ 2u 2
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0 # - ( # .( 1
∂u ∂u ∂ 2 u ∂ 2 u ∂ 2 u
( ∂x # ∂y # ∂x2 # ∂x∂y 2 ∂y2
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
= y; = x+ ; 2
= 2 y2;
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∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u 2 ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
= 2 xy + y+ ; = x + 2 x + .
∂x∂y ∂ξ ∂ξ∂η ∂ξ ∂y 2 ∂ξ 2 ∂ξ∂η ∂η 2

2
∂ 2u 2 ∂ u ∂ 2u ∂u
x2 y − 2xy xy + y + +
∂ξ 2 ∂ξ 2 ∂ξ∂η ∂ξ
2
2 ∂ u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂u
+y x+2 x + 2 + 2x y = 0.
∂ξ 2 ∂ξ∂η ∂η ∂ξ

∂ 2u
= 0.
∂η 2

F (ξ)dη + (ξ) = ηF (ξ) + (ξ).
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x2 ∂x2 y 2 ∂y 2
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x2
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x ∂x
∂ u
2
∂ u
− y 2 − y3
∂y
∂u
∂x
∂u
−x .
∂y
1 ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
x ∂x 2
∂u
+ y 2 = xy .
∂y ∂y
∂ 2u ∂ 2u
∂x 2
+ x 2 = x + y.
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x2 ∂x 2
+ 2xy
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div(grad u) =
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
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∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2

∂u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u k
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n

! " ϕ(x)
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1 π l 1 π l
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π −π π π −π π
1 π l
bn = f z cos nzdz.
π −π π

x = πl z, z = x πl ,
π
dz = dx z = −π, x = −l z = π, z = l
l

f (x)

2l
1 l 1 l nπ
a0 = f x)dx, an = f (x) cos x dx,
l −l l −l l
1 l nπ !"#$%
bn = f (x) sin x dx.
l −l l
&

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l
x + bn sin
l
. !""'%
n=1
(
f (x)
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l nπ
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l
f (x) sin
l
x dx. !""*%
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+

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l
. !""#%
n=1
( ,
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l l
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l
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l
f (x) cos
l
x dx, bn = 0. !"""%
0 0
+

+∞
a0 nπ
f x =
2
+ an cos
l
x . !""-%
n=1

l

!"#$%

&

'
()$
x = 0
x = l * +
∂u ∂ 2u
= a2 2 , x ∈ [0, l], t > 0,
∂t ∂x
u(x, t)|t=0 = ϕ(x).

, '

- '%
' .
u(x, t) = X(x)T (t). /"$
*
+
!"#$.
∂u ∂ 2u
= X(x) · T (t), 2
= X (x) · T (t) ⇒ X(x)T (t) = a2 X (x)T (t),
∂t ∂x
T (t) X (x)
. 2 =
a T (t) X(x)
*

' '

x%
0
t%

x%
t %
'
% +

.
T (t) X (x)
= = C. /!$
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1
.

T (t) − a2 CT (t) = 0,
X (x) − CX(x) = 0.
/($

T (t) = BeCa t 2
t → +∞
u(x, t)

C < 0
C = −λ2
!"#
$
T (t) = Be−λ a t .
2 2
!!#
% &
C = −λ !"#
2
X (x) + λ2 X(x) = 0
$
X(x) = C1 cos λx + C2 sin λx, !'#
s + λ = 0

2 2

( s1,2 = ±λi
)

( * +
* ,-
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( * .* * +
C1 C2 * ( * - *
!//
0
+

-
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1 2
( * " # &
!/#

X(0)T (t) = 0, X(l)T (t) = 0.
) 2 ( * ( ,- T (t) +
(
X(0) = X(l) = 0. !3#
4
X(x) * (
+
*
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!3# !'#$

X(0) = 0 C1 = 0 C1 = 0
⇒ ⇒ ⇒
X(l) = 0 C1 cos λl + C2 sin λl = 0 C2 sin λl = 0
kπ kπx
⇒ sin λl = 0 ⇒ λl = kπ, k ∈ Z ⇒ λk = ⇒ Xk (x) = Ck sin ,
l l
Ck 5 * &

(

k = 1, 2, 3, . . .
1( λk = kπ/l (* ,+
- sin(kπx/l) 5

Tk (t)
kπ 2 2
; Tk (t) = Bk e−λk a t .
λk =
l

!" Xk (x) Tk (t)
#$ %
uk (x, t)
&#'$

%
(
2 2 kπx 2 2 kπx
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l l
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) u(x, t)
&#'$

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* + ,
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k=1 k=1
l
0 *
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kπx
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k=1
l
4! .$
bk
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5 , (
l
2 kπx
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l l
0

,$

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(
u|x=0 = h0 , u|x=l = h1 , #7

u(x, t) w(x, t)
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γ0 γ1

w(x, t)

!
"

γ0 γ1

u|x=0 = w|x=0 + γ0 , u|x=0 = h0 ; w|x=0 = 0 ⇒ h0 = γ0 ;
u|x=l = w|x=l + γ1 l + γ0 , u|x=l = h1 ; w|x=l = 0 ⇒ h1 = γ1 l + γ0 .
#$ γ1 γ0
h1 − h0
γ0 = h0 ; γ1 = .
l
%
h1 − h0
u(x, t) = w(x, t) + x + h0 . &'( ))*
l
∂u ∂w ∂ 2u ∂ 2w
+ = , 2
= w(x, t)
∂t ∂t ∂x ∂x2

"
&'- ).*
u(x, t) /
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w(x, t)
h1 − h0
w(x, t)|t=0 = ϕ(x) − x − h0 , &'( )-*
l

&'( )2* 3

w|x=0 = 0; w|x=l = 0. &'( )0*
#$

&'( )-*

&'( )0* $ w(x, t)
#$ u(x, t)
&'( )2*
&'( ))*
'( ) -

#

4

5

"
&'0 6*
∂u(t, x) ∂u(t, x)
|x=0 = |x=0 = 0.
∂x ∂x

! " # $ % &
'( ' ( C " & (
% () C = −λ2
* ' $ " +
,-
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. "/ 0 )
X (0)T (t) = 0, X (l)T (t) = 0.
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1 )
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4$
X(x) !1- * ( +
! ! * $ X (x) ( +
& * ( ! !)
X (x) = −λC1 sin λx + λC2 cos λx.
X (0) = 0 ⇒ λC2 = 0 ⇒ C2 = 0.
X (l) = 0 ⇒ λ(−C1 sin λl + C2 cos λl) = 0 ⇒ sin λl = 0 ⇒
kπ kπx
⇒ λl = kπ, k ∈ Z ⇒ λk = ⇒ Xk (x) = Ck cos .
l l
#( ! ' -1 ' $ ( Ck +
k = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . !!
k = 0 ( 3%! ! !1! (
cos 0 = 1 = 0 5 1- ( λk = kπ/l

! Tk (t) !1! 3 ")
2 2
Tk (t) = Bk e−λk a t .
!! 3% Xk Tk (t) 3
+
uk (x, t) ! !1- * ( !
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kπx kπx
6
2 2 2 2
uk (x, t) = Bk Ck e−λk a t cos = ak e−λk a t cos ,
l l
* ak = Bk Ck k = 1, 2, 3 . . .
a a
, ' B0 C0 = 0 ⇒ u0 (x, t) = 0
2 2

uk (x, t)

! "# $ %
"& ' %

(

+∞
a0
+∞
kπx
u(x, t) = uk (x, t) = +
2 2
ak e−(kπ/l) a t cos , )
k=0
2 k=1
l
a0/2 ' λ0 = 0 *
+ ',
- ./

"0 1' ' +
% %
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a0
+∞
kπx
+ ak cos = ϕ(x).
2 k=1
l
2 '3 ak

-../ 3,

./ ϕ(x) 3! (0, l)
4% +
l
2 kπx
ak = ϕ(x) cos dx. )0
l l
0
5 %

++
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) -../ ak +

+ . )0
)

ϕ(x) = u0

0 x l !

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u(x, t)

( 3 +3 /
$

) -../ +

+ .
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l
2u0 kπx 2u0 + k = 0
ak = cos dx =
l l 0 + k > 0 .
0
1 . ) + u(x, t) = a0 /2 = u0
1! 3% + +! +3

/ ,
+

%
+

$
+ t > 0

! " #

$

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|x=0 = u(x, t)|x=0 = 0.
∂x
% & '(
" #
) * +, & # -
# .
/ 0
X (0) = 0, X(l) = 0. 1
2 & X(t)

#,

# 1
# " 3
# X (x) x = 0

X (0) = 0 ⇒ λC2 = 0 ⇒ C2 = 0 " 3
x = l
X(l) = 0 ⇒ C1 cos λl + C2 sin λl = 0 ⇒
π
⇒ C1 cos λl = 0 ⇒ cos λl = 0 ⇒ λl = + kπ k ∈ Z ⇒
2
(2k + 1)π (2k + 1)πx
⇒ λk = ⇒ Xk (x) = Ck cos .
2l 2l
+# ,(
( Ck
k = 0, 1, 2, . . . 4 , +

λk = (2k + 1)π/(2l) & # Tk (t)
## 5

%
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&
# )3
#,
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uk (x, t) = Bk Ck e−λk a t cos = ak e−λk a t cos ,
2l 2l
).
ak = Bk Ck k = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .
6 & uk (x, t) # )3
#,
*
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# 7 +
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+∞
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k=0 k=0
2l
8 (&
+ (# $ 5 # #
# # &
# )3
#,
#

ak (k = 0, 1, 2, . . . )

+∞
ak cos
(2k + 1)πx
2l
= ϕ(x).
k=0
! "

#

$ %& cos (2k +2l1)πx " (0, l) '
#

l
l/2 k = n
k = n .
(2k + 1)πx (2n + 1)πx
cos cos dx =
2l 2l 0
0
( $ )$$% *
+

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(0, l)
, $ )$$%
l
ak =
2
l
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// ,
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$

l

t > 0

u|t=0 = l − x
- . 2
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∂u
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u|t=0 = l − x
-. ,
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$
l l
ak = 2
l
(l − x) cos (2k+1)πx
2l
dx = 4
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2l +
0 0

l l
(2k+1)πx
4
+ (2k+1)π sin (2k+1)πx
2l
dx = 4
(2k+1)π
(l − x) sin 2l −
0 0
l
8l (2k+1)πx 8l (2k+1)π
− (2k+1)2 π2 cos 2l = − (2k+1)2 π2 cos 2 − 1 =
0
8l
= (2k+1)2 π 2
.

8l
+∞
1 (2k + 1)πx
u(x, t) =
2 2 2 2
e−a (2k+1) π t/4l cos .

π2 (2k + 1)2 2l
k=0
(U<0>) m 1
(U<1>) m 0,8
(U<2>) m 0,6
(U<3>) m 0,4
(U<4>) m 0,2
(U<5>) m
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
xm

! " # #!
$% ! & '& # $
& t → +∞ ! # ( )( "*
# !
#+ , ( # ! +'
" )& # # *

# ! ) & ) -)# -#) %
& Ox . )
u(x) ( t! -#

! " t
" xm, m = 0, 1, · · · M
x ! # $ %
% "% & # #
"# "# #
#% ' ! " # "
()*+,)- ()./0) 1
#! 2 "% "
# 2 ak

3

#! "
!# #

∂u ∂ 2u
= a2 2
∂t ∂x
" # u|t=0 = ϕ(x) 4
"
35 u|x=0 = u|x=l = 0.

+∞
kπx
u(x, t) = bk e−(kπ/l)
2 a2 t
sin
k=1
l
l
2 kπx
bk = ϕ(x) sin dx k = 1, 2, . . .
l l
0
∂u ∂u
5 = = 0.
∂x x=0 ∂x x=l
a0
+∞
kπx
u(x, t) = +
2 2
ak e−(kπ/l) a t cos
2 k=1
l
l
2 kπx
ak = ϕ(x) cos dx k = 0, 1, 2, . . .
l l
0
∂u
65 = ux=l = 0.
∂x x=0

+∞
ak e−λk a t cos λk x
2 2
u(x, t) =
k=0

l
2 (2k + 1)π
ak = ϕ(x) cos λk xdx λk = .
l 2l
0

! " #$ f (x)

1 +∞
%
&
|f (x)|dx &
l −∞
'
f (x)

( #$ f (x)
)

& &

+∞
f (x) = (A(α) cos αx + B(α) sin αx)dα, '*+ ,*(
0
&
"
-
+∞
f (x − 0) + f (x + 0)
= (A(α) cos αx + B(α) sin αx)dα.
2
−∞
.)##$ A(α) B(α)

#
-

1 +∞
A(α) = f (τ ) cos ατ dτ ;
π −∞
'*+ ,/(

1 +∞
B(α) = f (τ ) sin ατ dτ.
π −∞
0

&
"

π 2π kπ

- , ,..., ,...
l l l
0

"

$ "-
α ∈ [0, +∞) .
1 ) $ *, )##$

" 2 #$ f (x)

A(α) B(α)
+∞
2
A(α) = f (τ ) cos ατ dτ, B(α) = 0,
π
0
!

+∞
f (x) = A(α) cos αxdx. "#
0
$ % %& ' f (x) (

+∞
2
A(α) = 0, b(α) = f (τ ) sin ατ dτ, ")
π
0
+∞
f (x) = B(α) sin αxdx. "
0
* % ! + ,

-
+ . /
%
+∞ +∞
1
f (x) = f (τ )(cos ατ cos αx + sin ατ sin αx)dτ dα.
π
0 −∞
0
+ %& % '
cos α(τ − x) = cos ατ cos αx + sin ατ sin αx

+
+∞ +∞
1
f (x) = dα f (τ ) cos α(τ − x)dx. ""
π
0 −∞
1+ 2 %

! %
3 2 2+ ' /
! l → +∞

!
" # $
%& "'
( $ ) * ( +& !
"
, #( -(& ( #
.+ /
u(x, t) = X(x)T (t)
0 ( -( !
# $
%& "' 1!
λ& "' /
2 a2 t
uλ (x, t) = (A(λ) cos λx + B(λ) sin λx)e−λ .
0 # -( !
$ (& !
+ & λ & !
"' " (( λk &
#& "' ( & ( !

2 + + + !
λ ( " ( #&
"' ( $ )& (
"' λ& !
-(/
+∞
u(x, t) =
2 2
(A(λ) cos λx + B(λ) sin λx)e−λ a t dλ. $3 3
0
(& 4 . # !

$
% -. A(λ) B(λ) & #
$3 " $ ) 0 $3 3
t = 0& /
+∞
u|t=0 = ϕ(x) ⇒ (A(λ) cos λx + B(λ) sin λx)dλ = ϕ(x).
0
5 ( . ϕ(x) -(& !

$36 4. A(λ) B(λ)

1 +∞
A(λ) = ϕ(τ ) cos λτ dτ ;
π −∞

1 +∞

B(λ) = ϕ(τ ) sin λτ dτ.
π −∞

! "
!# $
%
+∞ +∞
u(x, t) =
1
π
dλ
2 2
ϕ(τ ) cos λ(τ − x)e−λ a t dτ.
&
0 −∞
' ( #

)# (#! *+* %
+∞
2 2
cos λ(τ − x)e−λ a t dλ =
1 π −(τ −x)2/(4a2 t)
2a t
e .

0

& ( !#

%
⎛ +∞ ⎞
+∞
1
ϕ(τ ) ⎝ cos λ(τ − x)e−λ a t dλ⎠ dτ =
2 2
u(x, t) =
π
−∞ 0
+∞
1 2 2
= √ ϕ(τ )e−(τ −x) /(4a t) dτ.
2a πt
−∞
$ #

,( )# -.
)( # ! &
! %
+∞
u(x, t) =
1
√
2 2
ϕ(τ )e−(τ −x) /(4a t) dτ.
/
2a πt
−∞

⎧
⎨ 0, x < x1 ,
u(x, t)|t=0 = u0 , x1 x x2 ,
⎩
0, x > x2 .

t > 0

x2
u0 2 2
u(x, t) = √ e−(τ −x) /(4a t) dτ.
2a πt
x1
!" # #!$ % &

' $ ( )(z)
x
1 2 /2
)(z) = √ e−S dS.
2π
0
* % ' ( $ + ' # , % &
' - - ! . . /$. $
! % ' ! % ' ( 0 -
% ' ( ! )(−z) = −)(z)- &
!#$1 ! ! 2 - )(−∞) = −0,5,
τ −x
)(+∞) = 0,5. 3 # .
√ = S -
√ a 2t
dτ = a 2tdS

x2 −x
√

a 2t
√
u0 2 /2
u(x, t) = √ e−S a 2t dS =
2a πt
x1 −x
√
a 2t
⎛ x2 −x
⎞
√

a 2t 0
u0 ⎜ ⎟
=√ ⎜ dS ⎟
2 /2 2 /2
e−S dS + e−S ⎠=
2π ⎝
0 x1 −x
√
a 2t

⎛ x2 −x x1 −x
⎞
√ √

a 2t
a 2t
⎜ 1 1 ⎟
= u0 ⎜ dS ⎟
2 /2 2 /2
⎝ √2π e−S dS − √ e−S ⎠⇒

2π
0 0

x2 − x x1 − x
u(x, t) = u0 √
a 2t
− √
a 2t
.

xa2√−2tx xa1√−2tx x < x1 x > x2

x1 < x < x2

! (z) !"!
#! $
% (+∞) = 0,5
t = 0
! #
& " x < x1 x > x2 '(
#! "&
x1 < x < x2 u0
"& #" ! "
!
#!
)#"
&
! a x1 x2 *
a = 1 x1 = 1 x2 = 3
"
+
&
3−x 1−x
u(x, t) = u0 √ − √ .
2t 2t
, " #
" !#& ' "
"&

"!( -
&
*
"#
"! "'# #
.! #"

u(x, t) ! /01 "& #" !
2 ". "
!
& #" x = 0 , #
*
#
#"
x = 0 .
#! "!

*
#"
+ u(0, t) = 0 3"! - ! 4
% #-%
#"&#! " " "! '#% '*
"#
3"! 4
". (x) ( "&

"& "#& x < 0 $
' 5*
- "% %
#! " 6
! #"
#".7 ' % # $
$
#
(x)
+
⎛ ⎞
+∞ (τ − x)2 (τ + x)2
u(x, t) =
1
√
2a πt
⎜ − 4a2 t
f (τ ) ⎝e −e
−
4a2 t ⎟⎠ dτ. 8
0
5- #-% "! "'# #

.! *
"%
" "
#" !
+
∂u
= 0 "
#! " 6 #" "& #"
∂x x=0

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1 −
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0

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)
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+!

,
)"
$%&

x − L/2, x ∈ (0, L/2),
u = u = 0, u =
x=0 x=L t=0 0, x∈/ (0, L/2).

$%*
∂u 100
, u = 0, u = (L − x), x ∈ [0, L].
∂x x=0 x=L t=0 L

$%-
∂u ∂u
100, x ∈ (0, L/2],
= = 0, u =
∂x x=0 ∂x x=L t=0 20, x ∈ (L/2, L].
$%%

⎧ x ∈ (−∞, +∞)

⎨ 100(1 − x/10), x ∈ [0, 10],

u = 100(1 + x/10), x ∈ [−10, 0),
⎩
t=0
0, |x| > 10.

x ∈ (0, +∞)

U0 , x ∈ [2, 10],

u
x=0
= 0,

u
t=0
=
0, x ∈ (0, 2) ∪ (10, +∞).

∂u

∂x x=0
= 0,

u
t=0
=
U0 , 0 < x < L,
0, x L.

! " #

$%

& $

' $
#
$

( )

((&

x *
)
)

)
)

+%+ +

∂u ∂ 2u
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0

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0 x l) 0 t T &
u(x, 0) = ϕ0 (x), , -1/

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⎧
⎪
⎪ ∂u
⎨ α0 u + α1 = γ1 (t);
∂xx=0
⎪

x=0
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, -3/
⎪
⎩ β0 u + β1 = γ2 (t).
x=l ∂x x=l
"

(n, m) 4 #
$ &
5
& +
+ + 6

&
5
, ! / #

+

n
∂ 2u unm+1 − 2unm + unm−1
= + O(h2 ).
∂x2 m h2

(n+1,m) (n+1,m-1) (n+1,m) (n+1,m+1)
h h
τ τ
h h
(n,m-1) (n,m) (n,m+1) (n,m)

n
∂ 2u

∂x2 m
n ! "
⎧ n+1
⎪
⎪ um − unm un − 2unm + unm−1
⎪
⎪ − a2 m+1 = 0,
⎪
⎪ τ h2
⎪
⎪ m = 1, 2, . . . , M − 1, n = 0, 1, . . . , N − 1,
⎪
⎨ 0
um = ϕ0 (xm), m = 0, 1, 2, . . . , M,

⎪
⎪ u n+1
1 − u n+1
0
⎪
⎪ αu n+1
+ α1 = γ1 (tn+1 ), n = 0, 1, . . . , N − 1,
⎪ 0 0
⎪ h n+1
⎪
⎪ uM − uM−1
n+1
⎪
⎩ β0 un+1 = γ2 (tn+1 ), n = 1, 2, . . . , N − 1.
M + β1
h
# $% &

(N + 1) · (M + 1) % !$ & % '
r = τ a2 /h2 ( )
*
⎧ 0
⎪
⎪ um = ϕ0 (xm ), m = 0, 1, . . . , M, (a)
⎪ n+1
⎪
⎪
⎪ u = (1 − 2r)u n
+ r(u n
+ u n
), (b)
⎪
⎪
m m m−1
m = 1, . . . , M − 1,
m+1
n = 1, 2, . . . , N − 1,
⎨
−α1 /h n+1 γ1 (tn+1 )
⎪
⎪ un+1
0 = u1 + , n = 0, 1, ..., N − 1, (c)
⎪
⎪ α0 − α1 /h α0 − α1 /h
⎪
⎪ n+1
⎪
⎪ β1 /h γ2 (t )
⎩ un+1
M = un+1 + , n = 0, 1, ..., N − 1. (d)
β0 + β1 /h M−1 β0 + β1 /h
+

n = 0 !"
#
t = 0
$ !" %
u (m = 1, 2, . . . , M − 1) n + 1#
t = (n + 1)τ
& ' !"
!" % ( t = (n + 1)τ
) n = n + 1
* n < N " $
! + + ,
$

- #
(n + 1, m) ' n + 1# " ) "
m − um
un+1 n
un+1 − 2un+1 n+1
m + um−1
τ
− a2 m+1
h 2
= 0,
m = 1, 2, . . .
n = 1, 2, . . .

-+' ' . / "

'
0 1 u #( (n+1)#
('+ ' .2
1 3
(n + 1)# #
' ( , ' " .2
. " (+

, "
'
. (' '
%+' / #

' ( " '
' (n + 1)# + '
% u n 4 ' un+1
1 , un+1
2 , . . . , un+1
.2. '
M−1
am · un+1
m−1 + bm · um + cm · um+1 = fm ,
n+1 n+1
m = 1, 2, . . . , M − 1, 5
am = cm = −r" bm = 1 + 2r" fm = unm
6( % u
(n+1)# 0 ( ym = un+1
m

⎧
⎨ am ym−1 + bm ym + cm ym+1 = fm , m = 1, 2, . . . , M − 1;
y0 = L0 y1 + K0 ;
⎩ M yM−1 + KM ,
yM = L

−α1 /h γ1 (tn+1 )
L0 = ; K0 = ;
α0 − α1 /h α0 − α1 /h
M β1 /h M γ2 (tn+1 )
L = ; K = .
β0 + β1 /h β0 + β1 /h

! "" #""
""$
% #
&' #
" () '& "
"
$
* ++
,'!
*

""" #"& #"('
-
."
'" +"' '& y0 !
"
$

* ") *
ym = Lm ym+1 + Km , m = 1, 2, . . . , M − 1. -
." /" %
# m = m − 1

0
#"')
am (Lm−1 ym + Km−1 ) + bm ym + cm ym+1 = fm , m = 1, 2, . . . , M − 1.
'
−cm fm − am Km−1
ym = ym+1 + , m = 1, 2, . . . , M − 1.
am Lm−1 + bm am Lm−1 + bm
1'" '!
"
−cm fm − am Km−1
Lm = ; Km = , m = 1, 2, . . . , M − 1.
am Lm−1 + bm am Lm−1 + bm
2
3"/++,
Km Lm
( 4 & #""
")
"/++,
$
) '&4 & #"

+"' 2
" #!
)
'" & # x = l 1" $
*

- # m = M − 1

yM = LM yM−1 + KM ;
yM−1 = LM−1 yM + KM−1 .
& #"')
LM KM−1 + KM
yM = .
1 − LM LM−1

LM K M

β1 KM−1 + hγ2 (tn+1 )
yM =
β0 h + β1 − β1 LM−1
.

! "
! ym

m = 0, 1, . . . , M

m = 0 #$

$ %&& '
L0 K0
&
( m = m + 1 #$

$ %&& '
Lm Km
& )
) * m < M

(

& $ !! yM
#$
ym & ( m = m − 1
+ * m > 0

#$
,
$
! "
! $
-
$ .

(n+1)/

0 .
$ /
1
! |bm| > |am | + |cm | $
!/
!
2 "
!

!

n = 0 & +3
"

/

t = 0
(
! "
!
! /

! "
!
(n + 1/

t = (n + 1)τ
) n = n + 1
* n < M

(
-
,
"
! !
1

!
! ' %

O(τ )+O(h2 ) ,

!
!
! /

$ 4 15
' 6

m − δum
δun+1 n
δun − 2δunm + δunm−1
− a2 m+1 = 0.
τ h2
m − δum
δun+1 n
δun+1 − 2δun+1 n+1
m + δum−1
− a2 m+1 2
= 0.
τ h

δunm = λn eiwh λn eiwh

! "
#

λ−1 eiwh − 2 + e−iwh
− a2 = 0.
τ h2
$ "
! eiwh + e−iwh = 2 cos wh 1 − cos wh =
= 2 sin2 wh/2! eiwh − 2 + e−iwh = 2(cos wh − 1) =
= −4 sin2 wh/2 !
%!
τ a2 wh
λ=1−4 sin2 . &
h2 2
#! '() )
τ /h2
λ 1!
* % λ < −1!

+
(
"% , %- " " "! "
sin2 wh/2 = 1! )
+
"!
λ = 1 − 4ra2 −1,
'
1
r . .
2a2
/! )! ("
(" ("
!
)
t x * ("% * *-

1
τ /h2 .
2a2
0 +

λ−1 λ eiwh − 2 + e−iwh
−a2
= 0. 01
τ h2

"! ("
-"
"
1
λ= . 0
1 + 4ra2 sin2 wh/2

|λ| 1 r

!

" #
!

$

%" &
"
! ! ' "! ()*
+$
! ' , !
" ()*
"! '
-./01.2 -.345.
6 ! 78 -./01.2'
9 !
' :78;

" ut=0 = f (x) )
< f (x) !"=
< 78
ORIGIN := 0 T OL := 0.00001 L := 1 T max := 1
K := 100 N := 5 M := 10 A := 1
k := 0..K n := 0..N m := 0..M f (x) := L − x
2 L (2 · k + 1) · π · x
ak := · f (x) · cos dx
L 0 2·L

K (2·k+1)·π 2
u(x, t) = a · e−( 2·L ·A) ·t · cos (2·k+1)·π·x
k 2·L
k=0
L T max
h := τ := xm := h · m tn := τ · n
M N
Um,n := u(xm , tn )
>
'< < u(x, t)
!

t ! "

'

77
> ! ' "

= < f (x)

"
, F 9

ak u(x, t)

!

"#$!%& ak
"#'!(&)
u(x, t) *
"#'!%&!

"#$!++&) ak
"#'!,'&)
u(x, t) *

"#'!,+&!
- ./012/
3

!

45
A
!54

! "#

! "# $ %&' ()*(+ '

, %'$-'& %''## # # ./0# $# # 1
45
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%

% &

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*

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5
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! # $ '# # # 1
45 &
$ " t = T [n] &
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+ "

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6$ /4/0# 4/0# /00# # # 1

!"
!"

!"
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$
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&$'"( )
&" ) #())
&$ )*) )*+) )*+) )*+%) )*+,) )*+)

!"#$!%

& '(
&) *
+
u0 = 100( a = 1( x1 = 1(
x2 = 3( x ∈ [A, B]( A = −3( B = 7
T OL := 0.0001 ORIGIN := 0 N := 5 M := 100
B−A
A := −3 B := 7 n := 0..N m := 0..M h :=
M
t0 := 0 t1 := 0.1 t2 := 0.4 t3 := 1 t4 := 5 t5 := 20
xm := A + h · m a := 1

Ψ(x) := 0 if x < 1 ∨ x > 3

100 otherwise

u(x, t) := Ψ(x) if t < 0.0001

(τ − x)2
3
1 −
√ Ψ(τ ) · e 4 · a2 · t dτ otherwise
2 · a · π · t 1

Um,n := u(xm , tn )
& ,
-
,
.

! ! "#$! %

&'
(

u(x, t) )
&'
*

* +
t = {0; 0, 1; 0, 4; 1; 5; 20}!
(U<0>) k 100
(U<1>) k 80
(U<2>) k 60
(U<3>) k 40
(U<4>) k 20
(U<5>) k 0
-3 -1 1 3 5 7
xm
A B

,& - '

. /

. '

! 0 1

( U (x, tn) /( 2 *!
3

t → +∞ '

- '

/* '

u → 0! 4

2

(

!
5
678-
) 1
&'

!

!
9:
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121
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/1 1 2,34

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.
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#

xOu
u x $
%
u x t
& ! u(x, t) # &
t = const & u(x, t) &
t ux (x, t) $ '&&! x tg α
x = const ( ! u(x, t)

! x Ou ut (x, t) $ ' utt (x, t)
$

)

*

M + ,- M .
T̄

U M1 T1
α1
M α
M M1 x
x x+dx

)

/ '
!

)
+ 0
. ρ

u(x, t) ux (x, t)

cos α ≈ 1 tg α ≈ sin α ≈ α
α

0x
!"

#

"

|MM1 | = |M M1 | $

"

|MM1 |

%
&
x1
|MM1 | = 1 + ux 2 dx.
x

'

ux 2
( )
&
x1
|MM1 | ≈ dx = x1 − x = |M M1 |.
x

* T

& |T̄ | = |T¯1 | = T
$

"
+
, "

-

"

)

. /

0u 0
" g(x, t)

.
1

.
/ 2

3 4 /

MM1

"
4

1

-3

/
0u

(
0u 1 563&
F1 = |T 1 | sin α1 − |T̄ | sin α = T (sin α1 − sin α) = T (tg α1 − tg α).

7

"

' 8
$

tg α = ux (x, t) tg α1 = ux (x + dx, t)

F1 = T (ux (x + dx, t) − ux (x, t))

ux (x, t)

dux (x, t) = uxx (x, t)dx
∂ 2u
F1 = T dx.
∂x2

! 0u "

#
F2 = g(x, t)|MM1 | = g(x, t)|M M1 | = g(x, t)dx.

$
%
MM1 % &
'
# dm = ρ|MM1 | = ρdx
(

MM1 %
&

! utt (x, t)

)!

%
! 0u

%
∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
dm = F1 + F2 ρdx = T 2 dx + g(x, t)dx.
∂t2 ∂t 2 ∂x
* +
ρdx
2
∂ u T ∂ 2 u g(x, t)
2
= + ,
∂t ρ ∂t2 ρ

+ T /ρ = a2 g(x, t)/ρ = F (x, t)

∂ 2u ∂ 2u
2
= a2 2 + F (x, t). ,-. #/
∂t ∂x
0

g(x, t) = 0 ⇒ F (x, t) = 0

,-. #/

∂ 2u ∂ 2u
2
= a2 2 .
∂t ∂x

T
F (x, t)

! "
g(x, t) = 0 ⇒ F (x, t) = 0
#

t = 0 !

" # u(x, t)|t=0 = ϕ(x)

ut (x, t)|t=0 = ψ(x) ϕ(x) ψ(x) $

% & ' #
u(x, 0) = ϕ(x), ut (x, 0) = ψ(x). ()*+,

& !

l "
x = 0
x = l
#
u(0, t) = 0, u(l, t) = 0. ()*-,
()*.,

(, '

/

/ &
& (

&,
0

&

1
('

&
,
2

1
( ,
% '
"
% ' &
&
!

/
σ ( -3,4 x $
0 1 '
t
u(x, t) %
& 1
σ
σ1 5 ' &

σ σ1

∂u
u|x=0 = 0,
∂x x=l
= 0.

! !
"
#
$
%
& ' (
#
)

* " + & ,+

- t = 0 &! '
&" Q
" T
-!
x = l

∂u Q
Q = ESux (l, t), =
∂x x=l ES
.

∂u Q
ux=0 = 0, =
∂x x=l ES
,
#
. & -
" -
P
&"- '
- t = 0

$ " T
-!
t = 0
P
P
ESux (x, 0) = P ⇒ u (x, 0) = ⇒
ES
x
P P
⇒ ux (x, 0)dx = x ⇒ u(x, 0) − u(0, 0) = x.
ES ES
0
/ u(0, 0) = 0
- ' &
&
P
u(x, 0) = u|t=0 = x
ES
/ "
&%

ut |t=0 = 0.

P
U |t=0 =
ES
x, ut |t=0 = 0,

! !

"
#
$

% &

'

( !
! &

"
&)

& *

+

"

*

#

" &# !
, #
"
+ '
σ

Θ
σ1 - Θ + dΘ

./
σ σ1 dσ
L dθ
K r
K r
0 θ x θ x1=x+dx l

ΔΘ
0 11+
Θ(x, t) " 2& )
&

σ σ1 *
+

%!

)
3 %!

)!
!
σ σ1 '
)"
"
& σ 0 ( ( dσ (

"
r +

τ
( KK
KL

KK
τ = G · L G

!
"#
$

%
# &

L
KK = tg L KK = |L K |/dx.
' |K L| ≈ | K L | = rdΘ

L
KK ≈ rdΘ/dx.
&
%

τ

dΘ
τ = Gr .
dx
'
!

dσ

(

dΘ
τ dσ = Gr dσ.
dx
)
* dMx
dσ

dΘ
dMx = rτ dσ = Gr2 dσ.
dx
+ *
Mx

σ

Mx = Gr2
dΘ
dx
dσ = G
dΘ
dx
r2 dσ = GΘx (x, t)J0, ,-#."
σ σ

J0 = r2 dσ

# /
0 1 ##
! Mx+dx Mx 1
σ
σ1 σ !

∂ 2Θ
Mx+dx − Mx = G {Θx (x + dx, t) − Θx (x, t)} J0 ≈ G dxJ0 .
∂x2
2!

* Θx(x+dx, t)−Θx(x, t)

(∂ 2Θ/∂x2)dx#
3 %
!

1*+

K

σ1 σ %

K · dx
∂ 2 Θ/∂t2

∂ 2Θ ∂ 2Θ
Kdx = Mx+dx − Mx = G dxJ0 ,
∂t2 ∂x2

∂ 2Θ ∂ 2Θ
2
= a2 2 ,
∂t ∂x
GJ0
a2 =
K

!

"#$%& ' ( Θ(x, t)
)

( l

* !

(
α !

+ α
γ Mx t = 0

"
,-&
|K L | RΘ
γ ≈ tg γ ≈ ΔKK L , |K L | ≈ | K L | = RΘ ⇒ γ = ;
x x
|K L | Rα
γ ≈ tg γ ≈ ΔKK L , |K L | ≈ | K L | = Rα ⇒ γ = .
x l
L
R
L l
θ x α
K K K

γ
t = 0
.
RΘ Rα x
= , Θ|t=0 = α .
x l l
+

∂Θ
= 0.
∂t t=0
/ (
Θ|x=0 = 0

Ml

∂Θ ∂Θ
Ml = 0 ⇒ GJ0 =0⇒ = 0.
∂x x=l ∂t x=l
!" #$% #%

$
∂Θ
x
Θ|t=0 = α ,
l ∂t t=0
= 0. &
' # $
∂Θ
Θ|x=0 = 0,
∂x x=l
= 0. ()
*#$ "# $ $ "# % +
! + $, - . /
0$$ % $ # '
"

'
$% $ J1 1 $ # #%
$ " #$ ' α $$ !"
#% $$
#% $ 2 "# ,
&
3
" 2 Θ|x=0 = 0
4 # $
! '5

, % $ ' Ml
'
$
$
∂ 2 Θ
J1 =
∂t2

x=l

∂Θ ∂ 2 Θ
GJ0 + J1 = 0.
∂x x=l ∂t2 x=l
!" $ $ #% $
& ' # 6
∂Θ ∂ 2 Θ
Θx=0 = 0, GJ0 + J = 0.
∂x x=l ∂t2 x=l
1

!
" x : −∞ < x < +∞ #
$

%%&
! !
'
!
(
! " " "
ξ = x − at η = x + at "
)
) *
∂ 2u
∂ξ∂η
= 0, ((
+ #
!& " !
"
, %%&" % &) u(ξ, η) = F (ξ) + -(η)
. !/ x t
*
u(x, t) = F (x − at) + -(x + at). (
$
+ ! + 0

#
%! & 0)
#%
% & F (x − at)
! #% % & F (x) # #

at / #
a1 #% % & -(x + at)
! #% % & -(x)
# #
a

)
t = 0 !/ % &) u = F (x) + -(x)

)+ 2 !/

"
! " F (x − at)
a # -(x + at) )
,

! 3(
$ % & F -

4! #
#

u(x, 0) = F (x) + -(x) = ϕ(x).
0
#
#
) !*
ut (x, t) = −aF (x − at) + a- (x + at),
* ut(x, 0) = −aF (x) + a-(x) = ψ(x)
4#
5 6

#
" % & " # ! z
"#

U F(x) F(x-at)
Φ (x+at) Φ(x)
F(x-at)+ Φ (x+at)
x
F(x-at)+ Φ (x+at) F(x-at)+ Φ (x+at)

x
x x x
ψ(z)dz = −a F (z)dz + a (z)dz = −a F (x) − F (0) +
0 0 0
+a( (x) − (0)) = a ( (x) − F (x)) − aC,

C = (0) − F (0).

x
1
(x) − F (x) = ψ(z)dz + C.
a
0
F (x) (x)

⎧
⎨ (x) + F (x) = ϕ(x)
1 x
⎩ (x) − F (x) = ψ(z)dz + C.
a0

⎧
⎪
⎪ 1 1 x
⎨ (x) = ϕ(x) + ψ(z)dz + C2
2 2a 0
⎪ x
⎪ 1 1
⎩ F (x) = 2 ϕ(x) − 2a ψ(z)dz − 2 .
C
0

x

x
x + at x − at
⎧
⎪
x+at
⎪
⎨ (x + at) = 12 ϕ(x + at) + 2a1 ψ(z)dz + C
2
0
⎪
⎪
x−at
⎩ F (x − at) = 12 ϕ(x − at) − 1
2a
ψ(z)dz − C2 .
0

! "
#
$% &

x+at
ϕ(x − at) + ϕ(x + at)
u(x, t) =
2
+
1
2a
ψ(z)dz. $%'&
x−at

$%'&
( )*
) )

"

+"
#
, )

%

∂ 2u ∂ 2u
= 4 , u(x, 0) = 0, ut (x, 0) = P arctg x.
∂t2 ∂x2
- " .
" / * $%'& ,

⎛ ⎞

x+at
x+at x+at
P P ⎝ zdz ⎠
u(x, t) = arctg zdz = z arctg z − =
4 4 x−at 1 + z2
x−at x−at
x+at
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Chast 3 Differentsialnye Uravnenia Uravnenia Matematicheskoy Fiziki Teoria Optimizatsii - Berkov Zubkov Minostsev Pushkar

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