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down-stream operator. The current process a milling operation later in the manufacturing
needs to be determined and developed into a process. Straight knurling is also applied at this
Process at a Glance (Figure 3), displaying the time.[j2] Once the batch quantity is
current method in a step-by-step flow. completed, the setup for production of the
The sequence of the manufacturing plastic grip is done. At the lathe, the plastic
process begins with the cutting of raw stock. grip is faced on one end, drilled, and
The operator is given a cut sheet and a cut reamed[j3]. The grip is also rotated to the
quantity for each part. Some setup time is opposite end to prepare it for a later machining
necessary between the production of each part operation. This operation is repeated until the
and is considered as internal setup time. required batch size is produced. At this time,
Referring to Figure 2, the first cutting operation the operator returns to the first operation for
produces the aluminum handle, the second turning the aluminum handle.
produces the aluminum dowel, the third Once the lathe operations on the
produces the plastic grip, and the fourth aluminum handle and the dowel have been
produces the aluminum head. After a specified completed, the parts go to a press operation in
quantity of aluminum is cut for the handle, it the assembly area. At the press, the aluminum
is delivered to the lathe operator, where the dowel is inserted into the handle to a specified
drilling and reaming operation is performed, depth of 2.375 inches. This operation is
allowing the handle to accept the dowel insert. repeated until the predetermined batch size has
Then, the relief cut, diameter reduction, and been produced. From this point, the handle
threading operations are performed. The and dowel move to the milling operation,
proper length for the handle is established at where the nine flutes are applied. When the
this time. This process is repeated until the complete batch is finished, the parts are moved
batch quantity delivered from the cutting to a polishing center where the handles receive
operation is completed. The operator then a final finish. These finished parts are then
performs the necessary setup required for the inventoried until delivered to the assembly area.
next operation. The next component to move through the
in Figure 4. Once these methods are developed, with 1 indicating strongly disagree and 5
an evaluation of these proposed processes must indicating strongly agree. A value of X can
be undertaken. be entered if the team member feels that one
of the proposed methods is not an acceptable
Evaluation and Selection of Process solution. After each member has voted, the
A group approach was implemented results are tallied and entered into a chart as
based on the three goals of this project to shown in the last seven columns of Table 1.
develop evaluation criteria. The decision was From this chart, the three best methods can
made to evaluate this project based on the be selected for simulation. The top three
following criteria: (a) flexibility: with two methods selected in this study were Methods
subcriteria: simplicity and ease of repetition; 5, 4, and 1. At this point, one method was
(b) cost: with five subcriteria: capital chosen for simulation to determine how
investment, labor costs, tooling costs, known effective it might be when implemented.
technology, and required maintenance costs;
and (c) safety: with seven subcriteria: safe, Prototype and Simulation
clean, ergonomic, of desired quality, required Alternative number 5 shown in Figure 4
skills, defects per shift, and meets customer was chosen for prototyping and simulation
specifications. The first column in Table 1 because it had the highest score in the decision
shows the criteria for evaluating the seven matrix (Table 2). The design of the cell was
alternatives. In addition, the weight of each developed and carefully laid out using
criterion and the value of the subcriteria are measurements from actual machines involved.
also determined and shown in the second and Tables, chairs, cardboard boxes, or any other
third columns of Table 1. readily available material can be used to
The evaluation sheet determines how simulate the cell design. Members of the team
the seven proposed methods will be assessed. used stop watches to simulate the cycle time
This sheet should consist of categories that of each station in the cell. The workers in the
are appropriate for the project. Once the cell could not move to the next assignment in
Table 1. The Evaluation Criteria, Weights, Values, and Overall Scores for the
Seven Alternatives.
the process until signaled by the timekeeper. Worker Responsibilities 25
By following this example, the cycle time of WORKER 1
the cell was predicted very accurately relative Starts at Station 4, and pulls the cleaned
These results exceeded the goal of the team, through the incorporation of a special type of
allowing them to plan for the presentation of intense teamwork. In addition, process steps
this new alternative to upper management for that require seven alternatives force teams to
approval before this approach could be fully think “outside the box,” which often results in
adopted on the shop floor. major innovations. Finally, the general
guidelines are fundamentally sound manu-
Presentation and Implementation facturing practices, such as “one piece flow”
Presentation to upper management is and the elimination of non-value added
crucial for Kaizen to succeed because it allows practices.
upper management to observe the impact When implementing the Kaizen approach,
Kaizen is having on the success of the much of the responsibility lies with upper
organization while keeping them in the management. Pitfalls include the tendency of
information loop. Additionally, it provides an upper management to micromanage the teams
excellent method to train the entire and a lack of initial training in teamwork
organization on Kaizen implementation. The effectiveness.
presentation can also be used to provide The ability of an organization to
feedback to improve the implementation of the respond to the rapidly changing global
Kaizen methodology, resulting in the marketplace will eventually determine the
continuous improvement the name Kaizen ultimate success of that organization. The
implies. This increase in visibility between implementation of Kaizen addresses many
upper management and the workforce of the needs that modern organizations face.
establishes a high level of communication, While Kaizen brings continuous
creating trust and understanding, eventually improvement, it also develops a
resulting in improved employee relations and communications network throughout the
morale. organization that intrinsically supports a
method of checks and balances within daily
Results operations. The daily trials and tribulations
The existing cycle time per assembly was that upper management once confronted on
62 seconds. The new cycle time was about their own are now solved by the workforce,
28 seconds, which constitutes an increasing morale and allowing upper
approximate 44% reduction in cycle time. management to concentrate efforts on
The existing assembly area consisting of strategic planning.
workstations occupied 192 square feet. The
proposed assembly area requires two cells, Dr. Joseph Chen is an Associate Professor in the
which use a space of 160 square feet. The Department of Industrial Education and
new plan reduces the workspace by 37%. Technology at Iowa State University (ISU). He
Quality to the consumer is 100% because is a member of Alpha Xi Chapter of Epsilon Pi
the “make one check one pass one on” Tau.
method provides 100% inspection, ensuring
that no inferior-quality products are passed Dr. John C. Dugger is Dean of the College of
on to the consumer. Scrap and re-work are Technology at Eastern Michigan University. He
minimized because quality problems become is a member of Alpha Xi Chapter and received a
visible immediately and can be addressed Laureate Citation in 1997.
before additional defects may be produced.
Employee morale is improved because the Mr. Rob Hammer is a Technical and Resource
cellular design makes it possible for workers Manager at Control Installation, Inc. in Des
to fill multiple jobs. With Kaizen, workers Moines, Iowa. He is a member of Alpha Xi
rotate the tasks they undertake, raising Chapter.
satisfaction and morale. Higher worker
satisfaction and morale decrease boredom,
resulting in increased productivity and
higher quality workmanship.
References 27
Berger, A. (1997). Continuous improvement and Kaizen: Standardization and organizational designs. Journal of