Peace

1 mark
1. Define Pacifism.
Pacifism advocates non-violent means to establish peace and opposes war and
violence.

2. When did United Nation organisation (UNO) came into existence?

After the World War-II, an international organization, United Nations organisation
(UNO) was set up on October 24, 1945, to prevent the wars and to maintain peace in
the world.

3. When was ‘Panchsheel’ signed?

‘Panchsheel’ was signed on April 29, 1954, between India and China to establish
peace.

4. What do you mean by the term ‘peace’?

Peace generally refers to absence of violence. It also represents a larger concept
wherein there are healthy international and interpersonal relationships.

5. What does Disarmament imply?

Disarmament refers to an act of reducing, limiting or abolishing weapons.

6. Which international organization was set up after the World War-I?

League of Nations was set up after the World War-I to establish peace.

7. What does ''Bi-polar world'' imply?

After the World-War II, the world was being referred as the ''Bi-polar world'', i.e. the
existence of two super powers. U.S.A and USSR dominated the world politics.

8. Write a short note on the cold war.

After the Second World War, the world was divided into two power blocs-- USA and
USSR. Although there was no war between the two nations, but ideological conflicts
prevailed, which were referred as the cold war.

9. When was USSR disintegrated?

USSR was disintegrated in 1991.

10. Who had requested UNO to declare 1960s as the '' Development Decade''?
Mr. Krishna Menon had requested UNO to declare 1960s as the '' Development
Decade''.

11. Define Genocide.

Genocide refers to systematic and widespread extermination of a national, racial,
religious or ethnic group.

12. State one example of racial discrimination.

A recent example of racial discrimination is the attack on Indian students in Australia.

13. Name two nuclear weapon free zones.

The two nuclear weapon free zones are Antarctica territory and South East Asia.

14. Name two South Asian states with nuclear weapons.

The two states of South Asia that have nuclear weapons are India and Pakistan.

15. What are reasons for the rise of international terrorism?

The reasons for the rise of international terrorism are:
• Self-serving conduct of aggressive states.
• Religious fundamentalism and denial of rights to minorities.

16. When did India first test a nuclear device? Who was the scientist behind it?
India tested her first nuclear test in 1974. Homi J. Bhabha played a key role in the
establishment and development of India's atomic energy program.

17. Is there any international law against genocide?

Yes. The United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime
of Genocide (CPPCG) was adopted by UN General Assembly in December 1948.

18. Read the quote below and answer the question given.
”All wrong- doing arises because of mind. If mind is transformed, can wrong-
doing remain?”

Who gave the above quote and where does violence originate according to him?
The above quote is by Gautam Buddha and according to him violence originates in
the minds of men.

19. Name the Nobel Peace Prize winner from India.

Mother Teresa won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 for her humanitarian work.

20. When is the World Peace Day celebrated?

World Peace Day is celebrated annually on September 21. It is dedicated to peace and
the absence of war.

21. Who is the author of the novel ‘The flowers of Hiroshima’?

The novel ‘the Flowers of Hiroshima’ is written by Edita Morris.

22. Which country faced the most gruesome consequences of the use of nuclear
weapons during the Second World War?
Japan faced the most gruesome consequences of nuclear weapons dropped by USA in
1945.

23. Which event marked a landmark in the history of international terrorism?

The attack on the World Trade Centre in the U.S.A. on 9th September 2001, has taken
international terrorism to more devastating levels.

2 marks
24. What are main challenges to peace?
The challenges to peace are:
• Population explosion and conflict over resources.
• Struggle for power.
• Advancement in nuclear technology.
• National and international disputes leading to war and threat to human life.
• Denial of human rights.

25. Why do terrorists create terror?

Terrorists create terror to:
• Force the government to fulfil their political and economic needs;
• Disrupt the smooth functioning of the democratic system.

26. How do terrorists create terror?

Terrorists create terror through killings, blasts, violence, kidnappings and by
destroying property. They have no faith in democratic measures and pose a serious
threat to the world peace.

27. What are the five principles of Panchsheel?

Five Principles of Panchsheel are as follows:
• Mutual non-aggression.
• Equality and mutual benefit.
• Non-interference in each other’s internal affairs.
• Mutual respect for each other's territorial unity and sovereignty.
• Peaceful co-existence.

28. Which decade was declared by UNO as the '' Development Decade ''?
The UNO had declared 1960s as the '' Development Decade '', in which emphasis was
laid on the development of the '' Less Developed Countries '' (LDCs).

29. Write a note on the General Assembly of UNO.

General Assembly is the Parliament of the United Nations and some of its functions
include:
• It passes the budget of the United Nations.
• The members of General Assembly elect the members of other organs of the
United Nations.
• Its main objective is to maintain peace and security.
• It grants the membership to new nations.

30. What is the Gandhian philosophy for peace?

Gandhiji advocated truth, Satyagraha and non-violence. He said that tolerance is the
basis for peace. Non- violence meant a positive and active pursuit of well-being and
goodness. In his words, ''I would be guilty of violence, if I helped someone in
harming someone else or if I benefited from a harmful act''.

31. How can violence be removed?

Violence depicts the state of mind of people. In order to remove violence, a healthy
and positive environment has to be created. This ultimately would change the mindset
of people, which subsequently would help in establishing peace.

32. What are the approaches for the realisation of peace?

There are three main approaches for realization of peace.
• First, is the respect for the state and its sovereignty
• Second, is the social and economic co-operation and inter- dependency.
• Third approach considers the state system to be a passing phase of human history.
It envisages the emergence of super-national order as the surest guarantee of peace.

33. Name the thinker who glorified war?

War has been glorified by different thinkers and rulers. George Bernard Shaw said
that war is necessary for patriotism and keeping the army men and arms active. The
war is being glorified by German philosopher, Friedrich Nietzsche, who believed that
conflicts lead to growth of civilization.
34. What are the spiritual and psychological ways of eliminating violence?
Peace is understood as the state of mind. Therefore, several age-old spiritual
principles (e.g., compassion) and practices such as meditation are geared for the
facilitation of a peaceful mind and soul. Modern healing techniques and therapies like
psychoanalysis can perform a similar function.

35. Who were the ‘lions’ in society according to Vilfredo Pareto?

The Italian social theorist, Vilfred Pareto argued that people who were able and
willing to use force to achieve their goals constituted the governing elites in most
societies. He described them as ‘lions’.

36. What is terrorism? What are the components for the creation of terrorism?
Terrorism refers to political violence that targets civilians indiscriminately to put
pressure on the government in order to obtain political, religious and ideological
goals. Fanaticism, inequality, misery, intolerance, hunger and poverty are the
components for the creation of terrorism.

37. State the narrow and broader definition of peace.

In the narrow sense, peace means absence of war. A broader definition of peace
defines it as a process involving an active pursuit of the moral and material resources,
needed to establish human welfare.

38. Non-violence is the weapon of the weak. Do you agree?

I disagree with the statement that non-violence is often equated with helplessness and
weakness. According to Mahatma Gandhi, non-violence is an extremely active force
that has no room for cowardice or weakness. It does not mean taking refuge in
passivity, but winning over the enemy through compassion.

39. What is CNDP?

CNDP stands for Coalition of Nuclear Disarmament and Peace. It is a network of 200
organisations constituted in November 2000 in response to nuclear weaponisation
in India and Pakistan against a background of the global stockpiling of nuclear
weapons.

40. Define Nuclear Deterrence.

Nuclear deterrence is a theory which states that possessing nuclear weapons to destroy
an enemy nation’s military and civilian population will deter the enemy from
attacking. When both the nations resort to nuclear deterrence, the consequences are
mutual destruction.

4 marks
41. What are the essential constituents of peace?
Peace has been the most desirable value for the mankind. Freedom, equality and
justice are the essential constituents of peace. War, colonialism, discrimination on the
basis of caste, class and gender produces hatred and violence. Absence of equality,
freedom and justice leads to conflicts and tensions, which subsequently affect peace.

42. What are the main objectives of the United Nations organization (UNO)?
The main objectives of the United Nations organization (UNO) are to:
• ·Ensure universal peace, co-operation and friendly relations among nations.
• · Establish international security and world peace.
• Make efforts to develop educational, scientific and cultural relations at
international level.
• Solve the disputes and conflicts among the countries of the world so that wars
may be avoided
• Advocate disarmament.

43. Write a note on the ‘Structural Violence’.

The roots of violence can be traced to the structure of the society. ‘Structural
Violence’ is unhealthy for society, since it produces evil consequences. Let’s have a
look at the forms of ‘Structural Violence’ prevalent in our society.
• Traditional caste system, which treated certain groups as untouchable;
• Patriarchy, which refers to male dominating society. This results in discrimination
against women, which further leads to dowry related crimes, child marriage, domestic
violence, etc.
• Racism, in which discrimination on the basis of caste and race takes place.
• Communalism, which is the result of religious fundamentalism.
• Different forms of structural violence create not only inequalities and exploitation
but tension and conflicts which affects peace.

44. What are the factors responsible for growing violence in the societies?
There are many factors responsible for growing violence in the societies:
• Poverty
• Unemployment
• Communalism and regionalism
• Criminalization in society and in politics
• Corruption
• Struggle for power

45. Write a short note on the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).

Non Aligned Movement is a movement of 115 members representing the interests and
priorities of developing countries. The movement was originated in 1955 in the Asia
Africa Conference held at Bandung, Indonesia. Its main objectives include, resisting
the pressures of major powers, maintaining their independence, opposing colonialism
and neo colonialism, especially western domination.

46. State Article 1 of the 'Universal Declaration on Human Rights'.

Article 1 of the United Nations Universal Declaration on Human Rights states, '' All
human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with
reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood ''.

47. Under what circumstances armed forces are used by the United Nations?
If a nation does not act according to the international law, then it is necessary to use
force to settle the dispute between nations. United Nations is compelled to act. Armed
forces are being sent by the United Nations to resolve the conflict.

48. What are Human Rights?

Human Rights refer to the ''basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are
entitled''. Human Rights include civil and political rights, such as right to life and
liberty, freedom of expression, equality before law and economic, social and cultural
rights- the right to food, the right to work and the right to education.
49. “The 1990s will go down as the most momentous decade of the twentieth
century”. Comment.
The 1990s will go down as the most momentous decade of the twentieth century on
account of changes it has brought about all over the world. The pace of change has
been far too swift for any conceptual interpretations. These changes have transcended
all geographical and ideological boundaries and have put questions to long established
perceptions and theories. The cold war that lasted for well over four decades between
the two super powers ended and a New World Order is established.

50. What are the functions of Security council?

The Security Council is one of the main organs of United Nations Organization
(UNO). There are 15 members in the Security Council, out of which Great
Britain, USA, Russia, France and China are five permanent members. The remaining
10 members are elected for a term of two years.
Functions of Security Council are to:
• Settle the disputes peacefully among the countries and if need arises it is
authorized to use armed force against any country.
• Establish peace in the world.

51. What measures would you suggest to roll back India’s nuclear weapons
related activities?
In order to halt and roll back India’s nuclear weapons related preparations and
activities, the following measures should be implemented.
• To halt advanced research into nuclear weapons.
• No induction, deployment of nuclear weapons.
• No explosive testing or production for nuclear weapons purposes.
• Priority must be given to remedial measures for all environmental damage.
• Proper compensation to all victims and their families for the damage done to their
health and local environment.
• Complete transparency and accountability on nuclear development and energy
matters.

52. State the key features of India’s Nuclear policy.

Post independence, India wanted to generate atomic energy for peaceful energy
purposes. Nehru was the architect of India’s foreign policy pleaded for complete
nuclear disarmament. India has so far conducted two nuclear tests in 1974 and 1998,
for which India was compelled by the two aggressive neighbours.
The key features of India’s nuclear policy are:
• No first use of nuclear weapons.
• Opposition to Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty.
• Harnessing nuclear energy only for peaceful energy purposes.
• Nuclear policy free from any foreign influence.

53. Is nuclear power economically and environmentally a viable solution for our
energy security? Justify
No. The following are the points of justification:
• Environmental costs: Toxic materials are released in the biosphere at different
stages of the nuclear fuel cycle, which causes health hazards due to radiation. The
miners, people living close to the mine, workers in nuclear plants all are exposed to
serious levels of radiation, resulting in cancer, congenital deformities etc.
• Economic Costs: Nuclear power is not only a high-risk technology in terms of
safety; the capital costs in setting up a nuclear power plant are very high, along with
waste disposal, making nuclear power significantly more expensive.

6 marks
54. Mention India's stand on nuclear disarmament.
India has been a keen advocate of total nuclear disarmament. India had from the
beginning opposed military pacts and alliances, establishment of military bases and
flow of arms from the major powers to the lesser ones. India direct edits efforts
towards the prohibition of the manufacture and stock piling of nuclear arms and
suspension of nuclear tests.
Way back in 1954 the Indian Government pioneered the C.T.B.T. proposal and
defended it in the face of stiff opposition from the Nuclear Weapon States (NWS).
India's nuclear dilemma had several dimensions- the nature of India's nuclear weapons
option, the objects of N. Delhi's disarmament diplomacy, its relations with the great
powers. India needed to find answers to many security related questions- how to
integrate its nuclear disarmament diplomacy with its national security policy
especially when it had China, a NWS and Pakistan a nuclear threshold state with
advanced missile capabilities as its neighbours. Pakistan has demonstrated that it can
stand up to the US on the missile issue as it did on the nuclear issue. India's stand to
date had been opaque and its refusal to sign the C.T.B.T made its marginalisation
complete.

55. Describe contribution of India to the developmental activities of United

Nations.
The United Nations has tried in its own way to respond to the changing environment
in order to improve the coordination of developmental activities within the system.
India has been a consistently strong supporter of and contributor to the UN's
operational activities for development and is also the largest non-OECD
(Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) donor to the UNDP, the
central development funding agency of the UN system.
It was Mr. Krishna Menon who called upon the UN to declare the 1960s as the ''
Development Decade'' so that the energies of the UN and its agencies could be
utilised for the development of the Least Developed Countries (LDC). In the period
prior to 1970, India's policy at the UN in dealing with issues of economic
development was restricted to commodity prices and foreign economic assistance.
The guiding factor all along its policy of non-alignment. While India would act
independently on political and economic issues, when it came to development,
decisions would be taken on merit. During the 1970s India was the spokesperson for
the LDCs in the UNCTAD with regard to commodities trade. Nonetheless the terms
of trade for the LDCs have deteriorated over the years.

56. “Non-alignment was a reactive and passive strategy”. Comment.

Non-alignment was a reactive and passive strategy developed by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru
in response to a bipolar world and it was also India's unique doctrinal contribution to
international relations. Perhaps it was the only logical and sensible policy that a weak,
newly independent nation could adopt in a world where the two super powers were
locked in ideological hostility in amidst the threatening presence of nuclear weapons.
In the era of bipolarity, it proved to be effective. But today, the Cold War is over,
bipolarity has disappeared and the new world that is emerging may be unipolar,
multipolar or polycentric. For a long time, India has been caught in a time wrap,
pursuing a cautious foreign policy but the time has come to review it. Several foreign
policy experts feel that India could have acquired a permanent seat in the Security
Council had it lobbied its case well.

57. Discuss the role of United Nations in establishing peace.

UNO was formed to control disputes, maintain peace, to establish friendly relations
among the nations and to solve economic, social, cultural and educational problems. It
came into existence on October 24, 1945, after the end of Second World War. Let’s
look into some of the conflicts that are resolved by UNO.
• Korean problem in 1950 – North Korea attacked South Korea. UNO sent its
armed forces and successfully controlled the war.
• Suez Canal problem – The nationalization of Suez Canal led to tensions.
England and France attacked Egypt through Israel. With the initiative of UNO the war
stopped and a helping hand was provided by India as well.
• 1965 Indo- Pak War –After the initiative of UNO, the Indo- Pak war ended with
a Tashkent treaty.
• The Gulf war – The Security Council of UNO passed a resolution to end 1991
Gulf war.
So United Nations has made a continuous attempt to control war and foster mutual co-
operation and understanding among the countries.

58. “National interest is the driving force behind a country's foreign policy
formulation”. Comment.
Prof. Hans Morgenthau emphasises that National interest is the driving force behind a
country's foreign policy formulation. National interest in general means the
preservation of political independence of territorial integrity and safeguarding of
boundaries. Particular themes of national interest may vary from balance of power
and alliances to non- alignment and Panchsheel or may be economic development and
progress. The national interest cannot be secured without power. Power is the ability
of a nation to influence the policy of other nation. The ability may stem from its
capacity to create fear, to create hope and to create bonds of common interests. The
ability to create fear or hope of bonds may be traced to number of factors, economic
and military resources, technological development, geo- political location, size,
population and a country's diplomatic maturity.

59. ‘Terrorism poses a serious law and order problem and leads to the
disintegration of the society.’ Justify the statement.
Terrorism refers to political violence that targets civilians indiscriminately to put
pressure on the government in order to obtain political, religious and ideological
goals. Terrorism will remain a threat as long as there are people driven by fanaticism
and extremism. Threats posed by terrorism are summarised as
• Terrorist activities threaten law and order, human rights.
• The consequences of terrorism are disastrous for all countries. The normal social
life gets disturbed and a large number of innocent lives are sacrificed in vain.
• Fear and terror haunt everybody and the productivity of people is stalled.
• Economic and social development of society is paralysed.
• Terrorism often leads to accusations between communities and political parties
resulting in the disintegration of the society.
• Terrorism weakens the established political authority and also brings about
political instability.
To conclude, terrorism idealises violence, does away with humanity, distorts politics,
subverts progress and destroys social fabric, along with democratic state apparatus.