MSB BC

Introduction
Losses in Buck Converter

Loss Modeling in MATLAB
Comparison of Cadence and MATLAB results
Continuation of the Work
Buck converter
Rohit Modak and M. Shojaei Baghini
VLSI Research Consortium

Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
October 18, 2007
Rohit Modak and M. Shojaei Baghini Buck converter

Introduction
Table of contents
1 Introduction
Block Diagram of Buck Converter
Current Trends in Power Management
Issues in Buck Converter
2 Losses in Buck Converter
Conduction Losses
Switching Losses
Reverse Recovery Losses
Gate Drive Losses and Controller Power
3 Loss Modeling in MATLAB
4 Comparison of Cadence and MATLAB results
Comparison of Losses
Variation of Losses with Vin and Io
5 Continuation of the Work
Introduction
Losses in Buck Converter Block Diagram of Buck Converter
Loss Modeling in MATLAB Current Trends in Power Management
Comparison of Cadence and MATLAB results Issues in Buck Converter
DC-DC Converters
DC to DC converter provides regulated output voltage level(s).

They are used in battery powered applications like Cell
phones, PDAs and Laptops etc.
There are three main types of DC-DC converters namely
switched capacitor converters or charge pumps as they are
commonly called,Linear regulators and Switching converters or
switchers.
Charge Pumps Linear Regulators Switchers

SOC Feasibility worst better worst
Output Power Low Low High
PCB area High Lowest highest
Efficiency Good Worst Best

Introduction
Block diagram of a Buck Converter
Ideally, transfers energy from input to output in a lossless

fashion.
Choice of switching frequency and inductor are important with
respect to efficiency.
Introduction
Figure: Typical Power on SoC0

0
Source : CosmicCircuits
Introduction
Issues in power management
Multiple voltage levels i.e power islanding

Multiple clock frequencies
Efficiency optimization
Proper allocation of power based on noise
tolerance
Power sequencing

Introduction
Important Issues in Buck Converter
Efficiency and drive strength

Effect of load variation on efficiency
Effect of PVT on efficiency
EMI
PowerON transients

Introduction
Conduction Losses
Switching Losses
Different losses in Buck converter
Load dependent conduction losses

Transistor on resistances
Diode forward voltage drop
Inductor winding resistance
Capacitor equivalent series resistance
Switching Losses
V-I overlap Loss
Fsw .CV 2 loss
Reverse recovery loss
Gate drive loss and controller power.
Fixed losses due to transistor leakage current and controller
standby current

Introduction
Conduction Losses
Switching Losses
Sources of conduction loss in Buck Converter
In PMOS IRMS =
√ q
Io . d. 1 + (4I /Io)2 /3
In NMOS IRMS q=
Io . (1 − d). 1 + (4I /Io)2 /3
p
In inductorq
IRMS = Io . 1 + (4I /Io)2 /3
In output capacitor
√
IRMS = 4I 2 / 3

Introduction
Conduction Losses
Switching Losses
Switching losses
Comprise of I-V overlap

losses in the switch and
FCV 2 losses
Directly proportional to
Fsw
Dominant at low load
conditions
Figure: I-V overlap loss in a switch

Introduction
Conduction Losses
Switching Losses
Dead time is
introduced to prevent
current shoot through
Dead time contributes
to conduction losses
in the body diode of
NMOS switch
Power dissipated due
to reverse recovery:
Prr = Qrr .Fsw .Vin
External Schottky
diode can be used to
alleviate the problem

Introduction
Conduction Losses
Switching Losses
Power is also lost in charging and discharging of

gate capacitors during switching
Gate drive losses are considerable at low values
of load current
Some power is also dissipated in the controller

Introduction
Motivation for Loss modeling and related issues
MOTIVATION
Tradeoff between losses with

respect to width of switching
transistors, Io, Vin and Fsw
Inefficiency of circuit
simulators
Generating design
information

Introduction
Motivation for Loss modeling and related issues
MOTIVATION ISSUES
Tradeoff between losses with Modeling of the on
respect to width of switching resistance of switches
transistors, Io, Vin and Fsw
Modeling of the loss due to
Inefficiency of circuit reverse recovery charge of
simulators the body diode
Generating design Modeling of the on/off time
information of MOS switches
Modeling of the driver to
estimate switching times

Introduction
Technology :0.35um MM TSMC process
Conduction losses in MOSFETs at Io=180 mA

Vin Pcpm (mW) Pcnm (mW) Pbd (mW)
Cadence MATLAB Cadence MATLAB Cadence MATLAB
2.8 V 9.23 9.5 2.89 3.2 2 2.1
5.5 V 2.78 2.7 4.45 4.5 2 2.1
Conduction losses in MOSFETs at Io=95.4 mA

Vin Pcpm (mW) Pcnm (mW) Pbd (mW)
Cadence MATLAB Cadence MATLAB Cadence MATLAB
2.8 V 2.17 2.3 0.76 0.8 1.129 1.1
5.5 V 0.74 0.7 1.017 1.1 1.129 1.1

Introduction
Loss variation with Io and Vin

Introduction
Contribution of losses at high and low load conditions
Generated from loss model developed in MATLAB

Introduction
Continuation of the work
Modeling of switching losses

Exploring the effect of PVT on efficiency
Ultimately move forward to design a robust and
efficient buck converter in a standard CMOS
technology

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Introduction

Losses in Buck Converter

Rohit Modak and M. Shojaei Baghini

VLSI Research Consortium

October 18, 2007

Rohit Modak and M. Shojaei Baghini Buck converter

DC to DC converter provides regulated output voltage level(s).

Charge Pumps Linear Regulators Switchers

Rohit Modak and M. Shojaei Baghini Buck converter

Block diagram of a Buck Converter

Ideally, transfers energy from input to output in a lossless

Figure: Typical Power on SoC0

Issues in power management

Multiple voltage levels i.e power islanding

Rohit Modak and M. Shojaei Baghini Buck converter

Important Issues in Buck Converter

Efficiency and drive strength

Rohit Modak and M. Shojaei Baghini Buck converter

Different losses in Buck converter

Load dependent conduction losses

Rohit Modak and M. Shojaei Baghini Buck converter

Sources of conduction loss in Buck Converter

Rohit Modak and M. Shojaei Baghini Buck converter

Comprise of I-V overlap

Rohit Modak and M. Shojaei Baghini Buck converter

Rohit Modak and M. Shojaei Baghini Buck converter

Gate Drive Losses and Controller Power

Power is also lost in charging and discharging of

Rohit Modak and M. Shojaei Baghini Buck converter

Motivation for Loss modeling and related issues

Tradeoff between losses with

Rohit Modak and M. Shojaei Baghini Buck converter

Motivation for Loss modeling and related issues

Rohit Modak and M. Shojaei Baghini Buck converter

Comparison of Cadence and MATLAB results

Technology :0.35um MM TSMC process

Conduction losses in MOSFETs at Io=180 mA

Conduction losses in MOSFETs at Io=95.4 mA

Rohit Modak and M. Shojaei Baghini Buck converter

Loss variation with Io and Vin

Rohit Modak and M. Shojaei Baghini Buck converter

Contribution of losses at high and low load conditions

Generated from loss model developed in MATLAB

Rohit Modak and M. Shojaei Baghini Buck converter

Continuation of the work

Modeling of switching losses

Rohit Modak and M. Shojaei Baghini Buck converter

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