Reservoir Descreption Tool

[RESVOIR DESCREPTION TOOL] HESP/INSFP
I- Summary
II- Acknowledgments
III- Dedications
IV- Introduction
V- Problematic
VI- Chapter 1: Presentation of the INSFP and HESP
1.1 Presentation of the INSFP
1.2 Presentation of HESP
VII- Chapter 2: Theoretical part
2.1 Basic notions (Electronic)
2.2 Basic Fluid Power (Hydraulics)
2.2.1 Measuring Pressure in Fluid Power Systems
2.2.2 Controlling System Pressure and Direction
VIII- Chapter 3: study of the tool

3.1 General description of the RDT
3.2 Specification of the tool HPS/DPS
3.3 Description of the mechanical part
3.3.1 Description of the HPS mechanical part
3.3.2 Description of the DPS mechanical part
IX- Chapter 4: Electronic part

4.1 Description of the HPS electronic part
4.2 Description of the DPS electronic part
4.3 Principle of Working
X- Chapter 5: Maintenance of the tool

5.1 Definition of the Maintenance
5.2 Composition of maintenance Program
5.3 Program of maintenance in HESP
5.4 Maintenance of the RDT
XI- Chapter 6: HSE

6.1 Definition of the HSE
6.2 Hygiene, the Security and The environment (HSE)
6.3 Objectives
6.4 Means of Prevention
XII- Conclusion
XIII- Bibliography
Page2 promotion 2009


Acknowledgments:
This memo has been written to the term of a practicum of two years in the HESP enterprise
(HALLIBUTRON ENTREPRISE DE SERVICE AUX PUITS).
First of all, I thank the good god who gave me the strength and the patience to finish this
memo.
I thank in a first time, the set of the professors that Participated in this formation, to have
taught and framed me during the two years and half of our practicum.
I thank MR WAYNE GROTE more especially to have taught and framed me during the two
years in HESP and for all his advices and his encouragements.
Mrs. KADOURI our professor of general electronics in the INSFP.
A special thank for Mr. WALID RAMDANE, Mr. BELFERKOUS CHAABANE,

Mr. BENNA DJAMEL, Mr. AUDJIT SLIMANE, for all their efforts that provided with us.
and all the engineers in the electronic laboratory without exception, and also HADJOU
MOHAMED, NABIL TAZROUTI, CHIAB ABD ELFATEH, and all the field engineers.
I thank Mr. HAMID FATOUS the director of the INSFP, and Mrs. SALIHA BACHA the
PDG of HESP.
We also thank all people who participated in the good progress of this formation (KAHLOUL
AMEL,


Dedications:
I dedicate this memory to:
 The one that made my joy and my happiness, to the one that taught me the good path and
the harmony of life my dear mother
 The one that has taken care of me my father.
 All my brothers and sisters simply all my family.
 All my friends and my friends in the institute without exception.
CHELLALI HOCINE


Introduction:
Electronics doesn't stop enriching all our daily life, it offers in all domains, a field of
application whose limits constantly enlarge. And one of the domains or electronics is
advancing with step of giants is the acquirement of data.
In what concerns us that is the domain of oil, we are called on to acquire the data that are
necessary to the good progress of the operations, and in the acquirement of data the Logging
occupies an all individual place.
Indeed:
- It gives a vision, it is particular but always continuous and objective, of the sets
crossed in the drilling.
- It is the only link between the geophysics measures of surface and the Subsurface.
- It permits a quantification of the data, therefore the introduction of a certain rigor in
the description and the representation of the phenomenon sedimentary.
And to be able to make a log the engineers or the geologists need deferential tools of logging,
among these tools we chose for our studies a formation taster and a fluid sampling tool, the
RDT.
The Reservoir Description Tool (RDT) is a modular, DITS-compatible formation tester and
fluid-sampling tool.
Advanced features of the RDT include a flushing pump, dual pads, and flowline assemblies
used for vertical permeability determinations.
-To accomplish our work in the best conditions, we propose the plan of survey that follows:
- After having accomplished the presentation of the HESP and the INSFP in the 1st
chapter.
- The 2nd chapter that represents the theoretical part it is dedicated to the Basic notions
(Electronic), Basic Fluid Power (Hydraulics).
- With regard to the practical part our practicum the 3rd chapter is dedicated to the study
of the tool.
- The 4th, 5th and chapters are dedicated to the Electronic part. Maintenance of the tool.
- At the end the 6th chapter is dedicated to the HSE.


Problematic:
How much time is necessary to bring back the tools from different places until the main
base in HMD to accomplish its tasks (maintenance, Preparation of the tools,
calibration)?
Indeed, in case of breakdown or after a job it is necessary to bring back the tools until the
HMD laboratory to make PM (Preventive Maintenance) and this takes a lot of time (Lost
time) and sometimes also the job is going to be canceled.
And also the goes and comes of the tools cause a lot of damage in levels of the electronic and
mechanical because of the bad manipulation or simply of the transportation.
The HESP Satellite base:

The main Base, Hassi Messaoud (The maintenance of equipment)
 Basis Satellite, Hassi R'mel
 Basis Satellite, TFT (Halliburton)
 Basis Satellite, Ohanet
 Basis Satellite, Ourhoud (ENSP)
 Basis Satellite, Ain Amenas (ENSP)



The creation:
The National institute Specialized of the professional formation
is created by Decree N°98/400 of the 12/12/1998.
OBJECTIVES:
 To assure the initial and continuous formation of Technicians and high Technicians
 To assure the continuing education as practicum of reconversion or perfection to the
profit of people in activity in the same foreseen above levels.
 To lead the studies and research in relation with its domain of activity.
 To assure the collection and the diffusion of documents and relative information to its
object.
 To encourage the promotion of the exchanges and relative meetings to its object.
 To participate, if the case arises, to the formation, to the perfection or to the
reconversion of the professional formation.
ENTRY IN FORCE:
Erected in institute from the former structure of the ex CFPA, the INSFP began its activities
of the formation in October 1999.
The first promotion of superior technicians has been thrown November 27, 1999 (Specialty
inn)
EDUCATIONAL LOCAL:
- 07 room of course
- 01 library
- 01 calculation center
- 01 room specialized « formation réseautique CISCO »
- 01 lab of languages
- 01 lab of measures
- 01 shop of électro-bobinage
- 01 lab machine test
- 01 versatile shop

FORMATION IN PROGRESS:
High Technicians:
In the INSFP HMD:
- (Formation in Alternation. Training)

- Industrial Maintenance.
- Maintenance of the Rolling instruments.
- Maintenance of the Facilities in Cold weather & Air-conditioning.
- Industrial electronics.
- Data processing of Management.
- Inn
- Management of Stock.
- Marketing.
- Maintenance of the systems Data processing.
FORMATION TO THE CARD:
- English course.
- Data processing.
- All other formation solicited by enterprises (perfection, retraining of People and
probate of the professional acquirements. (Formation has the card).

PARTNERS:
The catering companies:
- EUREST Algérie
- A.C.S
- EURL Multicatering Algérie
- CIEPTAL
- BASP (gestion base de vie)
- Bayat Catering.
Other partners:
E.N.A.G.E.O./ E.N.A.F.O.R./ E.N.T.P. / E.N.S.P. / BACKER/ H.E.S.P- HALLIBURTON-

WATHERFORD- SHELUMBERGER- DOWEL- SARPI- SAIPEM GTP- BJSP- SONTRACH : DP,
DOP, EXPLO
Creed of the INSFP:
The educational renovation and the dialogue with the set of the participating actors to the
effort of formation - notably our partners are the key of our performance.


Presentation of HESP:
Halliburton Enterprise de Services aux Puits
ENSP and Halliburton

Joint Venture
Historic of HESP:
HESP is a joint venture of ENSP (51%) and HALLIBURTON (51%)
This subsidiary was created in 1999 between Halliburton Energy Service (HES) and
Entreprise Nationale de Services aux Puits (ENSP), this fusion between these two societies to
give HESP Halliburton Entreprise de Service aux Puits.
This enterprise of services that has for main activity the realization of operation of Logging.
In the vertical and horizontal wells.
The presence of this enterprise is in the four districts, Hassi Messaoud, Hassi R'Mel, Ourhoud
and In Aminas.

The organization chart of HESP:
The definition of logging:

The logging is a process of recording and gathering geological data (porosity, density,
permeability …) from deep within the earth.

Incentive/Goal:
The logging permits to answer better at the two fundamental questions that one asks in oil
research: do some reservoirs exist? If yes, do they contain some hydrocarbons?
It also permits the determination of the composition of the rock, and the measure of pressure,
temperature, resistance, Tests pressure... ext.
The Implementation facilities:
Trucks &Systems:
Truck of Excel:
The trucks of Excell (figure 01) are composed of four main mechanical sections: the truck
and the motor of Kenworth T800, the hydraulic circuit, the set of spool and armature, and the
cabin of notation. It is equipped with a motor of Cumin C10 and a PTO to drive the hydraulic
circuit. The hydraulic circuit is composed of two pumps of Rexroth who drive the winch and
the generator 30KW. The spool is manipulated by a hydraulic motor of Rexroth with a
simple global transmission or to two speeds of direct practice. The whole standard of spool
and armature is composed of a drum of the number 30 of direct practice that can support to
27.000 psi of the cable of "Slammer."
Figure 01: Truck of Excel

The cut of the truck-laboratory (figure 02) shows the different facilities that it contains and
their places:
Figure 02: a cut of laboratory truck
- The main winch (E) on which can roll up itself several kilometers of cable (about
8000), with a capacity of traction of several tons.
- An auxiliary winch (G).
- The desk of order of the winch (C)
- The electronic devices or panels of surface (A) permitting to control the probes and
cartridges, and to calculate the physical parameters of the rocks crossed from the
signals of basis transmitted along the cable, and to transmit these information to the
devices of registration; the devices of registration are:
- The photographic recorder (B).

- The recorder on magnetic tape (J).
- A device of measure of the depths (F).
- A generator of current (H).
- A black room for the development of the diagram recorded on film (D).
- A gunman on paper.

Facilities of the system EXCELL:
Figure 03: the Excell system inside the Lab
Excell 2000 Logging System:

The multitask treatment polyvalency
the powerful possibilities of treatment of the system 2000 of Excell allow multiple
applications to function simultaneously. For example, the engineer can execute routines of
post-treatment, as SHIVA (program of analysis of dipmeter), on acquired data while the tool
always notes. The communication of the features 217kb of system of notation of Excell 2K
with the order of tools of subsurface, of the statute of tool notation, of monitor of tools
acquires the information of quality of the measured data while noting the drawing tables of
stations of fast exam notation analysis work, the disk and the systems of magnetic tape duels
practice.


2.1 Basic notions (Electronic)
The diode:
THE TERM DIODE MEANS “TWO ELEMENTS.”
The P.N junction, in germanium or in silicon can be used to achieve a device named diode
whose graphic symbol is represented in (figure 04). The conduction of the diode is
materialized by the sense of the arrow.
The anode (A) corresponds to the P zone of the junction and the cathode (K) in the N zone;
the extremity < A > requires a positive tension in relation to the other extremity < K >.
Figure 04: diode symbol
The junction is gotten by the pose, on a tablet of N semiconductor, of a certain quantity of

aluminum (face 05-a) or indium; one heats the whole in order to get the fusion of aluminum
or the indium and the partial fusion of the semiconductor (face 05-b). After cooling, these
bodies solidify forming a P (face 05-c) zone for aluminum and the P.N junction, in the N
tablet.
Figure 05: manufacture of a diode

Everything is introduced then in a tube of glass and the driver is welded to aluminum or the
indium. We contain the tube of glass to form the case of the diode. Other processes of
manufacture of the diodes also exist. For example, to get the junction (P, N), we can refer to
the method of the diffusion that consists of making evaporate of the impurities so that they
penetrate in the P tablet in order to form an N zone.
The diffusion is used in the manufacture of the diodes to silicon capable to support big
tension and high currents. The face 13 shows some types of semiconductors. The cathode of
the diodes (of the faces 06-a, and 06-e) is implied by a ring or a point of color on the case of
the component.
Figure 06: some types of diode / semiconductors
On the figure 06-c and 06-d we have two other types of diode to silicon playing rectifier's
role. These diodes of correction are on these faces in metallic case or in plastic case.
In spite of their reduced measurements, some diodes provide elevated currents (more than 10
amperes) and arrive even to operate correctly a very elevated ambient temperature (150°C).
The diode of (figure 06-c) is very used in the powers supply of receptors radio and T, V.
Les caractéristiques électriques du composant, données par le constructeur, sont valables

uniquement pour une température ambiante déterminée car si cette dernière varie, les valeurs
de la diode changent sensiblement.

To get the curve characteristic tension current of a diode, we use two electronic installations:
The first permits to get the direct characteristic curves of the diode. For it, with the help of a
potentiometer that one makes vary, one applies a tension direct Vd, to measure by the
voltmeter (V) and one raises the corresponding values of the current direct Id on the
milliamperemetre (mA).
Figure 07: installation to determine the direct and inverse

characteristic of a Diode
The second (face 07-b) permits to get the characteristic reversed of the diode. For it, the
installation remained the same, but the only difference that the battery and the two devices of
measures are plugged to the other way it is to note that the use of a micro-ammeter (µA)
facilitates the measures of weak inverse currents (Li).
Some uses of diodes:

1/ Rectification:
The hallmark of a rectifier diode is that it passes current in only one direction. This
makes it useful for changing ac to dc. Generally speaking, when the cathode is negative
with respect to the anode, current flows; when the cathode is positive relative to the anode,
there is no current. The constraints on this behavior are the forward breakover and
avalanche voltages.
Suppose a 60-Hz ac sine wave is applied to the input of the circuit in Fig: 08-A. During half
the cycle, the diode conducts, and during the other half, it doesn’t. This cuts off half of every
cycle. Depending on which way the diode is hooked up, either the positive half or the
negative half of the ac cycle will be removed. Figure: 08-B shows the output of the circuit at
A. Remember that electrons flow from negative to positive, against the arrow in the diode
symbol.

Figure 08: At A, half-wave rectifier. At B, output of the circuit of A with sine-wave ac input.
The circuit and wave diagram of Figure: show a half-wave rectifier circuit. This is the
simplest possible rectifier. That’s its chief advantage over other, more complicated
rectifier circuits.
2/ Detection:
One of the earliest diodes, existing even before vacuum tubes, was a semiconductor.
Known as a cat whisker, this semiconductor consisted of a fine piece of wire in contact
with a small piece of the mineral galena. This bizarre-looking thing had the ability to act
as a rectifier for small radio-frequency (RF) currents. When the cat whisker was connected
in a circuit like that of Figure: 09, the result was a receiver capable of picking up
amplitude-modulated (AM) radio signals.
Figure 09: Schematic diagram of a crystal set radio receiver.

A cat whisker was a finicky thing. Engineers had to adjust the position of the fine
wire to find the best point of contact with the galena. A tweezers and magnifying glass
were invaluable in this process. A steady hand was essential.
The galena, sometimes called a “crystal,” gave rise to the nickname crystal set for
this low-sensitivity radio. You can still build a crystal set today, using a simple RF diode,
a coil, a tuning capacitor, a headset, and a long-wire antenna. Notice that there’s no battery!
The audio is provided by the received signal alone.

The diode in Fig. 09 acts to recover the audio from the radio signal. This is called
detection; the circuit is a detector. If the detector is to be effective, the diode must be
of the right type. It should have low capacitance, so that it works as a rectifier at radio
frequencies, passing current in one direction but not in the other. Some modern RF
diodes are actually microscopic versions of the old cat whisker, enclosed in a glass case
with axial leads.
Switching:
The ability of diodes to conduct with forward bias, and to insulate with reverse bias,
makes them useful for switching in some electronic applications. Diodes can switch at
extremely high rates, much faster than any mechanical device.
One type of diode, made for use as an RF switch, has a special semiconductor layer
sandwiched in between the P-type and N-type material. This layer, called an intrinsic
semiconductor, reduces the capacitance of the diode, so that it can work at higher frequencies
than an ordinary diode. The intrinsic material is sometimes called I type. A
diode with I-type semiconductor is called a PIN diode (Fig. 10).
Figure 10: The PIN diode

has a layer of intrinsic
(I type) semiconductor
at the P-N junction.
Direct-current bias, applied to one or more PIN diodes, allows RF currents to be effectively
channeled without using complicated relays and cables. A PIN diode also makes a good RF
detector, especially at frequencies above 30 MHz
And there is many other uses of the diode like: Frequency multiplication, Mixing, Voltage
regulation, Amplitude limiting, Frequency control….

THE RESISTANCE unit of measure the ohm:

All materials are not good drivers of electricity. Those that contain a lot of free electrons, as
for example gold, money, the copper, aluminum, iron, the tin, is excellent drivers of
electricity. The materials that contain very few free electrons, as for example the ceramics,
the glass, wood, the plastic matters, the cork, don't succeed in no way in making flow out the
electrons and it is for it that they are called insulating. Neither the intermediate materials that
are not drivers nor insulating, as for example the nickel-chromium, the constantan or
graphite.
All materials that offer a Resistance to the passage of the electrons are used in electronics to
construct resistances, potentiometers and trimmers, that to be-to-say the components that
slow down the flux of the electrons. The unit of measure of the electric resistance is the ohm.
its symbol is the letter Greek omega (Ω), An ohm corresponds to the resistance that the
electrons meet while passing through a column of high mercury of 1 063 millimeters (1 meter
and 63 millimeters), of a weight of 14.4521 grams and to a temperature of 0° degree. Besides
its value, the resistance has another very important parameter: the maximal power in watts,
that it’s capable to dissipate without being destroyed. It is why you will find in the trade of
the small size resistances composed of powder of graphite of a power of 1/8 of watt or 1/4 of
watt, of others - of slightly more important dimension - of ½ watt and others again, a lot
bigger, of 1 or 2 watts (figure 11). To get some resistances capable to dissipate powers of the
order Of 3, 5, 10, 20, 30 watts, one uses the thread of nickel chromium-plates (figure 11).
Figure 11

The carbon-composition resistor:

Probably the cheapest method of making a resistor is to mix up finely powdered carbon
(a fair electrical conductor) with some nonconductive substance, press the resulting
clay-like stuff into a cylindrical shape, and insert wire leads in the ends (Figure 12). The
resistance of the final product will depend on the ratio of carbon to the nonconducting
material, and also on the physical distance between the wire leads. The nonconductive
material is usually phenolic, similar to plastic. This results in a carbon-composition
resistor.
Carbon-composition resistors can be made to have quite low resistances, all the
way up to extremely high resistances. This kind of resistor has the advantage of being
pretty much nonreactive. That means that it introduces almost pure resistance into
the circuit, and not much capacitance or inductance. This makes the carbon-composition
resistor useful in radio receivers and transmitters.
Figure 12: Construction of a carbon-composition resistor.
The wirewound resistor:

A more obvious way to get resistance is to use a length of wire that isn’t a good conductor.
Nichrome is most often used for this. The wire can be wound around a cylindrical form, like
a coil (Figure 13). The resistance is determined by how well the wire metal conducts, by its
diameter or gauge, and by its length. This component is called a wirewound resistor.
Figure 13: Construction of a wirewound resistor.

One of the advantages of wirewound resistors is that they can be made to have values
within a very close range; that is, they are precision components. Another advantage
is that wirewound resistors can be made to handle large amounts of power. Some
wirewounds might actually do well as electric heaters, dissipating hundreds, or even
thousands of watts.
A disadvantage of wirewound resistors, in some applications, is that they act like inductors.
This makes them unsuitable for use in most radio-frequency circuits. Wirewound resistors
usually have low to moderate values of resistance.
Film type resistors:

Carbon, nichrome, or some mixture of ceramic and metal (cermet) can be applied to a
cylindrical form as a film, or thin layer, in order to obtain a desired value of resistance.
This type of resistor is called a carbon-film resistor or metal-film resistor. It looks like
a carbon-composition type, but the construction technique is different (Figure 14).
Figure 14: Construction of a film type resistor.

A major advantage of film type resistors is that they, like carbon-composition units,
do not have much inductance or capacitance. A disadvantage, in some applications, is
that they can’t handle as much power as the more massive carbon-composition units or
as wirewound types.
The color code:
Figure 15: the resistance color code.

Some resistors have color bands that indicate their values and tolerances. You’ll see
three, four, or five bands around carbon-composition resistors and film resistors. Other
units are large enough so that the values can be printed on them in ordinary numerals.
On resistors with radial leads, the bands are arranged as shown in Figure 15. The first two
bands represent numbers 0 through 9; the third band represents a multiplier of 10 to some
power.
Suppose you find a resistor whose first three bands are yellow, violet, and red, in that order.
Then the resistance is 4,700 Ω or 4.7 KΩ. Read yellow =4, violet =7, red =× 100.
Ohm’s Law:
The interdependence between current, voltage, and resistance is one of the most fundamental
rules, or laws, in electrical circuits. It is called Ohm’s Law, named after the scientist
who supposedly first expressed it. Three formulas denote this law:
E = IR E: voltage  volts
I = E/R I : current  amperes
R = E/I R: Resistance  ohm
Sometimes the three symbols are written in a triangle, as in Figure 16. To find the value of
one, you cover it up and read the positions of the others.
Figure
Figure 16: :

Resistances in series:
Figure 17: Resistance in series
The Law: R=R1+R2
Resistances in parallels:
Figure 18: Resistances in parallels

2.2 Basic Fluid Power (Hydraulics):

Mechanical, electrical, and fluid power (hydraulics is one type of fluid power) are the
major methods commercially used to transmit power. The method of power transmission
used is dependent upon the type of work to be performed.
For example, fluid power is best used to transmit power over moderate distances or to
relatively inaccessible places, and works well in applications where a fine degree of control,
reversibility, and infinite speed variation are important requirements.
A fluid power system generates, transmits, and controls the application of power through
the moving pressurized fluids within an enclosed circuit. Fluid power is transmitted through
pipes like electricity is transmitted through wires. There are many other similarities between
the actions of an electrical circuit and a fluid circuit.
An important physical property of a fluid is that it has no shape of its own so it conforms
to the shape of its container. Even though fluids are infinitely flexible, they are as unyielding
as steel. Since fluids are practically incompressible, mechanical forces can be transmitted,
multiplied and controlled by fluid under pressure. A graphical example of this is shown in
Figure 19.
Figure 19: An example of how fluid power (hydraulics) works
Hydraulic fluid power systems originally used water as the fluid because it was cheap
and readily available. In fact, water was the only fluid available in sufficient quantity in
early hydraulic systems. It was circulated once and discarded. Most hydraulic systems
today use refined petroleum oil because it prolongs the life of the components in the
system. The use of hydraulic oil reduces the size of the system and increases efficiency
by permitting operation at higher pressures. Hydraulic oil is recirculated, with a
reserve supply maintained in the reservoir.

2.2.1 Measuring Pressure in Fluid Power Systems

Since hydraulics deal with fluids under pressure, there must be an understanding of terms
concerning the measurement of pressure. Gauge pressure (psig) and absolute pressure (psia)
are two methods of measuring pressure. Pressure gauges show pressure levels above that of
the surrounding atmosphere. Unconnected gauges read zero regardless of atmospheric
pressure, elevation, or barometric readings. Most gauges in the English system are calibrated
in pounds per square inch (psi).
Atmospheric pressure at sea level is 14.7 psi. Atmospheric pressure does not register on a
pressure gauge but can be measured with other instruments. If pressure is to be measured in
absolute terms, atmospheric pressure must be added to the gauge reading.
All hydraulic pressure readings in the RDT system are gauge pressure hydraulic cylinders.
The majority of hydraulic applications use a cylinder to convert fluid pressure into a push-
pull motion. The pad piston and backup pistons in the RDT are essentially hydraulic
cylinders. As seen in Figure 20, the operating principle of a cylinder is very simple:
Figure 20
 Fluid pressure is applied to one side of the piston.
 The opposite side of the piston is vented to atmospheric pressure (through the
reservoir in a closed system).
 Thrust force developed on the piston rod equals the fluid pressure multiplied by the
area of the piston.
 Piston area is calculated from the formula:
Where, π = 3.1416 D = diameter of the piston

For example, if the diameter of the piston in Figure 2-2 is 4" and the fluid pressure on the
piston equals 90 psi (pounds per square inch), what would the thrust on the rod be?
1. First, one has to find the area of the piston.
2. Next the piston area must be multiplied by the applied pressure.
P = 90 psi
A = 12.566 square inches
12.566 x 90 = 1131 lbs. of thrust
As shown on Figure 21, a cylinder with a piston diameter of 4" and 90 PSI of fluid pressure
exerts a lifting, pressing, or moving force of 1131 pounds.
Figure 21: Hydraulic Cylinder

2.2.2 Controlling System Pressure and Direction:

The pad piston and backup pistons in the mechanical section of the RDT can also be
retracted. A cylinder can be forced in or out by transferring the fluid pressure from one side
of the piston to the other. Such a cylinder is called a double-acting cylinder. The piston
direction of a double-acting hydraulic cylinder is usually controlled by a four-way valve.
In Figure 22, the piston is shown extended. The control valve is in a position which allows
pump pressure to be applied to the left side of the piston. Fluid on the right side of the piston
is vented to the fluid reservoir, which is at static (low) pressure.
Figure 22: Hydraulic Cylinder Action, Thrust
In Figure 22, the control valve is in the opposite position. Fluid pressure leaves the pump,
goes through the control valve, and applies pressure to the right side of the piston. Fluid
pressure on the right side forces the fluid on the left side through the control valve to the oil
reservoir surrounding the pump.
Pressure is not exerted on the area occupied by the piston rod; therefore, the rod area must
be subtracted from the total piston area when calculating force. The speed at which the piston
extends or retracts depends on several factors:
 The force on the piston rod.

 Fluide pressure.
 Piston area.
 Vent restrictions.

Figure 23: Hydraulic Cylinder Action, Pull
The oil reservoir is at static pressure, that is, the pressure surrounding the pump. In
Figure 23, and Figure 23, the static pressure would be atmospheric pressure. Static
pressure in the RDT oil system is determined by borehole hydrostatic pressure (mud
weight and tool depth).


3.1 General description of the RDT:

The reservoir description tool (RDT) is actually a testing system composed of seven or more
tool sections that can be deployed in a number of configurations to fit a testing or sampling
requirement. Figure 24 illustrates the tool sections.
PTS: Power Telemetry Section
HPS: Hydraulic Power Section
DPS: Dual Probe Section
QGS: Quartz Gauge Section
FPS: Flow-control Pump-out Section
MCS: Multi Chamber Section
CVS: Chamber Valve Section
Figure 24: RDT tool sections
The power telemetry section (PTS) conditions power for the RDT tool sections. Each
section has its own process-control system and can function independently. While the PTS
provides a common RDT intra-tool power bus, the entire tool string shares a common
communication bus that is compatible with other logging tools. This arrangement enables the
RDT to be combined with other logging systems. The other RDT tool sections have a
common intra-tool flow line to transport fluids to any RDT tool section.
The hydraulic power section (HPS) converts electrical power to hydraulic power for
the DPS. Up to two DPSs can be powered by the HPS if needed. Major components of
the DPS include two closely spaced probes (7 ¼-in. spacing), setting rams, and a 100-cm3
pretest piston pump. Each probe has a high-resolution temperature compensated strain-
gauge pressure transducer that can be isolated with a shut-in valve to monitor the probe
pressures independently. The pretest piston pump also has a high-resolution, strain-gauge
pressure transducer that can be isolated from the intra-tool flow line and probes. A
resistance cell is located near the probes to monitor fluid properties immediately after
entering either probe.

The quartz gauge section (QGS) is normally positioned directly below the DPS so that it has
direct access to the DPS isolated flow line. The QGS houses the Halliburton Memory
Recorder (HMR†) quartz gauge carrier used extensively in well test applications. This quartz
gauge was the first to have the pressure resonator, temperature compensation and reference
crystals packaged as a single unit with each adjacent crystal in direct contact.
More than one QGS can be run for redundancy or for additional fluid measurement
applications. If two QGS are run in tandem, the pressure differential between them can be
used to determine fluid viscosity during pumping or density when flow is stopped.
The flow-control pump-out section (FPS) contains the same type of electrohydraulic
motor as the HPS but it is housed in a section with the double acting piston pump. Two high-
resolution, strain-gauge pressure transducers measure the inlet and outlet pump pressures.
The FPS can pump over 1.0-gpm at 500-psi with a maximum 4,000-psi pressure differential.
Flow line fluids can be pumped either up or down (surface selectable) with all of the flow
line fluid being directed through the pump. The pump can also be configured to pump fluid
directly into or from the well bore if needed. For sampling, the FPS is normally configured in
the up-down mode to maintain maximum control of the sampling process.
Both the multi chamber section (MCS) and the chamber valve section (CVS) contain
expulsion ports. The expulsion ports are positioned so the sampled fluid must pass the
chamber valves before exiting into the wellbore. This passage eliminates stagnant flowline
fluid from contaminating samples. The chamber valves are motor driven and can be operated
while the FPS is pumping. The MCS has three 1,000-cm3 chambers in each section and
multiple MCS sections can be configured in the RDT string. The 1,000-cm3 chambers can be
detached immediately after they pass the rotary table. The CVS is used in conjunction with
two standard 1 to 5 gallon sample chambers currently in service for existing testers.
NOTE: in our, study we focus just on the HPS DPS.

The RDT tool sections can be deployed to suit particular sampling requirements. Figure 25,
shows five different tool configurations designed to meet hypothetical applications. The tool-
string is not limited to those shown in Figure 25, however.
Zero Shock PVT Formation Fluid Dual Probe Pressure Extended Range
Bottom Hole Sampling Properties Monitoring Anisotropy Monitoring Gradient Testing Pressure Sampling
Figure 25: Configurations and applications of RDTs

3.2 Specification of the tool:

3.2.1 Specification of HPS:

3.2.2 Specification of DPS:

3.3/ Description of the mechanical part
3.3.1/ Hydraulic power section (HPS):

The Hydraulic Power Section (HPS) provides pressurized hydraulic fluid to operate all of the
dual probe hydraulic functions. It consists of a pressure-balance assembly, motor, pump,
filters, circulate solenoid and piloted check valve, check valves, a hydraulic oil pressure
gauge, a motor tachometer, an RTD device for measuring oil temperature at the motor, a
system pressure relief valve, and electronics.
The overall tool diagram is shown in Figure 26, and a hydraulic schematic is shown in
Figure27.
Figure 26: HPS Overall Tool Diagram

Figure 27: HPS Hydraulic Schematic

Pressure Balance:
The pressure balance assembly (Figure 28) contains a hydraulic-oil reservoir, pressure-
balance piston, and a low oil-level switch. The hydraulic oil reservoir has a volume of
approximately one-gallon. Down hole, the pressure-balance piston has borehole mud pressure
on one side and reservoir pump fluid on the other. Hydrostatic pressure, downhole, and 100-
psi air pressure (on the surface) keeps the hydraulic pump primed and ready for operation in
the pilot series of tools.
Figure 28: HPS Pressure Balance
Low Oil Switch:

If the oil level in the hydraulic reservoir falls below a certain point, the piston presses against
and activates the fluid-level switch (Figure 29), alerting the engineer to take action.
Figure 29: HPS Low Oil Level Switch

System Filter:
The system filter is an integral component of the pump. The filter removes dirt and debris from the
hydraulic fluid reservoir and prevents any foreign matter (larger than 40 microns) from passing
through the pump
Motor:
The inductive motor operates at 600 Vac, it drives the pump to generate system hydraulic
fluid flow. Its maximum speed is 3,460 RPM. The motor tachometer monitors motor speed.
This information is used in the motor start sequence. Motor power is supplied by the PTMS,
controlled manually or by software. The Check valve (CV1) permits hydraulic oil from the
reservoir to enter the motor–pump coupling area, preventing any differential pressure
between motor and reservoir. The motor shaft/rotor is designed to draw fluid through the
motor frame to cool the motor and could create a differential pressure above that of the
reservoir.
Pump:
The HPS incorporates a variable-displacement pump (Figure 30) with a maximum output of
1.2 GPM. The motor and pump work together to pump hydraulic fluid from the reservoir.
This fluid operates the tool through an array of solenoid and servo-control valves.
Figure 30: HPS Hydraulic Pump/Motor

HPS Solenoid Valve A (SVA):

The solenoid valves (figure 31) used in the RDT sections are three-way, normally deactivated
valves, it is designated the “circulate solenoid valve”.
Activated
When the SVA is activated, it directs the hydraulic fluid through the piloted check valve back to the
reservoir. This function takes the load off of the motor when starting against a pressurized system and
helps cool the motor with circulated oil.
Deactivated
When the SVA is deactivated and the motor is running, it directs the hydraulic fluid to the DPS below
the HPS through the system check valve (CV2). When the DPS operation is complete and the system
pressure is reestablished, the hydraulic fluid is directed back to the reservoir through the 3,300psi
relief valve (RV1).
Figure 31: HPS Solenoid Valve A (SVA)

Piloted Check Valve (PCV):

The piloted check valve (Figure 32) directs the hydraulic fluid from the pump to the high
pressure line when the HPS solenoid valve A is de-energized. When solenoid valve A is
energized, the check valve is unseated and fluid may circulate, unpressurized, through the
check valve back to the reservoir.
Figure 32: HPS Piloted Check Valve
Figure 33: Piloted Check Valve example

System Relief Valve (RV1):

The system relief valve (RV1) (Figure 34) provides a path for hydraulic fluid to return to
reservoir while maintaining system pressure at approximately 3,300 psi.
Relief valve
Relief valve housing
O-Ring
¼-in plug
Filter disc
Inverted check-valve
spacer
Filter disc
O-Ring
Check-valve
cartridge insert
O-Ring
Inverted
Check-valve cover
Figure 34: HPS System Relief Valve (RV1) and System Check Valve (CV2)
System Check Valve (CV2):

This check valve keeps (checks in) system pressure without having to run the motor and
pump constantly. (See Figure 34)

Hydraulic Pressure Gauge:

The hydraulic fluid pressure gauge (Figure 35) is a differential gauge. It measures pump
output pressure relative to hydrostatic pressure with a maximum reading of 5,000 psi.
Figure 35: HPS Hydraulic Pressure Gage
Pressure Bleed-off Valve:

The pressure bleed-off valve (figure 35) is a manually controlled valve that is normally
closed. Opening this valve with a hex head wrench will equalize any pressure in the hydraulic
line with reservoir pressure. The bleed-off valve seat is made of peek material reducing the
chance of cutting during pressure equalization.

Motor Tachometer:
The hydraulic-system pump motor is equipped with a tachometer (Figure 36) that monitors
motor speed. A Samarium Cobalt magnet is mounted in a holder located on the pump/motor
coupling. As the coupling rotates, the magnetic field is sensed by a pickup coil located in the
HPS motor mount. The rpms are counted by the transitional electronics. RPM is displayed
real-time in the RDT logging system software.
Figure 36: HPS Hydraulic Motor Tachometer

3.3.2/ Dual Probe Section (DPS):

The DPS is the center of all the RDT operations. The major components of the DPS are:
 Transitional electronics
 Two probes with backup arms that contact and communicate with the reservoir
 A 100 cc pretest piston
 Temperature compensated strain gauge pressure transducer at each probe and at the
pretest piston
 A fluid resistivity cell to monitor fluid properties immediately after entering the probes.
Shut in valves at each probe can isolate its transducer from the flowline.
 A flowline valve connects/disconnects the inter-tool and intra-tool flowline buses.
The overall tool diagram for the DPS is shown in Figure 37. A hydraulic schematic is shown
in Figure 38.
Figure 37: DPS Overall Tool Diagram

Figure 38: DPS Hydraulic Schematic

Solenoid Valve (A):

Each solenoid valve (Figure 39) has the following ports:
 an inlet port connected to the high pressure line
 a cylinder port connected to the system components that it controls
 a return port connected to the hydraulic fluid reservoir
The valve contains an electrically-operated solenoid that moves the internal valve parts.
When the system energizes a solenoid, the internal components move to connect the inlet to
the cylinder port, supplying pressurized oil to the controlled system components. This action
closes the reservoir-to-cylinder connection. When the system de-energizes the valve, the
solenoid returns to its rest position which connects the cylinder port to the return port so that
oil can return from the system components to the reservoir. All solenoids in the RDT function
in the same manner.
When energized, SVA controls the pressurized oil flow from the pump to close shut in valve
1. When de-energized, return fluid from shut in valve 1 is routed to the hydraulic fluid
reservoir.
Figure 39: DPS Solenoid Valve A

Check Valve 1/ Relief Valve 1:

Check Valves CV2/RV2, and CV4/RV4 (Figure 40) function identically.
The check valves permit flow from the high pressure line through the solenoid valve but
prevent pressurized oil from flowing back through the solenoid valve into the high pressure
line.
RV1 is a thermal relief valve which limits the maximum system pressure to 5,600psi above
the hydraulic reservoir pressure. This prevents tool damage caused by thermal expansion of
the hydraulic fluid when descending or ascending in the well. The return path for the relieved
fluid is directly backed to the hydraulic fluid reservoir.
Figure 40: DPS Check Valve 1/ Relief Valve
Shut in Valve No. 1:

Shut in valve No. 1 (Figure 41) hydraulically isolates the upper pad and Paine gauge from the
flowline. It consists of a piston operating inside of a chamber. Pressurized fluid from solenoid
valve A pushes against the top of the piston, forcing it down, causing the flowline path from
the pad to close.
To open the Shut in Valve(s), pressurized fluid from solenoid valve C, with spring assistance,
pushes against the bottom of the piston forcing it up opening the path from the pad to the
flowline.

Equalizer valve cover
O-Ring Spring
O-Ring Spring
Spring retainer
T-Ring Spring retainer
O-Ring
Cylinder seal
O-Ring Hydraulic plug
O-Ring
O-Ring
Backup rings Plug
T-Ring
O-Ring
Backup rings Sleeve tip
Cap seal Valve stem
Valve cap
O-Ring
O-Ring
Figure 41: DPS Shut in Valve No. 1
Solenoid Valve B:
Solenoid Valve B (See Figure 39) controls fluid flow to the equalizer valve, the pads, and
backup pistons setting side. Fluid flow from valve B also shifts the diverter valve and charges
the set intensifier.
When de-energized, return fluid from the pads, backup arms, set intensifier, and equalizer
valves are directed to hydraulic fluid reservoir.
Equalizer Valve:
The equalizer valve (See Figure 41), located below the lower back up arm, equalizes pressure on
both sides of the sample pads during retraction. During tool descent, the valve is open and the
pressure in the flowline is the same as the pressure in the borehole. When setting the pads, the
equalizer valve is closed, isolating the flowline from the borehole.
The equalizer valve functions in the same way as the shut in valves, with the exception that fluid
from solenoid valve B closes the equalizer valve.

Dual Probe/Sample Pads:

The closely spaced dual probes (Figure 42) are simultaneously extended for pressure testing
and sampling with hydraulic fluid provided by solenoid valve B. either one or both of the
probes can be utilized to flush or flow a sample. The pads, when extended, form a seal
against the formation. The 1 1/8-in. O.D. snorkel is hydrostatically deployed and contains a
moveable self-wiping filter element. Fluid entering the snorkel and flow tube is filtered with
.018-in. slotted screens.
Flow tube tip
Snorkel filter
Snorkel tube
O-Ring 4-bolt pad

Backup ring
Inner pad piston
O-Ring
Screw
O-Ring
O-Ring
Pad stabilizer rod
O-Ring
O-Ring Not labeled

Backup ring
Outer cylinder
O-Ring
O-Ring Backup ring
O-Ring
O-Ring
O-Ring
Piston sleeve
O-Ring O-Ring
O-Ring
O-Ring
Backup ring
O-Ring
Retaining ring
O-Ring Outer piston
Inner cylinder
O-Ring
Retaining ring
Snorkel ring
O-Ring
Backup ring Retaining ring
Isolation tube
O-Ring
Backup ring Flow tube retainer
External flowline
O-Ring
plate
Screw
Snorkel flow tube
Figure 42: DPS Dual Probe/Sample Pad

Backup Pistons:
The two back-up pistons (Figure 43) extend to the formation to support the tool during
pressure testing and sampling. They are located opposite the pads in the DPS body. The
pistons are hydraulically coupled to the sample pads, therefore they extend and retract only
when the sample pads extend and retract. Probes and backup arms are retracted with oil from
solenoid valve C or from hydraulic energy stored in the accumulator.
Backup
piston cover
Retaining ring
Inner piston
O-Ring sleeve
O-Ring
Backup piston
stop sleeve
O-Ring
Outer piston
sleeve
O-Ring
Backup piston
O-Ring
O-Ring
Screw
O-Ring
Backup Ring Backup piston
button
O-Ring
Backup Ring
Figure 43: DPS Backup Piston

Set Intensifier:
Any time that fluid is flowing into the RDT through the sample pads; there is a chance that
seal integrity may be lost in unconsolidated formations that give way during sampling. If the
HPS motor is not running (when FPS motor is running), pressure decreases in the set line as
the pads attempt to extend during formation washout. If this pressure is not restored or
maintained, the seal is lost and drilling mud flows into the flowline. When the set line
pressure decreases below 2,600psi, the set intensifier (Figure 44) provides one cubic inch of
hydraulic fluid to the pads and back-up arms. This volume (charged by 500psi accumulator
pressure across the intensifier piston) yields up to ½ inch additional pad/back-up arm
extension. This additional extension helps maintain the pad seal with the formation until the
HPS motor and pump can be restarted.
Solenoid valve B shifts the intensifier to the charged position when Solenoid valve C is
turned off, or when set line pressure exceeds 3,200psi
Intensifier cover
O-Ring
O-Ring
O-Ring
Intensifier piston
O-Ring
O-Ring
O-Ring
Cylinder intensifier
Figure 44: DPS Set Intensifier

Diverter Valve:
A diverter valve (Figure 45) shifts hydraulic fluid flow from one input port to either one of
two output ports. A moving spool (inside the diverter valve) is shifted up or down by a
control line to shift the input flowline to one of two output ports.
The control line from solenoid valve B diverts the flow of solenoid valve C from the retract
line to force the shut-in valves open.
Diverter valve cover
Diverter valve piston
O-Ring
Plug
O-Ring
O-Ring
O-Ring
O-Ring
Plug
O-Ring
Upper diverter
valve sleeve
O-Ring
T-Ring
Diverter valve
piston stem
Lower diverter
valve sleeve
Figure 45: DPS Diverter Valve

Solenoid Valve C:
Solenoid Valve C (See Figure 39) controls the fluid flow to the accumulator, retract side of
the pads, equalizer valve, back-up arms, and shut-in valves. When solenoid valve B is
energized, (controlling the diverter valve), solenoid valve C only controls fluid flow to the
open position of the shut-in valves.
Retract Accumulator:
The accumulator (Figure 46) stores potential energy by compressing a spring. If instrument
power fails for any reason, this stored energy retracts the sample pads and back-up pistons
and opens the equalizer valve so that the tool can be removed from the borehole. In the pad
set sequence, solenoid valve C is initially energized charging the accumulator until system
pressure is established. Check valve t 3 blocks the path of the fluid from returning through
the diverter valve. Relief valve 3 maintains 500psi of pressure on the accumulator. Any time
the pads and backup arms are set, the accumulator is charged to 500psi.
If power is lost while logging, solenoid valve B allows the fluid on the set side of the setting
pistons to return back to the hydraulic fluid reservoir.
Figure 46: DPS Retract Accumulator
Solenoid Valve D:
When energized, solenoid valve D (See Figure 39) controls the pressurized hydraulic fluid
flow from the pump to close shut in valve No. 2. When solenoid valve D is de-energized,
return fluid from shut in valve No. 2 is routed to the hydraulic fluid reservoir.
Shut in Valve #2:

Shut in valve No. 2 (See Figure 41) hydraulically isolates the lower pad and Paine gauge
from the flowline. Pressurized hydraulic fluid from solenoid valve D pushes against the top
of the piston forcing it down closing the flowline path from the pad to the flowline.
To open the shut in valve(s), pressurized fluid from solenoid valve C pushes against the
bottom of the piston forcing it up opening the path from the pad to the flowline.

Paine Pressure Transducers-Probes (1,2):

The upper and lower probes each have a strain gauge pressure transducer (Figure 47) located
between the probe and the shut in valve to monitor pad pressures independently. The 20,000
psi high resolution Paine gauges are calibrated and temperature compensated with
calibrations stored in the EPROM on the DPS Sharc board. The primary advantage of having
pressure gauges at the probes is that anisotropy (ratio of vertical to horizontal permeability) is
measured as well as spherical and horizontal mobility (ratio of permeability to viscosity).
Figure 47: DPS Paine Pressure Transducers-Probes 1,2

Fluid ID Cell:
The pretest flowline contains a resistivity cell (Figure 48), located near the pads used to
monitor fluid properties immediately after entering either probe. This cell provides the
engineer with an “Estimated Resistivity” curve to determine when a sample chamber should
be opened to allow entry of true formation fluids after pumping with the FPS.
Fluid ID sensor connector
Fluid ID sensor retainer
Fluid ID sensor
O-Ring
Backup rings
Peak jet
O-Ring
Filter retainer
Figure 48: DPS Fluid ID Cell
Solenoid Valve E:
Solenoid valve E (See Figure 39) is located in the upper pretest section and simply controls
the fluid flow to the servo valve, which in turn controls the pretest piston.
When solenoid valve E is energized, hydraulic fluid flows constantly through the servo valve
to reservoir at a pressure of between 1,000 and 2,000psi. Full system pressure is never
established as long as solenoid valve E is energized. This is a characteristic of the servo
valve.

Servo Valve:
The Moog servo valve (Figure 49) is an electrically operated, hydraulically assisted four-way
directional valve. A positive or negative DC current applied across the valve’s coils determines the
outlet and return ports for the hydraulic fluid. The polarity and magnitude of the voltage applied is
digitally controlled in the DPS transitional electronics.
Figure 49: Servo Valve and Servo Valve Mounted
When a surface command is sent to open the pretest piston, C2 is selected as the cylinder path and
C1 is the port for fluid coming from the return side of the pretest piston to the hydraulic fluid
reservoir. The piloted check valve PCV2 in the return path is opened by a pressure feed from the
servo valve to allow fluid to bypass the check valve as it is returning to the hydraulic fluid reservoir.
When the desired amount of piston movement has taken place, oil from solenoid valve E to the servo
goes directly to the hydraulic fluid reservoir. Pressure to the piloted check valves is removed and the
check valves hold pressure on each side of the pretest piston to prevent movement in either direction.
When a command to close the pretest piston is sent from the surface, C1 becomes the cylinder port,
C2 becomes the return port as PCV1is opened by the pressure feed, and the piston closes to the
desired position at the desired rate. The volume of oil passing through the servo controls the rate of
pretest movement. This rate is digitally controlled at the servo by the DPS firmware.
Figure 50: DPS Servo Valve Hydraulic Schematic

Pretest Piston/ Chamber:

Operation of the pretest piston (Figure 51) gives the operator a value for formation pressure and
an indication of the formation permeability. If the invasion depth is shallow, estimated resistivity
can also be determined.
The pretest piston is normally closed during tool movement in the well. When the pad is set at
the zone of interest, a command is sent from the surface to open the pretest piston at a specific
rate for a specific volume. Solenoid valve E is energized and the DPS firmware then controls the
voltage sent to the servo valve to open the pretest piston. As the piston retracts, the volume of the
internal flowline is increased which creates a pressure void at the face of the pads. The natural
pressure in the formation causes fluid to flow into the tool to fill this void and establish pressure
equilibrium (formation pressure). The rate at which the pressure void is filled gives an indication
of formation permeability.
The standard pretest piston and chamber for the RDT has a volume of 100cc with a maximum
differential drawdown pressure of 10,000psi. A linear potentiometer provides a method to
calibrate the pretest piston movement and to provide feedback to the firmware to assist in servo
valve control of volumes and rates. An optional 20,000psi chamber and piston are available with
a 50cc piston displacement. The RDT can perform pretests using rate or pressure control. The
rates and volumes, or pressure and volume are determined by the operator at the beginning of
each drawdown. Pretest rates can be selected from 0.1cc/sec to approximately 15cc/sec.
Figure 51: DPS Pretest Piston/ Chamber

Paine Pressure Transducer – Pretest:

A third Paine gauge (See Figure 47) measures pressure at the pretest piston. This is also a 20,000
psi high resolution gauge that is calibrated and temperature compensated with calibrations stored
in the EPROM on the DPS Sharc board. This pressure gauge can be used as the primary pressure
gauge if a QGS is not available. A bubble point test requires that the shut in valves be closed
which leaves only the pretest Paine gauge if the QGS is not configured to use the intra-tool
flowline bus.
Solenoid Valve F:
Solenoid valve F (See Figure 39) is located in the lower pretest body of the DPS and opens the
flowline valve which isolates the inter-tool flowline bus from the intra-tool flowline bus.
Solenoid valve F is deactivated when solenoid valve G is activated and becomes the return path
to reservoir for hydraulic fluid when the flowline valve is closed.
Solenoid Valve G:
Solenoid valve G (See Figure 39) is located in the lower pretest body of the DPS and closes the
flowline valve which isolates the inter-tool flowline bus from the intra-tool flowline bus.
Solenoid valve G is deactivated when solenoid valve F is activated and becomes the return path
to reservoir for hydraulic fluid when the flowline valve is open.
Flowline Valve:
The RDT has two “dirty fluid” or mud/sample flowlines. The inter-tool flowline bus is a
common flowline which exists in all 4 ¾-in. RDT tool sections. The inter-tool flowline gives
the RDT its modular capabilities so that different sections can be placed in the desired
location of the string.
The intra-tool flowline bus is the flowline mentioned in this section up to this point. It begins at
the pads and ends at the flowline valve (or QGS if so configured). The flowline valve
(See Figure 41) isolates the inter-tool bus from the intra–tool bus and functions in the same
method as the shut in valves and equalizer valve. The flowline valve opens to take formation
fluid samples and to perform flushing operations.


4.1. Description of the electronic part (HPS):

The HPS contains transitional electronics in the uppermost section of the tool. The
transitional electronics has surface mount boards on a four-sided L-beam chassis (Figure 52).
Figure 52: Transitional Electronics Chassis
FPS Transitional Electronics Components and Functions:

Figure 53: HPS Electronic Block Diagram

Section Power Supply (± 15Vdc and ± 5Vdc):

The section power supply board provides low voltage DC power to the HPS. This board is a
switching type DC to DC converter power supply operating at 100 kHz. It converts the 200Vdc
instrument power to ± 15Vdc and ± 5Vdc.
Voltage Divider Board:

This circuit divides the power supply rails so that they may be easily monitored. It Scales the
power supply voltages for the analog II board.
All the outputs are designed to be 2.1Vdc full scale. If the input voltage changes, the output will
change proportionally. These outputs are sent to the DSP board for processing.
Power Distribution Board:

The power distribution board is used as a convenient way to branch power conductors to the
various boards in a module. Simply it is a junction board for power supplies.
Signal Conditioner Board:

The signal conditioner board conditions the tach signal from the pickup coil on the motor in the
HPS.
The signal conditioner board shifts the level and amplifies the output from the motor pickup coil,
and then sends it to the DSP board for processing.
Quad Valve Driver Board:

This board Controls the solenoid valves and the motor start relay.
Analog Interface I:
Analog to Digital Converter to process the input, output, and hydraulic pressure signals.
The analog interface I board has four channels. These channels receive, process, and convert
analog signals to their digital equivalent (A/D converter). These digital signals are routed to the
DSP board for processing.
Analog Interface II:

This board Monitors power supplies, Contains signal excitation circuitry for the pressure
gauges, Signal source originator for linear pot, and Process RDT sensors
The analog interface II board has both A/D and D/A circuits on it along with associated
filtering, amplifying, and driver circuits. Inputs to the A/Ds are routed through multiplexers
so that many signals may be monitored.

There are three digital to analog converter (DAC) circuits. The output from the first DAC is used
as the 1k Hz excitation signal for the pressure gauges.
The output from the second DAC is a 2 kHz signal used the fluid ID circuit in the DPS.
The output from the third DAC is the servo control signal for the hydraulic servo valve.
Section DSP (Sharc) Controller and RTU:

This board has a Sharc Digital Signal Processor, EPROM program storage for the DSP, and a
Digital Control of Servo via Analog II board, Digital filters for the analog I and analog II
boards.
The section DSP controller and RTU board contains the intelligence for the module. Each
EPROM contains calibration data unique to the module where it is mounted.

4.1Description of the electronic part (DPS):

The DPS contains transitional electronics in the uppermost section of the tool. The
transitional electronics has surface mount boards on a four-sided L-beam chassis (Figure 54).
Figure 54: Transitional Electronics Chassis
DPS Transitional Electronics Components and Functions:

Figure 55: DPS Electronic Block Diagram

NOTE: Electronics of the HPS and DPS are similar to a great extent. There are however some
changes in some boards.
Section Power Supply (± 15Vdc and ± 5Vdc):

The section power supply board provides low voltage DC power to the HPS. This board is a
switching type DC to DC converter power supply operating at 100 kHz. It converts the 200Vdc
instrument power to ± 15Vdc and ± 5Vdc.
Power Distribution Board:

The power distribution board is used as a convenient way to branch power conductors to the
various boards in a module. Simply it is a junction board for power supplies.
2 Quad Valve Driver Board: (Different)

Controlling solenoid valves A through G.
Fluid ID Board:
The fluid ID board provides 2 kHz excitation to the fluid ID button sensor and conditions the
outputs from the sensor. The outputs are voltage and a voltage representative of the current
across the button. The sensor and associated electronics on this board will indicate a change of
fluid type but not necessarily give an indication regarding the type of fluid encountered.
Analog Interface I:
Analog to Digital Converter to process Paine gauges and monitor excitation signal to gauges.
The analog interface I board has four channels. These channels receive, process, and convert
analog signals to their digital equivalent (A/D converter). These digital signals are routed to
the DSP board for processing.
Analog Interface II:

This board Processes pretest piston position and Servo measurements, Monitors power
supplies, Process RDT sensors, Controls voltage on Servo, and it has Signal source originator
for Fluid ID (2kHz) and Paine gauges (1kHz).
There are three digital to analog converter (DAC) circuits:

 The first DAC is the 1 kHz excitation signal for the pressure gauges.
 The output from the second DAC is used on the fluid ID board.
The output from the third DAC is used as the servo control voltage.

Section DSP Controller and RTU:

This board has a Sharc Digital Signal Processor, EPROM program storage for the DSP, and a
Digital Control of Servo via Analog II board.
The section DSP controller and RTU board contains the intelligence for the module. Each
EPROM contains calibration data unique to the module where it is mounted.

4.3 Principle of Working:

4.3.1 The principle of working in the HPS:
The Hydraulic Power Section (HPS) provides pressurized hydraulic fluid to operate all of the
dual probe hydraulic functions.
Figure 56: HPS Hydraulic Schematic
When the commends are sent from the surface to:

1- Open the solenoid valve A (SVA).
2- Run the motor.
The piloted check valve (PCV) will be unseated, and the hydraulic fluid will circulate
unpressurized back to the reservoir.
3- Close the SVA.
The hydraulic fluid will be directed to the DPS below the HPS through the system check valve
(CV2).
4.3.2 The principle of working in the DPS:
Figure 57: DPS Hydraulic Schematic

- When the engineer sends a command from the surface to open the pads and the backup
arms, the SVB will be activated and the pressurized hydraulic fluid forces the pads and the
backup arms to the open position. And in the same time the equalizer valve will be opened.
- To take a sample from the probe1 the engineer sends a command to open the shut in valve1,
the SVA will be activated.
- To take a sample from the probe2 the engineer sends a command to open the shut in valve2,
the SVD will be activated.
- To get a value of formation pressure and an indication of the formation permeability, the
engineer sends a command to open the pretest piston. The SVE will be activated, and the
servo valve selects the C2 as the cylinder port, and C1 as the return port.
When a surface command is sent to close the pretest piston, the SVE still activated, and the
servo valve selects the C1 as the cylinder port, and C2 as the return port.
- To take formation fluid samples, a surface command is sent to open the flowline valve. The
SVG will be activated (SVF is deactivated). To close the flowline valve, the SVF will be
activated, and the SVG will be deactivated.
- When a surface command is sent to close the shut in valves, the SVC will be activated
(SVB is still activated), the diverter valve directs hydraulic fluid to close the shut in valves.
- When the engineer sends a command to retract the pads and the backup arms, the SVB will
be deactivated (SVC is activated) and shift the diverter valve which directs the hydraulic fluid
to retract the pads and the backup arms.


5.1 Definition of the Maintenance:

(Inspired of the norm AFNOR NFX 60-010).
AFNOR (French Association of the normalization) is a French industrial standards authority.
The Maintenance is the set of the intended activities to maintain or to re-establish a good in a
state or in conditions given of safety of working, to accomplish a requisite function.
These activities are a combination of technical, administrative activities and management.
5.2 Composition of maintenance Program:
The preventive maintenance:

It is a Maintenance done according to criteria predetermined having for object to reduce the
probability of failing or deterioration of a good or a service returned.
Systematic maintenance:
It is a preventive Maintenance done according to a billbook established from a number
Predetermined of units of use of criteria predetermined meaningful of the state of
deterioration of the good or the service.
Conditional maintenance:
It is a subordinated preventive Maintenance has a type of event predetermined revealing of
the state of deterioration of the machine.
Predicative maintenance:
To plan some modifications for the performances of the facilities
5.3 Program of maintenance in HESP:

HESP uses different type of maintenance programs that contributes to the good working of
the tools:
- Tool Status
- Tool run
- SAP

Figure 58: table of preventive maintenance

General:
The maintenance principal is defined as the complete disassembly of the tool, the
replacement of all o-rings, backup rings, and any mechanical component that show one
unreliability that it also includes a complete control of electronics calibration.
The frequency to which this maintenance principal should get used depends on the number of
jobs of the tool in given one period and also considers the environment of it or the tool has
been submitted to take this decision.
Ideally the tool should be rebuilt mechanically after every job, in order to maintain the
maximum of reliability. However, it is not often possible because of the number of jobs, in
the consideration of this; the following maintenance programs should be followed:
if the tool makes a job per week, it must make disassemble immediately after the job, every
O-ring and backup ring would be visually inspected at least, if non replaced all flutings
O-ring must be cleaned completely and all mechanical components must be lubricated well
before the tool is assembled and placed on the rack for the next job. The calibration of
electronics should be verified under the temperature every 30 days.
Equipment Status and Color Tags:
The yellow tag (PM1):

Indicates the equipment has successfully passed the basic PM1 and inspection
and is waiting for operational checks.
The green tag (READY):
Indicates that the tool has been checked by a Technical Professional and is
READY for a JOB. Equipment placed on Ready Equipment Areas, Tool
Baskets, and Trucks.
The red tag (BED):
Indicates that the tool is NOT operational, needs to be repaired or go through a

PM. Equipment placed on Red Racks.
The blue tag (NOT USED):
Equipment returned from the field that was not used. Waiting for PM1 &
operational Check. Equipment placed on PM1 Area

5.4 The maintenance of the RDT:
Preventive maintenance 1 (PM1):

The PM1 procedures include quick inspection, maintenance, and resistance checks that are
done after each job.We use different equipments (figure 59) in the PM1 procedure (figure 60)
for example: the SIMPSON meter, the digital multi-meter, and the MEGGER.
Figure 59: meters used in the PM1
Figure 60: Example of PM1 Sheet

The Mud Side Service:

It is an other operation that it should be done after each job. Ti consists of:
 Removing and cleaning of specific components.

 Visual inspection of the o-rings and backup rings of the components removed, and
changing them if necessary.
 A good cleaning of the intra-tool and inter-tool flowline.
 Checking the tool with vista system (figure 61).
The preventive maintenance 2 (PM2):

The PM2 consists of:
 The PM1 procedure.

 Changing the damaged components, if there is.
 Changing the hydraulic oil.
 Checking the tool with vista system.
The preventive maintenance 3 (PM3):

The PM3 is a complete and periodic Preventive maintenance. It includes the PM1 and the
PM2 and changing all O-rings and Backup rings, changing all filters, and a few components
if necessary. The PM3 depends on the number of the jobs.


6.1 Definition of the HSE:

HYGIENE: a set of arrangements taken to assure the cleanliness of the set of the elements in
direct or indirect contact with the products under manufacture. Apply to the material, to the
local, to the environment, to people, to matters, to the methods of work.
ORGANISATION DE LA SECURITE:

HALLIBURTON ENTREPRISE DE SERVICES AUX PUITS Certified ISO 9001-2000
HSE in HESP:
HESP SLOGAN
PREPARE JOBS SAFELY
EXECUTE JOBS SAFELY AND COMPETENTLY
RETURN SAFELY
6.2 HYGIENE, THE SECURITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT (HSE):

Of part the dangers that present the activity of HESP to know the use of the explosives and
the radioactive sources, in addition to the other professional risks, hygiene, the security and
the protection of the environment is a priority for the enterprise.
These preoccupations are clearly displayed in its general politics.
6.3 OBJECTIVES:
To preserve our person's health and to satisfy our customers who are more and more
demanding concerning hygiene, security and environment at the same time.

6.4 MEANS OF PREVENTION:
THE FORMATION:
Some courses obligatory of security are dispensed for people of HESP. One can mention the
next one of it:
 The use of the explosives and the radioactive sources.

 The security fires, the first help, the defensive conduct.
 The use of the cranes and forklift etc...
THE SYSTEM OF THE HAZARD OBSERVATION CARD (HOC):

The employees are encouraged to signal any danger that they notice while filling some cards.
These cards are deposited in limp conceived especially to this effect and disposed to the level
of the three bases of HESP. They are collected then by the responsible HSE to study them
and to take them in charge.
CHECK LISTE OF CARS:

Before every exit of the basis, the drivers inspect their vehicles while filling a card conceived
to this effect, on which is carried the elements to control.
Some safety meeting is programmed monthly.
Some badges dosimetric are distributed to the person who works with or next to the
radioactive sources. These badges are carried the whole time during three months. They are
sent then to USA to be analyzed.
The results are displayed to the level of the HESP bases to be consulted by the people.
Some copies are sent in the center of medicine of work (SONA TRACH) and in the CRNA
for follow-up.

Conclusion:
The practical practicum that I followed in HESP was the relation between a student's life and
the one of the professional surroundings, and we don’t enriched only our knowledge in the
domain electronic but also the one of the mechanical, hydraulic and logging, as the show this
memo.
The theses are the documents that can have a Long life span and hope for some that this
modest memory will be an utility to all those that are to specialize in the electronic domain to
Complete their knowledge.
Bibliography:
- RDT service manual (HESP)

- RDT field operation manual (HESP)
- Four independent arm caliper -memo- (Walid Ramdane)
- Teach your self electronic and electricity (Stan Gibilisco)

Appendix:
Solenoid valve (SV)
Motor
Piloted check valve (PCV)
Relief valve (RV)
Check valve (CV)
Diverter valve (DV)
Backup piston
Paine Pressure Transducers
Go back to the reservoir
Filter
Probe / Pad

Reservoir Descreption Tool

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[RESVOIR DESCREPTION TOOL] HESP/INSFP

VIII- Chapter 3: study of the tool

IX- Chapter 4: Electronic part

X- Chapter 5: Maintenance of the tool

XI- Chapter 6: HSE

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Mrs. KADOURI our professor of general electronics in the INSFP.

A special thank for Mr. WALID RAMDANE, Mr. BELFERKOUS CHAABANE,

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I dedicate this memory to:

 The one that has taken care of me my father.

 All my brothers and sisters simply all my family.

 All my friends and my friends in the institute without exception.

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- At the end the 6th chapter is dedicated to the HSE.

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The HESP Satellite base:

 Basis Satellite, Hassi R'mel

 Basis Satellite, TFT (Halliburton)

 Basis Satellite, Ohanet

 Basis Satellite, Ourhoud (ENSP)

 Basis Satellite, Ain Amenas (ENSP)

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In the INSFP HMD:

- (Formation in Alternation. Training)

FORMATION TO THE CARD:

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The catering companies:

E.N.A.G.E.O./ E.N.A.F.O.R./ E.N.T.P. / E.N.S.P. / BACKER/ H.E.S.P- HALLIBURTON-

Creed of the INSFP:

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Halliburton Enterprise de Services aux Puits

ENSP and Halliburton

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The organization chart of HESP:

The definition of logging:

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The Implementation facilities:

Figure 01: Truck of Excel

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Figure 02: a cut of laboratory truck

- The photographic recorder (B).

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Facilities of the system EXCELL:

Figure 03: the Excell system inside the Lab

Excell 2000 Logging System:

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2.1 Basic notions (Electronic)

Figure 04: diode symbol

The junction is gotten by the pose, on a tablet of N semiconductor, of a certain quantity of

Figure 05: manufacture of a diode

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Figure 06: some types of diode / semiconductors