TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Logic Diagram for Airplane.............................................................................. 1

2. Gray code and Errors ........................................................................................ 2
A. Gray Code ..................................................................................................... 2
B. Error .............................................................................................................. 4
3. Logic Diagram for House ................................................................................. 5
A. Logic Diagram for Staircases ....................................................................... 5
B. Logic Diagram for Control panel in Master Bedroom ................................. 6
1. LOGIC DIAGRAM FOR AIRPLANE
SR Latch
S1 AND
AND
NOR Q’

EN
B1 B2

NOR Q
AND
S2

S1 = Switch 1 = Passenger Switch

S2 = Switch 2 = Flight Attendant Switch
EN = Switch3 = Enable
B1=B2=LED (lights/loads)
Q = Q’ = output of circuit

Switch3(S3) Switch1(S1) Switch2(S2) Q(output)

1 1 0 1
1 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0

Circuit works only when Switch3 (EN) is Enable or turn on. Passenger presses switch S1 to
call the flight attendant so two LED turn on; B1 which is near Passenger Seat and B2 in
Flight Attendant’s Cabin.

After attending passenger, Flight Attendant press switch2 (S2) to turn off both LED.

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2. GRAY CODE AND ERRORS
A. GRAY CODE
Gray code is binary numeral system in which two successive values differ by only one digit.

One form of Gray code is called reflected binary, which is constructed by following
techniques. The two binary digits 0 and 1 are reflected about a horizontal line and the digits
above the line prefixed by 0 and below the line by 1 as shown below:

2-bit Gray code 3-bit Gray code 4-bit Gray code

00 000 0000
01 001 0001
11 011 0011
10 010 0010
110 0110
111 0111
101 0101
100 0100
1100
1101
1111
1110
1010
1011
1001
1000

From 2 bit gray code table we can clearly see that 2 bit code adjacent combinations differ in
one digit place only. Another two tables show the 3 bit and 4 bit gray code.
Reflected Binary Natural Binary
000 000
001 001
011 010
010 011
110 100
111 101
101 110
100 111

Above table shows the difference between 3 bit reflected binary and 3 bit normal binary.

We can translate binary system to Gray code using following expression:

g(i)= b(i) + b (i+1)
Where (i) th Gray code digit is found by taking the mod 2 sum of the (i) th and (i+1) th digit
of binary number.

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For example gray code for 110 is as follows:

g0 = b0 + b1 = 0 + 1 = 1
g1= b1 + b2 = 1 + 1 = 0
g2 = b2 + b3 = b2 = 1 (b3 assumed to be 0)

Logic Diagram for Binary to gray code converter:

In above diagram ABCD are used as Binary inputs, where D stands for LSB (Least
Significant Bit) and A stands for MSB (Most Significant Bit) corresponding output Gray
code take from G0, G1, G2 and G3.

Logic Diagram for Gray to Binary Code Converter:

In above diagram G0, G1, G2 and G3 are used as Gray code inputs and output Binary code
take from ABCD.

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B. ERROR
In Digital logic design there is possibility of occurring only two types of errors.
 Single Bit Error
 Burst Error

In a Single Bit error, only one bit in the data unit has changed.
For Example:
Sent: 00000010
Received 00001010

0 is changed to 1

Burst Error means that 2 or more bits in the data unit have changed.
For Example:
Sent: 010001000100011
Received: 010111000010011

0 is changed to 1
in more than 1 bit

Error detection methods (Schemes):

1. Parity Check:
A parity bit is added to every data unit so that the total number of 1s is even (or odd for odd-
parity). For Example:
Parity Bit
Sent: 1110101 1101111
Received: 11101010 11011110

Parity check can detect single-bit errors. It can also detect burst errors only if the total
number of errors in each data unit is odd.

2. Cyclic Redundancy Check:

The cyclic redundancy check, or CRC, is a technique for detecting errors in digital data, but
not for making corrections when errors are detected. In the CRC method, a certain number of
check bits are appended to the message being transmitted.

3. Checksum:
Checksum schemes include parity bits, check digits, and longitudinal redundancy checks.
Some checksum schemes are specifically designed to detect errors commonly introduced by
humans in writing down or remembering identification numbers.

Error Correction method:

Hamming code is used to correct a single bit error. Usually it can check error row by row; we
can use it for check burst errors to column by column.

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3. LOGIC DIAGRAM FOR HOUSE
A. LOGIC DIAGRAM FOR STAIRCASES
Censor
S3 AND
Staircase 1

XOR
S1 B1
XOR
S2

Staircase 2

XOR
S1 B2
XOR
S2

Staircase 3

XOR
S1 B3
XOR
S2
S1=Switch1
S2=Switch2
S3=Switch3
B1=B2=B3=lights/loads

Censor is turn on (C=1) when there is night or dark.

Switch3 is given to turn off the Censor output. (For some specific reasons)

Censor S1(Switch1) S2(Switch2) Bulb(B1,B2,B3) Remarks

0 1 1 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
0 0 0 0 1 = On
1 1 1 1 0= Off
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 0 0 1

Here, I assume that when there is night or dark, censor gives constant output. It’s off when it
detects the light.

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B. LOGIC DIAGRAM FOR CONTROL PANEL IN MASTER BEDROOM

Bedroom Control Panel

CPS1

CPS2
Bathroom
CPS3 Bulb
AND
Switch

Kitchen
Bulb
AND
Switch

Living Room
Bulb
AND
Switch

CPS1=CPS2=CPS3=Control Panel Switches

CPS1, CPS2 and CPS3 are switches of Bathroom, Kitchen and Living Room.
Switch of the bathroom, kitchen and living room works only When CPS1, CPS2 and CPS3
are on.

Control Switch Bulb Remarks

Panel
Switch
Bathroom CPS1 1 1 1
CPS1 1 0 0
CPS1 0 1 0
Kitchen CPS2 1 1 1 1 = On 0=
CPS2 1 0 0 Off
CPS2 0 1 0
Living Room CPS3 1 1 1
CPS3 1 0 0
CPS3 0 1 0

Here, I assume that control panel has full control over kitchen, bathroom and living room
lights.

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