Table of Derivatives

Throughout this table, a and b are constants, independent of x.

dF
F (x) F 0 (x) = dx
af (x) + bg(x) af 0 (x) + bg (x) 0

f (x) + g(x) f 0 (x) + g 0 (x)

f (x) − g(x) f 0 (x) − g 0 (x)
af (x) af 0 (x)
f (x)g(x) f 0 (x)g(x) + f (x)g 0 (x)
f (x)g(x)h(x) f 0 (x)g(x)h(x) + f (x)g 0 (x)h(x) + f (x)g(x)h0 (x)
f (x) f 0 (x)g(x)−f (x)g 0 (x)
g(x) g(x)2
1 g 0 (x)
g(x)
− g(x) 2



f g(x) f 0 g(x) g 0 (x)
1 0
a 0
xa axa−1
g(x)a ag(x)a−1 g 0 (x)
sin x cos x
0
sin g(x) g (x) cos g(x)
cos x − sin x
0
cos g(x) −g (x) sin g(x)
tan x sec2 x
csc x − csc x cot x
sec x sec x tan x
cot x − csc2 x
ex ex
eg(x) g 0 (x)eg(x)
ax (ln a) ax
1
ln x x
g 0 (x)
ln g(x) g(x)
1
loga x x ln a
arcsin x √ 1
1−x2
g 0 (x)
arcsin g(x) √
1−g(x)2
1
arccos x − √1−x 2
1
arctan x 1+x2
g 0 (x)
arctan g(x) 1+g(x)2
1
arccsc x − x√1−x 2
1
arcsec x √
x 1−x2
1
arccot x − 1+x 2
 Table of Indefinite Integrals

Throughout this table, a and b are given constants, independent of x

and C is an arbitrary constant.
R
f (x) F (x) = f (x) dx
R R
af (x) + bg(x) a f (x) dx + b g(x) dx + C
R R
f (x) + g(x) f (x) dx + g(x) dx + C
R R
f (x) − g(x) f (x) dx − g(x) dx + C
R
af (x) a f (x) dx + C
R
u(x)v 0 (x) u(x)v(x) − u0 (x)v(x) dx + C


R
f y(x) y 0 (x) F y(x) where F (y) = f (y) dy
1 x+C
a ax + C
xa+1
xa a+1 + C if a 6= −1
1
x
ln |x| + C
a 0 g(x)a+1
g(x) g (x) a+1 + C if a 6= −1
sin x − cos x + C
0
g (x) sin g(x) − cos g(x) + C
cos x sin x + C
tan x ln | sec x| + C
csc x ln | csc x − cot x| + C
sec x ln | sec x + tan x| + C
cot x ln | sin x| + C
sec2 x tan x + C
csc2 x − cot x + C
sec x tan x sec x + C
csc x cot x − csc x + C
ex ex + C
eg(x) g 0 (x) eg(x) + C
1 ax
eax a e +C
1
ax ln a
x
a +C
ln x x ln x − x + C
√ 1 arcsin x + C
1−x2
g 0 (x)
√ arcsin g(x) + C
1−g(x)2
√ 1 arcsin xa + C
a2 −x2
1
1+x2
arctan x + C
g 0 (x)
1+g(x)2 arctan g(x) + C
1 1
a2 +x2 a
arctan xa + C
√1 arcsec x + C
x 1−x2
 Properties of Exponentials

In the following, x and y are arbitrary real numbers, a and b are arbitrary constants that are
strictly bigger than zero and e is 2.7182818284, to ten decimal places.
1) e0 = 1, a0 = 1
2) ex+y = ex ey , ax+y = ax ay
3) e−x = e1x , a−x = a1x

y
y
4) ex = exy , ax = axy
d x d g(x) d
5) dx
e = ex , = g 0 (x)eg(x) , dx
dx
e ax = (ln a) ax
6) ex dx = ex + C, e dx = a1 eax + C if a 6= 0
R R ax

7) lim ex = ∞, lim ex = 0
x→∞ x→−∞
lim a = ∞, lim ax = 0 if a > 1
x
x→∞ x→−∞
lim ax = 0, lim ax = ∞ if 0 < a < 1
x→∞ x→−∞
8) The graph of 2 is given below. The graph of ax , for any a > 1, is similar.
x

y y = 2x

x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
 Properties of Logarithms

In the following, x and y are arbitrary real numbers that are strictly bigger than 0, a is
an arbitrary constant that is strictly bigger than one and e is 2.7182818284, to ten decimal
places.
ln x
1) eln x = x, aloga x = x, loge x = ln x, loga x = ln a

2) loga ax = x, ln ex = x

ln 1 = 0, loga 1 = 0
ln e = 1, loga a = 1
3) ln(xy) = ln x + ln y, loga (xy) = loga x + loga y
4) ln xy = ln x − ln y, loga xy = loga x − loga y

ln y1 = − ln y, loga y1 = − loga y,

5) ln(xy ) = y ln x, loga (xy ) = y loga x

0
(x) d
6) d
dx ln(g(x)) = gg(x)
ln x = x1 , d
dx
1
, dx loga x = x ln a
R 1 R
7) x dx = ln |x| + C, ln x dx = x ln x − x + C
8) lim ln x = ∞, lim ln x = −∞
x→∞ x→0
lim loga x = ∞, lim loga x = −∞
x→∞ x→0
9) The graph of ln x is given below. The graph of loga x, for any a > 1, is similar.

y
1.5

1.0 y = ln x

0.5

x
1 2 3 4

−0.5

−1.0

−1.5