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Ring Topology
This ring may be constructed using multiple point to point links or using a
shareable bus.
(3) Star Topology
This popular topology is a variation of bus topology. However the computers are
physically arranged in a star fashion around a device called hub.
♦ Collision Domain
Collision domain is define as a single network with all workstations and repeaters
Interconnected together without switches, bridges, and routers.
Issues to be considered in designing a LAN
•Number of servers required in the network environment
•Type of activities of each server
•Number of workstations
•Number of users
•Geographical location of users
•How the computational activities are geographically located
•Information of existing LANs
A
B
If PSTN is used, the telephone is removed at one point and a computer and
modem is connected instead. The computer dialed the destination telephone
number and establishes the link.
2.2.3 INTERNETWORKING
The LANs also have different types such as Ethernet and Token Ring. In actual
environment all types exist together and information flows from one to other. For
this purpose the networks are to be connected by using interfaces. This is called
Internetworking and the interface device is called Internetworking and the
interface device is called Internetworking Device.
The main function of the internetworking device will be,
• Establishment of a physical link between the two networks to be
interconnected.
•Routing and delivery of data between different devices.
When interconnection of two similar types of LANs, the frame structure
and MAC method is similar. The function of the internetworking device is to
check the destination is in which LAN Workstation and direct the frame
accordingly.
♦ BRIDGE
The bridge is an internetworking device, which is designed to interconnect two
LANs, which use identical protocols for the physical layer and MAC layer.
The main functions of the bridge is,
•Read all frames transmitted on A, and accept those addressed to DTEs on B.
•Using MAC protocol for B, retransmit frames onto B.
•Do the same to the traffic from B to A.
Internetworking of different type of networks
The LAN protocols are different. The MAC method is different and the frame
structure is different. If the protocols are different the internetworking should
operate at Logical link layer. Such a device is called router.
♦ ROUTER
The main functions of the router is conversion of frame formats at layer3 level
and route
the packets based on the logical destination address.
♦ GATEWAY
Gateways translate messages between dissimilar networks that employ different
higher level protocols. A gateway may operate from the transport layer through
the application layer.
♦ HUB
Hub is a device operating at physical layer level, which regenerates and
distributes the incoming signal on every outgoing line as illustrated in the diagram
below.
Figure Hub
♦ EATHERNET SWITCH
Ethernet switch is a device, which separates a larger network into several sub
networks.
This avoids the flow of Ethernet packets into the unintentional segments of the
LAN.
Hence the overall network traffic can be efficiently controlled to improve the
network
Performance. In particular, the data packets that are addressed to a workstation
in the same segment should not traverse through the entire network
unnecessarily. Only those
Packets that are intended to outside workstations are filtered while the packets
addressed
to local workstations are kept within that segment. This avoids the unnecessary
clogging
of other segments of the network.
♦ MEDIA CONVERTERS
When interconnecting two types of media, for example UTP and fiber optic
cables, a media converter has to be placed in between these two media. The
direct connectivity is not possible due to the differences of signaling systems.
Therefore, the media converter
Should convert the signaling system of one media to that of another.
♦ TERMINATORS
The coaxial cable based bus networks must be terminated with proper
terminators to avoid the signal reflection. The terminators should be chosen such
that the impedance of the terminators matches characteristic impedance of the
cable. For example 50Ω cables must be terminated with 50Ω terminators.
Training experience at network administration section.
• Training session
There was training session organized and we able to arrange some extra training
session from the network division and they given us knowledge how TCP/IP
configuration server management and security management is done in a large
network