Sample Midterm ENGR 213 lecture P only

September 2007
Instructor: Dr. Pawel Góra
Time allowed: 1h 15min.
Material allowed: calculators.
Recommendations: use only blue or black ink

[10 points] Problem 1.

Find the general solution of the following ODE
dy x2
= .
dx y(1 + x3 )
Solution: This is separable equation:
x2
Z Z
y dy = dx.
1 + x3
Substituting t = 1 + x3 we get dt = 3x2 dx so we obtain
1 2 1 1
y = ln |t| = ln |1 + x3 | + C,
2 3 3
or
2
ey /2 = D · 1 + x3 .
p
3

[10 points] Problem 2.

Determine which of the following ODE’s is exact and then solve it (in implicit form).
(a) (y cos x + 2xey )dx + (sin x + x2 ey − 1)dy = 0
3xy + y2 dx + x2 + xy dy = 0



(b)
Solution: (a) We have M = y cos x + 2xey and N = sin x + x2 ey − 1 so
∂M ∂N
= cos x + 2xey and = cos x + 2xey .
∂y ∂x
Since ∂M ∂N
∂y = ∂x this is an exact equation.
(b) Here, M = 3xy + y2 and N = x2 + xy so
∂M ∂N
= 3x + 2y and = 2x + y.
∂y ∂x
∂M ∂N
Since ∂y 6= ∂x this is NOT an exact equation.
We are solving equation (a). We are looking for a function f(x, y) such that ∂f
∂x = M and
∂f
∂y = N The first
equality gives: Z
f = y cos x + 2xey dx + C(y) = y sin x + x2 ey + C(y).
∂f
Then, ∂y
= N gives:
sin x + x2 ey + C 0 (y) = sin x + x2 ey − 1.
1
Thus, C 0 (y) = −1 and C(y) = −y + C. We have
f = y sin x + x2 ey − y + C,
and the solution is
y sin x + x2 ey − y = D.

[10 points] Problem 3.

(i) Which of the following two first order equations is linear? Explain why the other is not linear
dy
(a) (1 + t2 ) + 4ty = (1 + t2 )−2
dt
dy 1
(b) −x=
dx y
(ii) Find the general solution of the linear equation that you have found above.
Solution: Equation (a) is linear since both y and dy/ dx are in the first power. Equation (b) is not linear
as it contains function y1 which is not linear. We are solving equation (a): the standart form of the equation is
dy 4t 1
+ y= .
dt 1 + t2 (1 + t2 )3
4t
R R
We have P (t) = 1+t 2 and P (t) dt = 2 ln(1 + t2 ) + C. Thus, the integrating factor is µ = exp( P (t) dt) and
we can take µ = (1 + t2 )2 . Multiplying by µ we obtain:
dy 1
(1 + t2 )2 + 4t(1 + t2 )y = .
dt (1 + t2 )
Thus,
1
Z
2 2
(1 + t ) y = dt = arctan t + C,
(1 + t2 )
or
arctan t + C
y= .
(1 + t2 )2

[10 points] Problem 4.

Perform the proper substitution in the following Bernoulli ODE so as to obtain a new linear ODE and solve:
dy
t2 + 2ty − y3 = 0 .
dt
Solution: The substitution u = y1−n = y12 implies u0 = −2 y13 y0 or y0 = − 12 y3 u0 and gives
1
− t2 y3 u0 + 2ty − y3 = 0.
2
Dividing by y3 we obtain
1
− t2 u0 + 2tu − 1 = 0,
2
which is a linear equation. The standard form is
4 −2
u0 − u = 2 ,
t t
1
R
integrating factor µ = exp( −4t dt) = t 4 , and after multiplying
1 0 −4 −2
u + 3 u= 6 .
t4 t t
Thus,
1 −2 21
Z
u= dt = 5 + C,
t4 t 6 5t
which gives
21
u= + Ct4 ,
5t
or
1 21
2
= + Ct4 .
y 5t

[10 points] Problem 5.

A ball with mass 0.15 kg is thrown upward with initial velocity 20 m/sec from the roof of a building 30 m high.
Assume air resistance of |v|/30, where the velocity is measured in m/sec.
(a) Find the maximum height above the ground that the ball reaches.
(b) Find the time that the ball hits the ground.
Solution: Let us orient the position axis y upwards. Then, by Newton’s II Law we have:
ma = −mg − v/30 .
When ball moves upwards its velocity is v > 0 so air resistance is −v/30. When ball moves downwards its
velocity is v < 0 so the air resistance is positive (upwards) and again equal to −v/30. Our equation is
dv
m = −mg − v/30 , v(0) = 20 .
dt
It is separable:
30m
Z Z
dv = −1 dt ,
30mg + v
or
30m ln |30mg + v| = −t + C.
During the upward travel the quantity 30mg + v is positive since the acceleration is negative. Thus, we have
(1) 30m ln(30mg + v) = −t + C.
The initial condition gives
30m ln(30mg + 20) = C.
Substituting m = 0.15 and g = 9.81 we obtain
C = 18.72515766.
When the ball reaches the maximum height its velocity is 0 so the time of this occurrence can be found from
the equation
30m ln(30mg + 0) = −t + C.
Thus,
tmax = C − 30m ln(30mg + 0) = 1.68149914.
To find the maximum height we need to integrate velocity. From equation (1) we get
v = exp((−t + C)/30m) − 30mg.
Then, the position (above the ground) is
Z
y = v dt = −30m exp((−t + C)/30m) − 30mgt + D.

Since y(0) = 30 we get

30 = −30m exp(C/30m) + D,
or
D = 30 + 30m exp(C/30m) = 318.6525004.
Then, the maximum height is
y(tmax ) = −30m exp((−tmax + C)/30m) − 30mgtmax + D = 45.7702210 .
Now, we consider the downward travel of the ball: the acceleration is still negative (downward) so the same
formulas for v and y hold. We have to change C as this time v(0) = 0. We have
(2) 30m ln(30mg + 0) = −0 + C1 ,
which gives
C1 = 30m ln(30mg) = 17.04365852.
Now, D is also different as we use new C1 and we start from the maximum height ymax = 45.7702210. We have
ymax = −30m exp((−0 + C1 )/30m) − 30mg · 0 + D1 ,
which gives
D1 = ymax + 30m exp(C1 /30m) = 244.4227209.
We need to find the time t when the height is 0:
0 = −30m exp((−t + C1 )/30m) − 30mgt + D1 .
Using Maple 11 we can find:
t = 3.443085054.
This is time of downward travel so the total time of the flight of the ball is
1.68149914 + 3.443085054 = 5.124584194 .

[10 points] Problem 6.

Solve the following equation by using a substitution of the form u = Ax + By + C
(x + 2y)y0 = 1 , y(0) = −1 .
Solution: Let u = x + 2y, which gives u = 1 + 2y or y0 = u0 /2 − 1/2. Substituting we obtain:
0 0

u(u0 − 1) = 2 or u0 = 2/u + 1 = (2 + u)/u .

This is separable equation:
u u+2−2
Z Z Z
du = 1 dx or du = x + C
2+u 2+u
or
u − 2 ln |2 + u| = x + C.
Resubstituting we obtain
x + 2y − 2 ln |2 + x + 2y| = x + C.
Initial condition gives 2 + x + 2y = 0 so we cannot find a general solution satisfying this initial condition. The
possible special solutions are:
(1) x + 2y = 0 (or u = 0) as we were dividing by u. But y = −x/2 does not satisfy the original equation.
(2) x + 2y + 2 = 0 (or u + 2 = 0) as we were dividing by u + 2. Then, y = −x/2 − 1 and we have
(x + 2y)y0 = (−2)(−1/2) = 1.
Answer: The solution is y(x) = −x/2 − 1.