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P025
Course Objectives
UMTS
▪ Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
CDMA Spreading
•Essentially Spreading involves changing the symbol rate on the air interface
Spreading Despreading
P P
Channel
f f
P
Tx Bit Stream P P Rx Bit Stream
f
f Air Interface f
Chip Stream
Identical
codes
Code Chip Stream Code Chip Stream
1
Tx Bit Stream
-1
Spreading X
Code Chip Stream
Air Interface
Chip Stream
Despreading X
Code Chip Stream
Rx Bit Stream
The UMTS Air Interface
1
Tx Bit Stream
-1
Spreading X
Code Chip Stream
Air Interface
Chip Stream
Despreading X
Code Chip Stream Y
Rx Bit Stream
Interference mitigation
Rx Signal (= Tx Signal + Noise)
Tx Signal
P P
f f
P P
Channel
f f
Wideband Noise/Interference
▪ The gain due to Despreading of the signal over wideband
noise is the Processing Gain
The UMTS Air Interface
Processing Gain
▪ If the Bit Rate is Rb, the Chip Rate is Rc, the energy per bit Eb and the
energy per chip Ec then
Rc
Eb = Ec ×
Rb
Rc
Gp =
▪ We say the Processing Gain Gp is equal to: Rb
W/Hz Eb
W/Hz dBW/Hz
After Post Eb/No
Despreading Filtering Eb
/Correlation Orthog = 0 No No
f f f
Signal
W/Hz dBW/Hz
Eb
Intra-cell Noise Post
Eb
Eb/No
Filtering
Inter-cell Noise Orthog > 0 No No
f f
The UMTS Air Interface
Types of Codes
▪ Channelisation Codes
▪Are used to separate channels
from a single cell or terminal S2
C1 C2 C3
▪ Scrambling Codes
▪Are used to separate cells and
terminals from each other rather S1
than purely channels C1 C2 C3
Channelisation Codes
▫ 1,1,-1,-1
▫ 1,-1,-1,1
OVSF codes
▪ Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Codes can be defined by
a code tree:
Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
C ch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
C ch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
C ch,1,0 = (1)
C ch,1,0 = (1)
IN USE
C ch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
C ch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
C ch,2,1 = (1,-
1) C ch,2,1 = (1,-
C ch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
1)
IN USE C ch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
Scrambling Codes
▪ The spread data symbols are then scrambled by multiplying
with a complex scrambling sequence
▪ In general, when you talk about chips, or “Ec”, you use Io.
When you talk about bits, or “Eb”, you use No.
Ec/Io
▪ Ec/Io is the Chip Energy we obtain in the presence of the
Interference generated by all other users
Eb/No
▪ Eb/No is the Bit Energy we obtain after despreading in the
presence of the Noise generated by all other users and the
Noise from NodeB equipment
Noise Rise
▪ The effective noise floor of the receiver increases as the
number of active mobile terminals increases.
▪ This rise in the noise level appears in the link budget and
limits maximum path loss and coverage range.
Three Users
Two Users
One User
Background Noise
j =M M
If we have M identical users: ∑ Lj =
j =1 N W
1 + 0
Eb R j
I total 1
Noise Rise = =
PN M
1−
N W
1 + 0
Eb R j
Loading Factor
Actual Throughput
Loading Factor =
Pole Capacity
For M identical users with data rate R :
MvR
Loading Factor =
W
Eb (1 + i )
N
0
Eb M (1 + i )v
N
= 0
W
R
UL Pole Capacity
For large number of users
W
Pole Capacity ≈
E
b (1 + i )
N0
DL Pole Capacity
The Downlink benefits from orthogonality between channelisation codes.
W
Pole Capacity ≈
Eb
(1 − α + i )
N0
▪ When in Soft Handover, the RNC can combine the best signals
from the NodeB’s, hence providing a Soft Handover Gain
Eb
(dB ) = Ec + G p
N0 I0
▪ Pole Capacity
W W
UL Pole Capacity ≈ DL Pole Capacity ≈
Eb Eb
(1 + i ) (1 − α + i )
N N
0
0
Interference Margin
▪ An admission control parameter. Same as “Noise Rise Limit”
Target Eb/No
▪ UMTS Link Budgets are made for Bearers
Processing Gain
▪ Depends on the bitrate of the Bearer
Handover Gains
▪ If a UE is in Soft or Softer Handover, this will provide Diversity
Gains
UL Link Budget
UL Link Budget - VT
▪ UMTS is introduced to offer higher level services such as video
telephony (VT).
3.84 x103
DL Pole Capacity = = 3Mbps
(1.41)(1 + 0.5 − 0.6)
For 50% loading capacity = 1.5Mbps or 11- 128kbps channels
11 channels @ 24 dBm = 34.4 dBm
Conclusions
▪ Eb/No and capacity intimately linked.
Coverage Planning
Coverage Objectives
▪ Achieve Minimum Pilot Coverage on Service Area
▪ KPI’s
▫ RSCP (Ec)
▫ RSS (Io)
▫ Ec/Io
▫ Pilot Pollution (Scrambling Code overlapping)
Coverage Planning
▪ Services:
▫ The higher the bitrate the lower the coverage
▫ Different Eb/No requirements
▪ Loading:
▫ The higher the loading the lower the coverage
▫ Loading factor tied to Noise Rise Limit
Coverage Planning
Dimensioning Inputs
Environment
Site
Service Configuration
Demographic Geographic
Coverage Planning
Simple Coverage
▪ Link Budget based
Create Link Budget
▫ i.e. simple numerical calculation
Max PL
▪ The cell range is used to calculate the site area Max Area
Calculate Number of
Sites in a given Area
▪ Site Numbers = (Total Area)/(Site Area)
Coverage Planning
Coverage Planning
Environment Distribution
Coverage Planning
Coverage Planning
Coverage Planning
Coverage Planning
• Downtilt antennas.
• Consider mounting antennas on the
side of buildings.
Coverage Planning
6ºElec 0ºMech
0º 0º 0º
6º
6º
6º 12º
Coverage Planning
N Intra
FRE =
N Intra + N Inter
N Intra is the intra - cell interference (W)
N Inter is the inter - cell interference (W)
Coverage Planning
DC
Bias-
Bias-T
Ant
by pass
TMA
Coverage Planning
Receive
antenna 1
Coverage Planning
▪ Very low individual Eb/No will probably mean a very low pilot level
which will lead to poor coherence and little gain - process becomes
“self-defeating”.
Coverage Planning
Coverage Planning
Capacity Planning
Capacity Objectives
▪ Manage effectively predicted Load on Service Area
▪ KPI’s
▫ Cell UL Load Factor
▫ Cell DL Power
Capacity Planning
Capacity Planning
UL Pole Capacity
W
UL Pole Capacity ≈
Eb
(1 + i )
N
0
Capacity Planning
Capacity Planning
Capacity Planning
Multi-Service Capacity
Eb/No Activity Factors
Campbell’s Spreadsheet
CS CS PS PS PS
Capacity Planning
Traffic Exercise
Capacity Planning
▪ Microcells
▫ Offer capacity relief to macrocells
▫ This allows macrocells to be larger, potentially with a lower loading
▪ Repeaters
▫ Extend the coverage of macrocells at a lower cost than adding a new
Node-B
Capacity Planning
“2G” analysis
Capacity Planning
DL Pole Capacity
W
DL Pole Capacity ≈
Eb
(1 − α + i )
N0
Capacity Planning
▫ For every user that’s “allowed” in the UL, the Cell will have to
provide enough power to support it on the DL
Capacity Planning
Capacity Planning
Traffic Density
▪ Traffic Density is forecast in terms of a density in terms of Erlangs per
square kilometre.
▪ Different forecasts are given for different clutter categories.
▪ Knowing the clutter categories in the required service areas allows traffic
to be simulated.
▪ Notice that the actual traffic volume per category differs from the traffic
density. Traffic density is the parameter entered in the simulation tool.
170.00
Maximum Pathloss (dB)
165.00
160.00 Uplink
155.00 Dow nlink
150.00
145.00
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Throughput (k bps )
Capacity Planning
1200
Capacity (kbit/s)
1000
800
600
400
200
0
120 130 140 150 160
Link Loss (dB)
1200
1000
Capacity (kbit/s)
800
600
400
200
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Orthogonality
Capacity Planning
1400
1200
Capacity (kbit/s)
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2
Out of Cell Interference
GSM Co-location
Interference Issues
▫ between operators
▫ between systems
1920
IMT-2000 1980 2110 IMT-2000 2170
Korea
Land Mobile UL Land Mobile DL
GSM Co-location
Isolation Requirements
GSM 900 GSM 1800 UMTS
Receiving band 890 – 915 MHz 1710 – 1785 MHz 1920 – 1980 MHz
(UL)
Transmitting band 935 – 960 MHz 1805 – 1880 MHz 2110 – 2170 MHz
(DL)
For example - To prevent UMTS BTS blocking: with transmit power = 43 dBm
Max level of interfering signal for blocking = -15 dBm in UMTS
Isolation required = 58 dB
GSM Co-location
Isolation Requirements
Specification GSM
Requirements 900/GSM1 UMTS Tx to UMTS Tx to UMTS Tx
GSM 900 GSM 1800 to UMTS
800 to
Rx Rx Rx
UMTS Rx
Blocking
58 dB 40 dB 48 dB 63 dB
isolation
Spurious
emissions/inter
39 dB 34 dB 34 dB 39 dB
-modulation
products
GSM Co-location
Filter
▫ By filtering out the interfering signal.
UMTS
▫ By using diplexers and triplexers with GSM
UMTS
6- Practical Examples
Practical Examples
▪ Traffic is spread across a small area with low path loss to the base
station. The cell is heavily loaded.
Practical Examples
Practical Examples
Sectored Sites
▪ Capacity will be affected by overlap of cell coverage areas.
Pilot Pollution
▪ A mobile can be too well served.
Practical Examples
Soft Handover
▪ 20m antennas
▪ No MHA, no RX
diversity
▪ 500 Terminals
spread on
Urban and
Suburban areas
Practical Examples
▪ Some NR Limit
reached failures
(aqua pixels)
Practical Examples
▪ NR Limit
reached failures
(aqua pixels)
▪ Changing
azimuths on site
to the right of
polygon is not an
option due to
existing traffic
restrictions
Practical Examples
▪ NR Limit reached
problem fixed
▪ UL Eb/No
problem still
there
Practical Examples
▪ It can be seen
that Pilot level in
Polygon area is
very low (around
-105 dB)
Practical Examples
▪ This decreases
the pathloss,
however, the
original problem
is not solved
▪ No interference
problems are
created either
Practical Examples
▪ These additions
prove the
solution for most
of the problem
pixels inside the
polygon
▪ Height is still
40m, due to
obstructions and
poor site location
End of course