a) Describe the term x-height.

 X-height is the height of the lowercase letter x. It is also the height of the
body of lowercase letters in a font, excluding the ascenders and
descenders.

 Some lower-case letters that do not have ascenders or descenders still

extend a little bit above or below the x-height as part of their design.

 The x-height can vary greatly from typeface to typeface at the same point
size.

 The example for x-height is as figure below.

Serif
Mean line

CD xhp
Ascender

Cap height
X- Height

Point size Baseline Counter Set Desender

width
Shoulder

(b) Describe the terms and the functions of tracking, leading and kerning.

i.Tracking

 Tracking is often used to fit text into a specific amount of space.

 Tracking creates even spaces between each character in selected text, such as
a word, line, or paragraph.
 Tracking can create a lot of white space between characters, which can be
distracting.
 Tight tracking reduces the space between letters and words.
 Loose tracking creates more space.
 Figure below has shown between tight tracking and the loose tracking.
ii. Leading

 "Leading is also known as line spacing"

 Leading is the space between lines of text but is measured from baseline to
baseline
 Some programs offer multiple ways to specify leading which can lead to some
confusion.
 Leading can be a point measurement (10 pt, 12 pt, 29.5 pt, etc.) or a percentage
of the typesize (10 pt type set with 120% leading) and depending on the
software.
 For example, if a piece of text is '12px' high and the line-height value is '14px',
2pxs of extra space should be added: 1px above and 1px below the letters. (This
applies to empty boxes as well, as if the empty box contained an infinitely narrow
letter.)

iii. Kerning

 Kerning is the spacing between character pairs.

 Kerning is a form of spacing between certain pairs of characters that look best
when they are closer together, such as A and W (AW) or V and A (VA).
 Kerning increases readability and makes letters appear balanced and
proportional, especially at larger font sizes.
 To adjust the kerning, open the Character Formatting docker by clicking Text >
Character Formatting. The docker appears in the left-most side of the
application window.

The Character Formatting docker

Select the characters using the Text tool . If you are kerning two characters, place
the Text tool cursor between them. In the Character Formatting docker, choose a
value from the Range Kerning box.

c) What meant bt the term hypertext

 Hypertext is the underlying concept defining the structure of the World Wide
Web, making it an easy-to-use and flexible format to share information over the
Internet.
 Hypertext is what the World Wide Web is all about
 In the hypertext system all words can be found immediately.
 The text can then be called hypertext because the words, sections and thoughts
are link.
 The user can navigate through text in a nonlinear way, quickly and intuitively.
 HyperText is a way to link and access information of various kinds as a web of
nodes in which the user can browse at will. It provides a single user-interface to
large classes of information (reports, notes, data-bases, computer documentation
and on-line help). For example

2.(a) What you understand by font and typeface?

 Font is a collection of characters of a single size and style belonging to a

particular typeface family.

 For example, a common font type is the type of bold and italic fonts. In addition,
the line (underlining), outlines (outlining) and also the additional fonts are often
used. Times New Roman 12 point italic font is an example.

Typeface

Font
b) Give THREE (3) techniques in making the text legible

i. For small type, use the most legible font available. Decorative fonts
that cannot be read and useless, as shown here:- Look here…Look here

ii. Use as few different face as posible in the same work, but vary the
weight and size of the typeface using Italic and bold styles where they look
good.

iii. In text blocks adjust the leading for the most pleasing line spacing.
Lines too tightly packed are difficult to read.

iv. Use the in large size headlines, adjust the spacing between letters
(kerning), so that the spacing feel rights.

v. Use difference colour and of placing the text on various

backgrounds.

vi. So the size, colour, background colour, style and leading is

important in making the text legible.

c) Give THREE (3) areas what where the text is used in multimedia
applications.

i. Bussiness – text is used in multimedia application in bussiness through

the presentation, marketing, advertising, product demos, database,
catalogue, instant message and networked.

ii. School – text used ini multimedia in school through the educational
software can be developed to enrich the learning process.

iii. Home – via television sets or monitors with built in user input.

iv. In multimedia applications text is used for make title screen, menus and
buttons.