Exactly your chemistry.

Functional Chemicals Division

A traditional
speciality for innovative
cleaners

® Hostapur SAS
®
Hostapur SAS
An environmentally compatible surfactant
with optimum application properties

The demands imposed on surfactants have changed in the last

few decades. Not only is an optimum price-performance
ratio expected, but high safety and environmental compatibility
are also prime considerations.

The secondary alkane sulphonate Hostapur SAS meets these

requirements in every respect. This surfactant has been
highly successful on the market for many years. To date, over
one million metric tonnes of Hostapur SAS have been
produced in our european facilities.

One of the reasons for this great success is the optimum environ-
mental properties as shown by the life cycle assessment.

We are convinced that over the coming decades Hostapur SAS

will continue to maintain and expand its position as one of the
leading principal surfactants.

This brochure describes the specific properties and universal

uses of Hostapur SAS. Further information and individual
advice can be obtained.

® Registered trademark of Clariant

02
Contents
Product profile 04 Toxicological and
environmental properties
Toxicological profile 30
Synthesis 06 Ecology 32
Life cycle assessment 33

Applications 08
Dishwashing liquids 09 Processing
Detergents 12 Transport 34
Household cleaners 15 Storage 35
Cosmetic hair and body 16 Conveying/mixing 36
care products Dilution 36
Industrial cleaners 19 Handling 37
Special technical sectors 20

Technical Data
Physical and C-chain distribution 38
chemical properties Physical/chemical data 38
Surface activity 22 Registration status 39
Foaming power 24 Ecological data 40
Rheological properties 24 Analysis 41
pH stability 25 Summary of the properties 41
Heat stability 25 of Hostapur SAS
Detergent action 25
Solubilization 25
Emulsifying action 25 Literature 42
Stability to hard water 26
Electrolyte stability 26
Chlorine-/oxidation stability 26 Abbreviations
Enzyme stability 27 SAS = Secondary alkane sulphonate
Synergistic interaction with 28 LES = Lauryl ether sulphate
soil release polymers LAS = Linear alkylbenzene sulphonate
Solubility in water 29 AES = Alkyl ether sulphate
Low-temperature properties 29 LS = Lauryl sulphate
SRP = Soil release polymer

03
Product profile
Hostapur SAS grades

environmentally friendly anionic surfactants for the detergent,

chemical-technical and cosmetic industries, based on
secondary alkane sulphonate sodium salt, starting product:
n-paraffins.

Chemical structure
CH3 – (CH2)m – CH – (CH2)n – CH3
SO -Na+
3

m + n = 10 – 14; the sulphonate group is distributed over

the carbon chain in such a way that it is mainly the secondary
carbon atoms that are substituted.

INCI name
Sodium C14-17 sec-Alkyl sulphonate

CAS numbers
85711-69-9, USA: 68608-26-4

EINECS/ELINCS numbers
288-330-3

Commercially available grades

Active content Appearance (25°C)

Hostapur SAS 30 approx. 30 % clear faintly yellowish liquid
Hostapur SAS 60 approx. 60 % yellowish soft paste

04
The Hostapur SAS grades are noted
for the following specific application
properties:
• Very good solubility
– spontaneous dissolving
– good low-temperature properties
• High wetting action
– good drainage properties
and rapid drying of dishes
• Pronounced foaming power
– high yield of the finished products
in use
• Excellent grease- and
soil-dispersing action
– development of finished products
with defined and optimum detergent,
cleaning and degreasing action
• Viscosity-depressing action
– permits the formulation of flowable,
highly concentrated detergents
and cleaners with low water content
and without solvents and preser-
vatives; saves transport and pack-
aging costs
• Outstanding enzyme compatibility
– positive influence on enzyme stability
• Chemical stability over a wide
pH range
– formulation of alkaline cleaners with
long storage stability
– stability to oxidizing agents; intended
for chlorine-containing all-purpose
cleaners
• Increases action of modern detergent
additives, e.g. soil release polymers
• Very good electrolyte compatibility
– manufacture of heavy-duty
detergents with high builder content
• Good skin compatibility
– formulation of mild dishwashing
liquids
• Possibility of combination with
anionic, nonionic and amphoteric
surfactants
– versatility in formulation
– synergistic effects in use
– electrically neutral salts can be
formed with cationic surfactants
• Cost reduction
– possibility of manufacturing highly
concentrated liquid cleaners without
hydrotropes
• Environmentally friendly surfactant
of low aquatic toxicity
– rapid biodegradation
• Range of grades
– Hostapur SAS is available in liquid
and paste form
05
Synthesis
The secondary alkane sulphonate Hostapur SAS is
synthesized by sulphoxidation of n-paraffins. 1 – 6

Sulphoxidation, a basic reaction in aliphatic organic chemistry,

was discovered as early as 1940 by C. Platz at the Höchst
site of the former IG Farben AG 7, when n-paraffins were
treated with sulphur dioxide and oxygen and simultaneously
exposed to ultraviolet light. Since then the process has been
developed into the present Hoechst light/water process 8 – 11,
which can be described summarily by the following equation:

R–H + 2SO2 + O2 + H2O → RSO3H + H2SO4

Substitution is done largely at the methylene groups; the

terminal methyl groups are considerably less reactive. 12 – 14

Besides the monosulphonates, smaller amounts of di- and poly-

sulphonates are also formed, see Technical data, page 38.

06
Fig. 1: Sulphoxidation process
SO3 O2 n-paraffin n-paraffin
reaction H2O rectification
separation neutralisation
n-paraffin O2 SO2 NaOH
The flow chart above, fig. 1, shows in
diagrammatic form the industrial-scale
production of Hostapur SAS.
The industrial-scale sulphoxidation of
the n-paraffins by the Hoechst light/water
process is carried out in a multi-lamp
reactor. The gas mixture of SO2 and
O2 is introduced by means of gas
injection equipment and on exposure
to UV light produced in high-pressure
mercury lamps made of quartz glass,
sulphoxidation of the n-paraffins takes
place in the presence of water. The
reaction gas is circulated. A compressor
is needed for maintaining gas circula-
tion, as is a cooling system for adjusting
the required temperature. The reaction
liquid is removed at the bottom of the
reactor and the product phase – the
lower phase – is separated in a separating
system. The upper phase – paraffin
phase – is cooled and replenished with
water and n-paraffin and then returned
to the reactor. After concentration of the
H 2O
H2O
SAS-
paste
60 %
product phase in a vacuum, separation
of the sulphuric acid and neutralization The synthesis of
of the concentrate with sodium hydrox- Hostapur SAS by the
ide solution, the remaining paraffin is Hoechst light/water
driven off with superheated steam. The process yields detergent
distillate is again separated in a separ- raw materials of con-
ator and the paraffin phase is returned to sistently high quality. In
the reaction. The remaining melt is finally this process the raw
processed into aqueous solutions, material and energy con-
Hostapur SAS 60 or Hostapur SAS 30. sumption as well as the
Very pale reaction products of high emissions are optimized
quality are obtained. at a minimum.
One characteristic of the process
described is that no other chemical
auxiliaries, for example, solid catalysts
or solvents, are required. The n-par-
affins used for synthesis are obtained as
a matter of course in the production
of kerosene, and so Hostapur SAS
manufacture offers a useful outlet for this
material. The precise material flow
and the energy balances are described
in section Life cycle assessment, page 33.
07
Applications
The Hostapur SAS grades are principal surfactants
with excellent ecological, toxicological and economic
properties.

Because of their pronounced surface activity and specific

properties, they have a very wide range of uses. Their major use
is in dishwashing liquids, in which Hostapur SAS has proved
highly successful for over thirty years. The Hostapur SAS
grades are used as principal surfactants in combination with
other surfactants for the manufacture of virtually all types of
detergents and cleaners for household and industrial use.

Most important uses for Hostapur SAS

Dishwashing liquids Standard dishwashing liquids

Laundry detergents
Household cleaners
Cosmetic hair and
body care products
Industrial cleaners
Special technical
sectors
Dishwashing liquid concentrates
Liquid detergents
Detergent powders
Detergent pastes
Soaking agents
All-purpose cleaners
Liquid metal/ceramic cleaner
Sanitary cleaners
Floor cleaners
Glass cleaners
Shampoos
Showergels
Foam baths
Liquid soaps
Toothpastes
Automotive cleaners
Metal degreasing agents
Alkaline rust removers
Hand cleaners
Fire extinguishing foams
Emulsion polymerization
Textile and leather auxiliaries
Oilfield chemicals

08
Dishwashing liquids
Consumers expect modern dishwashing
liquids primarily to have optimum clean-
ing action and safety in use, in other
words good skin compatibility, coupled
with optimum environmental compatibility.
Another desirable feature is high yield,
which can be achieved with concen-
trates. Adequate foaming power in the
presence of grease and absence of
streaks on dishes are taken for granted.
Hostapur SAS as a principal sur-
factant in combination with amphoteric
surfactants such as the alkyl amidobe-
taines and/or alkyl ether sulphates and/
or nonionic surfactants as co-surfactants
enables dishwashing liquids to be devel-
oped that meet the above-mentioned
requirements almost ideally. 15 – 20
The high solubility of Hostapur SAS
enables highly concentrated dishwash-
ing liquids with good storage stability to
be formulated without the addition of
cost-increasing solubilizers. The market
share of this product class is rising
steadily.
These concentrates with a low
water content offer primarily economic
advantages such as lower transport
and packaging costs. It is often possible
to dispense with a preservative for
these concentrates. Guide Formulations
are available.
Preservation of formulations contain-
ing Hostapur SAS depends foremost
on the composition of the finished product
in question. Hostapur SAS is a rapidly
biodegradable surfactant and must
therefore be preserved if the finished Advantages of
formulations have a low application Hostapur SAS in
concentration and a high water content. dishwashing liquids
Most of the commercially available pre-
servatives are suitable for this purpose. Very good solubility
A preservative loading test must how- and thus economizing
ever always be carried out. Formulations on solubilizers
with a fairly high active detergent con-
tent, for example, over 40 %, usually do Very good rinsing action,
not need to be preserved. rapid drainage, shine
Microbiological studies of Hostapur and rapid drying
SAS as a function of the concentration
of active detergent showed that an Optimum cleaning
inherently bacteriostatic effect is dis- and degreasing action
played with concentrations as low as with a low concentration
about 40 %. Therefore the sixty-percent of active detergent and
commercial grade Hostapur SAS 60 thus high dishwashing
is not preserved and, is suitable for the efficiency
manufacture of preservative-free pre-
parations. Creamy, fine-bubble foam,
The low-temperature stability of the which can act as a
dishwashing liquids, for example, at soil- and fat-suspending
-5°C, can be further improved by small agent
additions of OH-group-containing
substances such as ethanol. An addition Compatibility with
of 2 % ethanol and 2 % urea is recom- anionic, nonionic and
mended for concentrates with about amphoteric surfactants.
40 % active detergent. As a result synergistic
pH adjustment is generally done with effects are often achieved
sodium hydroxide solution or citric
acid. When alkyl amidobetaines are used, Faint inherent colour
an increase in viscosity may possibly and therefore only small
occur in the acid pH range. amounts of dye are re-
If necessary, moisturizing agents quired if coloration is
can additionally be incorporated in the needed
formulation. Because of the good
dermatological properties of Hostapur Good skin compatibility,
SAS this is, however, not necessary especially in combination
in most cases. with other surfactants
09
Applications
Of the numerous possibilities for combin-
ing Hostapur SAS with surfactants that
have a different chemical structure two-,
three- and four-component combin-
ations are described below by way of
example; these mixtures enable dishwash-
ing liquids with tailor-made properties to
be developed.
The skin compatibility and the foaming
power can be optimized by combining
Hostapur SAS and alkyl ether sulphate,
for example, ®Genapol LRO or ZRO. In
practice a mixture of about 3 to 4 parts
Hostapur SAS and about one part alkyl
ether sulphate, relative to 100 % active
substance (ratio 3:1 or 4:1), has proved
successful.
This combination also enables liquid
concentrates with about 40 % active
detergent content to be formulated with-
out the additional use of a solubilizer.
Moreover, with this concentration the
mixture of Hostapur SAS and alkyl ether
sulphate is better and more rapidly
soluble in the dishwashing water than
the individual components separately.
The stability to hard water and the
foaming power in hard water are also
optimized by the alkyl ether sulphate
content. By adding magnesium ions or
other divalent metal ions to the Hostapur
SAS: alkyl ether sulphate mixture the
foaming power can be further improved,
especially in the extremely low water
hardness range.
A crucial parameter for the pro-
cessing and use of dishwashing liquids
is rheology. The viscosity of the com-
mercially available products is about
400 to 700 mPas/20°C. This viscosity can
10
be achieved easily with 5 to 7 % sodium
chloride in Hostapur SAS: alkyl ether
sulphate mixtures in the ratio 70:30,
relative to 100 % active detergent, and a
content of 12 to 15 % active detergent
in the final formulation.
More highly concentrated Hostapur
SAS: alkyl ether sulphate mixtures with
a 40 % active detergent content can
be adjusted easily to viscosities suitable
for practical purposes by incorporating
viscosity-depressing additives such as
ethanol and/or urea, as shown in fig. 2.
Fig. 2: Viscosity of Hostapur SAS: alkyl ether sulphate mixtures
with the addition of ethanol and urea
100000
A 4 parts SAS : 1 part LES + 10 % ethanol + 10 % urea
B 4 parts LAS : 1 part LES + 10 % ethanol + 10 % urea
10000
viscosity η [mPas]
B
1 000
A
100
10
10 20 30 40
concentration c [%]
Fig. 2 shows the viscosity at +20°C
as a function of the concentration of
Hostapur SAS/alkyl ether sulphate mix-
tures with the addition of ethanol and
urea. This means that a 40 % formulation
consisting of 32 % Hostapur SAS and
8 % lauryl ether sulphate contains 4 %
ethanol and 4 % urea. Guide Formulati-
ons are available.
Fig. 3: Mini-plate test of Hostapur SAS: alkyl ether sulphate
(4:1 mixtures) as a function of magnesium ion addition
15
number of plates
10
concentration: 0.33 g a.s./L
water hardness: 0 ppm CaCO3 (0°d)
0
0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5
Mg++-concentration [%]
The cleaning action can be tested in
the mini-plate test on glass plates soiled
with grease or in the “plate test”.
An example is given in fig. 3 above.
Three-component mixtures can be
formulated
• with Hostapur SAS, alkyl ether
sulphate and betaine (alkyl dimethyl
betaine or alkyl amidobetaine), for
example, mixed in the ratio 5:2:1 or
7:1:1, or
• with Hostapur SAS, alkyl ether
sulphate and nonionic fatty alcohol
polyglycol ethers.
A corresponding Guide Formulation is
available.
When betaines are used, not only the
dermatological properties but also the
rheological properties are improved. As
a result additional moisturizing agents
and viscosifiers are often not required.
A fatty alcohol polyglycol ether con-
tent, as a function of the fatty alcohol
radical and the degree of ethoxylation,
can produce an increase in solubilizing
and emulsifying action as well as better
wetting. These influence the cleaning
effect to a marked degree when the prod-
uct is used. The pronounced solubiliz-
ing action of Hostapur SAS can also
obviate the need for special solubilizers
for slightly soluble perfume oils, and
thus cut costs.
Finally, there is the possibility of
combining the four surfactant classes:
alkane sulphonate, alkyl ether sulphate,
betaine and fatty alcohol polyglycol
ether. Guide Formulations are available.
In the aforementioned numerous
possible combinations the economical
principal surfactant Hostapur SAS is
used as the main component. Depending
on the mixing ratio, the application prop-
erties of these combinations such as
21 degreasing, low-temperature properties,
foaming power, feel on the skin, rheol-
ogy and dermatology can be optimized. 22, 23
11
Applications
Detergents
Liquid detergents
Liquid detergents are a major field of
application for Hostapur SAS on
account of its pronounced detergent
properties.
The liquid detergents are divided
below into light-duty liquids for
delicate wash and heavy-duty liquid
detergents.
In the USA the importance of these
heavy-duty liquid detergents is greater-
than in Europe. The US liquid detergents
contain between 10 and 30 % active
surfactant. The builder systems used in
liquid products (e.g. citrate, silicates)
are typically less effective than those
used in powder detergents (e.g. layered
silicate, zeolite, polycarboxylate, carbo-
nate). In the USA, washing machines
are designed differently from those in
Europe and the washing temperatures
are lower and typically range from 5 to
40°C. US liquid detergent formulations
typically do not contain any bleaching
agents as they are poorly stable in this
systems.
In Europe the liquid detergents used
have a different structure. They gene-
rally consist of a mixture of anionic and
nonionic surfactants with soap in ap-
12
proximately the same ratio. In addition
they contain solubilizers such as ethanol,
propylene glycol and/or xylene sulpho-
nate, possibly enzymes, optical brighten-
ers and chelating agents.15 – 24 Guide
Formulations are available.
If enzymes are used in the formula-
tions, Hostapur SAS offers better enzyme
compatibility than most of the anionic
surfactants such as linear alkyl benzene
sulphonate or alkyl sulphate.
As with the dishwashing liquids, when
Hostapur SAS is used as the principal
surfactant, for example, instead of linear
alkyl benzene sulphonate, considerable
savings of solubilizer such as ethanol
can be achieved. Optimum liquid deter-
gents without builders contain as main
components Hostapur SAS, readily water-
soluble ethoxylated fatty alcohols and
alkyl ether sulphate as well as neutralized
coconut soap.25
If builders are also incorporated in
the liquid detergents, it is advantageous
to use freely soluble surfactants such
as Hostapur SAS. A further beneficial
property of Hostapur SAS is its good
electrolyte compatibility, in other words
good compatibility with the builders.
The liquid light-duty detergents are
used at temperatures up to a maximum
of 60°C. Hostapur SAS as a principal
surfactant can be combined in amounts
of up to 40 % with alkyl ether sulphates,
nonionic surfactants, amphoteric sur-
factants and/or soap.
Another possibility of formulating
with Hostapur SAS is to develop
highly viscous to gel-like detergents with
special rheological properties in use.
Hostapur SAS permits a high surfactant
concentration and rapid dissolving
in use.
Looking ahead, the liquid detergents
will undoubtedly soon achieve a
larger share of the detergent market in
Europe. This applies particularly
to products that have an active deter-
gent content of 50 percent and above.
They thus meet the requirements for
low-energy manufacture, high efficiency
coupled with easy low metering and
environmental friendliness. Detergents
with high active substance concen-
trations can be developed without diffi-
culty with Hostapur SAS.
Advantages of Hostapur SAS in heavy-duty and
light-duty liquid detergents

Better solubility in water Good calcium ion

than linear alkyl benzene tolerance
sulphonate
Saving on enzymes
High solubility, enabling
highly concentrated Synergistic effects with
detergents to be manu- soil release polymers
factured

Hydrotropes can be
reduced in quantity or
omitted

Good detergent action

Good dispersion and

solubilization of the soil,
oil and fat particles

Pronounced foaming
power in the presence of
soil and fat

Good compatibility with

electrolytes, which
enables the hydrotropes
to be reduced or even
eliminated

13
Applications
Detergent powders Fig. 4: Relative viscosities of detergent slurries as a function
Hostapur SAS can also be used to of the solids content and the type of sulphonate
manufacture the various powder deter-
gent types. The excellent solubility 600
and the solubilizing properties lower the SAS
LAS
viscosity of the slurry. This brings a 500
rel. viscosity [scales*]

number of major advantages, especially 400

substantial energy savings and capacity
increases in the manufacture of deter- 300
gent powders by the hot spraying
200
process.
Fig. 4 shows an example of typical 100
viscosity/solids content curves, deter-
0
mined on rehydrated tower powders.The 55 60 65
* measured with “Brabender Plastograph” solid content [%]
powders each contained 9 % Hostapur
SAS (100 %) or linear alkyl benzene
sulphonate (100 %). The substantially
lower viscosity of the Hostapur SAS- Advantages of
containing slurry is clearly discernible; Hostapur SAS in
measured in the Brabender Plastograph, detergent powders
model PI 3S. 26

Powder-type heavy-duty detergents Lower slurry viscosity

can contain between 6 and 10 %
Hostapur SAS, relative to 100 % active Higher solid content
detergent, in combination with fatty
alcohol polyglycol ethers and soap as Energy and time saving
surfactant components.
Powder-type light-duty detergents Increase of spraying
contain 10 to15 % Hostapur SAS, capacity
relative to 100 % active detergent, in
combination with small amounts Reduction of hydrolysis
of soap and fatty alcohol polyglycol of sodium tripolyphos-
ethers. phate due to less water
content

14
Household cleaners
Liquid all-purpose cleaners
Liquid all-purpose cleaners are the
predominant household cleaners
because of their ease of metering and
wide range of uses. In general they
are adjusted to a fairly low concentration
of active detergent. Owing to the elec-
trolyte content, for example, sodium
chloride or sodium carbonate, solubility
problems and thus cloudiness may
occur. Hostapur SAS, on the other
hand, has specific advantages for the
formulation of all-purpose cleaners
because of its excellent solubility and
electrolyte compatibility. 27, 28
This also applies to the incorporation
of fairly large amounts of water-soluble
active detergents or to the formulation
of fairly highly concentrated finished
products. The latter can be produced
with Hostapur SAS without any great
problems; an addition of solvent such
as butyl diglycol is often advantageous
here. Abrasives such as calcium carbo-
nate can also be combined in high
amounts with Hostapur SAS. For the
effective use of liquid all-purpose
cleaners, high fat-dissolving power and
soil-dispersing power are of crucial
importance. Hostapur SAS brings these
advantages in combination with other
components.
In addition the product has an excellent
wetting action even at low temperatures.
This is particularly important for rapid
cleaning; and equally for a largely streak-
free and residue-free removal of dirt.
Liquid metal/ceramic cleaner Advantages of Hostapur
Liquid metal/ceramic cleaner usually SAS in liquid all-purpose
contains a high abrasive content. cleaners
The insoluble components are dispersed
in the aqueous surfactant phase. To Excellent wetting action
prevent the solid particles from settling, Rapid distribution over
firstly abrasives with as small a particle the dirty, greasy surfaces
size as possible are used and secondly to be cleaned
a fairly high viscosity is employed.
By combining Hostapur SAS with Electrolyte compatibility
other surfactants, for example, with Reduction in or elimin-
®Genapol UD 030, it is often possible ation of hydrotropes
without adding viscosifiers to increase
the viscosity to a level where settling Strong degreasing and
of the abrasive particles is prevented cleaning action
or reduced. Largely streak-free
The usually thixotropic formulations surfaces
display advantageous properties in
use: during storage the viscosity is high Good solubility
and when subject to shear stress Manufacture of highly
during application the metal cleaner concentrated all-purpose
becomes less viscous, in other words it cleaners
flows readily from the bottle and can
be spread easily over the surface to be Good skin compatibility
treated.
Depending on its composition, the Advantages of Hostapur
liquid metal cleaner can be applied SAS in liquid metal/
to stainless steel, chromium, copper ceramic cleaner
and brass surfaces. Besides a mild and
gentle cleaning action, consumers Advantageous rheolog-
expect above all a shiny finish and a ical properties when
water-repellent effect. The finished pro- applied
ducts are, however, intended to be
suitable as widely as possible for the Stabilization of the
cleaning of glass ceramics. Here, abrasives
too, rapid wetting of the surface to be
cleaned, as made possible by Hostapur Good wetting action
SAS, is important. increases efficiency
Guide Formulations are available.
Good grease-dissolving
power
15
Applications
Sanitary cleaners
Sanitary cleaners are used chiefly
for the easy and economical cleaning
of bathrooms and toilets. They are
intended to remove all traces of lime,
dirt and soap rapidly. Furthermore,
it is often desired to remove dark mould
patches on joints, tiles and shower
curtains. The current sanitary cleaners
are adjusted either to an acid or an
alkaline pH. In general these products
are expected to have an antimicrobial
or disinfectant action as well, which
can be achieved by special additives
such as active chlorine (hypochlorite)
hydrogen peroxide or by acids.
Surfactants with good wetting action
provide the cleaning action. Owing to
its chemical structure (C-S bond to the
sulphonate group), Hostapur SAS has
good stability to oxidizing agents and
is stable in both the acid and the alkaline
pH ranges. This stability to reducing
and oxidizing agents makes Hostapur
SAS a preferred surfactant for sanitary
cleaners.
Of special importance is the stability
of the oxidizing agents used in the indi-
vidual surfactant systems.
16
The allround cleaners for baths are
intended to be effective at fairly low
surfactant concentrations. As a result
of the pronounced wetting and cleaning
action of Hostapur SAS, this is also
achieved according to the EC recom-
mendation at anionic surfactant concen-
trations between 5 and 15 % in the
finished product.
The chemical stability of Hostapur
SAS also enables it to be used in toilet
cleaners with a very low pH value.
Advantages of Hostapur
SAS in sanitary cleaners
Chemical stability to
oxidizing agents
Stability in the acid and
alkaline pH ranges
Good wetting power and
thus increase in effec-
tiveness
Better chlorine stability
than LAS.
Cosmetic hair and body
care products
In cosmetic preparations Hostapur SAS
has proved successful particularly as a
co-surfactant on account of its
product-specific properties. This applies
especially to the combination with
alkyl ether sulphates in the manufacture
of hair and body care products. 29
Compared to alkyl ether sulphates,
Hostapur SAS has a stronger cleaning
and degreasing action. The viscosity-
depressing property of the secondary
alkane sulphonate also limits the concen-
tration used in the fairly high-viscosity
cosmetic hair and body care products.
Apart from exceptions, mixtures with
a higher content of alkyl ether sulphate
are therefore used. Guide values for the
mixing ratios are as follows:
• For finished products with a content
over 12 % active detergent: 70 parts
ether sulphate to 30 parts
Hostapur SAS.
• For finished products with less than
12 % active detergent the mixing ratio
should be: 80 parts ether sulphate to
20 parts Hostapur SAS.
The mixing ratios are calculated on
100 % active substance.
The viscosity can be adjusted with
sodium chloride and/or ammonium
chloride and/or magnesium chloride very
economically. Similarly, fatty acid alkano-
lamides and fatty alcohol polyglycol
ethers with a low degree of ethoxylation
such as Genapol L-3 in combination
with the above-mentioned electrolytes
can be used. Fatty acid polyglycol esters
Fig. 5: Viscosity increase of alkyl ether sulphate/Hostapur SAS or special cellulose ethers can also
mixtures as a result of additions of electrolytes (5 %) be used to increase viscosity. Fig. 5
shows the viscosity curves of Hostapur
7000 SAS (SAS): alkyl ether sulphate (AES)
NaCl 10 % a.s. mixtures with the addition of different
6000 NaCl 15 % a.s.
NH4OH 15 % a.s.
electrolytes; magnesium chloride per-
viscosity η [mPas]

5000 KCl 15 % a.s. forms particularly well. The viscosity

MgCl2 10 % a.s.
4000 MgCl2 15 % a.s. rises parallel to an increasing amount of
alkyl ether sulphate.
3000
A combination of alkyl ether sulphate,
2000
alkyl amidobetaine and Hostapur SAS,
1000 for example, in the mixing ratio 6:2:2,
can bring advantages in respect of rheol-
0
7:3 6:4 5:5 4:6 3:7 ogy, foaming properties and dermatolog-
SAS : AES mixture
ical properties.
By adding Hostapur SAS to liquid
hair and body care products the low-
temperature cloud point as a function of
Fig. 6: Low temperature cloud and clear points the active detergent content and the
as a function of the mixing ratio mixing ratio can be lowered by about
4 to 7°C. This is a particular advantage

+15 also for preparations containing pearl-

cloud point izing agents. Fig. 6 illustrates the good
clear point
+10 influence of Hostapur SAS on the
temperature [°C]

low-temperature properties of the sur-

+5 factant mixtures.
Special emulsifiers or solubilizers
±0 are needed to solubilize slightly soluble
perfume oils. Owing to the pronounced
–5
solubilizing action of Hostapur SAS,
the use of these auxiliaries is often
– 10
0:10 2:8 4:6 6:4 8:2 10:0 unnecessary.
SAS : AES mixture
The flash foam required for use,
especially in the presence of dirt and
grease, can also be increased by the
Hostapur SAS content in the formu-
lations.
The numerous uses of Hostapur SAS
in cosmetic preparations are described
briefly as follows:

17
Applications
Hair shampoos
The addition of Hostapur SAS enables
hair shampoos with special effects to
be developed. The stronger degreasing
action of Hostapur SAS makes it pos-
sible to increase the cleaning action, for
example, in mixtures with alkyl ether
sulphates. This is an advantage in formu-
lating low-cost effective shampoos
for greasy hair.
The possibility is also afforded of
manufacturing single-application
shampoos, which can obviate the need
for washing a second time.
Shampoo concentrates with a high
active detergent content can also
be formulated with Hostapur SAS in
combination with other surfactants.
Here, the viscosity-depressing property
of Hostapur SAS is an advantage in
formulation; in other words, viscosity-
depressing additives such as ethanol
and glycols can largely be omitted.
Last but not least, Hostapur is
suitable for the manufacture of special
“clean shampoos”, which enable hair
setting products or highly substantive
cationic polymers to be washed
out of hair. Guide Formulations are
available.
Shower gels
The universally usable shower gels are
generally used for cleaning the skin
18
and hair at the same time. Flash foam
formation is particularly important in
this application. With the partly use of
Hostapur SAS a fine-bubble foam and
rapid spread of the shower gel over the
skin and hair can be achieved.
Foam baths
Foam baths are used in extremely diluted
concentrations in the bath water; the
active detergent content in the bath
water is 0.002 %. The finished products
are therefore often adjusted to an active
detergent content of, for example, 50 %.
When the usual surfactants such as
alkyl ether sulphates and alkyl amidobe-
taines are used, a gel that is slightly
soluble in the bath water is usually pro-
duced in this concentration range.
By adding Hostapur SAS, the solubility
in water is improved dramatically. At
the same time beneficial rheological
properties such as flowability at room
temperature are achieved. Moreover,
it is not necessary to add the commonly
used solubilizers.
Liquid soaps
Liquid soaps have become established
as an alternative to conventional
bar soaps in the body care product
sector, above all because of their
ease of use. Since the hands are,
generally speaking, fairly dirty, a strong
cleaning action is required. By using
Hostapur SAS, this effect can be
achieved easily. Guide Formulations
are available.
Soaps
By adding, for example, 1 to 3 %
Hostapur SAS to the soap formulation,
processing can be facilitated and
dispersion of the dyes used can be im-
proved. To a certain extent the amount
of the expensive C12 fatty acid can
be reduced.
Emulsions
By adding small amounts of Hostapur
SAS to emulsions, especially oil-
in-water emulsions, the spontaneity of
emulsion formation can be improved
during manufacture. Moreover, finer
distribution of the emulsified droplets is
achieved.
Toothpastes
Hostapur SAS can also be used
in toothpastes as an alternative to the
lauryl sulphate sodium salt often
employed as a foamer in dental care
products. Advantages are the good
cleaning action as well as the good
electrolyte compatibility and dispersing
action.
Advantages of Hostapur Industrial cleaners
SAS in cosmetic prep-
arations High-pressure cleaners
These cleaners are in many cases
Lowering of the raw adjusted to an alkaline pH with sodium
material costs by partial hydroxide and sodium metasilicate.
replacement of other Hostapur SAS has optimum foaming
principal surfactants and cleaning action in this pH range
as well.
Improvement in low-
temperature stability Automotive cleaners
Hostapur SAS is used as a principal
Manufacture of highly surfactant in car shampoos for private
concentrated formu- use and for commercial car washes.
lations Equally, acid, alkaline or neutral clean-
ers can be formulated with Hostapur
Improvement in SAS for buses, railway trucks and lorries.
spontaneous solubility The high cleaning action of the second-
in water ary alkane sulphonate in particular is of
great importance here. Furthermore, the
Reduction in solubilizers, foaming properties and the associated
especially soil-and oil-suspending power play a
with concentrates major role in effective use. The concen-
tration of Hostapur SAS used, calculated
Foam stabilization on 100 %, is generally between 2 and 5 %.
Hostapur SAS can however also be used
By varying the with fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers in an
Hostapur SAS: alkyl approximate mixing ratio of 3:1.
ether sulphate mixing
ratio the cleaning Alkaline rust removers
action can be increased The pH stability in the presence of
potassium hydroxide solution makes
Hostapur SAS in amounts of 1 to 2 %
ideal for use in these products.

Hand cleaners
Hand cleaners are used in industrial
plants and workshops for cleaning very
dirty hands. To increase the cleaning
action, mechanically effective sub-

19
Applications
stances such as wood flour, soda, sodium
sulphate or polymer powder are used.
Hostapur SAS in amounts of 10 to
50 % can be used as the active deter-
gent. The dispersion action and de-
greasing power of this surfactant is an
advantage for this application. Guide
Formulations are available.
Cleaners for dairies and
butchers’ shops
Hostapur SAS can be used for manufac-
ture of cleaners for butchers’ shops and
milking machines because of its excel-
lent cleaning and degreasing power.
Advantages of
Hostapur SAS in
Industrial cleaners
High stability in a broad
pH range (acid and
alcaline) and oxidation
agents
Good compatibility with
all types of electrolytes
Excellent wetting power
Strong degreasing and
cleaning effects
Good dispersion and
solubilization of fat, soil,
and pigments
High solubility and a
good cold stability
20
Special technical
sectors
Fire extinguishing foams
The pronounced flash foaming power
of Hostapur SAS can be used in com-
bination with other surfactants very
effectively to formulate fire extinguish-
ing agents.
Emulsion polymerization
Secondary alkane sulphonates have
been used successfully for decades in
the emulsion polymerization of vinyl
chloride. Hostapur SAS has proved
successful both as an emulsifier in con-
tinuous and discontinuous processes
and for the stabilization of the latex
following polymerization by the nucle-
ation process; in the latter process
polymerization is carried out with only
a low emulsifier concentration and
the dispersion is stabilized subsequently
by adding suitable emulsifiers. Hostapur
SAS is noted for its good dispersibility,
which is evidenced by good stability
of the latex to mechanical stress and
good process control (little tendency for
deposits to form in the reaction vessel).
Owing to the absence of double bonds,
the emulsifier does not act as a radical
interceptor. This ensures a readily re-
producible reaction course and results
in end products with good heat stability Textile and leather auxiliaries Advantages
because of the lower demand for per- Owing to its chemical stability and of Hostapur SAS
sulphate (radical forming agent) and the very good wetting action, Hostapur SAS for special
lower tendency to block polymerization can be used in the manufacture of technical sectors
(no reaction between the emulsifier synthetic fibres and in the finishing of
and the reaction partners). The low salt textile fibres, for example, as an antistatic In combination with
content of Hostapur SAS also has a agent. 30 Other uses for the secondary co-surfactants in-
positive influence on the heat stability alkane sulphonate are cotton scouring, creasing of the foam
of the end product. mercerizing and carbonization and the stability and flash
In the manufacture of butadiene preparation of leather fatliquors. foaming power
copolymers, butadiene-styrene and
butadiene-acrylonitrile latices, soaps Oilfield chemicals Good emulsifier for
(fatty soaps, resin soaps) are generally Hostapur SAS is also used successfully the emulsion polymeri-
used. The soaps have the advantage in the tertiary recovery of oil. zation in continuous and
over the synthetic anionic emulsifiers discontinuous processes
that the polymer can be precipitated
by acidification or addition of salt and High wetting action in
the fatty or resin acid remaining in the textile and leather
product serves as a plasticizer at the auxiliaries for manu-
same time. One evident disadvantage of facture and finishing
the soaps is the instability of the latex of textile fibres
(coagulation on slight change in pH and
contamination, low resistance to fillers) Special additive with
and poorer chemical and heat stability. high heat and electrolyte
For these reasons the synthetic emul- stability for the tertiary
sifiers are increasingly gaining ground, recovery of oil
particularly for special products, for
example, the carboxylated butadiene
copolymers (for carpet backcoating, for
papermaking, adhesives etc). Because
of its constant quality and low salt con-
tent, Hostapur SAS is highly suitable for
this application.

21
Physical and chemical properties
The secondary alkane sulphonates have a number
of specific physical and chemical properties because
of their structure.31 – 51 These properties are depend-
ent on the chain length of the paraffin used. Hostapur
SAS with paraffin radicals between 14 and 17 carbon
atoms has optimum surface-active and chemical
properties, which are described below.

Surface activity Fig. 7: Surface tension of Hostapur SAS (25 ºC)

Micelle formation
There are extensive studies of the 70
surface-active properties of secondary
surface tension σ [mN/m]

alkane sulphonates. 52, 53 It is interesting 60

to note that surfactants with a central
50
functional group form micelles from com-
paratively few surfactant molecules.54
40
For Hostapur SAS the critical micelle
concentration CM is about 2 x 10-3 mol · L-1
30
or 0.6 g · L-1 at 20°C. The structure of the
micelles is spherical. 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
concentration [g/L]

Interfacial tension
The interfacial tension with decane as
the other phase is about 4.6 mN · m-1,
measured on a 1 % aqueous Hostapur
SAS solution.

Surface tension
The surface tension of Hostapur SAS
(100% active substance), measured
by the “du Noüy method” at 25°C, as a
function of the concentration, is shown
in fig. 7.

22
 Fig. 8: Wetting power of Hostapur SAS in accordance
with DIN 53901

100
20°C
50°C
80 70°C

wetting time [s]

60

40

20

0
0.25 0.50 0.75 1.0
concentration c [g/L]

Wetting action
Hostapur SAS is a rapidly wetting sur-
factant. This gives rise to advantages in
practical use in all cleaners. This applies
Fig. 9: Wetting power of various surfactants in accordance particularly to use in dishwashing liquids
with DIN 53901 and all-purpose cleaners. The excellent
wetting action extends over a wide tem-
perature range, not only in a neutral me-
90
csurfactant 0.1 % a.s. dium but also in the alkaline and acid pH
80 water hardness 268 ppm CaCO3 (15°d)
temperature 37°C
ranges. The excellent wetting power in
wetting time [s]

70 pH 7 low concentrations at low temperatures

60
is a noteworthy feature.
50
Fig. 8 shows the wetting action of
40
Hostapur SAS as a function of the con-
30
centration and temperature.
20
The superior wetting power of
10 Hostapur SAS compared with linear
0 alkyl benzene sulphonate (LAS), lauryl
SAS LAS AES LS
ether sulphate (LES) and lauryl sulphate
(LS) is shown in fig. 9.

23
Physical and chemical properties
Foaming power Fig. 10: Foaming power of Hostapur SAS in distilled water
by the ROSS-MILES method
Hostapur SAS has good foaming power,
which is very pronounced, especially in 300
soft water. Flash foam is a characteristic AES
SAS
property of the secondary alkane sul-
foam height [mm] 250 AES : SAS =ˆ 7:3
SAS : AES =ˆ 4:1
phonates. An increase in foaming prop- 200
erties, especially in hard water, can be
achieved, for example, by a combination 150
of Hostapur SAS with an alkyl ether
100
sulphate in the ratio 4:1. Figs. 10 and 11
below demonstrate the foaming power 50 water hardness 0 ppmCaCO3 (0°d)
temperature 37°C
of Hostapur SAS in soft and hard water.
0
The good foaming properties of 0.002 0.006 0.03 0.1 0.3 1.0
concentration c [%]
the Hostapur SAS/alkyl ether sulphate
mixtures are clearly discernible.

Rheological properties Fig. 11: Foaming properties of Hostapur SAS in hard water by
the ROSS-MILES method
The viscosity of the aqueous Hostapur
SAS solutions rises only slightly up 300
to about 30 % active detergent. Above AES
SAS
30 %, however, a rapid rise in the 250 AES : SAS =ˆ 7:3
foam height [mm]

SAS : AES =ˆ 4:1

inhomogeneous paste region can be 200
observed. The low-concentration
aqueous Hostapur SAS solutions exhibit 150

Newtonian flow. 100

The flow properties of Hostapur
SAS 30 and paste-grade Hostapur 50 water hardness 357 ppm CaCO3 (20°d)
temperature 37°C
SAS 60 are of importance particularly
0
for transport and conveying. The 0.002 0.006 0.03 0.1 0.3 1.0
concentration c [%]
flow diagrams are given in section
Conveying/mixing.

24
pH stability Fig. 12: Solubilization of isopropyl myristate by Hostapur SAS:
alkyl ether sulphate (LES) as a function of the mixing ratio
The Hostapur SAS grades are stable in
the acid and in the alkaline pH range. 5
15 % a.s.
10 % a.s.
4

solubility [g IPM / 100 g]

15% a.s.
Heat stability
3
Aqueous solutions of Hostapur SAS
2
are stable up to temperatures of
about 100°C.
1

0
Detergent action 0:10 2:8 4:6 6:4 8:2 10:0
SAS : LES mixture

The good soil removal power of

Hostapur SAS is not appreciably re-
duced by water hardness salts. The
builders used in practice increase
the cleaning effect.
Solubilization
Using the solubilization of isopropyl
myristate as an example, fig. 12 illus-
trates that Hostapur SAS has greater
solubilizing power than alkyl ether
sulphate.

The good solubilizing power of Hostapur Emulsifying action

SAS towards hydrophobic oils and fats
is characteristic of this type of surfactant.
In practical use in cleaners, this means
increased degreasing and often a saving
of solubilizers, for example, for perfumes.
The solubilizing effect rises with the
surfactant concentration, the temperature
and often also with the electrolyte con-
tent of the solution. Solubilization in the
Hostapur SAS solution can also be in-
creased and speeded up by mechanical
means and lengthy stirring.
Secondary alkane sulphonates also
display good emulsifying action.
As co-emulsifiers, they are suitable for
the manufacture of liquid and cream
oil-in-water emulsions. Concentrations
as low as under 1% bring spontaneous
emulsion formation in manufacture
and an improvement in emulsion stability.
Moreover, finer distribution of the
emulsified droplets is possible. The
emulsifying action as a dishwashing liquid
test is described by D. MILLER. 55

25
Physical and chemical properties
Stability to hard water Fig. 13: Stability to hard water of Hostapur SAS and of mixtures
with lauryl ether sulphate determined in accordance with DIN 53905
Hostapur SAS has a stability number
of 3 in accordance with the DIN 53905
80
test. Accordingly, Hostapur SAS is a
surfactant with moderate stability to hard
hard water stability

water. 60

The stability to hard water of

Hostapur SAS can be improved markedly 40
by combining it with alkyl ether
sulphates. As fig. 13 shows, a mixture of
20
4 parts Hostapur SAS (SAS) and 1 part
lauryl ether sulphate (LES) reaches
0
an optimum value of 75. SAS LES SAS : LES =ˆ 4 : 1

Electrolyte stability

Hostapur SAS has only slight sensitivity
to electrolytes. The viscosity of the
aqueous solutions is increased only
slightly by additions of electrolyte such
as sodium chloride or sodium sulphate.
Fig. 14: Chlorine stability in the presence of Hostapur SAS, amine
oxide and a mixture of Hostapur SAS/amine oxide
after 6 weeks, after 12 weeks, after 20 weeks
starting value: 6.5 % active chlorine
100

80
residual activity [%]

Chlorine-/
oxidation stability 60

Hostapur SAS has excellent chlorine 40

stability compared with many other

20
surfactants. In combination with amine
oxides, a synergistic effect is observed;
0
in other words, the mixture has a higher 2.5 % SAS 2.5 % amine oxide 1.5 % SAS
+ 1.0 % amine oxide
stability than the individual surfactants
alone. Hostapur SAS is therefore the
ideal surfactant for formulating hypo- As illustrated in fig. 14, the chlorine
chlorite-containing cleaners, whether content falls fairly little in the presence
used alone or in combination with amine of Hostapur SAS as a function of the
oxides. storage time. The stability was deter-
mined on a solution with 2.5 % active
detergent in each case.

26
Fig. 15: Compatibility of Hostapur SAS with protease Enzyme stability

The stability of enzymes such as

100 protease (e.g. ®Savinase, manufactured
by Novo Norsk) in the presence of
80
Hostapur SAS is shown in fig. 15 as a
residual activity [%]

SAS 30 function of the storage time. It is

60 SAS 60
clearly evident that after 7 days only a
csavinase 0.3 % slight fall in enzyme activity (80%) can
40 csurfactant 3.0 g/L
water hardness 179 ppm CaCO3 (10°d) be observed in the case of Hostapur
temperature 25°C
20 SAS. Hostapur SAS is a more enzyme
compatible anionic surfactant than
0 most anionic surfactants commonly
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
time [days] used in liquid laundry detergent appli-
cations (e.g. linear alkyl benzene
sulphonate, sodium alkyl sulphate).
The residual activities after 7 days’
storage at 25°C are shown in fig. 16.
Fig. 16: Compatibility of Hostapur SAS with protease and lipase Here too the good effect of Hostapur SAS
on the stability of the enzymes is con-
firmed both in the case of proteases and
100 csurfactant 3.0 g/L of lipases.
residual activity after 7 days [%]

water hardness 179 ppm CaCO3 (10°d)

temperature 25°C
80

60
®Savinase 16L, c = 0.3%
®Lipolase 100L, c = 1.0%
40

20

0
SAS LAS

27
Physical and chemical properties
Synergistic interaction
with soil release polymers

In modern detergent formulations the
use of soil release polymers (SRP)
is gaining increasing importance. Soil
release polymers improve the detach-
ment of oily and fatty soil from fabrics
Fig. 17: Improvement in the soil release effect by Hostapur SAS
40
0.06 g/L SRP
1.0 g/L surfactant without SRP
1.0 g/L surfactant + 0.06 g/L SRP
remission R [%]

containing synthetic fibres, especially 30

polyester and polyester blended fabrics.
They are now included in the top brands 20
of most detergent manufacturers.
However, it is known that the effec-
10
tiveness of these polymers is dependent
substantially on the type of surfactants
in the detergent. 0
SRP LAS AS SAS
The literature describes, how the soil
release effect is generally reduced in
combination with anionic surfactants. 56
However, these studies are restricted to Fig. 18: Influence of the builder system on the performance of
the major anionic surfactants in deter- soil release polymers
gents, e.g. linear alkyl benzene sulpho-
nate.
35
The soil release effect of a commer- 0.05 g/L surfactant + builder without SRP
1.0 g/L surfactant + builder + 0.06 g/L SRP
cial soil release polymer in combination 30
remission R [%]

with Hostapur SAS was therefore inves- 25

tigated in comparison with combinations
20
with linear alkyl benzene sulphonate
15
(LAS) or alkyl sulphate (AS) in the well-
known dirty motor oil test. 10
Fig. 17 shows that in combination 5
with Hostapur SAS, unlike combinations
0
with linear alkyl benzene sulphonate or LAS LAS SAS SAS
+ 2.0 g NTPP + 1.5 g zeolite + 2.0 g NTPP + 1.5 g zeolite
alkyl sulphate, a significant improvement + 0.7 g soda + 0.7 g soda
in the soil release effect is achieved.
As is evident from fig. 18, the builder
system as well as the surfactant influen-
ces the performance of soil release
polymers.

28
Fig. 19: Solubility of the Hostapur SAS grades in distilled water

80
SAS 30
70 SAS 60
SAS 93
concentration c [g/100 g] 60
50
40 The soil release polymer reaches its
30 greatest effectiveness with the combin-
20 ation of Hostapur SAS plus the zeolite/
10 soda system.
The combination of the polymer with
0
-10 0 10 20 30 40 Hostapur SAS plus sodium tripolyphos-
temperature [°C]
phate (STPP) is more effective than the
combination with linear alkyl benzene
sulphonate plus STPP.
Fig. 20: Low-temperature cloud and clear points of 30% Hostapur
SAS/alkyl ether sulphate mixtures
Solubility in water
35
SAS The very good solubility of the Hostapur
30 LAS
SAS grades in water is illustrated in
temperature [°C]

25
20 fig. 19. As expected, the dissolving rate

15 increases sharply as the temperature

10 of the water rises.

Hostapur SAS shows less tendency
5
than other surfactants to form liquid
±0
crystalline phases or gels. Hostapur SAS
-5
is therefore very suitable for concentra-
-10
10 15 20 25 30 tes and liquid formulations.
concentration c [%]

Low-temperature properties
Fig. 21: Low-temperature properties of Hostapur SAS as a
function of the concentration Hostapur SAS has good low-tempera-
ture properties, especially in high appli-
10 cation concentrations. This applies par-
SAS : AES =ˆ 4:1 ticularly in comparison with linear alkyl
LAS : AES =ˆ 4:1
benzene sulphonate. Fig. 20 shows in
temperature [°C]

5
graph form the low-temperature clear
and cloud points of the individual
±0 Hostapur SAS (SAS)/alkyl ether sulphate
(LES) mixtures.
-5 The low-temperature cloud points of
Hostapur SAS as a function of the con-
centration are shown in fig. 21.
-10
10 15 20 25 30
concentration c [%]

29
Toxicological and environmental p
A modern surfactant must not present any risk to humans, animals, plants
and the environment during manufacture, storage, transport, processing,
use and in the waste water.
As the following data show, Hostapur
SAS is an environmentally friendly sur-
factant with very good biodegradability,
good ecotoxicological values and good
dermatological and toxicological com-
patibility that has been successful for
decades. It is safe to use and poses no
risk to the environment.
Detailed reports on the toxicology
and environmental properties of second-
ary alkane sulphonate are available
in the literature. 57 – 74
Toxicological profile
To confirm the safety of Hostapur SAS,
extensive toxicological and dermato-
logical investigations were carried out
over many years. The most important
test results are given below:
Acute oral toxicity
LD50 (rat) = appr. 5000 mg/kg (60 %)
LD50 (mouse) = appr. 2900 mg/kg (60 %)
30
Skin and mucous membrane irritation
Animal studies conducted in accordance
with OECD guideline 405 lead to the
assumption that Hostapur SAS as well
as other basic surfactants, e.g. LAS,
irritates both the skin and the eyes.
Below a threshold concentration (of 15 %
active detergent), however, no signifi-
cant irritant effects are observed. Fur-
thermore, well-documented human stud-
ies showed no indications of skin
irritation caused by diluted Hostapur
SAS solutions.
Sensitization
Hostapur SAS (60 %) was tested in the
Magnusson and Kligman maximization
test and proved not to be skin-sensitizing.
Mutagenicity
Hostapur SAS was tested in the Ames
Test (± S9) with Salmonella typhimurium
and for chromosome mutations in
the micronucleus test in vivo. In both
test systems Hostapur SAS was not
mutagenic.
properties
Reproduction toxicity Conclusion:
Hostapur SAS (60 %) was tested in a two- Hostapur SAS
generation trial for possible reproduction • is not sensitizing to
toxicity properties. Up to a dose of skin.
10,000 ppm in the feed, no maternotoxic, • is not mutagenic and/
embryotoxic and/or teratogenic effects orgenotoxic.
of any kind were observed. • presents no risk in
respect of reproduc-
Chronic toxicity tion toxicity.
Hostapur SAS (60 %) was tested for • exhibited no systemic
chronic toxicity and/or carcinogenicity toxicity in two long-
in two long-term studies on rats and term studies and was
mice. No toxicologically significant ef- not carcinogenic.
fects were observed after oral adminis- • shows no signs of bio-
tration to rats of up to 2% in the feed accumulative potential
over a period of two years. In addition, and is eliminated very
no signs of toxicity, either macroscopic rapidly.
or microscopic, were observed after
dermal application (three times per In accordance with
week for 80 weeks) to mice. the CESIO classification
Hostapur SAS with an
Toxicokinetics active detergent content
The toxicokinetic properties of radio- of over 15 % must be
actively labelled Hostapur SAS were labelled as irritant (Xi)
investigated on rats. After oral adminis- whereas up to an active
tration, a dose-independent two-phase detergent content of
elimination with half-lives of 11 and 65 15 %, Hostapur SAS does
hours was observed. Over 90 % of the not require a hazard
dose administered was excreted within warning label.
24 hours. For detailed information
Comparable toxicokinetic properties see Safety data sheet.
were also observed after dermal appli-
cation to rats. Hostapur SAS does not
present a health risk
under conditions of use.

31
Toxicological and environmental p
Ecology
Biodegradability
Secondary alkane sulphonates are
readily and rapidly biodegradable. The
primary degradability is considerably in
excess of 90 %. In the OECD Confirmatory
Test (sewage sludge simulation test)
the rate of degradation is 99 % (decrease
in MBAS). In the modified OECD Screen-
ing Test (OECD 301 E), a test for total
degradability, SAS has a DOC removal
of 95 %. The “Ten-days-window” criterion
is thus met, i.e. SAS is “readily biode-
gradable”.
Compared with linear alkyl benzene
sulphonates (LAS), secondary alkane
sulphonates (SAS) are more rapidly bio-
degradable. This applies especially
at low temperatures. The degradation
properties of secondary alkane sulphon-
ates are shown on page 40.
In the Coupled Units Test (OECD 303 A,
sewage treatment plant simulation
test), the biodegradation/elimination is
96 % +/-3 %.
In a modified Coupled Units Test, in
which the sewage treatment plant simu-
lation was better matched to the cond-
itions in a modern municipal sewage
treatment plant, 99 % +/- 1 % secondary
alkane sulphonates were degraded/
eliminated (DOC decrease).
Aquatic toxicity
Current data on the acute and chronic
ecotoxicity and water biocenosis
toxicity are given in tabular form in
Technical data:
32
Possible toxic effects of surfactant as
well as decomposition and cleavage
products of the secondary alkane sul-
phonate were investigated in five pilot
plants, in which the route taken by the
anionic surfactant from the consumer
via the sewage treatment plant to the
surface water is simulated. Flora and
fauna of the β-mesosaprobic zone were
used as indicators of the effect on living
organisms. In addition, the embryolarval
test was used to determine the toxic
substances in the water.
The results can be summarized as
follows: High COD, BOD and MBAS de-
gradation rates of 90 % were measured.
A slightly toxic effect (“toxic” is
defined as an adverse effect on health,
growth and reproduction) on the green
algae species Spirogyra as a typical
representative of the β-mesosaprobic
zone was observed at 40 ppm secondary
alkane sulphonate in the water.
Conclusion
The surfactant has no significant effect
on golden orfes and zebra fish. Surfac-
tant residues and cleavage products
have no significant toxic effect on the
development of Cichlasome nigrofascia-
tum larvae into the fully grown organism.
Secondary alkane sulphonate has
no significant toxic effect on Planorbis
corneus.
Secondary alkane sulphonate has no
significant toxic effect on Daphnia
magna.
On the basis of the EU labelling crite-
ria in accordance with the 12th harmon-
ization of Directive 91/325/EEC no
environmental labelling is required for
alkane sulphonates.
Simplified “risk assessment”
A simplified qualitative risk assessment
for Hostapur SAS shows that there
is a sufficiently large safety margin be-
tween exposure concentration and
effect concentration, the PEC/PNEC-
ratio is far below 1.
The data used for the qualitative
risk assessment are given in the table in
Technical data.
Conclusion:
Based on data risk
assessment Hostapur
SAS presents no risk
to the environment.
Similarly, the only slight
anaerobic degradability
of secondary alkane
sulphonates, like sur-
factants with a C-S bond,
has no adverse effect
on the enviromental
properties on the basis
of the available data.
properties
Life cycle assessment
A balance sheet on the production of
the most important surfactants at
present used in detergents in Europe
was drawn up by the European “LCI-
Surfactant Study Group (CEFIC/ECOSOL)”
and Franklin Associates Ltd. (Tenside
Surfactants Detergents 32 (1995) 2, 84 ff.).
In particular the surfactants linear
alkyl benzene sulphonate (LAS), alkyl
sulphate (AS), alkyl ether sulphate (AES),
soap, secondary alkane sulphonate
(SAS), fatty alcohol ethoxylate (AE) and
alkyl polyglucoside (APG) were studied.
These are obtained from petrochemical
and oleochemical intermediates. The ba-
lance sheet is extremely comprehensive
and includes the energy and material
requirements as well as the emissions
into the environment and the production
of waste, which are associated with all
stages of surfactant manufacture. In
accordance with the principles recom-
mended by the SETAC, a “Peer Review
Panel” has assessed the study.
The study shows that each system
has effects on the environment through
the consumption of many different raw
material sources such as oil, natural
gas, oleochemical/agricultural products
and of minerals as starting materials
as well as through energy production and
transport. On the basis of the results,
there is no clear scientific justification
for singling out one of the systems as
having a fundamental environmental
advantage, either for the production of
individual surfactants or for the various
raw material sources, which range
from petrochemical and oleochemical/
agricultural raw materials to minerals.
The raw material consumption and
the emissions into the environment in
the manufacture of secondary alkane
sulphonate (SAS) by sulphoxidation of
n-paraffin can be summarized as follows:
734 kg oil, 105 kg sulphur (for SO2)
138 kg salt (for NaOH), 36 kg oxygen (for
sulphoxidation) are required for the pro-
duction of 1000 kg SAS.
The total raw material consumption
including the required energy is
797 kg oil, 154 kg natural gas, 180 kg coal
Of the total energy consumption of
51.9 GJ, process energy acocunts for
36 %; of the process energy 48 % is ap-
portioned to the SAS stage. 68 % of
the total energy requirement is covered
by oil. The production of 1,000 kg SAS
gives rise to 64.2 kg solid waste, of
which 84 % comes from the oil; the emis-
sions into the environment amount to
38 kg. They stem mainly from the
production and incineration of the oil.
Conclusion:
Hostapur SAS has a fa-
vourable energy balance
sheet, especially when
compared with alkyl
ether sulphates based
on natural products.
Furthermore it has good
values in respect of the
solid waste occurring
in production.
33
Processing
Hostapur SAS can be supplied in the following forms

liquid = Hostapur SAS 30

paste = Hostapur SAS 60

The homogenous Hostapur SAS 30, which is a clear liquid at

room temperature, is easy to transport, convey and store.

Hostapur SAS 60, by contrast, is a paste that flows at +20°C

but that separates out into two phases of different composition
if left to stand for a lengthy period of time. For this reason
Hostapur SAS 60 must be homogenized before use by stirring
and, if necessary, by heating. This measure is not necessary
if full drums are completely processed.

Transport

The loading temperature ex works for

delivery by road tanker is for
Hostapur SAS 30 → 50–60°C and for
Hostapur SAS 60 → 70–90°C.
Although Hostapur SAS 60 is still
pumpable at room temperature with the
pumps mentioned in section Convey-
ing/mixing, the temperature during
transport should not fall below 65°C so
as to facilitate handling and conveying.
The road tankers intended for transport-
ing Hostapur SAS 60 have standard
R 3” connections or conventional hose
couplings.

34
Storage Fig. 22: 60-t storage tank for Hostapur SAS 60
– stainless steel
Containers made from the following – carbon steel rubber lined
materials have proved successful – fibre-glass reinforced polyester
for storing the Hostapur SAS grades:
• fibre-glass-reinforced polyester
resin, especially for storage tanks
with a capacity of 30–70 m3,
• steel containers with suitable hard
rubber lining or with tried and
tested internal coatings, for example,
epoxy resin or phenol-formaldehyde
resin,
• stainless steel, for example, material
no. 1.4541 (V2A) or 1.4571 (V4A).
The last-mentioned materials are also
recommended for pipelines.
An example of the installation of a
storage tank is shown diagrammatically
in fig. 22.
Before storage tanks are installed,
a guarantee of compatibility with
Hostapur SAS at the intended storage
temperatures should be obtained from As already mentioned, Hostapur SAS 60 culating pump is used, entrainment of air
the manufacturer in question. separates out in storage into two phases, must be prevented by suitable design of
Hostapur SAS 30 should be stored one containing more surfactant than the the return pipe. Our experts will gladly
at temperatures above 20°C, because other. In addition, sodium sulphate provide technical advice on planning
cloudiness may occur at lower tem- can separate out at fairly low tempera- and installing storage tanks for Hostapur
peratures. This cloudiness has no effect tures. It is therefore necessary to stir or SAS grades.
on the quality of the product. Before pump round the tank contents constantly
use, however, the product must be and at the same time to maintain a
homogenized. storage temperature of 65–90°C. If a cir-

35
Processing
Conveying/mixing Fig. 23: Viscosity of Hostapur SAS 30 measured with a Brookfield
viscometer RVT, spindle 1, speed 20 min-1
The rheological properties of Hostapur
SAS 30 and Hostapur SAS 60 that 300
are important for conveying are shown
in figs. 23–25 below.
viscosity η [nPas]

Hostapur SAS 30 and 60 can be con-

200
veyed by displacement pumps such as
• gear pumps, supplied by e.g. Lederle,
79194 Gundelfingen, Germany
100
• Mohno pumps, supplied by e.g.
Netsch, 84478 Waldkraiburg,
Germany
0
• helical blade pumps or twin-screw 20 30 40 50 60 70
temperature [°C]
displacement pumps made of
stainless steel, supplied by e.g.
Bornemann, 31683 Obernkirchen,
Germany. Fig. 24: Viscosity of Hostapur SAS 60 as a function of the
For homogenization, current models shear rate, measured in a HAAKE-Rotovisco RV 20
of low-speed stirrers can be used. It
is important to eliminate eddying so as
10000
to prevent entrainment of air = foam for-
5000
mation. The stirrer blade should there-
viscosity η [nPas]

fore rotate below the surface of the

2000
liquid. Good results have been obtained
with low-speed interference-multistage- 1000
impulse-counterflow stirrers (INTER-
500
MIG), supplied by Ekato, 79650 Schopf- 20°C
50°C
heim, Germany. 200

100
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Dilution shear rate D [s-1]

Dilution of Hostapur SAS 60 to 30 % Any stirred vessel made of suitable

or less than 30 % active detergent
The storage of Hostapur SAS 60
can be simplified by adjusting the
product on delivery to 30% or
less active detergent by diluting it
with water.
material, see section Storage, with low-
speed stirrers can be used. The
soft and preserved water intended for
dilution (hot water accelerates the
dilution operation) is run into the vessel
and the Hostapur SAS 60 is added

36
and dissolved with slow stirring (eddying Fig. 25: Viscosity of Hostapur SAS 60 as a function of the temperature at D=10 s-1,
should be avoided because of foam measured in a HAAKE-Rotovisco RV 20
development). The product can also be
homogenized by being pumped round.
8000
Another possibility consists of run-
7000
ning Hostapur SAS 60 into the storage

viscosity η [nPas]
tank and at the same time slowly adding 6000
hot water. The amount of water is govern- 5000
ed by the efficiency of the pumps and
4000
should be no more than one-fifth of the
amount pumped round per hour. 3000
An example will illustrate this: Deliv- 2000
ery of 20 t Hostapur SAS 60; tank size 50
1000
m3; pumping rate 5 m3/h; water added 1/5 20 30 40 50 60 70
of 5 m3 =1 m 3/ h. In this case it takes ab- temperature [°C]

out 20 hours to produce 40 t Hostapur

SAS 30 from 20 t Hostapur SAS 60.

Handling

Because of the strong wetting and de-

greasing action, appropriate protective
measures should be taken, particularly
where lengthy exposure is involved.
Therefore protective gloves and safety
goggles should be worn when handling
these raw materials.

37
Technical data
C-chain distribution

<C13 n-Paraffin max. 1%

C13 - C15-n-Paraffin about 58 %
C16 -C17-n-Paraffin about 39 %
>C17-n-Paraffin max. 2%

Monosulphonate* about 90 %
Disulphonate* about 10 %

* calculated on 100 % active detergent

Physical/chemical data

Guide product data

Feature Hostapur SAS 30 Hostapur SAS 60

Appearance at 20°C clear faintly yellowish liquid yellowish soft paste
Average molecular weight 328 g·mol-1 328 g·mol-1
Active detergent content approx. 30 % approx. 60 %
Sodium sulphate content max. 2.1 % max. 4.2 %
Paraffin content max. 0.4 % max. 0.7 %
pH 5 % as is in water 7.0 – 8.5 7.0 – 8.5

Density (g·cm-3)

Temperature Hostapur SAS 30 Hostapur SAS 60

20°C 1.048 1.087
30°C 1.042 1.081
40°C 1.036 1.075
50°C 1.031 1.068
60°C 1.025 1.062
70°C 1.017 1.055
80°C – 1.049

38
Calorific data

Hostapur SAS 30 Hostapur SAS 60

Specific heat
kJ· kg-1· K-1 3.56 2.76
(kcal · kg-1 · °C-1) (0.85) (0.66)

Thermal conductivity
W m-1 · K-1 0.47 0.28
(kcal · m-1 · h-1 · °C-1) (0.40) (0.25)

Registration status

• Chemical name in accordance with IUPAC

• INCI name: Sodium C14-17 sec-Alkyl Sulphonate

• Registered in Japan (MITI)

• Registered in Korea, USA, Canada, Switzerland, Australia

• Labelling in accordance with 12th harmonization directive 91/325/EWG:

no “environmental hazard labelling” required

39
Technical data
Ecological data

Biodegradability

Biodegradability % biodegradation
OECD Confirmatory Test 99
Mineralization (DOC) 87
SAS after 6 days (OECD Screening Test 301 E)
Radiolabelled experiments 45
SAS (U-14C) after 6 days
Laboratory tests at low temperatures in a trickling filter plant 85
SAS degradation at +1°C air temperature (+8°C in trickling filter)
Biodegradation in the OECD Coupled Units Test (OECD 303 A) > 90

Aquatic Toxicity

Acute toxicity
Fish toxicity (golden orfe, 48 h, OECD 203) LC0 7.1 mg·L-1
LC50 8.4 mg·L-1
LC100 9.9 mg·L-1
Fish toxicity
Guppy LC50 3.6 mg·L-1
Trout LC50 2.8 mg·10L-1
Carp LC50 2.8 mg·L-1
Daphnia toxicity (Daphnia magna, 24 h, OECD 202) EC50 12.5 mg·L-1
Bacterial toxicity (sewage sludge) > 1000 mg·L-1
Chronic toxicity
Chronic bacterial toxicity (Bringmann-Kühn) EC10 58 mg·L-1
Chronic algal toxicity (OECD 201) EC50 95.5 mg·L-1
Chronic Daphnia reproduction test (OECD 202) LOEC 3.0 mg·L-1
NOEC 0.37 mg·L-1
Coupled Daphnia multigeneration test (toxicity of the discharge from the modified no toxic effect
OECD Confirmatory Test on three consecutive generations of Daphnia)
Water biocenosis toxicity LOEC 3.5 (MBAS)
NOEC 1.4 (MBAS)

40
Risk Assessment of Hostapur SAS
Summary of the properties
1. Effects (NOEC)1) of Hostapur SAS:
Fish 1.2 mg·L-1
Daphnia 0.6 mg·L-1 • good solubility
Algae 6.1 mg·L-1 – the low viscosity of more highly
2. Exposure (D,NL) concentrated solutions thus
STP intake2) 0.5 mg·L-1 permits:
STP discharge 2 µg·L-1 – easy manufacture of liquid
STP removal 99.6 % detergents and cleaners
River water <1 µg·L-1 – saving of packaging costs
3. Safety factors – reduction in the use of hydrotropes
Fish/river water > 1200 • excellent electrolyte compatibility
Daphnia/river water > 600 • chemical stability over the entire
Algae/river water > 6100 pH range
4. PEC /PNEC3)4) 0.03 • excellent stability in the presence of
oxidizing agents, for example,
1) NOEC: no observed effect concentration 2) STP: sewage treatment plant hypochlorite
3) PEC: predicted environment concentration 4) PNEC: predicted no effect concentration • saving of enzymes
Sources: 1. BUA-Stoffbericht 206, S. Hirzel Verlag. 2. Internal SAS exposure data • good cleaning and degreasing
properties
• good foaming power
Analysis • pale inherent colour
• good detergent action
For literature on the analysis of • good skin compatibility
secondary alkane sulphonates see • rapid biodegradability
Literature. 75 – 92

Further information

• Safety Data Sheet

• Guide Formulations
• Detergent Raw Materials –
Product Range

41
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Photos from page 8 – 21 courtesy of Miele & Cie.
This information is based on our present state of knowledge and is intended
to provide general notes on our products and their uses. It should not therefore be
construed as guaranteeing specific properties of the products described or their
suitability for a particular application. Any existing industrial property rights must be
observed. The quality of our products is guaranteed under our General Conditions
of Sale.
Electronically revised issue 05.2004, Federal Republic of Germany
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 EBR 5192 D 05.2000
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