Lesson – 8

THE HABITAT OF THE LIVING

Answer the following

1. Name the five major habitats on our planet?

There are five major habitats on our planet : Forests, grassland, deserts, mountain and polar region and
the aquatic habitat.

2. Name the three major types of forests found on earth?

There are three major types of forests on earth : tropical forest, temperate forests and Boreal forest..

3. Name plants found Boreal forest?

Pine, fir and spruel grow in Boreal forest.

4. write the difference between tropical forest, temperate forest and Boreal forest?
Tropical forest Temperate forest Boreal forest

Temperature ranges from temperature ranges from Temperature ranges

20 to 20degrees C from 30deg to 30deg C is very low.

Annual rainfall exceeds Annual rainfall is less than Annual snow fall
200cm 200 cm ranges from 40 to 100cm

Most tree save evergreen etc. Most trees are decidous Most trees are evergreen.

5. Name any three animals that live on Mountains?

Mountains goat, sheep, yak and beettes are some of the animal found on mountains.

6. What are adoptation?

Changes in structure or behavior of an organism that help it to swine in a particular habitat.

7. Define hibernation and migation?

Hibernation: The period of reduced activity in some animals during winter months.

Migration : Seasonal movement of animals from one region to another.

8. What is camouflage? How does this help animals?

a) The ability of an animal to blend in ith its surroundings making its harder to spot.

b) The sloth has a type of adaptation called camouflage. The animals having this kind are match to the
surrounding so it is harder to spot.

9. Describe any 2 adaptation shown by rain forest plants?

Leaves of tropical rain forest trees have specialized tips, called drip tips, Drips trips enable randrops to
run quickly not alloing them to stick to leaves. This protect leaves from rotting.

10. Name 2 any plants that bear thorns?

Rose and Lemon

11. Name Carnivorous plants?

Venus flytrap, sun drew and pitcher plant.

12. Name any animals found in rain forest?

Zebra, gazelle, lions and deers.

13. Name any grassland animals?

Gazelle and zebra, elephant, Lion.

14. List any 2 adaptation that help the kangaroo rat to survive in the desert?
It doesn't drink water. It gets all the water it needs from its food. The oxygen that it breathes in
combines with food to produce water inside the body.

b. Its urine contains very little water. Also it does not sweat on hant like other animals. These
adaptation s allow the kangaroo rat to conserve water.

c. It burrows underground during the day to avoid extreme temperature.

d. Since the kangaroo rat is active during night, its eyes are adapted to see things in the dark.

15. rite short notes on the following a) coral reefs. b) estuaries

Coral reefs:

coral reefs are rock like structures made from the skeletons of small ocean animals called corals.

Coral reefs are widely distributed in warm shallow waters. They are also called rainforests of the sea' as
they provide shelter to a large number of marine organisms.

Besides corals, sea anemones, starfish, octopuses, sea urchins, and a variety of fish are found in coral
reefs.

Examples include the great Barrier Reef of Australia and those of Andaman and Nicobar islands in
India.

Estuaries:

Estuaries are regions where saltwater mixes with freshwater.

These Unique habitats provide shelter to several marine animal and bird.

Animals found here include crabs, oysters , waterfowl, and worms.

Mangroves, sea veeds, and marsh grasses are some of the plants found here.
 16. Why are most ttrees found in temperate forests deciduous?
Most trees found in the temperate forests are deciduous because they have thin, broad leaves that allow
them to easily capture sunlight, which is required for making food.

This type of leaf structure becomes a disadvantage in winter. Since sunlight is limited in winter plants
are not able to make much food.

Unlike the branches and roots of these trees, broad leaves would not be able to endure the freezing
water and would get damaged easily.

To prevent damage, trees shed their leaves during winter.

17. Describe any two adaptations shown by boreal forest plants.

The trees found in boreal forest have a conical shape which allows the snow to slide off easily.
Trees growin in boreal forest have narrow like leaves. This kind of structure protects the leaves from
damage.
Growing new leaves requires a huge amount of energy. The soil found in boreal forests does not
contain many nutrients.
These regions do not receive much sunlight.
Boreal forest plants are able to conserve energy by not shedding their leaves.

18. Describe any two adaptations of grassland animals?

Most grassland animals are able to run very fast, which allows them to escape hunting animals. This
ability also protects these animals from the frequent grassland fires. Small animal survive the fire by
digging underground
The grasses found here are brown most of the times. Many grassland animals are brownish, which
makes them hard to spot.

19. What modifications enable fish to survive underwater?

Special organs called gills allow fish to breathe underwater.
Fins help fish in swimming.
Bodies of most fish are shaped in a manner that allows them to swim fast. Such a body shape is said to
be streamlined.

How are the camel and cactus adapted to the dessert climate?

Plants have developed adaptations to survive in the hot and dry climate of the deserts. A cactus has the
following modification.
The leaves are modified as spines to minimize water less. The stem is green to make food for the plant.
The stem is swollen to store water.
Nostrils can be closed to keep out sand.
Long eyelashes protect the eyes from sand.
Fat stored in the hump acts as a food reserve.
Broad feet help in walking on sand.

Lesson – 9

Plants : Form and Function

 I. Answer the following:

1. Name the two main organ system in plants?

A plant has two main organ system : the root system and the shoot system.

2. With the help of diagrams, describe the to basic root system found in plants.
a) Taproots :

The are also called true roots. In the tap root system a single root called primary root comes out from
the seed after germination water, smaller root branches out from this primary root.

b) eg : Mango, neem, pea, pine, carrot, radish, turnip, beetroot and sheesham.

Fibrous root:

It grows from the base of the stem, have a bushy appearance. These roots are thin and almost equal in
size. You can observe these roots by pulling out some grasses from your garden.

Eg: grass, maize, wheat, onion, sugarcane and rice are examples of fibrous root.

3. Name any three functions of roots?

Anchoring the plant: Roots help to anchor the plant firmly into the ground.
Absorption of water and nutrients from the soil: Roots help plants to absorb water and nutrients from
the soil, which are essential for their survival.
Preventing soil erosion: Roots help to bind the soil particles together, thereby preventing them from
being carried away by water or wind.

4. Name any five modifications of roots along with their functions and examples.
a) Multiplication of the plant: Roots of plants like alahlia and paragus can develop into new plants.
b) storage of food: In plants like radish, carrot, turnip, sweet potato and beetroot the roots store food
and became freshly.
c) Climbing roots: some plants grow climbing roots. These roots help the plant to climb up a support
such as support a wall, rock or tree.
d) Parastic roots: plants like dodder have specialized roots araising from their stem which help them
absorb water and nutrients from the root.
e) Roots for extra support: Roots of plants like bamboo, sugarcane and banyan give out extra roots
from branches. These roots grow downwards and give extra support to the stem of the plant. These are
called prop roots.

5. What are the main parts of shoot system?

The shoot system consists of a stem, leaves, flowers and fruits.
6. Write any four functions of the stem?
a) Stems hold leaves in position and help them to spread, so that they get enough sunlight for
photosynthesis.
b) Stems hold flowers and fruits.
c)Green stems have chlorophyl and can carry out photosynthesis.
d)Stems act like and conduct water and water and minerals salts from the roots to the leaves. Similarly
they carry the food, manufactured by the leaves to other parts of the plants.
7. Describe the structure of a seed with the help of a labelled diagram?
a) seed coat protects the embryo
b) Hole allows water to enter the seed.
c)Embryo contains a young root and a shoot, which develop into a baby plant.
d)Cotyledons contains food for the baby plant.

8. Describe the structure of leaf with the help of an diagram?

a) Each leaf has a flat surface called leaf blade.
b) There is a pattern of lines called veins formed on a leaf.
c)veins act as pipelines and help to transport water and food up and down the leaf.

9. Describe on experiment to show that transpiration occurs in plants?

a) Aim: To observe transpiration in plants.
b) Materials required : A potted plant , water and a polythene bag.
c) Procedure:
ci) Take a potted plant and water it.
cii) Cover the plant with a polythene bag and keep it in a place that receives a lot of sunlight.
ciii) Observe the polythene bag after a couple of hours. You will find tiny droplets of water
on its inner surface.
civ) Where do you think this water came from?

d) Observation: This shows that transpiration occurs in plants.

10. Write any two functions of leaves?

a) Leaves manufacture food for the plant body by the process of photosynthesis. Leaves require water,
carbon-di-oxide, sunlight and chlorophine for making food.
b) Leaves have stomato in which gases takes place for respiration photosynthesis and transpiration.

11. Describe the parts of a typical flower with the help of a diagram.
a) Sepals : These are the green leaf like structure at the base on the flower sephals protects during its
development and support the petals when the flower blooms.
b) These are clolorful structures that surround the inner parts of the flower.
c)Stames : These are the male reproductive parts of a flower each stomen has two parts a think stalk
called filament and knot like structure called anther. The anther produces a powdery substance called
pollen.
d)Carpel: The carpel is the female reproductive parts of a lower. It has there parts a sticky top portion
called stigma a enlarged and a base called style that ovary contains tiny tall structure called ovary
which later becomes seeds.

12. List any two stem modification?

Stems of certain plants are modified to perform special functions.
a) Manufactured stems: of some plants become leaf silk and flattened and perform photosynthesis
b)Store of water: stems of plants like cactus and jade store water in them.
c)Storage of food: Potato, onion, and ginger are modified stems that store food. There are three kinds of
underground stem. Tubers like potato, rhizomes like ginger and bulbs like onion and garlic.
d) Multiplication of the plant:
Rhizomes bulbs and tubers help in multiply plants like rose, jasmine and hibiscus by their stem cutting.
Chapter 10

Animals: Form and function:

Answer the following:

1. Name any five organ system in our body?

Most animals have the following organ system: digestive, respiratory, circulatory, nervous, excretory
and reproductive.

2. Explain how an earthworm moves

a) Earthworm: An earthworm has a long tube like body. Unlike us it has no bones.
b) The earthworms shape is maintained by the fluid present inside its body, just like that of a water
filled balloon. This kind of skeleton is called a liquid skeleton.
c)Earthworm's body is made up of several parts called segments.
d)Its movement can be compared with that of a spring.
e)The segments also have tiny, hair like bristles, which help the earthworm to grip the surface and pull
its body forward.

3. How does a snail move?

a)Snail: like an earthworm, a snail too has a liquid skeleton. Snail have a shell, which they can duck
inside to protect themselves from heat and enemies.
b) they also have a pair of tentacles that bear eyes at the tips. Snails move using a muscular organ
called the foot. The foot produces a slimy substance called mucous.
c)the snail actually crawls on a layer of mucous. The mucous reduces the friction between the ground
and the foot offering a smoother surface to crawl on.
d)The muscular foot produces a series of wavelike movements that push the snails body flowered.
e)A trail of mucous is left behind when the snail crawls sticky mucous also enables the snail to crawl
on a variety of surface.

6. How does a cockroach move from one place to another?

Their feet are equipped with tiny claws that help them climb walls. Cockroaches walk in a very
interesting manner, moving three legs at a time.

7. Name any four features that help birds fly?

Most birds are capable of flying. The following features help them to fly.

a)They have streamlined bodies, which makes it easier for them to move through air.
b) Their bones are hollow, which makes them light weight.
c)They have wings, which are equipped with features.
d)They have powerful chest muscles which help them in flapping their wings during flight.

8. When are the main functions of our skeleton system?

The human skeleton is made of 206 bones. Besides helping in movement, it performs the following
functions.
b)It provides shape and support to the body.
c)It protects the soft internal organs.
d)Bones are filled with a substance a called narrow, which produces blood cells.
e)The human skeleton consists of the following parts. Skull, cage, backbone and the limbs arms and
legs.

9. Name the different parts of the human skeleton.

different parts of the human skeleton are skull, rib cage, backbone, limbs.

10. What are joints? What are the three main types of joints present in our body?
Joints are places where two or more bones meet.
The three main types of joints present in our bodies.
fixed joints: It do not allow any movement. The joints between the bones of our skull are examples of
fixed joints.

Slightly movable joints: It allows a very little movement examples include the joints between most
vertebrae.

Freely movable joints: It can move quite freely and allow a vareity of movements. Examples include
elbow and knee joints.

How do the muscles in our arms help in movement?

a)Joints cannot bring about movement without the help of muscles.

b)Muscles bring about movement by contracting and relaxing. One end of a muscle is attached to a
moveable bone, whereas the other end is attached to a fixed bone. When the muscle contracts, it pulls
the movable bone. Since muscles are only capable of pulling, they work in pairs.

Describe the four major moveable joints present in our body?

Pivot joint: in this type of joint the rounded surface of one bone fits into a ring formed by the other,
such that one bone is able to rotate over the other. This type of joint is found between the first two
vertebre of the back bone.

Hinge joint: This kind of joint provides movement similar to the hinges of a door. Joints at the knee and
the elbow are examples of this type of joint.
Ball and socket joint: In this type of joint the ball like surface of one bone fits into a cup like hollow in
the other. A ball and socket joints allows maximum movement in all direction. Joints at the hip and
socket Joint.

Gliding Joint: The kind of joint allows bones to glide over each other providing little movement in all
direction. Example include joints between the bones of the ankle (tarsals)

Differentiate between a vertebrate and invertebrate. Give examples?

Invertebrate are animals that do not have a backbone. Insects spider and jellyfish are examples of
invertebrate.
Vertebrates are animals that do have a backbone. Human beings, birds and snakes are examples of
vertebrates.

What do you understand by a liquid skeleton?

The earthworm's shape is maintained by the fluid present inside its body just like that of a water filed
balloon. This kind of body is known as liquid skeleton.

Eg. earthworm, snail

chapter 18 waste

what are waste?

Materials or substances that are no longer needed or useable and have lost their value.

What are the three main types of wastes?

Wastes are of three types : solid, liquid, and gases.

Name any two sources of liquid waste?

Discarded chemicals, fertilizers washed into rivers and domestic sewage are examples of liquid waste.
Homes industries and agriculture activities generate a lot of liquid wastes.

Name any two sources of solid waste?

Fruit and vegetable peels and discarded metal and plastic objects are examples of solid waste. Homes
industries and agriculture activities are the chief source of solid waste solid wastes are of two types:bio-
degradable and non-bio-degradable.

Do all objects rot? Name any four objects that do not rot?

No all the objects do not rot.

For example : glass, plastic, pen, cap.

Name the three R's that can help us manage our wastes well.
Reduce : e need to reduce the amount of waste generated by consuming and throwing less.

Reuse: We can reuse certain things by repairing them.

Recycle: recycling involves making useful things from waste materials. Materials like glass, metal,
plastic, and paper are collected seperated and sent to recycling and sent to recycling plants where these
are used to make new products.

Name any two methods used to manage solid wastes?

Most solid waste such as old newspapers, plastic and glass bottles, metal objects, can be recycled and
reuse. Organic wastes such as vegetable peels can be converted into manure by burying them in
compost pits. This process is called composting.

What is composting?

Composting is nature's way of recycling organic wastes

Composting can also be done with the help of earthworm's.

How can gaseous wastes be managed?

Industries should be encouraged to adopt cleaner technology to minimize emission.

Tall chimneys should be used in factories to assist in the dispersal of pollutants.

Organic waste such as dry leaves should be composted, not burned. Emission from vehicles may be
lowered by using public transport.

Name any two methods used to manage liquid wastes?

Sewage must be treated before it is discharged into rivers and other water bodies.
Stagnant water serves as a breeding ground of mosquitoes which spread diseases.
Water must not be allowed to stagnant in ditches coolers etc. especially during the rainy season.

What is recycling?

The process by which waste materials are used to make new products are called recycling.

What is vermicomposting?

Vermicomposting means composting with the help of earthworms. Earthworms eat biodegradable
kitchen wastes such as fruits and vegetable peels and convert it into compost which can be used as
manure.

What is landfill?

Landfills are large areas used for waste disposal. IN a landfill garbage is buried in such a way that it
does not damage the environment. Garbage burried inside landfills stays there for a long time as it
decomposes very slowly. After a landfill is full it can be converted into a park. For example
indraprastha park in new delhi is build on a landfill site.