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2,009 Edition

Proven te,chniques from 'thie lest"'p1re'pl ,eXipelRs

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V,OUIi StOlf"

on al~11 se,ctions ofth,e' te,st

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"15 p'raCIiCB Iqu.estiop,s,

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:Virllll'SS{IJ

SBIJ KinDIl ,CogfNihBn

200'9 Edltion

Douglas Pierce and Ss:al'l Kinsell Upd!ated by Vanessa COQQls'nall

Random li-IolJse. Inc. New York

'The Ilndepct1d~t EdUCallWII Coosl,lllanlS ASSIOciatiolll f,etQgllims, The Ptinlielof'lilileview as a vall!lilble fes:ollil;e kif' higll sdiiool anti ooll~1! slud'errts ap,pllj'fJ1[1 ttl corleg~ andl graduate scoooL

JOhll Katzman,. CbailIDall, fllumler

Ml~hael J. Pilri~.PIli~ident OEO

The ~1l!1cewl'IllBvr.EI\'i,

IIIIC.

St~heill RidniilJds, COO, ICR) J'IiIM Marshall, IPresiden!, TesL Pifiljpara:liOlll SlWic:es Rob franek. \!Ii' Test PrSIlIBollks. PubGsher

2315 IBroadwa-w Mew YOGi; NIY l002,~, ,E.mall edrtrnial~IilJlPCfltZ&reytaW.lOO1fi

All IiQ'Il1.$ fesef\!OO. Publi<s1itt!' tn !he Ulililedl S'ta~es by Flindom HouiiEI'. rnt;.. New' Ymt. and] simultallOOllfilV if! CilInad'a1J,y Ilandam HQus;c 1[J111C1JIliiUla Urmlled, TCl:fooOO. .

lid itoria'i Seallmlli Mlllla!t;ey, Edltorie'l [lrrec!or RetJecoo le~e(Iil. Editor selimal CQ~'k, Ediwr Hea ther Br,ady. Edilor
Prod'l:IlllliOfil Slim m:lis soon Hlm~s. &iec:utive [)r.red()f. PrciduCl,iii.hS'ewkes Su~a!llne Barker, iliredlOf. Pi'Qduttitlnl Serviooo, ~im HQWle'.Senior Graphic DrilSlgnsr 'lOdulln~fi IEditOliiiul Mea-vl! S'heltOfl. Production Ufib'lr

ISBN: 97,a.O~375-4·2855·5 IS~H\~:11)4,'·2029

Editor.Re~

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MillY t:;tmel
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PllOidUC'uOfiEditor: Hl!lolh~f' Brad¥

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IR'8ifidqm House Pl!b~li$hing Tum Tom Russ~l. Mlool!l'r iNico'le Elenh:i!bib. Pulili~~ng Man'IIQllr EliIM L Il!oo. Production Manager Ali~ClI'ISlaabeAsSllch:!te' Managing IEdjtm Elham S~ba~~, Publ'ishing Assislanl

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Tn 8' A,:sading SectiJon

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Part I Orientation
1 Il'Itmdllction

1 _,,~Iapter" Ch
i

Introduction

WIE:lCOMIE~
WdCiOnle ro Th.ePrl~[Q1l R~~'sfhoro~ght~ p~~p1lirnuon~i,de tiorlh1! 'Fest ,of En_gjl~ as 3"f'oroeignLa.[!g;Ui~~ {TOEfl}. In r.hh bOOk. yqn w][I, ii.Dd ,evcryrbing you need. '[10 p:tepax fox dn: TOEFL-.iIlIDr.lllad.o:n 'on the~~~: rorm<lil. ~lH',a:kir!g. :$lWl:!t~j~. dri]~$j :lnd, ef CQU~se.a ~l~lwS~h p~(;ci(ie e::tam.
P~,ft I ,of this hook8;i,ve5 a briefouj'difJJ~ o.n.how ehe res[ ls organi'1i~d,. P~n Il h~']ps you &mJI.i:a,ll"i~yQu!i$~f w.id!1ihe bas~~ '(In(!ept'Stes~, ,c'n the TOEfL. Pan ]I[ t pres~1tS yo~. wh:h ~~'mlegies.and. dp5 for dle' 'qlil:es~ill@:mlsiil.lldrnsks on d~~r;esr..P~n ~. I~ vpwvlues
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WH,AT' IS 'TIRE,'TOEFll?
1"he TOEFL is a rest d.M as.seSlle'~ your' pil'Qlfid~cy inm~-lYpe of English wed if! an Ia:~l'l!dcm.k ~nv]:ronm~nt. 1he 'l:e~~is adm ird!lx~[-edon ~heb:lterl:lief" whlehwe'll expJail'll hi): more d.eta~~ea plt~,e ,6. 1h~ ~J.lam takfcS abolJ,'!: four hOUl'.$; i~O oom;pWelle~.Ild inregr3tesfom'!!ssef.lJ[lal.l. $k:iJ]~ [\e~d]I'Ig, USI'[en~ng"w'ridl'llg.•.amd$peakin,g. 1\:b f'I'I~.Ul$dtat a~f glv(lft que-$do~oil" ~sk ~ay rcqui!'\~ },O:M!roIU~ ene ,Otmore ·of these sims. ,Por exlu;npi]e'~ before3r~' tempting <I, wdli,ng task the TOEfL. you Eay ha'!,l\e I~O' .rcead. ~. p!lmg~ ;l,~d 11.rs~ lisren to a ]ec1:~W Q!r.Ii d1;e OOP~(;'

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FowJn;!!tely. ~h~TOEFL is n,o[ as daJLU'l!dn.e;~sil!;lt:l;®V seem beeaase i!~[estill ,eaJ.c:h of the :fOlUJiisklllsla a fai dy :speciJilb way; By workblg~h.oough. dli:s; QCl'ok ~m!! Its ~X1!ti~~~yj you'll bccnme ()om.fo:l'~:lb!!ew~r.h t~lYP~ ,of wrhi og •.speali!:Jg:. readio!;,;.and USltoeni~g ~kJI1\S'th;l:f~fe required to get a,.~oodsoo~,e on th.'!'!exam.

Tbe ,Structure altha Telst

'Ihe TOEFt is b['o~n do<wnin~o' four dlstlnce Sec:dOlliS. one each for 'rhc skills llseed, Howc'\I\e!l':,ea.ch. 8oct~on.lu:ly require :)'011 ro I:JJSem,ofC t~ban OM of rhea!b~ve (01,1 r skllls, The stfUCrl,lfc of ~h¢teSl is II!!~ foLLows;.

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One R..eolIdjngsect:ion. cOll'Is,!s;ung of three to 6vepassa:ge.s that are IiOUlg~]y 550~o, 700 w·i]Fd.s~<ich.Each ,passlllgt: will. be fOl~·
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:J.bol:u:rhe c:o.ll1i!!!i'U

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nine audio selee$id~-

each ·of which are three to Jive minutes long, The

riens wU~be either aeadernic fccnliftS or casual oonveriOlltion.ll. After each selocdClliii.t:bue will be five to six mlJll]fi.pte~c:lhoke qu~tiQn..s about the oontent: of ehe leerure or' Cionw·r5:atiQri. yO!.:!

w.i U ha:'\re:60 ~o 9'0

• On~ S~dting

:mjnU~S~i)

c.,Qmp~c(,eihe end re

8eC:il:ftO:nli .. .

st:Ccwn, eenslsrl n.g, of IIJpp.ro:x.i.milltely six: :5Ji~kr i:n,(ltasks ...M:O:Scpeak.ing tasks wi.u also require sORlie listen in.g s and so.me ~.adin.g, You. ~m ha:ve Ul' speak for 45 ,or 60 seeends, d~pmdIDg, On the task~ and YOil:!. havoC 20 minU'lelii eo 'COmwill p:lere the endlic $eodnn. One' Writing section, consisdng of two wri:tiug assigfi~nu. As wh._htbe speking seerion, [he wfid.n:gst:Crion dse, requlees l.isi:e.ll.i.l1llg: a:nd f~-1liding.You. wi II.have 50 m~nmes '00 com:pl.ef¢ rhee.r.ldre· section.

Hlowlhe Test ls S:co:red ~

-

A.frer fin.isi!in8 die TOEF L, you will. reo:i:vc a ~Ol¢ from 0 (0 30 :for each of the fO'llJI'fs«ttOaJ1,S. YouwiH alse reccjv~ a toul. score on a 0 '11012J[I scale, Ea.ch. SCOre corresponds '[.0 a. :p~:reend]eran Idog. Th is n1ill.mJbe>li~ show.s hoW' your SGO~ ,omp<ue5 '\lI"lth {he ~g~ of olhe:.r m'E ta:ker'S,.:For Ci::iUllp]¢. a ~ol~al sceee of ~00 would pur you in the a:9~h percc:nr.i.le., m"ttilll.i.p.g ·th:(f you seoeed hwgher dliUl 89 om of 100, reSt rakers; whereas a scere of 50 would PU( rQU ~n 'r:he26~h perceneile, The a'~e'nglC
TOEFL ~vore it around 68. Notice' that the O~a130 scores are scakJ$c.ores.. meaning; d'la!l" 0 ~a,30 number ,the does.n't liep~n;!:" how many queseions you a:iili$WC'f-eld oorr,ectiy or how many pelnrs you.r ,essay' WIIS awOl rded •. Bar example, the Re.Jid.ing and Llseenlng secdons eachccnTOlfld

raln rou.ghly 40 qiIJie5t:i!:1JlIi,. You will get apolne roreacb oo!.'roc[ ilin~.wwand 111 p~nJh, fi:nr eaeh illwfre:ct answer, A[ the ·¢!1idr~~ ~octiont your rdWSClOJ)e.which r~presencs o hO'lY many po:ints ~u~ve ·~rncd!. is ~,ilnicd and. oolllveJ[ioed. 'roO' number enthe a 1[1 ttl 30 :5lCa~~.
"the Wril[[ng and. Sp~akill:gsections Me seered somewI13[ d.Hfcr·i:ndy. Each wri~ing sam:p~c r~l;clveii a Kio:n::'between 01:]JlId 5. These rnw SCQf'C$ 1:IIr~[hl:n cQl'lver.tted. ro the 0 to 30 seale .. Simi1alily, each speaking task receives 3 score from 0 m 4. The IiCIOIieS From all six $p~3.kin,g.ta.sks areili.verng.ed :and convened to rbe '0 !iQ 310 seale,

the right Dollage fo, Y01J,legiS:lier a~ Pri nc EltonReview.oom ~

How A,rle the: Scolres US1ed'?

Col.l.eges and universities will. look at YO'Uf TOEFL. SCOle when oonsIdering your applicari.on.. Of C;OUl'!J~. our TOEFL sceee is no:[ the only facIo! cl1:at:lJffic~ your y cba~~ ,of admission.. Go~~eg~es nn.iveil'liiffiri~ al$O .Iook a_m: and yo~:r aca:dem,k:performance, ~etters

o.F r,ec::omme.ncla:do.n. ap:plki!Jd~~ ess<ly.s. and. .scores on ether s[~n~

<l:

,dal'di"lied tc;s:ts. A.. :ll.Oug:h a hi~ TOEFL !icore wl It no[ :muamnoor: adm.iisiiiliof! 00 h pardcu:lar pwg[;Mtl" ;<1 Low test ,score could jeopardhe. your chances,

So.me schools :and programs may {require :srudenrs WL[O TOEFL $OOir'ei' b~Low a c-ertail"i cUroifF SCCII:-C: take supplemeam] Englbh classes, Others may only ac<:epl W appl.icants w.ho score bene; [han apal'lticu~ar ,cutoff' SCOl1e. Make sure )lOU d",eck w.itb the. pr'ogranu to which you. are applying for specifi,c .i.nformadoi:'l,.
. . .

'The Clm'pule,r,-Basl'di IflDirrmail Usedl 'fir Illnterle't~B,as'ed liest'iingl UIBTII

The TOEfL is a 'compu(c:r-iIba:seci,reS[ char ls dd.il'tr,ecl Ir,o [(."Stillg 'centers "la the

Ineemer, Therefore the TOEFL can be' offered at locadonliEhmughour I[be werld, The' 'meSl1lIS3.d.miD.i.$rQ'~d by Educational Testing Se:rvia: (ETS), rhe Sal.me testing O'rgaQ~:z:alion tha~ admin iSler'S d:l;e GR E, SAT. and other standardleed tests.Accordhl:g ro .ETS, [f.I~e,:I'[I!::,t~b~~d 'Ei:5dng (iBT) allows ETS I~O capru.re ,sp~ch. and sc.ort: :rt'S',pOll'l~ in <I, stand,ilird i~l 'amil. f.tkm:ail1lnel~.' l~ also' Q'iakes h possible fOlr
them wg~,eadJ e.x:pa.ll.d.accw, ro
[('-S[

centers,

The iBT .tQrroat will be newre the untrained ,eye (unl, may be indmida:tiog. espl;.-daJly if you Iuve never sakea a [~S[ ona c.omput(l:r.. A b.rief uterial ics o1fe.:redat 'the beg~nning of rhe TOEfl ~o allow you dOle to &:miliar:iz.e. yOlillrsd.fwil[h (he :folimaf. Still. the mT presents some chall.engJCS. For l~aJ.mplA:. wben,vo'r1idng on a reading, passlI,ge. you w~U $CC'something Ul~thj8;

--------

!.!I03II:1,!!..,.lld:.11

Tlne E':iWsik.e~~eronf the .Alrthr-opod o

There are more arltl ropods a.lliveom Earth than there are members of any ather phylum 0" animals. Given that not .only insects and spiders bUll also' :shrimp. 'crabs" c,entip edes, and their numerous relatives are arthll'Opods , til istaet should not occasion surprise. For aH thajr dlvers,~ty. ,arthropo os of any type: share '~O ds:fil"lin:g ch aracteristi'CS: rei nted tags (from 'wh ic:h the phylum takes its name} and enexoskeleton (the recognizable hard outer shelll). Though the shelll itself is made 'of dead tissue' lik.e that of human hair and fingernails, it is dotted with sensory ,cells" These girve the'arthropod inf'orma,Uon about its surrou nd ~ng,s,m uch as, the nerve' ,endings in huma,.111 skin do.~lso liik'9 human s:kin n the shell protee ts 'fraglille ,imema~ org'ans, 'from pnt'entially hazardous contact withl tile environment. lit aeala in precious moi:sture thal woul!d otherw,ise evaporate bot permits the exchange of gases.

Its. primary component is cili'ttin, a netural

polymer that contains c8,!cium and is very'sf mHer in Slrucbure to 'the ceHu lose in wood C nUin and proteins are secreted in the epiderm ~s"the living tissue ju st below th,s shelll" s'fter which they bond 'Iio form a thin sheet Each new sheet is produced so that i'ts chitin fibers are not parallel willl those dirrectilyaboV"i!, wlli'ch increases ~heilr combined! strength .. Th,s result' is the endocuticle, a mesh of' rnolacul es ~hat forms the Ilowest layer of the: snell!. Tine ,endocu.Ucle is n.ot qu i~,eloug WI e noughfor daiiy wear and tear. Ovs,r time, however, its molecules continue to lock togI9lhe.r. As th,s ,sndoculicle is pushed u,pwa'rd by ~hefo:rmation ,o'f new sheets by

:lnuod1ucliOf!

I1

1!..!i!l11:'

iii, ... I. !!;1:a

the epiiCIermis" j'~ becomes the midd ~e!3he~ ~ ~aY'9rcaJIIe.dh3' ,e~ocuttch::. With Us, molecuh3's b Qnd1ea so tightly!til;e exocu~icle is vErry durable. There an::!pOl nts onme body w1nema lit does no:~form" sin cefllexibi IUy is needed .an:luna joints,. l1his arrangement: all~ows st:l.ppIe movement bUlt Ipmv~de's,armor~Uke

protecUon.
Thoug h stmng, the c41titin and pl'\Cllt'ein exeounc lie ilsellf waull dI p ro:v~clea poor barr~,~u' ,aga~nst mo:l,slLlre! loss. Therefore. ~tmust be coated witlh Hpids:, wh h::hl are also secreted by the ep~,dj8Ifmis:,lhasa lipids, mosl~y'fintyacids and wID:lss"fmm the' th ilrd, ou~ermos~ ~ayer of titl€ .she:1L They s preao ove,r the cutic'tes to form a, w,EilterplFoof seal,sv,en in dry w,eather; This ~~p~,di layer 'g,I\,r,es many ,arthn:rpods their

d islin:ct~ve [IUSler,
Combined, the el'1ldccu~ic~e!executicle, andl Hpid coating 'farm a: shan that provides

1formidlajb~e I:Uo:li€lction.The exta mal shell h 8S lQ~hera.dvant:a.ges. One is, that, beeeu sa it has far more surface area. than the intema~ slkelletonfound rn vert.ebrats:S"irtprovides
mere points at wh~,ch: uscles can be m

atta.ched. Ihis increased liIumt::1I3 r ,of muscles permits many a.rti1ropods to be stm:ngerand more a:glill fo:r their body 8~ze[h'an biH]ISor e mammals, The coloranen and m!2lirkingls 'of d1e sXloskeletolll can be b eneHc~a~as we,n. Many species a,fsco:rpion, f'011" in/stance·! hav,9 cutDc~esthal cOl'lltann hyal:~ne., The hya,1ine i's ,eX:CneoC~1 bry ultravio~et radlia:tion ,so~hese scorpions gll.ow bllll'e~g reen when a black 'Iight ]sfilashed on them. Scient]s:ts arE! not sure Why soorpions havs 'Sv(lilveclto fluor€'sce this wa;,y, buttihe reason may be that t.heir 9 ~ow aUra.cts insects, that they can captureand eat
i

AdJaptive a.sthe~r sheUis, H leaves arUuO[pods wi~h at least one ,cjlislincl di:sadvantagle!: lhe

cuUcle cannot expand to accommodate growth. As ~heanimal increases in size, ~here:fQ:re.it must occasionally man. The e:xfs:l:ingl cuticle sEl;p',arates from newer,; more Uexiib,le layers, being sec reted beneath it, 'gradually :spms open" and can be' shalken or slipped off. The neW' c hi'tin an d protein wilU harden ,and be provloed wUh afresh Ii:pld coating, but tMis. proC9'SS can take hours or days atter mOiltJng occurs. The ar~hropod must 'first take in extra air or water to swell its body to glreater than its rtormai size ..After the shelll has helrdened~n uts exp:and1er:i. form, the arthropod expels the air or water. It then has mom for growth. IBut until it hardens, the new coat is tender andl e'Slsily' pe netrated. Accord in glly,~hle arthr;opod must remain in l1~ding. Otherwlse" II't rtsks bS'ing snapped up by a predator clever ,enouQlh to lalkeadvantage ot its lowe reid delenses.

Introductiolil

I9

Geady, you caln:no~~pplro~ch oomp.U'~ei[~bilited OEFLrem:ding p.a;ssage dll~ aJ T ssme way yQuwould a:ppro<ldh apiliper~brlised. resr,. :For on.c~hing, you. W'O[l'. he :I.bL~[0 Ul'lde'f]jne,. elrele, or Of,h~rw.i~_elllab m~:[M IO~1 rhe WJ!;f (weU.Y'0u ,euuld. bli:lltthe resr.ing a~mc:r p.robablliy wouldn'r be happy ifyou,uinoo.irs c@li:I1pu~er Cfee~$!J. ~ Abo~ on ~b>ccom~'u,!:[er":bO$~d TOEFL. y()I~.'U. h,:l1.vc: sake eilch pOft~onof the test 00 in irs c:U'lti['~~y;Th~l'~fo[~, yO~JcanI:liOl'~ ip part ·oift:he Rcad.in:g S'eC!:i!oilfa", go r:o the sk
U~~eni~g ~ect;ioirl . and rensm to the Readi,ng s~C'[iQi'I.HQ~\I'c-iV, yCl;lJcan skip que-s• elous with,iu some: secri.on.s; fOf ~x:lm.p~~,. if you skip .R IqueS!l'~@nin rl1C .ReaJding

secelen,

j'QY

are: able

00

return ~o it~hen

:y<.lu11,nidl tb~ or:h.e:rql:llien~o~sin thJ':!!;

seerlcn, 1hcaJudio :po.rtiQfi~of the resr a fie abo ,eomlPmeir~lrlil:5!ed.,:ilnd the sp'~ilking wHl ask yc~. te speak ineea recordl ng device. POtt]I}Q

.Eventhough this book con:tll[ns: :pap~.i:lil.sed.dd~1is;].mdql!JJesdQlps, aU of rhe ,m.!~Cg,1e:l ~n ~his book arc gCll:red. ~oward p~p<! ring yOiiJ! for <I. cQmpuu::,r.-ibaSt:'d. IcS'[. 'Fo gt;'I:.a fed I'Oil"tak~;[)gthe I-eS;l on a COllnpUfer, YOIl should p:nu::ti.oe a~ r:tlll TOEFL w~bshe;. http;llwdlp.ract-ic:e.ets;"or.g.

R'egis,tedng far til.,.! TOE.Fll

Make sum IJCI reglsler liiilflV!

~[hc l,';!l!s~e$1t way !1o~isu~'r for d~e l"OE.FL lsO!nli De, :1r \\n\'!'W.~fl:s.i!J!I'g/[)o~l/li.fid~ .hllml" Because thetest is inremeft.bl'lJsed, ma:n:Y ~c-$drng!~~ffie~re :!\I'aU ble, ahhough a a [11lslsn't nooe.ssari:ly true O\l'e~lieas. M.a~~ sur-c you I1'!'giSteJ: C<lrily SO (h~1!:yo~ ~~c1lilil!'e
3.

IIDe"'tffi~g lim:e ~nd. locatti.;ltI)widlJ wlti~h you are ,comf'O'ftablc.

You R1.3:Y tit~ We TOEFL <18 many dmes as )IIou ~nre. Ma:oy progr11ildS wi.~:1limply~ab ! )'OOir best SW.re:, hUIr:dbUl~[rQ,~l'Q clt<m ful; 5poci:fi;;; .i~funn<lltkml 'withad missleaseouaSm[$ fuomrile schcels (owbkh },!{lU are applyingi

WH.ATIIS, THIE 1"A:I~Nlt:ETIDN REVIEW?

We ,oHer an (11111 ine lOHt eourse iill Plrrlflce~on~eview,c(]r!rl 1h~ Prlnceren Rc"iew ls tb~ prem i.er H~$E~:pl\cp."Irnl:ion oo.m,p::l~y d~3~'p:re:p<'lfCS [iCW$ s:!:11:1I)def.us: each year Wlf W~t5 ¥!.I.ch"!ii~hc TOEI=L, SAT, GMAT,. IGRE. LSAT; :and. MeAT. Ae 1hePdnceto'J:I RelO'iew. we spend eeueeless bOlilirs rese-a:oc;hi ngtests and. .fi.gu'ing our e:.'!:3.cdy howm crack rhem, We olef stydl;,~ts

Oif thous:l1llds of

p'roV'C!~~h.igh~poWCi~dJ sr:rn.mgiC$ andrechniqaestn achieve 'rhe~i!besr $Yo:u:es'.

~J:;lp them be<lttle

tests

i.'l:nd

I na.diditioJl ro om books. w¢ oi"¢t borh U""'c d<lJ5SrOCImi nS[[IL1Clt~on on IinIL': and OOllrS~S. If yQuwo~]d like mar-e inforM3iIi::voil'l 3.bOUi~Our :pmgmms. v]s]r: uS :aJI
f!!:'tRC'.eW:nRevie1.v,oom. For "ou~e inwrn1<.'1:tion ourslde the Un ired Sm~es.c:ollit:ilc[ThePrimoi;;C,.on :r~ev!]~w in rlte ooU[lrr.iies. com mon.we4l:~fhs. and .cit ies ]j~'~ed the n~ ~ pJge. ,gn

Can,OlJdii-Tor-QfllCI

Ca.n1lJda__";Va~!(jQiI!J!~r
Ch~na-Da]il!:n

41G~944,~8iOO] 604~ 6!09~2S00

4U-S77~] 2"H
21~63S6·1071 2()~3721~7575

Ch[[i)la.-Sh:~ngha~
Ch[na~X~lan

Guam.
Hong, Kang Imd[a-Bangill.QIe, jali'ilmaha.1 Campus
b:t(f[a-Bal'!l\g~I.o.rt"
I[!:d[iI-:Bm:D..f~:li]Qlre, Ma.llcshW':ll';llrn

r{j·7HH6·8080

852~2:507~9.3aiO

J aYllJrlag.il[Camp!l.liS

Ind[~-BangaJJo.oo. Indbanaga::r
India~C~Thef.lrnru ]odh~,-Ch'l::nn<lli Imd~a.-Gu rga:on ]~dja-H:yd,e'l:ahad~ nil:sukhnaJga~

1(180-41213'1874 080~41211i'O,f617' 080-4149042:5/:26. 080·41l52769 044-,426122:0112t3·

044·,4212;5556/;·7158.

o 124~4'll87B.84/5/6

Indj3.-Hycl~jt1lJb<1l.d. 'G~ee:l'llal'lld5 Ind]a~:Hyclernl~3cl, H]maYll.wagOl [ Indi:il.-Kol !cam In~Ua-N-ew :Od h i, CorpofSJfJe Office

040-4015771 ] 040~400336]9" 4:00363.39 040-2322!041l112

033·24858:93"

248;,8939

022>645~OI49q3'li8 8
CIl1-4h70699'O/SH, 4:]706692 Iin:d[iil-NiIl:w n~1h I, C~;[Iu',d Delt.i &,; Wes'[ Del.h.i. 011- :5175S7125USn ]Wld~a New D:e.lhi, N i;)'rcl:.. De:~:h:iC~u!!!!l'(;.r 011-2:74]21[9,2741227] I~dh:!.-New Dlelh[, South .Ddb.i. 0. 1[.•4] 7\5:5325/617 ]ndlg___:New Del hi, S~iU!the~$t Del hi 011-4 ]6268 0j., 4 [{)j72.:5126 .~ndi~PUne 20-260~5i5'O~S4/8:5/S,6 lsr~.cl O:FS·r_i,]~1830 ]3:pan 03~3463-1343 Malaysia. o.3,-2l69~(i209 Mcxioo-Nkx:klO City 55~8356",62~() Mexioo-M,oI:IUe:rr¢'y Bl~.B.3S6~61]2 .Pakbf,"'n~K:li.ra:ch] 02l.:582·472617
1

Pa.ki~rllj:!-iGubh"n-e-[qbal Paki.sr.a 1l-Is]am.aJba:d

Paki~~Sin~,bh.ore Ph.i.lippi.n~
Puerro R]co

02~.~4aO·~0355/6 051 ~582>54U!: 042.:;87-8267/9

Ibri.~:l"i.~o<@p:dndpa]]a.oom.

7S7d999'~9459
6839-01118 2~10]'i~2472.

S1nga:pore
Som:h. KOf,e;!li-S~ou~. ApgiLlijt;ong. Camp1!'ls SClUdl .Ko.re~Seou~~Ka.I:!Ig:"Nam C:a~pl!;!$ SYT~a Taruw3.n r[haUand~Baugko.k

Tu:t:kcy Un:ited Arab 'Em ifaJtc.5-Abu Dh ..1ll

Ull'lk~d. .Arab Em it<lir.es-AI.JUn Unlh.ed Ar.!:b Emi[;ii!~nulbOli Unit:edArnb, .Etm.i.mn:s-K:nQw.lcdg~vru~~Otge

2~)52~39'312 J I~333·S(i6S 02-275]-1293 02-·636~,6770 212r'3!24.r4747

02-671-33·_;n
03 ~75S..;5,,1156
04-33,4~0004

04-£134,-0004

WHIAi·:S INTIHIS; IBOIDK

CriZcking tl"f TOEFL lOT c-Oflt.dn~ fouf pam.
1.
Oriemi[;3Jl: i.til.n: Wh;:l:r; yQ~'rl!: r~<lili:!lg
~~i!i!l.

2.

Core GOIfI(l¢p~$:The b~s;ic!ikilli nooe.s<.1arr to s!JJcoessfuny oolnpllcre you win have a gl)e;JJ,rer,undc:rstandil:ii,i!l of how [h.eijl!t~.g~\lJ~dtasks on the TOEfL 6~l(Jg;e~h¢f.
tllil;~ ,t:lt~:[n.Byworki Ilg Il:hWllgh ~he Ie:~rci:res ill~:M$ Sii:cr.iQ.t.h

3.

Cra.ddnSi The app[\()p.riaresi~.rn:[eg:i.e;s I~O c~.ck.¢ach qjl;!~s;tion~yp¢ on I~~eTOEfL. Qu~r.i.olUi nth~ Lis((';ninf:l;and Spe~]d sections are ng

4.

acoompru:\[~d 'by OlnOl.uldlio CD. F~ll-len,g!tib'mct:i~e"fe'Sri: A:fre.you·v¢woik:edtb!io~g~<li]l d~e exercises :l;iI1Id drllls in the Pf~V~QUSt'wO ~ectionsly0!l(!l1l get ;2 ehanee
under r>eill Wiesttwng ,cOindJ!:lons. The p'ra(:tilbe'~x~.rn lflclij;des de~a[rued ex.ptanari.Qn5foj[e'l!~ryq1;;!:~s1Liliot!I,<1!$~~~<!iS ,samp,[e speaking and wwiring [esPQn!i~. In :lliddhio:n" ehe audio CD i.lildud~ssa.ro,plC$ of ~opf<l:cdce

~!hetypes of
I~@gnve you

nucning skJUs..

ruemij!~$~!I\!a~ouwiU hear 'OIll the [e:~:I: y a good i~ I~fwhafoo eKpect aud he[p you dCl,I'ernop your
OOHvelr$a:rions
iLl:1:d.

'Th1S: baoik. ispr]m3.~]mlf d!~ig~~d. ~o ailld .~-OiU! ln pf~pru:ins 10 eake the TOEFL.
a.

WItAT"S: ,,'or IN THIS BOIDK

.b

dees ~@~p~Qvid,c c-om:pre:h~nli~'\Ie a grammar guide or ex:~f:i['lS~ve .EI.l:gIJsh vQrnb~]ary ]e~lls 'iBy'wlJiJlMng [hil'o'tllgjb [~e bOQl,. :y~1/1l beeble ~o pickup, new'lrioC'.a:bulary and. so:m:eg~.m.mar rU[IMi. bliU!cf you flood mort! beJp with the basics, d:Il::~l! are ;! I f!u~~r of re:sou'['CcsiI;va]]aMe.
• 'Jhe ['rin"(i¢tO[1 R~",iiew's G,'tlcm;mar S~Mlrt and Wo,r.a $m'lfY:t books (aYawl~,.jblewhereveii youputi:OOased~:h.i;s book. hll:dudi.!lg 0:01 lne r~t~i~ers) pro"'ideex:~ef.li$ivt;:~elp' w.id~g~mm!i!r a~d~eab!l:l]ai'y. Maga:ii:!l~ ,stlicllSiS 'Time. [)iSfC'OW.r. Jinl'err.-zinmttlu.t Wt1~·k..yi SPOT1'JJlb~~ 1"'~Ud,. nd newspil,pC'£S .slJich :aJSUSA. Totlaywi Ilh~mp yQ~f c'Omp~chen:a si.olil. !a:l':ld v('Jalft)u.I,a::ry; -r~t~vision ",,:rid ~"d~o aee errjoy.alble ways [i(I learnthe l:1i.D.gu<lige.A[~~llt :lli n}' show O~ p:mgraim wH.1 be helpful. A qukksc:a.n:boW!! rhe :~~tl:-:!'f.I.e:t wUl ~um up a n!.!lmber oH:d.p:fuffi w,eb~

..

'. '.

sires de.vof.ed~c hel.p~ng people :~ea.m.En'gl.i,sh.

-n,~:is liJook. is more useful ify'O/li;! OLl'iC' ·Co!1:l.fo.rllllb]e. widlJ ~heEnglli]s,h Wangu11Ige.• If fPilID a:r(; srill hw.ring. tl1lJub]e w~tb Englim IOu!i.d HIP y,our cD:IiJJ~6d!~rnc~witlli'!~h~I<i.~gua;ge :first., Itlb:en work. Itmallgll l:his baok,
j

The ma~e,rjal. in Cr4&ki'~gthe' TOEFL iET is prevlded to hdp s:tudenrs ,of ~llle~tc!ls acbiev,e higher scores on the tese, [dealt}'; all sltuden~s, sh,Quld, workrh rough. tbc' seeclons of ehe beekl 11 ehe order in whleh they are presented" Eve'lIlis,tu,denlts who are :faii,r]y ,c:()!m.ri:lna,M~s.l~<eaJ'ii ng,re:a:ding" and 'wrati ng in EngUsh VlljjjI 'b~n~eJffoO~ ~h~ informauon in ehe Co ..e Couceprs section (111:.[. U).

HOW 'TOIIUSIE THIS BUDIK

Of course; if you fecl[hat },Oll have a &E:l"iongg:rnsp of rhe m:il~eri.~.IJ are free ~'O f(i1J ~kip ahead w the Clfficking secelen (P;:lif[lll) to start working On lo.EFL 'q,ues~ d~. If you find you are not: pfogl'el!S~ng as you'd hoped" return m F;1:1'1; and work rhr,augb if first.

The best W3Y m, p,repUL!!' fo:!' the TOEFL i~ ])0 p.mc:tkc' as nuu:h. ~spo-ulbL~i' and. ads book ~ves: youfh.e chance [-0 'wo.rlk: rluough mor~ thaa 200 sai-mple quesd@iIiiIS:. However) ee ger maXi_IllU_1f.! wduc from. [Ms book, you mu.S'I use the srr;altegie,sand rec:h~]q'IJ~-SW~ :preserlil:"c¥cn if YOIll. feel OIU' approach b) the TOEfL some6..mc.s f«ls ,arwlkwaEld '~r .Ln.e.ffi.dell'E •. You. must t.!'YS[ th;~t ,our reehn iquell and 5i:mte,gies dQ work" and you sbo·uJdpracdce them. acc(uilin;giy.

CAN ~H,E,AL[Y IMPRD'V'E MY' SCIOR'E:?

Ye-s-.,Doiim.@; wel I, Oin the TOEPl is 3. skill, :and :~ wffirb any sk ill" i:r can be: I,eii.r,fu:d. Th is boo\k (Jrov.ides d:u~'[oot~ fie>ces!Sa.ty to do betrer on the TOEFL~ blli~~[Is U:I:' 'm, )"01.11 to ~pply 'ili~m.Work through ,the oooik iU a oomforlCable pa.c£. Take time to undersraad the ~'!:rn'n:.gies t,cchlli_iqu~ and me them. Look back ;a:i: the 'quesand dens you':ve anS"W~r~_: bO'fh ~he ones J,eu answered correctLy a.nd '[he OIl~S YUill. gPl wrofig~ Fi,gure om; whar you r .stren,g!dls andweaknesses are on (he eese, Many 'ten rakers find thai if riley .fnU to u.s¢ rhe stt,negi~"'Yc' of:FC:.I", sceres donor cha:nge .. their H~vcJ', ~es~eakers who do master ou r rech fI.~~UCSand srr3r:cgi~ wilUi_ro,p,tQv~ [hJti r secres,

.Before we discuss the TI i ·,FL. [here inc any !itandanliz.ed. mulriple-cholce II! t,

IBefaraWa' Begin

,['I

fe.!vb:lsk Iuinc:iplc$ to k1eep in mind .for

Wmn!g AnSWeirS
.olllle'of

'of a muh'lpl,e""choke tC$[ ffis:tha!~ [hie ,i1JUi;Yii'(:rfQ 'e¥~.ry ~l~~~;·' the scrcclII!I!To mini:mI]7,C this advan~ag\li:, fest wrieees ha'll.e eo n:lake [he Wl"i0it1l;ganswers .rtem '(Inject·; often. the wrong 1U1swers ase :paridcldafly appcaHng, and resttakers r"ll Inea the trilp ,of picking answer ... rhae SttITI roo good
rhe ad¥iiJ n.ta;ges
@i~

[ion :is right there

~o be rrue,

Learning ee ~ogn.i~ and ;ll'llid these uap answers is one ofl:he keys [Q you~ success on the TOEFL For each question in. rhls book, be' sure to rcv]~w bodll the right andwwltg answers s.o you ha'l'\e an. idJ(t~. f what both good 'U'l.d bad anSWCIi$ e ,look I,[ke. AnsQjpay cJo~e a;~1lie!lrion~o' ou. d~aJli.f]olnof commOD mlip an~eri In L D' ~.:i' d L-,. • .' [De' l .. eiIQlng an,', . [stemn,!!:. sec~lOrliS.

IIiIC!reaSI Your IDdld~s, I,demify:ing~vrong answers g.rca.dy hnp~)'\our ,chanoes ,of geuing a qeesdon correct. On th~ TOBFL. ~cb mu~tipLe-cl:wke qlJe:!l[ion has four :a:nsW¢f c.haiICes, whii;:hm~ns you have a 25, perocn:r: (lin 4) chance' 'Qfguesdllg '~o'f[e'Cdy.However, 'by using P1nX1CSSof mi:min,ui,on (POE) eo C~ ,off wEong answers, Y0II!}Fady ~n.= crease yom odds. Finding and dim i""d,ng, j~!il O'TLt w mnlg a,n.swer means you. ha:1i!(:
a 33

'taal:[ &C:'~ to r'l':i!iiie.m:bQ". Airhougb you ~¥'i.ll.n,of be able [0 ~:nswer ellCf}' ,qu~.sd@ii1!on di:le: OEFL ~o'[r«dy. you ,can ~nc:['eal;C T your score simplliy by incteasing )'ou.rodds
when guess.in:g.

pCilCtf:U: (1 Jill! 5) chenee of guessing,cQuccdy, Sind ~~:mjfiafing IwtJ answers :ra~sCS;rQu'r ,~dds of goess.ill,g ooru-cdy 00 50 peroCenf in 2,,! Thlsls itn impor~

to

TAKIND T'HE TOIEIFL iBT

Read this a:d:\I'icebdor,c rndd.ng the TOEFL

my.

ICOlmplUter Pr,B1ctilcle
The 'OEFL.i$ only Offe[lCd online" 00 make sure you're Gom.fonabte with baslc
j,1J

compi~IWrfufJIdions.

how m use

No speciaUud k.nowl~ds.: is requieed, but you sheuld know k~ybo'.u:d and mouse; Some bask 'ryp'ing ski 11,$ iU also b~ helpful 011 w

tbt: Wri£~ngseetlon,

'114,I Cra~killl9lhe TOEFLilH

The 'Ws'ek Ble'ore tih,alesl:

¥iou. sho'U.ld
:l;~~~'W J(Q1,l1:1>~~f

the:TOEFl.

aJl:Io:y~rou:r 00 shl:Yi'eeb (I·f p[-epa'r.nion befur~¥Ou take Yo!:]cann()i[CfiU;Di1: far the TOEFL, bur Irhere :aJresome~:h.i ngs yOI[l.Ci!:~
D:'$~~

do in tbe :lill:a] 'Week bef.or,!': the

I,

2.

:R(l,v.icw~!i~~~gi~:; ook backeeer the ~fl::m;regic:s, thi~ book. L in MilIkesu~e you i1!fecomto:rmb]e w]r.h them, Rev,i:ew t~$k::l:iBdclI;l:; [he I~csl~.~vi~w fo~:!;'dHra~~Wl the ~3sks
,()~the TOEfL '(Rea:din!!;" l:i~~e~~]ng. S'pC<!:k~ng;,3 nd.V!IHd ug)" Pam m:arizeyorn;se~lf with. the ro.rm.ar and d'eq~es'i{lltf.l Io/Pes you:'U S~eO!1:I l;eSlr d:ay. KHm.v 'd!~di~ect~o:nslDon'twasteE ime on~est ,d,JjJ le4'l!dlng, the d]recdoms for eaehrask, .lear,nl ~he di.mc~io(I:ISaheaid of
rime,

3.

4.

5.

Wa!!:'fI'!!-:U\p' 'q[u~ti!O~s~ Look back:Ji1[ [he questions y()ln:l'¥eC:o.m~ p]el~ed. Revi,ewll,O'\!I1' yOIll. 3pp .maclbed ~iliih one. N,ow a~y~r.!;p afH;wc.r~ a~!d q~tiQtI, typ~thafwgre p"rtkul"r~li' d i!bcU[f for you. H:av;ea. p.lalru: M!~ksure }'O~ ..know theFl)~m.u for yOUL speakiIJ,g :lind wrid~s, ta~kll.Revi.ew the snuenue ofyou!i t1cspm~ses:"
1

Tesl Day
On the n igh:~ before It~c ~e51t. pUlt y,(~''L!Irprmc[ice :mlue:r..iahil:side .Ii .g~ive:j'OllfSel.f :1lJ break . .Makie. Silil.re you know wrnr~iI'e jiVUf il'es~oe~n;r rus :),in:!d pl<1!J!W ~:rriv!!:\'~u i,easf .30 mi nJt:u~ lbe;fQ[l~ your sch¢dll.d~d test dme.Be <.iUJre to dresseom fort:<l:b~y and b~ing
j

ava~id

pe:n:l:C~~5 ~al'ie fl.Ott:S, a [0

~'. ",:11.. '~nou&-, mao}' 'nl.ke anyth i[l,g inro ,th...e:«:'5dng 'Ce:D1Itef.
1;)elliliph()iI'le~,.
oil:

,.~ . . 1_',.

phOi~~U,~ SUCh~8 a [ [a:pUJp"'.

p.ass!pOirt.~o, the [es~ oen.er. You

CiCm1Ir~rs WI..
50
,!I

"'II'prQV!O!~penet'1 'L" S.l'I)~

sheuld also, br~rog rwo

.may
not

do nee hi!'ing f.ood.. biJiapa;cks,. sukcases.

~nuod'uc~iorn II

ts

Part II
2 3

Core Concepts
Can!! Concept Read'ing IG0l18 Com:::ept Ustening Core Concept: Spe.ak:iI1lQ CoreConcept: Wrliting

4
5,

Chapter 2 Core Concepti Reading

'Ihe TOEFL is: n imegrn.rt'd exam, which :means d:uu each rask Pilaf measure more tha n one skU]. fh.u: ~hl; TOEF l is alsoa S [;lIlda,fdb.ed test, wh lch IUeaJIlS rhac lr Cii'n~s]m ,of dldini~e patt'f'rns. Your gO'!!.~ hen taking the TOEFL is ED make SUitt w
your responses oo~~:£orm
[0

[he panems prCSCl1ll

0l1li1

rill: '[C:SE •.

l1u~ read ing $e:~euionsin rhis ehapeer wmf~vro the found::uio.ll fOr yO'l:i.r Ust~l'Iing and wridng goals. Likewise •. he skiUs needed t'Ope:rfo:rmwell in listcning. speaking. Rnd ""firing are d~eiyiOl~er'i:Wined,. You"11find th.u mastering the cere eoncepu ,of one secrlon will also help y,oiLI: 'Oi:il ether secdons of 'the rest,

u~~ three to 'vt: are

look
,<It

BE'ADIINGi ION TIHE: TOEFl,

:rend.ing pa~ges:
'O:ilJ

the TOEFL, ea'cn ben"!'cen 550 anA 700 words. AldlOUgh rhe TOEF test wriltlCfs tllllmipt m S:imull,a~,ehe type of rea.d.in,g t you will do, :l,t a school '(IT g~aduare progmm. rhe feadingkills requlred on, me '[eS't are: v~~t d ifferen[ from ehe ski lis U$(;;ci in <Uill ac.~d,elt1,k ,e.;[lIVir,i)lliimmf.. let's take a
a 'pa,ssagt:.

Sci an lists 8:1: ic~i,g'an State Un iV1ersity are askin 9 a, most M c.:l1aUengi ng euesnon. Gan a. oompul:er pmglram be considered ,alive? The members of the Diglital Evol:utian Laboratory say yes. Cornpu tersC:iElfll,l st'S at the' Ia.boratory have created a prog1ram cailled Avida tha't has intrig ued nat on Iy SCientists and en glineers, but biologists and philosophe:rs as well. The Avida. prolsct began~n the ialte U)90s~ Wll an Chriis Adam i, a physicist, sought 'to'create a computer program that coul(j evolve 'to dosimote 9.dditiol1pmbl,ems. The, diglital Rorganlsms" he created replicated mernselves, and each time ths\I' rep~lcated, they had ,8. chance to muta'l8 ,and thus 9'v'Olve. Iinitiially, the digHal1 creatons were unable' to process numbers in any way. But Adami des,ign ad the program to r,€lward programs that were able to work with ~he nL!mo ers ~I some way. The d~gital ()rg,an ismstihat cou I~d I!' proC8'SS numbers ware ,al!owed to reprodluce in higiher numbers. lin only six short monms, the' pl1im.itive~ program had ·evdved a number of mechanisms to perform addition. And" most 6U rpl'lisiing ~y,not all of lhe digital creatures pertormed ,addition in the same, way .. The A.v~da p rogra m now resides at M lc hi'g an Stat:e Un ~Viersi1y;, w,nere U has been growing: and changing 'for ye,ars. The drgHa~ creatures numbet in the billions and have eolonlzed more than 'awe hund red comput.ers:. Each digital .o:rg,an ism consists of a pattern ;of cooe, The' 'arg an isms compete with one ano:ther for rescurces, end tihl9 most successnn ones ere ,abl~e make mare' copies of to the-mae,flves. ·Just Ilike a Iliving c:realur'B" the digita,1 entilti:es also undergo mutations. Mutations that ana benefi-::falensur,e 'gr,ea'ter reproduction; harmful mutations have t!he opposite effect

Accordingl to the director ot the Avida project, the precesses underqone by the digital creatur,es are the same as mose 'e.xpe-rie:nced by biologica I org'anisms. The all ~y diflier,snce is Ulat biologlical entities ar,e based an strings of DNA. whefieas the' di'gital creations from Avida are base d on stlf1l of ones. and zercs, In ngs a Hvilng c:realur,e, di'ff>erent sequences o:f DNA.ins[Jl'1lJct cens to create certain proteins. In 01'16 o:f tile, Avida creations. different seq uencss of computer code lnstruot the iprogram to pe rform certai n fLlnc~lon s, h11 both eases the reproduc'~ion of the: organ lems is subject to forces such as competfrtiol'1l.and mutation.
I

Now. some' biologlists ana maintaining that the· programs. in UH!:'! Avida IProject are aUve. 'he proglfams live, d~'E!, reproduce, compete, cooperate, and evolve-activities that many biologists consider the haJllmarks. o1lif,e. 'One· prominent lbiQliog ist says, "Ihey don't have a metabolism-at least not y 9t Bul oUler\Nise, tl1ey'r,e alllv,9."
l

Of 'Course, not ,everyone e.g rees that the program's.creatlons are alive. One diil1liculity is the:I'biologi:sts do not even agree onths definition of life,. The' diversity of, IH,eon Earth constantly surpnsea sclenti sts and theria are simply too many' characteristics. and qualities. to provide one simp~'9 detinii'lion of Ilife" Despi'~e these misgivillgs; 'the directors of the Avida program :remain optTm~s,tic thalt their program, even iff not considered .8J1ive, is leading to a greater underst.andling of lire in aU i~.sforms. lit may even 'facilitate. future searches tor Ii'f.eon oflher planets. According to one member of the· Avida. team, "Ihe prcblem that we have now ~8mat we am focused on looking 'for IDNA·~based lile. But there may be other kiil1ds of l'i'fe out ther,s that we have never ,dreamed of." The Avida. program may provide biolo!t]lists wHh snoth er avenue to explore. This ~ssag,c lstypknID of[~e' p'a$sag~ On the TOEFL. Ir's:!IJbouf 5,50 W'Olrds leng, ~k:ili:i m,e3.D.si:t s: 0:0 dle sherter side fo.r a TOEfL p<'lssa,6e,. ;1IJ1ld it discusses an aesdemk topic. It conmins some ·chaJlengin:g vocablil:ny words land reqW:re.syou
i

'.' rea. a· our'- a mp'.J'". J.. _ w'I!.·_·1L.· you. rn;2~' l1.3VC' nO' ·If.I···" •.., n-' II\.ROWI:e .. e. A·" I oueh .. .. in .. uIOJ· ,. .... .. .01 -- d ihc ...• r 1'.• - - ~ ·dg .' ~[1. .. ~e. you m:ay ~d 1I.!ip ~eadlng passages: such as d~~s:at a ·IJni.v-ersit.y grndua~e pro,gram, or

your approllc:hforr:he TOEFL should. 'be: vay ,dUfen~n't.:FOI' example, LR a college ICOI:I se, you\\\iIoufd need ee read this passage v~'ryIca.fiefl.llly. :pRying dose :ttrC:'!:l.tion r 'tt(ll rhe d,~ta:.il~ rid ,mct'S p.resen:red ill lif. BO"we,re~:~ O! dun type 0:1-" cl~~ ffidi n,g ~s nelthn possibJe nor necC'ssary on the TOE.FL.

COmB'

Conceopt Readmg

I 21

Wlrlkl:l!g

III A.clh,sl

Rlliidilig

Youw'ill :have 100 :faa: .m:arny dliJallenges il:l~ Reading ~"fCriQI1. You·vc al~y the see:1:i an O(aR1lp'l~ the ~evel of conre~u a:;"d.'voc:::abul.ary 'rQU may 'e~CO:U of n~er. Perhaps [he g£e3:fesuchaleng,e .hm;\fCVler•. is to a:m"lmp'[''~C!' beth [lead the passages and answer the qJue:5[ions in 'the U:~il~ed dme p.w.,dded. You have only ibolll!: a m.i,~i.!te ~ nd ii. h'a&fper qtle\S;don, andtb:sis w][hom aUowffing any ·thue fC'l actually read iIm,g~he

pass'3ge:! It is, deal', then that d1e readilng skins n~cc$3Jy fur dle TOEFL reaUy are diffi:ir'e.lu from odler [ypes of {e:lidlng rhac you do. Therefore, 100 dQ wd] on dle' TOEfL. you
hll~ ~o \'!i(Iri!:: On
(lC#W: 'ffltd~l'Ig.

Instead of.allrer.n:pring to retain all offhe infoml.3don so Ith~ passag:c:"We ~ going to foolls C'Dthe bEg ,piowlre. Acti,ve .read.ing, aocQmplishes theee major lusks:
~. :lFindlng tlhe:pwr'poS:e~ Thill iO'vo]"re,s 6gul'1]ng ·ourwhy [he aurrhor wrote ~he piece. Un.d!~tudii!ilg we stn;!,OODe: Mappjng dlepllssag~' ro findoyt where key in_formatioll. js:, IlindiliIJ.g~e.aJn id~; S~<!dngwltatdle p,,"s!;ll,ge is nbollt.

2.. 3·.

By .ma.stering the :skiillill.of active ireadin,g" ycrl,:i.'11 be able 'to not on.l, Hnd. the m.o.s[ impoirml:u i.nfor~31,,£ofii n a p3:5Sagc but alse eiffeCil:'ively' :a:n$,wer I~h.equcsdo!fls, th.at :f'ill.low"Arrcf all, you. ga.billnepeims (lIn ehe TOE.fl. for s~mply r~(JdingtJ~'pilS!sau,;; }tQu oo:ly get pOi]nrs for .amw~ri~g·t~ f~tiom.

STEP 1: F:IND THE PUR,POISE,

Wr~rers write for m.any Ireasons. Some write 'to eneersaln, where.'J,s (rEhe!::swri~~ to inform. .~ }"Oil. know thcpuf'pose of a p<'lS!a!l)e.Ehen YOIl. know what the Write'E is f rry.i.f.lg [01 accQmpU<sb, ad y'On call derermlne wh~t is impott.<lm::a nd unimpOiirnn[

a:boum;the pleee,
The In:ajot.ity,of pas~ges
Oill

the TOE, .L will do one of the following:

.'
'.

Explai.lII: Th~ purpose ,of ~he~e: pasm,ges: is ro p:res:eJlf(youw lrh i.nfot"llt<lXkl!ll 'on specIfic [opb •.and d[ey oontain mOl$dyfitcts. Resolve: The pum:posc of dl.,ltl.Se p~sages is to fi rid .so~ut.ions for some

sort of dilemma, Th~~:s usually a ,deb3itt! er 'ql!:lesrioo Ilha!f "Clods an

:Ui$~ •

.•'

COJiWina::: ThepuI~pos.e of these p:a:~s"ge5 isto 'Elf)' ~o'nrgue rile y.ailid:ir," of oef1~ain v.iewpohlit otidea. '"!hey g~ve opinions al:il.dUPPOfC d]~ S

with evidence.
"I~) ud rhe p1lll:ip05!: .o,f rhe p.aM<lgc •. w.-c'II. sea rt with the .iUErod.UJCtioll. or tffile' ~irs:t 6

pilW"dgrnpb.

2:2

C13~ting~he: TOEFl 1'1311

'Tile ~[nllrltdlc'ti'll Pallrlira p11iI1 l

l£["s r-etum to dtesampl.,!: pa.ssagc in ~h.is chapter. Here's
dli! fiflS·t

p:ara,gr;aph again.

SCientists at Miciligl8f1 8tate Univen:ily era asking a most 'chali!enging ,qluestion. Can a com purer 'program: be considered aHve? The members af '~heDigital Evolution laboratory say yes .. Computer scientists at the ~abora.tory have created a proglHlm called Avjda 'I'hat has intriglued not only scientists and lenglin.eers out biologists and philoSiopns'rs as we 1'1.
The imroducEion p'.1ra:gr,aph is one of rhe moS[ in:apofl:a!l'~ pilragrnphs in the pas~ sage-i'[ should give: YO'L!I'a :reuy good Idea of what the <I~rho.r W~Ults to 3coo;mp prnJsb. Let's !ook 3t serrtence by sentence and identi fy dues rhar wi U h~lp us hnd the purp0oS'e.

.t

Sc,isflUs.ts.at Michig,an Sletts' Unlversity are asking a most chailleng'ing question. Now. :Ic;r'sfocul o!:llthe im:porm,l1I:: ,stuff. 'We do this byasl.dllilg ourselves what and why. The .f.i rsc q[ue'stion ,i~: h31i: aee wr::rell;dh~g about? Tlsls ls IIu: :mbjw. of t.he W
Wr]tle down (he subject,.. ".,ihaJ
$~'Qtel1oe:.

Now we lI5k ourse]vcs:Whllil: is the aiLithof' writing ahoue this?Wriu:dowQ you [h'~nk the audrUlil" wa,p,I'S 11(1.5; to k nm,\' sbeur,

So fur. 'we.are readil1,g ahetn the sc:ienti.st5. And why are we ,re,adil:1i,!bout them? a Because dlt:)" 3.~ :tski.ng a ,q.ue-ltioirl. ]f you are selll unsure libout rhls informariol1. afrer read~pg the Iirse sensenee, rhen cearinne m debesecond senrenee,

Can a computer program beconsldered a.~\le? Thls da~U16 ,the first ~nl~enGe. Now ~ know rhar ehe passage is about selenrisrs
and a computer pro,gIt'1i'i1ti that may be ,eoru:idcred :alive. T~y ~'Q predict wby Ithe 311lthorWI:'Qr,e thb pa age-to infol."DlI"0 rCSol\i\I;"or '~ ,ailp:ce-3~d write it down .. [

Tit"'J B,ody P'ar'lagrallPihs

Whi:iI1l .Iooki.n.gffi@r fhe pri)l!~pO~I;. dO:n!'~ ge~ bogged ,dOW\II'I i11 diu:: deimils. ,Re:ad.[~i1e,6rs[ sentc~c~Of tWO of each pa.r<tgrnpb., Here ~re rbe Hr5~ dl.f(~ hody p.tmgr<1plt5.

The .AvhJla, pro]sct began in the lat.e 1 990s, when Chris Adram~, ,Siphys lclst. SQugih1:tocreste a computer pmglram that cou Id evclve to do s,~mpl.eaddlition problems, The digital !'org-anisms~ he c reat'ed repHcalsdi thems:eives; and each Urns th31y replicate ai, Uley hadi a chance to mutate and U1US evolve. 'IIr~i~ia!rry. di:gita!t the ereetlons were unable to process numbers in any way. 13tH A,dami desi,gned the' program to rs'wardprograms that were able to work willh the numbers in some way. The d igrtall organisms that could process numbers were allowed to reproduce in higher num'bers.,. 111 only six shcn1 months, the primiUve program had evolved .9. Ii1U mbsr ,offmechanisms la, perf,ormadrlition. And. most su~pfisinglYi not alii ,o·fthe d ~g~ta:1reatlur,es performed addition in the same w,ay. e The .Av~dapmgmm now res,~desat M]cl1ligan State UJ:liversHy~ whe re it has been growf ngand chang inglfor y'ea~s. The ,0igi:ta~ creatu res num bar in the b nil ions and have: c:olonizEHJmore than two nunc! red oamplJIten. Each di'Qlital org,an ls m ccnststs of a paUem ()f code. The organisms cempete wiuh OiFleaJio~herf;o:r resow roes, an d the most suceesstu i ones are ab~,e1:0 make: more copies of them se~v,es.J ustllike :a livin 9 creaUJn:h U1€1 igUaJ enUties also a IIJrH:ilerg:o muta.tions- MutaUons that alia :b enenc::~a~elns'Ure 'glr,ea:ter r,ap:roduoli[on: harmful mutanons have the opposite effect
Accmdin'glto

tlhedilre,ctor oftihe Avlda. l:noTect! Ihe processes ~.n~de figo:ne by the d ignal creanres cwe~he' seme as mose '8xperiene,)ed by broiogk::aJ organnsms. Tneanly diiHerenoe is, tha,t biologica.~ ed:itiesare based onstrilng's. of DNA, wlheteas the ,aiig i~al ,creaUorrls[rom .Avida.are based onstrin gl5 ,of onea and zeros ..In 8. Iliving creature, d IIHenent sequence.s. o~ DNA ~ nstruet ceilis to create certain p role~rns ore of the .Avlda crea!t:1ons diff,ere:nt _In sequ ences of computer code instruct me proglram to' ps:rf(lifm certain hmc:tions .. In both cases U1e r9lproducUo:n of the orgalil~sms iss;jjJb]8ct~O~Qrces such as comp:etjtion aJild mumltiiof1.
I I

Now. we .wegoiing~o< ~eOldonly ,[:he:6rst, serreence of e"ad~,pml.~y3,h and ask. wha1: ~nd why. look oniy ar the fi:tsrSeFlI~CrnGeof rhe Inl[$l body parolgJ;O!ph,.Wf[~edowu rllJJlZt[ile llilUhor's $A.ibi~~t 'is a:nd wl~(u you th i.nk l~ilrle:liu[hQ[ is 'rdHIUlig us ~bol.u ]f.
Whm~. ~~~ _

Wh'llir?' .. ~~~

W:hllfaibo:t!:I[ j!C? .

What?· Wha:lalbcutit? .

~~~~~~~ ~~ __ ~ _

Cheek baek ,OUlJ dl('tplredlk:~iQO y~rg madeearliee, DQesth.i", new inwrmittioll ,dia.ng:e ic? l(!t';S look a;~rhe ,remai n ing ibody I?~lmgratpbs. the Avida project are alive'. The

compede, coop9ra'te~ a.nd ,evo:I,Vla-actMUes that manry bio!oglists consider the haJlmarks or IUB. One promir:ltenrt blo1ogiis:t says, "They don't have a metabal ~sm----,ait ieas:t not yet, But ot'nerwISl9, they're:

Now. some b]o~IQgislsare mainta.in hg: tha.! the programs ~n prrognlJms ~ilve,(~ie, repreduce,

a,nve.~

Of course, f10t everyone agre,es that theprog'ram's creaUons8m aUve" One d ifficlUllty is ti1aJt biologists do not even agree on 'the deUnition of Ili~e,The div,ersi'ly o~ Ilifreon Earth constantly surlP.rises sc'iientis~s!, nd ~tlereafe simp~y 'lICO many' chBmc~:eri sttcs and a quanties to provide one simplle d eUrni.tion olllHe.

Wh<lJO!lbout

h:?

~~_~~~

Wha[i?
Whar 3:li:loulrie .~

~ __
_

B,l!' !]jow,

Si'tg:e'.

we

S'houM hilille a pretty

gOQd.~dea

of whyrne <!J1!;!ithor wdu:entMs l)a~~ has

_
WoI;: havl!O'ne

Wrjl!!~ down}Ou7'retl!$oll nc:;re. ~

'We'll eheckeer

f nal p[odi>c~kliLiI. lua mome:l'u:, linu befor.r;:l¥C do so"

~~~ p~raglf;lph~of¢\\'i,ew.

Tile

ClolcllSil'll

Hciil'e's the IiIUIi] pl!l.rng~3ph'j blJl~ fOlr cl;a,wsparngJ'<l!ph, ~,et's ,re~d the hrs~ and lase
senrenee.

D€'Spnl€ tl1es€ m~S9iving:s.~Ih,edirectors< ,C)'r the Avida. p~agr:arn rema~n oplimis~u,c that ~;he'~r p.rogram. even ]f not considemdl alive, is 1,9ading~oa. 9 reaier tJrld!erstana ingl of IIiTe ~ aU its forms, It may FI even faocU itate fulureS,eaJc.hes 'fO'f IH,eonomer p 1 aJn9ts. .AccCH"dililg to one member of the, Avi,es team, ~'liheprobleml that W8 have now lis that we are foe used on IOdkingrlO:r DNA~based Ina. But ~heire, m~y be otneJ k~nds of Ins oUltherre t~at: we nave never direamed of, ~Ths .Avudla. l10g ram may provide biol!ocQistswith another p a!VI8r1lUEl, to exp lema.
1

\Vhllt~

Whail~

----------~-------~--------------_

Wh.:l1!:abeur M

PUrttilll,t ,AIIII TOlglelhier

look back at wha~ ymJ.·ye li'l,I'!l'"i{[cn. Based
[tad. dJQ~i~
.sO~, 3$
(lIn

,only the sb:: or sc¥"en semwtonc;es; you've

;I,

simply pro'll'~de:

yOy

if[hcnudlor is ~lI'yll1g~o,ili~e widli .i.nOO:r.ma:riQJl,?

point" ~~ohi'e; a dilemma,

,Ol!"

~~ purpose ,of dais patSSllg,e is [I(). pM\!'ide ~!il whh ~n:liollmation-~o, e,xplain some[bing. It lnrreduces d~e s:cict.!it~su;!,i!l;d dw~i.~.A\!'~dil.pffl'grnm,. Ne.x:~~i1l:. !esc.ilbes:th,e d hegi.n.n~ng o.f Ir~~ep.mj.ec:r and th,e CUfl1'ell'rut lam of the Av]d~ progra~, Af~er thae, s fhe a~f.hot ta~ks about how rile d~recn:>rof the projecl[ and. otbe.r pe():plev~l:w the
p~jec:t. fil'l<lllYi, t~e a;ultllilJOtiitld iC<ltel d'll<lll:~C:iC:!'Iid$(S bope Avida. wwruru. lead. t:o In:ew :3.lI!IC!:iIil1e.$ ofcx:p,IQ1rn:tioll. "h1l:ls~'wc' could wil'ire down the fol.lowmng for the PUfPg~t~ PurpO.'ilC: TQgiViIZ implr.t:;atiotJ:$1
Up iii

"rnc;f

QV§l"'Vf!(l.w

of the Avlcls cQ!m~uUr r'm9rl!im~Md_jt;..S:

Remember.

you wol1,"tb.avc dEl: to [end .lInd wluplrehelnd every si [!gl~ W'Qrd and

senrenee en the TOEfL

pal1:s ..

es, llI:nd.your co:mprehenslo.nwill

1hc,~ro~. w.ireh ac;twl! ,r..udi,~gi you'll .read fewer seeteneineeease because you']] read Q(I!)J]Y the lifflpomuu:

'V'rOUR TURNI: IDRIILL .1 ~FINDITHIE PURPO,S,E

Apply tberec:_hniques wc'v,e juS'r learned
[0

each. of the passages ,.ha,'[follow, Che,ck

y,oUfa.n$W'eil.'$

,altthe end (If Ithe ddU.

[Passa.geA
After a.seyen~year Journey. the Cas,8~nispacecr,anappriOsched the iplanet Saturn in June 2004. The spacecra:ft's suc'ces:sful entry in~o orblt ,BI',o'Und world represented the clJ[miina:tion of a vision ~n,e that, took more than 20 yea.rs to. 'lrealn~e. launched amid controversy in October 1997, the C:a,ss,~ni spacecraft. trav,e~ed more than one billl'ion rnl lies ~ I~ts n joume:y. Now sClj'8I'11tistse'agerly await the frults ,of thai r labor. The Cassini mission resulted from 'the joint e'ff.orts ,o,'f ASA (National Aeronautics and Space N Ac:lmhllistliaUOf1i),the European SpaDe Agency. and the Jtall'ian Space' Age'iilcy~ The Cassini spacecraft, actuality 'consists ot two parts: the nrs,t is tile' Cassin ~orbiter irtself."d esig ned to axp lore the moons, rings" and annosphere of :Saturn The second [5 the HUYQ'9n,s probe, INamed ,af~erC!hrisU,aa.n Huygens, the disoovel1er or Saturn's rings, the Huygens probe willi plunge into the atmosphere of Sall1mls larg,est moon, Ti~an. Hundr,sd:s of englineers and scientists fll'Ommore tiha:n30 couatries c:ontrioUloo,dl to the' Cassil'1li-Huygen:s proleot. Mrs:slOI1l design1ers set hIghly ambitious goalls for tl'11'E! project Mer Casslni reached Sa!:urn" scienNsts hoped the craft would help provide answers to some great astronomicall mysteries. Mos.t in~rlgl.:lin 91 to' many scrBntis~s was, the natur,E! ot Saturn's ,awesome 'ring' system. Other scientists nopeo to le,am the cornposmon and geolog,ic:al fe8/~u~esof some of Sa.tum's many moons. And not ,a,~ew scientists w,ai~edeager.ly for information on Tilan,ths' ontr)/' known moon wUhan atmosphere'. Some tlelfieve' that Titan has ,8 chemical com pasit~an re'sembling that of earily Earth ,and so it may hold important clues ,about Earth's formation. Tile Cassini spacecraft itself is a marvel of engineering. Measuring 2,2 feet Iliighand 13f·get Wilde, ~he Gass,]ni orbiter weighs more than 4,00.0 pounds. Wiith the Huyg'911S probe attached ,and fuel added, therotal weig tit of 'the cr,aft is morethan 11.2,000pounds. The orbiter he Ids a variety of scientific r nstru ments, incllud i ng a cosmic dust analyzer, a magnetometer; and infrared and ultraviole:l cameras. All tolld, the craft has 18 dUferent scien~.ific inslrumell~s designedl to carry out 27 diff,erent sc.ientific experlmerns .. One of the' gma:tes,t c'haUeng'86 raced bY' englin:eers w,e,riki:ngon me Cassini prO,~'8ctinvolved: getUng the spacecratt to Satum. Saturn lies almost 800 million miiles ,away 'from Ear~d an iimmense di:stance. The, amount of rue.lineeded to send Cassini all a direct route to the' plsnet would loe pmliibitivel• Therefore, mission strategists had to come up wntha. plan to'gl9't the craft to Saturn using a minimum amount Tnesolonon was to usa a.tech niQus caHed gr:a'v~"Y'assist, ~nwhich the c "·aft use's 'the gravUa:tionaJ pul~ of a planet to IJsl:ing6hQt~' into d,eep space. Mi:ssion planners sent Ca5lsini on ,a. it route that paseed by the pJianet Venus 'twioe' ,and back toward! iEar11h for a 'UnallPush. This circuitous routs added more than 200 mimon mUes 'to the cr,aft's journey. Another chaJllenge to the Cassini mission came from a,most unexpected source ..8ecauseof Saturn'S grea.t distance from tlhteSun,;, solar panels would not !be ab~e to' provide sutfic~snt energy to power the or'b,iter. To, 801v'8 'Lni:s problem, eng in.ears decided to use nuclear power; placing a 72-pound chunk of plutonium in the craft This stratlsgy immediately incumsd crlticismffitJ:m e'rwilr1onmentalis,ts ,Bnd Others. who were worried that wer,e an accident to' OCC.JUJ;, 1:l1e radioactive maiertalcould harm people on !Earth. Forhll1!,ately, the ~,alJnch of Cassini went off WiU'lOut ,8, prob:lem. :FOt sev,en years, the spacecralt traveledl througJh the void O'f space. Upon f1eactning Saturn, Cassini's instrumenm awoke from thei'r

10l1gsl'umber and began transmitting data Yet

aile misslQn is not over. On Earth. scientists now begin the' iong task of anal.yzingaH thl! new informa.ti.on they've' received, hopingl for answers to the mysteries of the sCl·I:ar system,
~ ~ ~ ~ __ _

Para!D,ra.ph 1
"~l~t? What about it?

What?

__ _

Wll<l1[ about it? Paragl'a ph :3 "Whiitt?

W·hat about it?

__
_

Parag II'B.ph ·4
~h~r? __ _

What. about h:?

ParalQlf,aph 5 WhaJ[? Wlll'll!: abeur i,rr

~
_

Wha~~.
'W1HI.t

about ~tl

Po'rs!gr:aph 'I Wh ..,t?

What about it? .

_ _

PU~PQ~?------------------------------------------------------------------

IPa~sslagie'B
Sometimes itappearslhat the human mallik Of! 'l.his plianet is indej'jble. In onl:}/'a blink of geological Ume,200 years or so, human construction and. expansion has resulted il11 the desnuction of moue tlhan one-,'mth of Ule world's forests. the recesscn ,airthe polar lcecsps, and the creanon of a huge lha'ie 1 'the cecne tayer. AddUionally. industri!a:1,activity' has damaged rtvers and' oceans, as w,elll as n 9 roundwa:ter SllPP~ ies. Environmenta.! scien~~sts and activists warn that if Earth 's 'fuh,m~~i not taken s ifnto account. humankirnd cOl!lld very well destroy the p~lenet However, Earth is an amazingly Iresilient ptace, In its 4.5~billion-year lifespan, 'Earth has endured bombardment by cosmic rays and meteors. violent earthquakes" volcanlsm, and frigid lee ages. In light of alii these, catastrophic events, many 91sologists and ecc,lagists say that Earthcoulld recover from ,any d amagi9 caused' by human action s, One t:heoris;t has 'g:ane' so far as to pr,ecilct exaclily' What would: happen en Earth i;t aU humans were to disappear. Without upkeep~ the concrete jungles laif the world's greate,st cities, WQ'ulld be SklWI:y reclaimed by the w~~derness around them. Harsh b:::lmper,a.ture'$ wou:id ceuse paVlement 'ro crack .. Plant,s would return to aJ'isas covered by streets and sidewalks. Different rats's wou'l'd awaU humankind's, (J,tfner creanens, LiU.er and leaf matter would accumulate, and it would take only one chance il'ightning strike to start a ra'ging' 'fin!. Many snucnres would burn to the ground. The steel faund'ati:ol'1ls, supportingllarger buildings and bri,dige,swould corrode and buekle, especiallly with the rise in groundwater tha~:would accompany thec'l~ogging ofsewer systems. Wi:thout humen intermr,snce, many Qf the~hn9a[eTle dlcil" endangered fauna. wou lid reel la~ their m ee:ologk::eJniches .. Uniortun!ately. household pets would suffer. In addiUon, the rat, one of the

'glr,salsst pest'S in II rg'e cities. wou Id not have U'le waste of human kind' to feed '0""of ,and would be a
hunted mercHessJy by growing population:s of hawks, and faloons. And the cocxroach, which 'to many a city dweller seems, to symbolize inv.incib jl i.ty, would disappea.r 'fKlm all bu t ~he w,armeSl climes without artifi.ci,al hea~ to sustain It Wfthin 500 years, .again barely a hear1l::leatin geologlical time" most of humankind's monuments would be gone, covered over by p Ilant:s and trees ..Wshappened before; the Mayan civilizatfan in Northern GlJ'atem~la sUNivedfor .2,O()O years but was s.waUowed up by the, junglJe at its, end. And after a few tMusand yealrs. if~ earithquaJkes and volca.nic ,£mJ:pUan have not obl ilt,erated e:vefy~ iog rnaee s by hlumalls~ the giacier:s would come, sweepff ng downh'om the mOlullmins" s~owly end ine.xorab!y destroylng every~hing in their path .. Several ~imes in its history. Earth has beenSw9pt clean by these ,giant sheets of ice. The le9acy o,fIhuman'kindl wOl!ll~cll wiped from :Eard1. be' There :issome evidence that th,isU1:eorisrs view may be true, Since 1953" a 1:50-mile -long 'tract of land 'sepa.rating North ,and South K!area has been declared a ne-marrs-tand, After only a IUtie more 'than 50 years, there lselmost no traC'Eli of the rice paddies that farmers had created and usedlor almost 5,,000 years. IEven more spectacular are U16'flloc~Ks red-crowned cranes that now :inl1'albit of the zon e. These birds are uhe! second rarest of all bird s, but U1,ey tHlV€ flouri shed in this area, ~iree from human interferenoe of alii kin.ds.
i

Pall'lagr,ap'h 'I Wh.u:?

Wbatiilb@Uf ~t~

~~~~~~~~~~

~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Par,a!glrap~h2
What'? W!ha~ '&bout it? '8:f,sgraph :3
W~jn:? What.aJl)o:liu ill1? ~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~
~_~~~~~~~~~

--

--

_
_

_
_

Palf,aglraph 4,
Wbll,d~~~~~ W,har
3lbO'lllt:i:~~.~~~~~~~~

_
_

1',8r,ag ra,h5
Wh.ilit? ~~~~~~~~~~~_~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~_~~~ _ _

Wh:1llt iboull: h! Palli80lfiaphl 6

Whil[? ~~~~~~~~_~~~~_--

--

Wha,!:aoou:t rur?·

__

~~~~~~

Pall8!grap'h J
'Wb3!11?.~~~~~ Wllirua:~:3bOlll[i!l:? __
ru.[lflo~?

~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~

_ _
_

P',assalge

What causes halliucinati:cl'ns" vivid perceptlonsot unreal sights or sounds ~hat appear ,quUe real to '~heperson experj8nc~ og them? These mysUcal'9xperie noes have long fascinated psychoiog lsts, nemosclj,enrtists, and anthropologlst-:s alilke. ~nmany eu itures. shamans, prophets, andl seers ;srs' marked by their susceptl biltity t'O hallucinattoflls,. Are' hallucInations caused by ghosm or SP!I its?Are r they mess8,g es from ano~lhEHworlld? Although Iresearcihen~ donl har.Vle the answers. there ]8. some alii ~nl"iguing information on that-opIc. Acoo'rdiing to surveys; anywh,srefrom ~iOto 25 cercent of the population has, experieneed at teast ona hallucination. Most often, the hallucination comes in ~he 'form of some visual experience, but some poop:le report hearing ,a sound or even vcices, Even rarer, but not unhe6lJl"dof, is a halllucinel!tion of a parncular smell or aroma. U is not Ikl1loWMlexacUy what causes haHuc~na'lions. ,althougih one c(Jmmonly accepted theory is that hallUCination s occur wnen 'tne: external stimulus r,eoeh/ed by the 8snS,9S 1110Ilol1l:Qler ma:h::hEl'!) 'the: level cd: ac:tivity' occurlr~ng inU1,9 brain. Sensory depr:iV'ation is one! oftlie surest ways to eliicit 'he.lllu:c~ations. n Hallucinations can also, be' ,eHcite,d,in a number lof o~her ways. Some of!he most common experiences a,f halhJc~naltlionshappen When a person is; in the 1'l'uoes,of an e:pilepUcfit or sufferingl from a high f,ever. Other me~hods of bringil1gabouta hallucInation include, fa.s~ing or sleeplessneas. Admiral Richard iByrd reported havingl hallucinations aner .spending several months alone in the! Antarctic. Haillucinations, can be so powerfll~ that me'mbers O'f many ICLlltufles,seek them out" um]'erlak~ng ~Vlis'lon quests" in the hopes o'f having a haillucinatory experience, Usuailly ~he pa rticipants who go on these q ILJEHSts IrOllirney aUit [nto the elements, wi~'hout food or snelter. ,AHhoug h ns Uf'QSC renti.sts may nc)'! be sure o~ 'the exa{~~mechs_nism in the brwn that ceuses halllucinat'i!onS,lhey have isolated activity in tihe, ~en tempor,al lobs' !af the b r,ain tillat appears to p 11a,y a part in the phenomenon. Certain cru gs. U~9i.t aJffec~th is regfon of the braln are :knawn for thei r abillity to cause halllJcina:t:ions. Drug,s; such as lEO, psilocybiin. and mescaline gained! populari,ty wiith the 19608 Western youth cultUlr,efor their ability to provide vivid hallllUcinat:ory experiences. It is 811.80uspected that the brain has its own ,chemicals ,d~esigfled to produce hallUCinations. s IF,o:rexample, roms palients suffer from delirium treme,ns, a viol,e;mtperiod of haillucinati0l18 acoomp,anbs.Q, by sweating. an lncreaae in heart rate~. and a dS€l in body t,emper.alure. Th,rc:nughl experience trea.'~ingl pis:od'es such as 'tnlis, n ls also .kJn,own~iha,~ertain chemicals can stop e c halluc ~nallions, The drug Tlhmazine re, often used tO~Jre8tpa'Uents suffering 'from psychoti:c ,dliscmj'srs that il1vo'I,ve haIUucina.t~ons. Reg:ard~ess of the causes of halllucinaUa:ns" the 91ffects ~he'yha,ve' on their SLlb~Bcts are very real. Ha,IILJ'CIil1a:tions can cause the aforementioned chang,s in he:an: ra~e and body temperature" and they can ailso lead a oerscnio act on the halhminaIii,on. Rsychal'ogis:ts, have found that U1,ememories created by a hallucination are processed by ~he same pan d the brain that handles, normal memories. T:h!Js, for the sLlbject of a ha:llucination. the experi,ence is as reall as any other.

IP,arag,lIalph 1
Whi!Jt?
WhOl!lI ,aJbou~h:?

-------~-------~-------~ _

Paragrapfil 2
W'hat?'
Whaf<lbout it~

------~-------~--, --------~---~-~-------

What~' Wb~t ahoee i~[?

----------~-~
---------~---~--

W,haJr?,
Whafllabout ~[~'

-------~
--------~--~

Wha[~ Wh;a:l: a:bQuro: h~

~~
--------

--

Wh:lill;?

~~~

\Xth3Jr :ab.OU[ rur~'~

Purpoi5d~

------------~

Pals;sag,e D
111he Arctic: tundra,~emparatlJre/s an! ibalowfree'zingfor t nine months (lut of the' yea!r. Soiil in the Arc:tic. cailledl permafrost, remains permanently f,l'Ozen, makhg a:gric,uUure impos-sible. TraViel over tl1e ~and. whether coveredl in snow and ice j:n the winter or in boglQY marshes, du ringl ,the sum mer, is e,xt:remely dJfHcult And p'erhapls most distressing O'f' aU, '~he sun shine's 'for onl!y' :sh::'montns out: o~ the year. Yet this f'orebodfng landsosoe has been inhabited for more tl1an 12,'000 years" Illonger than any other part of North Am erica, Natives ()If this frozen land bens"fited from th'eI ample food provid:ed by the marine animals o'f ~he region. Indeedi. one rB'9SQnpeolP.If:~ setned in the Arctic was the almost continuous availability Qf seals. And al~hough the AJiI:tic isebove U,e tree Iline, meaningl that no trees can grow there, the summer months brought a rich growth of llchsn (a form of Iplant oomposed offungli and algae) and other plants, Herds, of cadbou would migrate north to feed on these ptants, p:roViiding more foodi to 'the Arctic: peoples, ~ nl1ab.itants of the, ,Arc'Uc and SUI b-,Arcth:::, r sg j\ons 'cl'Elv,eMlyused 'the environment to ~he~radvanla~gle. The constant wi nd drove the snow into compact: masses 'that ~ some ways resembl'ed stone. Since n 'they had no, wood or rock firom which to bu ild s.tructu res; inhab~tants buiU thei r homes from the snow itseirF.Using knives and tools rnadefrom the anners of caribou, a native of the Arc~ic could builld a home that was both eillegant and warm.
1

The harsh terrain demanded mucho,f Us inhabitants,. Many residents of the tundra we,re nomadic, moving about In small I!benos. following~he migrations of C8.rilbolJ.seals, and whales. Cooperation amongl gmu ps was essenssl for survival in [hi is land. and 1lhec:ulru res deve'loped elaborate rnuals of reci procity. Groups of hunters often waiw,d pa~ren~ly at the! VaJn10IJS breathing ho1.9S used by seals. ~I~ Ions hunter caught a, sear, ,all woulld eat of; it Bravery was also rewanjed as: evii'oienceo by ~he InlJpiaq people, who ri,sk,ed death by wandering 'far across sea ice to hunt seals.
I

To survive the bwt:al cold. Arc'ttic dwellers devi!sed spec ifallcl:othi og. Most IPeople 'Wore parkas made of double layers of caribou hide, with boots and pants also, made ,o,fthe same material. The natives ('ashiloned the coats so tha caribou hair 011the inne,r I,ay,er'faced oClutwan:lI, WiMe tha:t 011the outer layerffaced inward. This provided a high d€'gr,ea of ins,IUISI~ionandslilowed a hunter to remain outside a'll day. AmOllg the many other innovat.ions of the people Hv]ng in the Arctiic were the seal-oil lamps, to cornpensate jor the lack ·of na.~L1ra,isunUgh'[, and snowgoglg~ es.te prevent snow blllncness, Th ese' remaJIka:bre~)eopie also, ds'VsllQPsd snowsh oes, kay,aks" and harpoons wah det.achable neads, Such resourcefulness was necessary to ~hrive in the unforg win 9 conditions Qf the tundlr.a. Later arrivals to the Arctic region reqllired the use of' advenced technology to make ,a.lliving in the region. But 'the' native' ini1abi'tants (l,f the 'tundra. existed there for generations wlithout the need 'for guns" steel knives,. vehicles" or modern cloth ingl, IlAa~her than strug'g'ling ,against the harsh G'I1vironmsnt around them, ~he oll'ligina.11inhabitants ~ound warys to iivs' in harmony wi~h it. The Arctic oHe rs ,anabuf1dance of ri chss, and these, peopl e. th mug h their resoume,fulness, were able to herve st them.

3 4, ~ Cracknn.g the TOEFL iElT

Para!l!Ilraplh
\Vba'l:? What about

'11

----_
]I:r' -----------~~

Pialr,algrap'h 2,
W:h3:f~
What abo(Jl:l[ir? -----------

------

P,aragr8lplh 3:
WIMt? What about i[~ ---------~~ -----

Pa'ra!Qlr,apih,Q
Wh3J~?.~
W~ila:riilbolJ1:ti[?

~~

--

r:ar,agrap1h !S,
What:'~
Wh<'!it about

--------~------~------iu? -------------~----~-------

Palrag](,aph. G \xrb.3J[?
·Wb3'~a:boyt.~t?,

-------~~
--------~---~

PaJa,graplh J
'Wha:[?~
W}nu a:bol1~ i~~

~
----

:pu,~l?osd-------~---------------------------~~

Pa:sslag'e E
Alexis, de' Tocque-ville's DemocraG.Y in Am:ericasttllJdies the interplay between pomical POW'ef and society. The treatise wasthe·filrst of its kind and was revohnlonary tor its use of empirIcal methods, which were more common lnthe "hard" Bciences-c.hemfs,try, biology, and phys,h::::s-tnan In the social sclences, locqu8vilile d~stiliigulsh.ed hlm:ss'lf from his cclli'sa'glue,s by vi:ew,ing democra,cy notes a system based on 'freedom but as one based on power: In '~ac'[.Tacquevi~ ~e',argues that democracy ~sa. 'rorrn of government wilU, more power 'than any other Igovemmental sysrem. Tocqueville ascribes 'the powe;r of ,8 democracy to its '~,endency to centralize: pow,er .. In a democracy, there are no guilds, esta~es. or sharply defined social classes. These' institutions" in eaJr'liertimes, repreeented a check on ~he powers of king:s.and tyrants. But in ~heir absence, ttie g,ovemment ho!lds, [he ultimate authority. Ac,cordingl to Tooquevillle, it is the lower classes, that: primarily drive 'the centralization of power j n a democracy One reason the ~ower classes prefs'r a, central,iz:ation o,f power relates to the: historilcal ro~e'loffthe aristocratic, class. In many class-based societies,.~h:e· ~ower classes wer's· Sl:I bject 'to the wule 0" classes above them. Local aHal rs were overseen by aristocrats, wllo onsn acted Uke petty tyrants. Only by ,surrendering authority to a centrall government could the lower clasaes achj,ev.e equaliity. Another connection between the lower classes and the centralization of power is I.iteracy. [or more accurately. Uliteracy_ 11m ,8wis'tocrati,c societies, wIdespread illlli'leracy did not r,esult im the consolidation of power because' tile sccial strucnire was so segmented. But in an ,eg,aIHtariB.II1ociety, the s intermediate' ,ag,emcies,vanl·sh. Without these ags'llcies act~ng· on behalf of the less-lotorrred citizenry, tile r;9sp0ll1sibUUy falls to the gov'9rnment Celltrr,alization isth,erefo:re necessary to aid and prov~de for cUizens who may Olh erWli:se tH31ve nowhere else to turn to for as'sistance.
But perhapslhe most profound effact tne lower clssaes can have on tlhe,centr,a.~iza;trCJnof power in a de mocrracy concern s the na~un5!of the dernoc rat iie: leader, In an aristocra-cy or a monarchy,. the ru Ie r was always viewed as a person apart "rom 'the ~ower elasses, a person whose birth made hlrn (orr her) superior 'to his subjects. In a democracry, the lower classes can identify more closely with a leader whom they can view as one of them andl thus ana willingllo rally around him (or her) more readilry .

.of cou rse,

other factors lncrease [11,9C6li1[rali:zatlon (,if a democracy. Tocqu evilile points-out ~h:d war is an ]m portent agen1 ot centraHza.ti:on. To succeed in wat, contends lIbcqueviill e, a nation must be alble [0 focus iits resources arollJrH':JIa sin'Qlle point CQu nt rtes wHh ,8 cenliraliza:tiol1l of power are fat more able to accomplish tihis task than sre cournries with 'rr,agment,sd PQ\IV!9r tructures. But it is s interesting how TocqueviiU'9 sees democracy asa vehid,E! netfor trsedom but 'ror power, drirven by the vety peop 1,19 the democ r,acy is design ed to emoower,

Palrag'ra,ph 1
~hH?~ -----------~ -------

----

___

'wa~at:I!Ihou'[: ~t~
Pralragrap'h 2,
What?' -~--------

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_
_

What a:bout i~?._--------PSlr8l1!1iliB.ph :3 'W.bmi:? ------h;~' ----------

~---~------~-------

Wbat Dour

P'111rllgrap'h 4
'Wh;J:t?~ 'Wha[ a:ilou[ i.'~
__

-----------~ ---.

Paraglraph 5
~h~? \Vha:t ,about
;i[~'

---~----

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_

':ar,ag1rap,h 61
Whad' ~------~ _

WbaJt about iot? ,Purposc'?

------

_ _

Answers 1:0 'Dr'.,11111 #1

P,8ssIlge A
the

,o{,tm. Gtl:ssml ;~i!tsiou. T01ik'l:a rook Qr the

plJII!I:',I?OOe If II:WS :paiSaJgei;} to prm?liJl!' uffil'matiO'tl O

alh''O'I~f>tm'gotJh

aua (hlllkng~

6;;s'[ ;paralg:mpb..k :s;~af1~by describing Cassini's an'iv,~ on. Satulr:n. Ne:u.i'~ state-s r.lt!'lit rhis evern was [he :filttJIl,.m of a long lJ:Ii':I]s\SiO:Il• .A:it,er reading [hest: t\iVo sentences, you, shol:dd hav.e 311 [·d~ of what the passage ~!l:iUbe aoout.: ch Cassin~ ndssioD., -

Now skim rhroug,bth~ remaining parngraplu., :again ~ookingotl>~y aerhe h:!'stline Q,.feac:h one.The second pllmgrn:pl~,begi.n,s by mentioning (heilge.llides: invelved in the pr~Jec[!, and, li1hem.ird. paragmpb introduces some of the jimd's of dl,e mission .. lhe: r,birei plilrn.grnph mentions dKengjmee:ring of the spa.oesi!:iipi' and ehe m~x~·twO p:uagraphs d~ribe ehal ~eng,es,mo the m.is;s:i.o.f.l .. ~:mc:mbet. for the f nil I pa rngrnph~ I r-ca£t the 6:ns't <Inc!.,la.S[lil.l,e" l\e .6tS~ line ofd:u: J<'!.S'tp<l ragrnp:b .stilt:eSt:h:u rhe mis:s;lo:o began s1l'l~$fuUy, The last line] nci!]cat'Cs dUlit sc:teor isrs are n(rw worki tig with rht dona from the .III ission,

P,aSS8,IIB

B
ofa sifWItion. 111e an the pJ:a.nei~.,13m:: no,1I.ic.e
(mtIiOfij'e'

llIc purpose of paJ~g.e #2 ls to' ,m'flvincc l:A~f'~M~rf)fthe

:£ifst pMUgra:p.h stares dla:[ hUln'il,l['i_,$hav;e made- a ~ark how rheseeond pOli~gfapihsmrts.

The Illise 'of the: worn hmurfl;tl' i!:tdiciiWlithat tbe author is now going ro ,dii!$Cill$S [he ,opposiu of the id~ thOl{ humans have left' !t:hcei.r I:na.rk:. on ~hl::planet. Each of the .nI:X'[ paragraphs then. lInenrionswll:i3[ the: rhoorin di:!ill._bwill happen if people were [:0 d.i!m.ppeilf. The fiQ.ti parng!<liph,states there may Ibeevidenoe' for rhe view. !f!.di ~t 'Ends by repeafing, the idea. ·of it worldf~ from human intclr:rereru:e·.

The pmpose ~f rh ispassa;gt; is to answeF qumions a/muJ' ,d,)lr .n.n.Ui:11! ,oj h.a,lltldflfHi()11!s. The lntroductlen begins w~t.h a 'brief descr[,pdon qf h~Uucimltion~. We also learn ,rhat hall~ucinatrlQn$ afe .rdarted re upernaturn.L experiences. The [D,picscmenoe$ of the next two bodyp"t<!gnphs tell us '[liar many people experience hallucinadens and mentions how dh:ey ar,c:caused .. NexJ(. ~,he'passage mentions the causes ofhaJ... ]uci.nat:io'os; and ailit:;l of the braln WHere htlilfuiCin3~tioJrlsocu1". 111(: pi)~ge~ ends by satdn:g ~hat rhe subjects of ha,llucilllH ions perceive them aj real.

P'aSSI!ge

Ie

me

PalsS,iiI!ge'101
The pu ~p{lse·of rhlspassage is to t'xpiain how people ntr1J:iv~d in tho!!' A,ede. The inuoducrion only prrcoivides uswil[b Infermarlen ,on ,[:hc .Arcdc. So i you wer-en't SUI1: ex'lIl:dy why the aurhor is wridngabout rhls topic, thmt' OK. On.ce we g~1[Q [ dle next pamgr~ph. we have' a clearer Mea of the amho.r's dlreerlon .. The fi.rsl!:body

pM3:gmph

rnlks abeur d:l(lavail:;l)]c

foo.d, ;l,:v.Id f!1¢x~o:t!c rnendo~!l' dCller u~e of ~lhe

dlC ~!iv~mnm(tnt. Afte:[ tha~. there is another mfJI[ruon of ~l'ueIUlirsb l~er,miIJlJncl a

parngr~rh abou!l': the dorbcs dl'ai[ m:uives wurc .. The I1llJ:;J! I bod)y parag;mp!h rnJ~s ,of du: peo.p[c-,'i' orher ]nvcndo:os,(li'fU;W the ~o.ndn.A'51onoCrJitrnsU'l the re'wu['\ccru~ne~1l,of rhe nativ!; l!1Jh":bi [ants of the land Wi'fb mooem ]n hablur,l1in[;s.

Pas:s1ag:e IS
the purpo~ of d\i.is!pil$Sageis;o ,dE$t;rll;.eol!l!! pe~'J,ml's vit:w ,ola gowmm'(f~~iJit~i!fJ. t mUg~:ua\Wlty,we knowweaee reading abQut sOimeollcsbook. lhff~'S ehe ~wh3:~." he T 'lwlly:~ ~eqn ires a llrtle I1lorere~'\djng. 'bur !QmiI.u~ag;lin., the bodly pafagJrolpbls hclp U~ i:igiUi~cm~ why tm:u~ 3J1ll!d~Jor wrour~he Pa::S~81;•.EO!ib one mendeas ,ol':m~:~hing abeut rhe cc!u.raUzafioJlof power j n ademoClThCY; The IP3$Sige ends by ag,llL.in mc~nion i~:g oen:r;m~]za:t.ionof powc:rancl d131t TOGqu~v].~]~'~ V]~W of dernocracyls ., i~,t(,tfC'sti!]g,~ No:t.ke ho.w ]n each case, we were a:b!.ero take i1 500~woro.pilS!;ag~ and c(l!I)dcll$c i·t bllJ[:O b.rief descr]p[]o:n. lhek/(:y .poin,~i!I;' I~IOigl~{Jrle' 1M tktrJ;lfsl All we n~d lOW<lr1r¥ :ai. <1bo~~~r fits:~ i~the big pi(1~re.

Slm,Dli1IiY: Hllwlo Filnd ttl., 1PmrIPOS'I

1.

2.
3.

4..

Ib.lId.~~ :Ii.m rwo Ulil!e~ f dil~Iil'fl:tpOl!Jagcap:h. NQ~ l:!)/fN.U the ~opjci!l o "nd! w.hat ~hgi!!!Ulho[i s w.ri;~jng.ab(.mt it; Read. ~le .£i.rst ~ii.l!IJeof each !bady parngmplh ..Ag,;li n, n(lim what th~ , '~Qp.i(:ls and whJ ~hG"Uf.hQrir.!trod1llJce.~ it. leard,~lhe Grst aad l>lSf ]jnc' oEthe ~l pamgmp!h. Pay pa:lI:ticular1lJt:~eil1lrion[0 h.CU{} ehe aumol~ ~ndsfh~ 'plls~age. toot badll: at .YOjH'~Ol:es. Wh<!}t's:the commun idea;? Is ithc<u.nh.m p~e!ieJld~g facts?E.Kam ini.ng di.leren~ v.iel1!'sr Answl:l:rri.ngq,uesri.o.ns?

,S:TIEIP' UlNIDERSIAIND THIES:TRUCTURIE 2.:

Once\ve've found the purpose~ we'U have 11.betl'er ~:d.etIJ.Qf~:hes:&.ruC'tnFt of the palsS3:.ge. lhe srrucrure ~erer,~ [Ii~ nrgaJD iZl1:tiQnrliIC I"(you l ·of the pa.s~<lg¢, 0[1 tbe ro TOEF l, diff~r'l!:rno/p~ ofqt:lestionswiiU add reSS dilTe.eflc pan8 of the p.a5sa:g:e. If ¥'ou are fum:Hi(l:jr'w~t'hthe cypC!ll: ofstrucl:I;I.res on [he TOEFL, you']l knml!t wherete iook to :5nd rhe iIlfon1:l<'ldo['iJ, you neal ..

W 111 t: IllS ·tlle: Strlc:tln! Imfa TDIEf:L Pa.ssalg'l? a

On 'clri!e TOEfL •.ehe pa:wg,e!i wH~all :fbU@w a very similar
~rukc fbUowi ng~ ehe I. An
~lDJm)dUJCltiOIlII

~~roC(urt'.wh.icl!

will look

parn:gmph

dl;:rrCQOIt;l.i.t.l.$

file b<\Sicoopic of rhe

pllssa~~,

2.
3.

f'QU~'

or ,",lie [he '~,cpi.c.

bGdy p:tmgr;l:ph_,s that pliovi:de :more hlfm,ma:lion about

A 'col'I_£Lwwon dUI,'l brings ,[he passa:gc[o a cla~(l with a 6naI sra.rement'.

Wh,at: ~S tih'B ,S,II'u:cIJUre

Here's the intrioducdOl:l;

011the!

Ilntr,olhl'cti,on?'

,of a p3~g:e you;:ve a Ife:!dy IC!'"ad.

(i) Sometimes it appears that 'lhe huma_n mark 0111 this planet is indeililble. (,2) In only a bliink ,of geological time'. ,200 yeslrs or so, human construcion and expanslon has resukad in the destruction of morel than one-fiWl offthe warl d's. for,esre, the recession of the polar icecaps, and the creation o'f a hUglfil hole in tn,s ozone layer. (.3) Additionally. induistfilal activity has damaged rivers and oceans, as well as, 'gmunclwater supp.lies. (4) Envimnmental sc;j,entists and activists warn that ~fEarth's future is,not taken into acccuot, h umallki nd coutd very weU de.s~roy the' planet. Now lc['s ~,ook:U rhwsvtry same pamgJro.,phIn I[erms, ,of irs strucrure seneence contributes 1110 the p~,$Sage.
(1)
(2)1

Or

what each

(3) (4,)1

"Ihls sentence [Wltroduoes the 'mpic about which rhe a1!.:!~ho:Ji"s wrr:iting. i This sentence pro id~s ~n:fonnatio.n If0 support ehe fi~5t sen:[,cnce. This S:t:n'M~~aJs.o prov·ide.s information to su:pporr the first seneence, This se.. neence uses, (he in f'omull:ion in senrenees I, 2" and .3 to make :II
pOiunJt.,

As you can see, stdppilllg down [he p:uagr<\p:b in rerms ,of lrs srrucrure makesh easier to compreheud. Man,)"of the pa5'Sa.g,e./i 011'1.'the TOEfl. wi]] oonform [0 this, bask srrucrure, That means for 0'11:1 r poll rposes~ when relldii.llg the inrrodnetlon you

:\i.hou,ld
1.
R~:adthe first $efl'ten~e~nd &o.m,enmes tb~ .secQ.od. if llhe fi:rS't doesn't pro.vide eneugh in&:u:maitio!l---<rnd rhe lasots:entJC:Dce Vll::iIJI" ca.reFIJJ~y.'DIe}' will mool Ukely conra in ,key i.nform,11l:iiofl. sbeur [hi;

pas.;;age.
2. SkiM th'rough thJi!!Simle:lloes: hl. 'the middle. They typically ceataln bm:kgifOiil:l.ndi'llIlirot"maJ~ion ~hal rnerelysuppore :dlie<ituhor~s 1'i.('$1 '(If last sentence,

Re3d~ ng [he: inerodncrion i.ts he]pf1li:l:1 a nswering qut:.Srion.s abollJt: d'l:~ m(d~idro or for rhr;;In·imp,.y purpose' of'l'he passage. ~IhcinrfQducrion :m:1y OiI~$O contain 'background llil:fo,mat]on aheur rhe IDPlc~ However.Jrrtrcducncn parillVilphs rnrd:y eeneain lmpoua.l:u deeails; }'ou'U find mO~t ofche detai!ls j,n ehe body pn.rngrnphs.

YOUi'R TIURN: IDRIIILL,#2:-ANIA.LYZIE TH:E STRUCTUIRE

For each 'of [he Fol.lowing bltlioduction youli"~ll$W~r$ ar the' end.

palm,grapln:" wdrc down what role each seneenee pLa,-ys ln rhe pa~graph.

Cht.dt

Ilnlll'lDldlUtcllilonl A --_"_ -("I) Sc!i,entists at Micl1ii.gsn Stat,e University are ask,'."g a most cha.llenginQi ques~ion. (2) Can a computer program be considered alive? (3) 1119members of the Digitall Evolution laboratory s--ayyes.. (4) Comp uter scIentists at ~ihe:laborat.ory heve created a. prog rarn caHe d Avida tlhat has intrig ued nDt 'Dnly sd,entism and engineers but b,iol!ogisIs and ph~losophersa's welt

m
(3) _~~

~_~

~~
~

~
_

~~~~------------~~--~------------~----~---------(4J. ~~ ~ ~ ~ _

IlnlrudlUcticm 8,
(1) Aner a seven-year ]ourney,U1e Cassini spacecraft approached the planet Saturn in June' ,2004. (2) The spacecraft's successful entry ioto 'orbit around the' wOflld represented the culminati:on of' a v:reJo:n that took more than 20 years to realize, (3) Launc;hed amid c1ontf\O,'versy in Oc:to,ber1997', the Cas'Sfni seaceeratt trav,eih9d more man one bUlion miles [n its ,journey ..1(4) Now sc:lentists e,aglf:u~y awaj,t tile' 'fruits of the'ir labor.

(~)--~----------~----------~----(2) ~_~ ~ ~ __

C~
(4)

_
_

1IIIIIto dluc:li:OD C, - --_ _--..

(11)What causes l1anuc~natiol1s, vijvlid perceptiens o,f Stghts or sounds that appear quUe reid to the person experi<l3r1lCing'them? (:2) These mystical experiences have long fasclnatad p:sycho!l(lgisls, n8uro~n;ientists.and anthropologists alik.e. (3) In many cul'ilJres, shamans, prophets. and seers, ,afe marked by their susceptibility to haHucinathJl1s. (4) Are hall'ucinatlons caused by ghosts or spiritS? (5) Are' they m:E!ssages from another world?' (6) Although researchers don 't tn,aveaB the an s.wers, there is some intri'gUI ng infmmatk:ln on the topic.

O)_~
f2) __ ~ ~ ~

_
_

~------------------~~~--------------------------------(4) ~~~~ ('5) (,6), -------~ _ _

Ilnlradlu1cl!ien D
Arctic tundra, temperatures. ·ase below 'fr,eezingfor nine months out of the y·ear. (2} Soil in fhe Arctic, cailled perrnsfroat, remains permanently frozen. maldng agriculture impossible. (3) Travel over [he land, 'whethe'f covered in snow snd lice in the winter or In tlOgglV marshes during! the summer, is extremely d ilHicult. (4), .And; perhaps most .aiistressin QIof all,[h!e su n sh~nes for ,only six monhs. 'Out of: theyoear. (5)· Yet. ihts ·f(l.rebodiing 1aods1cape· has been inhabi'l:ed ·f·o.r arlS 'lnan12,OOD m yealrs r longer ~haJ1any other part o·f Nonh Amemica.

« 'I) In the

U)_~
(2) .~~~~~

-~~_-----__ ~~~_~_

(3) (4) (5) -----

--

_ __

~~

~~

IIDllrodm::lio,n

IE: (11)Ah~xis de Tocqueville's Democracy in America studi,ss th·e lnterpl:ay between politics.! power and sQciely. {.2} The beaUs·s was the first of tts kind and was r'8volut!onary tor its use of empirIcal methods. which were more common in the "'hard" sc.ienc,es-c'hemistry, biology, and physicsthan in the social sciences. (3) Tocquevilile distinguished n~msell'f from h[s.,coUea9'ues by v[E!wing democracy notas a system based on 'fri€u~\d!om .btlt.as one based on power: (4) ~nfacl, looqu:evHle arg ues that democracy is a form of government with more Powsrman any other governmenta~ system.
~ ~_~ ~ -----------~ ~ _ _ _

(l). (2) (3). 1(4:), ~

1:IiI.troduclililii A
(1)
(2)

"This seiClitem::ie in:li:md,1iJ:c:e5 we: .mai.l1. q_Ue5[lOfl ,of t[h~ p~sagc.

llill]$:.s~~ter!c~s;~a~~~ wh;!;~rhe q~fioni:s;.

(3) (4)

nlilsseitlll:em:e gi¥e5

:iIIHftn&W'el 00

[hie qIJJes[~o.n.

'TI;.is,.$~:l1Jren~ ~t:ares what ty[pe ,of p~(!Igr~mJ t"b:e~ie;f!~ffisuth~Rkis allee,

Ilflltrld!II'clii'lril IB
(1) (2) (3) 'This ·fdlCen,oe Introduces the ~op.ic afthe pilssiJIge. lh.is sentence provides b.a~grcu~d abour tM~Q:pk •. 1h is seneence provides m:o:re OOckgl'ound. ahout the [Dipie..

{4.J 'Th.is selli~c!ill1:Ct: .s[1I~ w.1:'tflJt c.op~:~.hope will .~uh; fi;om~he p

copjc,

IlIIIrlro,ducliioln C:
11I.is s~nfenCe ~.5ks-OJ. question aboll!~ the ~opic. sen:n~:lnceS!~3:~~S w[I:J!{),[s I~~~~ed in d'!¢~opic,
about rile I~GiPic.

(2)~nli.s

(3)

This ~nte!l:lC'e p[iOV~d:e8more in roiimati.oll

1(4), This. ren~~u;liceuk~ <l~om~r qu~.. n~o~

~bOl;U

~lhceoopi~.

1(5)1 'Ihls senrence asks aneeher quesdo:l1l aJbaLU ~he rop]c. ~6,) Th[$i~nreJ:l,:e sta~c-s:~h<lrt eme answerswiU s
:1 ntred Deliillil

be pl!@¥kled 3lli:1o~ltfhetopic.

D
1.

(1) (2)

Thjs se~rence .i.ll!troQ1tJ!ces the: wp;ic.

"!bls !H.l~f.e.r!ceivc-!i mese 5u:pport for seneeaee g

(3) 1Jru:isse'nr:enoe giV1¢S nM~r:'~ ,$upiP(ln: for ~1t~~~C¢ I.

(4) This senten.ce gi.ve.s: mo:rc: .suppotrr for' sen.tem1:ce L
uOJ!'litJ~St ~Q

(5) 111 se·nmniO~ .i.l1Id.i,caI~,$aJ is

[l1~p~~vi~s seatenees ..

1llIll"Dldl!lcUoo 'E (0 'Ihls SleIlremCe .i~tlX)dures[hc

1(2)

'~opi.c.

Th i~~ ~!:!~eDc;~'e;;;pl~ i~~ why Itibe t.upk is tUlpo.mmr.

1(3~ This sen~ein:Le~n1Jd~au;e~~J~hc oop;nc iis di!fkf(;lnt. (4) Th~~senrence stame.s

:01. vi.ewpo~nt.

You .sihou]d netlee r.b;:]Jf~hese piiU:<l!grapths .Ol! II thO'!,~ $.irnilOlf nfucl:u res. TIle im.port.OI nt stuWi:1l ;l~ ~ht; bcg!:!'!nin.!!i ~ ndlhe end. wh.k:h Js [YlI'i.C<I.h he: TUEFL rusa . .sr:mnaa.m7 T ~~. 'feS1~. and rher1!IDre u.~es tbe S[jJ,mery:pes qfp3$.1>:liges OI:[Idq~:u:'''$tioQS rt;p~redly. So you sh.ouldexptlc{ [0 see someth ilit@; Iik~ tbJ.s on YOI.! rtest, .

Whlalll:s the S,UiUctulfe oil iii BOldly IP:arSll1lrl,p,hr?

Body parngmphl'l:, just[ Ukc ~nr~,~dyctiQn p<li~fagrnphs>alse shal'e a si milllt[ Stmc"Nre.

H~~e·s n ~;t~mpJe [yplca] body a ofa

]la[,lIgrapllil.

{ 1) One of the gre,etast c nailleng,esraced Ibry ,eng il'ilJi!ers workil1 g on the Cassini pra~iect involved geU~ng[h9 spaceCIra:h~~o Saturn. {2} Saturn I'ie-.s almost 800 mm [on mU'E!saway from l!Earlh! ,an immense d~st:ance. (3:)'The amount o,~fu'elneeded to send Gass]n~ a 'on aiirec~ route to the pllaJf1t€l ould be prOhi[J,iUve. (4) Therefo~e. w rnlsslen strategists had to corns UIP with a p:lan to ge1 the! craft to Saturn us:ingl a.miin[mum amount (5) The sQluHon was to use a.techniq IJJ€, caU,eclgrfJ vily 8:ssisl~ in whjch the craft: uses tine· graIvutationa.1 pu~i of a p~al1letta, iisi~ng,shotN it ~1'lI~()d~eep sp-eC€!.. (16) M~ssiQn planners sent Cassini on a rout'€! 1ihat pas.sed bylhe pilan et Venus lwic·s and back~:oward Earth for a.finall push. (7) This c ~rcuitous KlUte a.d'ded more 'than 200 rnl mon miles lathe craft's journey,

(1)
(2)

(3) (:4) (5) (6)

(7)

On. this case, a cl:1!alJen~). 'Iltls ~ef.l~~'[Jjcegiv¢$ spc:ci.~c d(Slan:sO!bout ~hechallenge. This ~~l]re!iI'!.ce8ives mote speei fk: detn:ills :Jil:)Ql'I(~hc' ,c·lhal.I.c.nglt'. 'Ih i,s sel1:~enceexplains wn;u d.e s,peci 6.<: ch,al.l~ng~ ]s. 111~s ~er.a[~:[I~t;:: glv>e1l wlurti.o~to the cha~]c~gc. a 1l1[~ ~r;nten'l;gives more detaU on the sco.b:.lition. 'Ihls se.luence gives more d.eram~ 'o~ the sQ.ludQ~"
This ~mgn.c:::~n<!J~e~· iSipct;ifkropk: discussed (he
<IJt

Looking

the' p<lmgwilph this way) itt's dea[

about derails, Of oou~.sc.. these d~i~ll.i.Ls a~~ d.Q:>~l'y ~~~~~d '~Oi ~hC~Dpk seneenee, th:is :meal:1l!$ dlt'l~when d)eaU~gwluth body palrn:graphs on the YOEFl. you should ]" 2;,

an

rhae these body

paPl!;{.:il(ph,s

are ilill

'[opk S~w~~nCec211e.W.llruy. M~:k~ ~y~ }'Q!:! .a ~!Qok i~!!: in the l:igh[' pl1!l'agrnI:lh fo.r ~lli'Icinfonl'Ji3Itio!ni)'Ou need. SQrt tbro:ggh~e, spedfic dJe!t1l1iils UBi;i] yon :f:i.mld wffinI~t ~L!. :f.i~d .. Ir ~s. ellSY [0 ge~dbrmct~d bey all the ~![!fot".rmuiQn j 11a body paf3:gJ';apb. Stay fu.cus~:dg~ fh~ir!fo:r!tl>1itiiOn you need.
Read
dUl

the body pi! mgrnplThs wU~ help youan~"""C;;1!; detail <!.1:1:d"prerJ« 'qIM!!'tions. i W.~iCIl aJn~ril:ilg main .idt4 or primary plfrpDse 'qll<ilie~I~]o!nis.. .~o~rread m:O:l'~ than do the first ~eili1ll'C'riceo.f (he body pilngmp.b:s. 1"hc .~n:f;oti.im:n.ion fouQd irw d'QJ~ 'bOody 'pl!lrn~ Re3!d.ing
gim])~:ilSis Wo. narfOW.

'Type's olf 'Body P,B,raglra,IPlhs

The; body p<lngraph on.pll,ge 44 SUPPOTts 1:11(; ;J.ul!'.hor'svf~\vs. Mast body paragraplrs o:n the TOEFL will he of rh is ~y,p~. owever. some pa.SSi!lgesha.IVebodypangraphs H [:h:u pr'es~'fit ~I'i ()p'p()f;~r polot ofvie\\v. Usually; ~hese:s:bo,\Vup ~n pus:ag~~; ~hal ~ry to :resol.v·c01 dllemma o.r ool:l.vi.ll.Cit:he r~;ad~r of'.so,meidJling. t You usua]~y can tel I when you. are ,n.~dingil. body pa:ragrnph ~hatc(},miuJicts the ,a.uthor by ,l\eading d~e 6f$'~sentenCie. The Hut sentence may hav.e :3, tran:sidon 'Word ,tha:[ indicates we aurhor is now ,disc:u!lS]DI[; an oppo~ing poi.nt ,of v~ew. Heu's an example (,f,sudt a :pilll'3:graph: -. (1) Of course, not everyone agn~es; that 'the proglram's creations are' allvs. (2) One d~fficulty i's that Ibiol~Ogis:ts do not ,even agree on~he defini~iro:n of; IIfe. (3) The! diversUy of lirfe',on Earth oanstantly i ,surpr~ses S{;i,entis~s" and U'1.9re'sre si'rnply' too m.any' characteristics and qualWes to provide one simple' ,de'finition (),'f IHs.

(2)Th.is
(3)-

This sentence :prese'llts:ln opposi:rll/: po;jn.t ofvic\'l sen renee explal ns why some b~oL!Jgisl[l! isagree wi,tll ehe ml,rh.or'!;, d p()r.si,~io;n.
Th is ~fI:~e'nce
S'lllppOftS oSier-uero,€!:2.

"1',,(: firsf line

no~ wCiuyofleagrC(:.s" • .,r' This ,Iine iirn;dka~'esth<tt Ithis pa r~rnpb will comrndkt rhe autt!b:or.!tis impo:wnn m ret.o,gni,ze 'rhese types of pa.ra.gmp!hs. C'spC(:i,aUywhen answertng maD! idea or p"imary PUtjJ(jst qH~doR$ on 'l:heTOEFL
S'tatcs:: '''Of rCou rsc,

YOUR TUR!N:: DJULl #3

ANA,lYZIIINIG BIDDY P:AIIAOiIJlAPH:S

I1iQl~e he~heilr thepnmgmph w ilIppeilirs[0
SUpptlirl'

S~f,C d~~!'tIJc: of each seJ!ten_,Ogit! the fol.low~~g;paragrapbs.Alw t:r:adkll! the pllS\mg:e.

er

00'1:1-

1'DImly IParag:f!aplh A
O} The harsh temjj~n demanded much ()!'f I~:S~nhabUants. (2) Many resldents owmetund ra were nomadic! moving about in smaH bands. fl~Jtl.lowin l ~h€ m [grations of cari b,au, seals" and whales. g (.3) ,CooperaiUona:mong groups was essentiel for survival in lh~s ~all'11c1,arn'd~he cuUUU€lS developed elaborate rituals o'f mciprocity. (4) BrcujJPs of hunters (),item waited p.t3IJtlenllyat tlhsvariou8 b[fe,a~n~ng h,cl'[esused Ibo/sea~8. (50)'~fone huntGlr (:augh~a sesl,aH WOLU~deat d it (6) Bravery was also re:wmded.a~ e'Viidenc;eci by the Inupiaq people;, Who risked (jleatl1 by 'W'SnderingfaJl' across see ice ['0 hunt sesls,

O)

---~-~-~--~-

~4,) (5)
(6) -----~--------

---~--~ ---~----~--

Suppo.rrs or com;rad:ict\i)?'

----~---~---~-

IB:ody P',aragnllp'liI B

('1)Withou~ man~n'~erfeiFerlC<e ~many of lhe~ttl rea~en,€!dor lendangeredfa:ul'lIa woutd rec!,aim~heir ecdl.og h::.al niches. (2) UIllJD:rtunate~y:!. household pels WOu.JI(JIsuff1ler(3) ~n addiition, the rat, one o,t the grel9!t€'s'l pes,ts~n large ,cities" wl)uldll1lo[ Inave the waste off hu mallIkind l'of·eed off of arKi wou~dl be hunted. merc.Uessly by ,glrow~ popu [lations d hawks andfalcions. (4) And tihe cockreeoh, which ng to many a city dwe! ~e.rseems to symboli~z:e invincibU i~.y.would cUsappearWlromal ~b uttheW8JmS'sl c [lime1s WiUl0ul a;rLific.ialhlsat to sustain it
e-

'hu

(:n~

--~--~

(2L
(3) 1(4) _-------~-~-~--~~------------. Suppo;rrs Q.roon~ra:dk~~.~ __ ~~~~ -~---~-------

-------~-

----~~

B,u,d,' ',llra:gnllpliJ ,e'

( 1) According to su rveys" anywh erefrem 10 to, :25 percent of tih!~po'pull,aJui('nhas ,experienoed at least one ha.Ullilciill1ation,(2) Most often~ti1e Ilal~ucina;t~oncomes lin me form 'Oif 80r:1l'8 visual '8xpe rlence , but some people report hearing a sound or even votlces. (8)1 Even rarer, but no~ Ilmhe.am of', lsa halh.lcination of a. p8lrticu!l!ar smeU or aroma .. (4) U.is nollknowl1i ,exactly wl1:a.t causes t'il131I1ucinatiQins, aJl'tho.ug:n one common I:ya.ocep'ted lheo:ry~s U~81it,M,lIuc ]oalions occur wnBin~'I1B ,extennal stj:ffi ulus B9Ceivf:HJ by tine· senses no h::mg,er matches t:he! level O[ a.ctivi~y oQcurJr~ngin the bral n, (5) Sensory deprivaticJili"I ~s one of tne sur.e!s~ways to. ,ei~cilt hlamluc~ nations. ~_~~~~~~~ __ ~~~~
_ _

(O
(2) (3) .~~~~~ (~)

eo

--------~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~---~

Bldly

IPa'lfilglll',aphl lEI (1 JAl"!other eennecnon be/lween the lowerc~assesafld~he centraJl.iza.tba:n ·of power is lUeir.;acy. or more accurately, UU~eracy. (2) Illn at~stocraticsocJ:etie's wides!:nead m ilte:ra£:y(~id not re~sultn til,e i cOl1lsol~:da.tionof pC:MJller beceu setbs :soci,alstwcture was sa segmen~:ect (3) But in an eglallit:arian society. the i JiltBrme'dliatB agenc~'es vanish. ,(4) Without~hese .agenciesa,cting on beha~f of ~he leeshtform9idl ciU.zenry:,.~he r,esponsibiliity tans rothe· 'glovenlJment (6) Centralization ls ther·eror·E) nsCe'SS8JTY to aid ,and provide for citii;oons who may (It'herwise hay'€: nowher1e else to tu rn to f'o.rassistall1c€I.
I

(Th) (2) .

~--------------------------------------------------------------------------~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. _ _

(3) ~~~~~~ (4), (5)

Body Pa,rag1fllplilE

(~.),H'owever, Earth is an amazingly re'sWen~ place. (2) In Us4.5-lblilllion-y·aar IUespan, Eann has endured bombardment by cosmic rays and meteors" violelllt earth Qluakes, vO~ICaJlism~ af1ldi'~gid ice ages. (8) In I'ight of aU these catastrophic ewmts, manY' geoh:JQlislsend ecologists say that EarUl could recmrer~romany damage caused by human aenons,

m..- __ -{2} .. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ (3~1

-~~~~~~~~~~----------. -~-~~---

IBled, ",Ira,glrap'h A
(1) llds senrenee !>[a:~es· ~3i~mnchis d
d,emanclcd ·of peQpffit:l ..

(2) This senrer.u::e gi'l'\e~an e:.'<ampi]e ·o!f,somcth !.ng demand;®d. (3) This 8e~:ncnce gives an
f'X.iUiI1lip]C

of hQ<w d~c:p~opl¢ adap'lied.

'~O sentence

(4):111 is se~mnc:t;:: p[,clivid~-sa defailim relaeed

(5)

3.
~!:ttl:;lil;c:e9,.

Th~i sentence pl."olV~des .3dd]dcma:ldet:i!Ureila~~d.oo an

~G:) This .$enre.n~ gi"ll\~1l!.!l ~4ImpJe ·of~Qrnethi.I•g:else demanded.. .

this pamgl'lIffill.l. s:upp(.l'I'a[l1~ p:il.~g~.

IBiedy P,8Ira,grap,h. I
0) (2)
(3)

Tll,]! ~':~neru;)e $ :gives ac:onSe([~letnOc:e:·ofa iim3JILruon.

'TIl]S

.seillifeo,oegi,vC$ an cx.ceptciol!!!

!:Q

oo,uf:Dli~eL
ro
sellt"tll1:C~

Th,~s~enw[J_oegi'llleS:another ex.cepdo~

m.

(4) 11]b .$oor:e.f.lce gi~~ anorher

~~p~~Om1l to ~n:tenceL

IBlid, P,a:ra,grllph C:

Thi~::i~tIitenc!l;;gives .

faClt

ab our cl~e t:ople..

(2)
(3)

'I"his senren.ce p:rov~d,¢s mere i.~fof_'ltioJl~cla~ed to &enilc\I1ceiL

Th:i~ .$Cii!l!te!'.!cc p'ro;vkles m:oreinlformn3tia:1I :d;l'~td
rQ

$~n~MC~ :m.

(4) (5)

This

.scU'lirel)oeplrQv]d~

;:lJ:nO!~her :<lbout~he topic. faCt

This ~e:rl!tenoe pm"!']des m,o~e inil:O['tm3~:ion rema~ll!doo $~n~~i!'I!C~,. 4

lI'adi, Paralgral,,111D
(1) (2) 'lhi$se.nreniO~ inrrody_ce~
<lLIl()lcl!e:i coolJlec::d@lI1i.

This seneeuee prov]aesa. dern:il lreilla.ed. to ~!t~ii!l!~c :~.

(3) 1lli:~sentence ,~p']ai!'!~sentences land. 2 more (.Ij,)

f'ully..

Th issenrr:enoe ,film eKp~3.i.n$ sent~'Ul!CC;S1 :and. 2. rn.orcFli.l!lly;

~~tin!O~

(5)1111i,$

$ym.Hlad.,;cs dl!eotke~ sentenees,

I:ody P',ara,gtrap.h E.
(l) (2)' (3)

111ms 5enr~il!C(,;oon:tradi:eathe

~asl:: eneenee of s

Idle prior pa.ragrnp:h.

This semenee sup,ports senJ~t':nce t, 'Ihls sen·[e;QCl.'l makes the OIJuthors poii[l[.

As y.1)1UJ can see, body para:g.~pbs srart off wit.h a na r.mwmjpi,c dUlt :aIC ,dose~Ji' ~~law1 00 ~1h1iJ~ nuww topIc. SOime:d:mes. as in

fo.l.low«l by dg;~ai~s pair.igtapb C. there are fW'O topics. bu, ",O\S.f body para,graphs deal with only one topic. M05!1: [[mUles:, the bod}f parngirn.phssuppol't rhe author, but ,oc.casion~dWy [bey :lIIie uS:e'.d ro p~s:e""t:
ooJllmd.icooryinfofffiildon.

Wlhat Is the S,trlUlctlure 101'1 C'ollchltdDEI Pillr,III'r,allh?

MOlD.}" of

the pas$~gt'~ ·(J·n TO:E.fL are ed.i:~ed'll'er;sloJII$ oJ ~Q:urug~w the passillg~. 1iIIlu8 .• rhe las'!: :para3raph will usually p:rov:idc some aclair.ioD,d d,et3Ji]s ;md a. final wrn.p'-'Ilf ·af ·the ~0p'ic.

,(1) Of course, ,other factors inolrea.se the c,sntralization of a democracy. (:2) locquevilile polnts OUit that war is an important agent of oantraliz9.tion. (3) Tb succeed in war, contends Tocqueville, a natliol'11must: ibe able to focus its. resources around .S! singll'e :paint (4)), Countries with a 'cenU·a~iza-Uon ·o·fpow9,r ere 'f,alrmore ab teo to' accomplish this task than aile C'ountries wUhfra'gm.ented! power snuetures, (5) But it is interesting how l'ocquevitl'le·sees cernocracv as a vehicle not. for freedom but for power, drirv,en by the very people! the d!emocracy is designed to

empower.

0) i(2} (3)
(4)

(5)
As,
It

'This ~Jl~ielli,'ce provides a de~ail dial COllfrMts w]thth~ main ,poiO'[ of dle passage. 'DI is selll[~,(je p,f-ov,ide~ Hi@ire w:f(iirjIi~fiQfi OJl~e:Il~e~ce. I 'Ill is seetence Provides a detail re1ared to sentence 1. Thisse.nrenae:pE'OVidi';-S 01,derail ~d3!~ed S¢f.l1ieIiiiCe 1. ['I) 'Ib:is ,$¢n~ce State's ,theaur:ho.r's find pOi:llf.

you can see, th~ (lOnclU8ton :paragraJph jj!1~rs sO/me speci'" dew~s similar ~o' body ,pil.l;agf.:iph. However j'[ :a.I:ro (iointains ;an impO:fCUllt ~liml statemelll: tb:u: $l:l.ould.apply to the p3S$a!gcas a whole. 'Therefor;c. when .readiw,g:::8:. cOlfldwio~ patagraph, you should 1. 2. Read Ihe 6:I'.ilt$~!il:rence. If ehe 'topic ~n~efices intli,oduce m,OIlI!l d.cca:ils" ski.m,du:-ough them. Readd1'e' ul')" laJst ~~te~c:e. TrY' to :f.igurc OUt wha~ the 3:ntllilors :lip,i1 message Of point is.

COfu:Lus;ion pamgmpl.ls can be very usdil.ll forpnmary ;mrpose questiQns. They abo USill.aUl cm:uaJnso.me spedSc d!eil:ailsas well.

YUIUR TURN: DIRlllL ##4-ANALVZIIINIIO CONC:lUlSIDNS .Foilleach of w.r:..&I.lowtn.m p.a:rngPliPlts. speciEythe rele c~call:se~t.enccp~aJy5.AI:.ro~
GOI1CllSfuon

Will]!:!:

dowrtl

rLl)e

aJlu:boJ!s {~!Ul;d

poin:t ·Of m.~~age,

C'Dnlcl'u:silUfll IPaliaglr,aplillA

(1) Despi~e '~nesemisgh/lings. 'the d~r,eclOlfsof the Avilda proglnlllnremaiin opln:miist:~c that their program ,even if not considered allive, is leading to a gma:ter uru:iershmdlng of Ine~n91.11 forms, lts (2) It may even faci lii1JBlteuture searches for Illfa on other p ~anets,(,3.) Acoord ingl,to one membe'f ,of f

the Avida. ~eam, "l1he prdblem that we hia:v'e! now is~hat we arsfocuse·dl on looking ·for DNIA~based IUs. (4) Bl:Ittlhe:re may Ibe other kinds of Hite(luI Uls're tiha.twe' have never aream,ed Qf.~ (Ei) The Avh:Jla prognlrf~may provid:ebiologfsts wnhano~he ra.v9f1Ueto e>:plore.
(l)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ _

(1) -----------------------------(3) ,(4) ~ f:.i.ll:a]po~n[: .. ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~_ _ _

ICIiIil,C:1 usii!IDI

(1) lalew arl1l¥a.lsro~ihsArer!i:c region req'Uired~he use of advaneedtseh no~ogr)fto mak!ea Iiiv~ngin
the rs'glion. (2) But tile natiVie~nhabitanES of the~undra ex:isted there for generaJions WiU10U[ the need f,Q,r uns" sleEl~knive's, vehfci€ls, or modem c.lothfng. (3) Rathierthan strugg.lling against the harsh g erivironmarHaround th.;am,the origiina~ inhabitantsfoun d ways to i'ive~n harmony wi~h H. (4) The Arctic one rs an eb und,anc:eof riches, andthese people, through their rs.solUn::efulness.,were able to h'9lNe'st tl1~m. (m) !(2) (3) . Fifl:~!~O~~t; _-------------------------~~~~~~p ---------~~ _ _

IPar',agllaplill IB

IColiI,clusialii Paragnlph C:
(1) There ts some evudencetlhat this, theorist's view may be true. {2) Since 1953" a.1'50-mile~~o.ng tract at Iland sep'ara:ting North and Sou~hlKorea, has been declared a no-man's-land. (3) ,Aft>eronllya little more than 50 years. there j 5 almost no trace aftn,s rice padd iss that tarmers 11 d created and a used lor ,a~most 5,000 years.. (4) Even mare spectacular are 'the f:~ocksof: red-crowned cranes ~hat now inhabi't th.e zone. (5) These bilrds are the second rarest ,olf all ,t;)irds, !but they have flourished! in this area, free from tlu man interferenc'B of aU kinds.
(l)_~~ (2) ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~_~~ ~~ __ ~ ~~~ __ ~~~

~---------~--------------~-------------~~-----------(4) ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ _

:Flnal point:

Conoll,usian P,8 rl,g rlil1lh

I

II) (1) Regardless 0" the' causes of tiaillucinatians, the effects tjhey have on their subje,cts are very reat, (,2) Hallucimltions can cause 'the aforementioned change in heart . rete and body ternperature, and they can also lead a person to act on the hallucination. (3) Psyc:llologlists have fOllind that the' memories created by ,9. ihaHucination are processed by lila serne part O'f the bra.in tha( handles normal memories. (4) linus. for the slJbjec~ of a hallucination, fheexperlence is as real as, ,any other.

m..;

~~----~------~----~--------~----------------~----~--~----~------------~----~------~~--~------------~~Fmal :po.LDlt: _~
~ ~ ~ _

Com::llliIs ilon IP;illFag~I.hE

(i) Fortunately, 'tile launch ·o,fCa,ssini went off' witl10ul a problem. (2} For seven years, the spacecraft traveled ~hroughthe void of space. (3) Upon reaohing Saturn, CassJj:ni's.l1lst~um9nts awoke from their i long s.~umber and be,gan tfansmittinrgr data. (;1\'1.)1Yet the miss.ion ls tnQtovs:r. 1(5) On Earth,. sc·i:sntists now :beg ~nthe long task o·f anaiyzJ ng a~i ~lhenew informaNon they'vE! :re1cs'ived, hoping ·f<Clr .answers. to the mysteries ,o,f the so.li9lr sys,lem. ~ ~ _ _

(l)~~ (2)

~--------------------~---------------------------(4.) ~ :Final. poi.rn:: _

CliO 0,1 usiianl

(1,) (2)

IPa nl!!llf,aplllIl A
nl,()I:,c:

1bis S~iiiften.'~ provides in:formadon on ehe l'um:Fe ,Cif th.e mplc. Thls seaeenee pnwii,des
S!:I:ii~Q~(;:prescnu

in format[,on eelseed t'O

SllppO«

Sen[,t::fllt:e'

:1.

(3} Thk
(4)1

a 'quore m

~e.fn.!;n~c2.

This semence supports sentence 2.

C:olilcluisio,n P,8lragrllp,h I I(0 Til ts :5''Iiln:~c:n~otilrodlUlices new i

(2) lh is sen u:nc:e
(3)
CORE r:a$'~S

in fo,r.m3Jrion

a.bQu~'rhe to,pk.

[he

'[WQ

subjenli.

This seruence contrasts the two subieees,

C'DI!IC:III!I,5,i oiii "ilra glfilp iii C: (1.) lbis sentence mrroduoes ,evidellC<:ro support a 'view.
(2) (3) (4)
l1:ds
,SC:iIilire.IlCii;

provides ,dernils a:bOlI~ the ev,idefD.cl!.

Th is searenee p'l"OVides 1iiIIl0U dernil:s about the evldence,

Th:is,seneencepresenes
WilrJ10U~

a new piece

.of evidence'.
Can £Io1!!,rish.

Final peine

human ~Iil!fererence, the landandanimals

ICmnchllSil!llI1 IParagr,ap,1lI Dl

to
(2) {3) Fin]

Th~s S!:irlitencc in'r;mdlllcC'S :u'ilo~herpoi.~[ aboue rhe :mam topic.

'Ihis ,senrenc:cpm,v[d¢:.} a. detaU eelaeed 'to, sencence l,

This

Sl"lp,tcl1CC

:plI"OvMcs detail relaeedro

:s~wn,e 1.
as real,

POilii'iIl:

HaHucillOltiol:lis lire experienced

Co,nlclllUISiolH P,alra,grlll!llh E
U) Thls senreace IPfO'\~idt~ mcrelnfixmaden :iilbOUf ehe [opk."
(2.) 'This sentence pl)ovides a dcmi I.rdared
I~Q $~oft.noel.

{3} This scn're:ru;:eprovide.\! a detail telared ee seetenee 'I. (4) Final 1h it$ senteace intr,gduces a. new pelne abour ehe [OP~c.
pollilii'it:

Sd~!'!Jlnsare excited nboua rhe new in forrn~doll'i they wi II receive,

C:ore Con~eprRead[n,g

5i

:f:mll'lwiirngl tile Diilrec'tiulHI (Ii'the [";IS:$:;,118

.BSis:edon our :anai,ysis Qfp.a~sa.g:cs~~,fur. y~1Jll! sheuld beg~~ flO see tlli:l3:[ eaeh passage . ~5 broken down h'J!fO p.ieoes"ea,ch wirha ma.in ropic Uitd SuppO!ir.ing dCE~ib. 'Th~ hy to aCIJ\I'l:read,~,~g is m foclJ1s only on. thot:bu;ger ooi~k~ a!':!d not be; di~~ra'med by dcmik
when a Ila~:yza~rug s~nU::[I,I.fC: ~$:topay ~U¢I:I~iliOl!l!tQ the di~i()n of the p1liS:511g-e. We'v~ a.~:~dr s~¢1li p~rag!rniphs t:ha[ eid:tcr sU:'ppo:u:~ o[l"conlr·.rndkt 3.1:'n,ilIU~ ~.h(]W~ PQl:iitiJ!)n.Wl(; <1: :pm.:mge is gQ\i.ng i,llII,rhe mma dim,;#~'~if th¢ i~fijl!.rnad.on of; p8irag:rnp!.1,:'j!J:Ippor~s[hc ~ufbo.r. lfaJ :p!lmg~ph Gonrtrndicts the aUi[hOli,. 'we say that it lisgoilLlg irn r.1l(" IJPP05#1! ,di~t:#(),~. Our next
step

~ar

Arl has ,a~ways occupied a specTa~ place in $ocf,ety: Many peep 1:9 consider al1islS~OI be thle u ltimare a:Ul~1 rities: on aesthetics, the o natu re and expresslon of b E!8.tJty. For much ·o,fn [story. tM' pracUce ,of art was inscmtab~~e,,and arU sis war,€! viewe(jl as be,ingsomewihat str,an gleano often mad. EVlen the word most commo:nly associated Wirth aW'list~ nspl raltJiorl-has its own maglica'laverlt:ones. LUeraJly. ilinspira:tion"~s, the breathingilrl cfa. splrit Artists. wen:! thought: of as peoph~ who wewe~ divijne~)' inspired to create., O~ course, artists oontributed to til i s :my~MI()gy: Many artijsEs aSClnlbe'Cjl the;~r talenl'slo lhe presence of some supernatu raJ a.gent a'r muse. ~Who!e movements IQfart hay,s o€nt.er,ed (lfl~h9 SuppoSied Ii)' ,oU,erwor~dly nature o~ art. For lexampl:e, tile l!Romantic poets beHave.a tt1'at art WBS the search for thesu bl ~me,alli8I"m for U,em that mesnt an ultimate express i:o:nof bealu~y and truth. The search fur 1M .idea~ red them to explom: bo~h ''lSil.urrall and is slJIpem.arwlral lt1:amesin their wo:rks.
ii

Another persj.s~er:Jt Vi.6WOf art :regardeci its divome~rom rationality. R~eas.Q1"11 ,I ag ic w€re~he province of sci,snlistsand phHosoph ers, and vmereas creativity' andl irntuitij!O:n were the' domain 'o:fthe artists. The two separats spheres ·of me mInci were srUp:possd to nama~n distllnct, But in 1704. a maiortransgrs:ssion occurred. Sir lsaac N,ewton, ma~ih:ema:tician an(j! phys1iCi,St '9xtraorci'i naire. pub:1ished his study lo,fUgliU, Oplich.s. One of N,ewtolil's major cUSCQveries was on tne naiu re of co:lar: Using a prism Newton founcllhat wihite ~ ight is aclua'lly composed of all the ectors of the rc:dnb ow. He, ,even provi,d ea a. .scientU11c explanalianfor the presence of raJnbows. The ,artistic community was ,s:hocked.A sc~en~jst had laken a beauti'h.l~ and maglical: e'x\psrUlsn,ce and redulced Ht:o~ihe'sr m pie rekaction of beams 10lf I,j ht ~.hroUJ.glhthe prism ()~a. raindrop. A scientlsr had; g intruded into til Elil r sac redtsrrtutmy.
I

More thana hundrred years la:tEu, John Kea.1tS. one of 'the most tamous RomanUc: poets ~accusecllNewton ot ,dimilnrishi~ngbeauty

by "'unwearving th e rainbow.," Hls coUea.g ue, Samuei Ta.yior Ct)leridge".famau s'ly remetrked that the sou Is oif 500 Newtons w,culd be needed 1'0make 11 Shakespeare. And yet. firom another perspective. Newton d~cInot: dim~ni:sh the Ib-eauty of t!h:er,ainbow; h €I enhanced ,it In his ques.tto uncover th~ secrets of the raInbow, Newton demol'1lst:rate:d~he\!Vander. creat~'Vijty, and inspiration of an artr:st And [he 'Qla.V€l' the world anotf"ler ()ppartu My io exp eriencs the 8ubUme. Newlon's enscove r~ pav€l'Cjtihe way forttJe Ch9v,slopment or !fne solenee afslPE!c'!:roslCoPy.a. way of ,ana!yzing! the chemical makeup of Iight Now sciennsts can look atme stars, and cliscefln~herr composiition. The SEH"ISI9 of wonder this abWtry creates ls rn:a:[ uch d it:ferenll from the wander the poet or artist m fee~s whe n gazing: at ~hoge:same stars .
.H.ere's ~h.epass3ge :ilga~il':ll. wi;d~[he d.i fm:::ir~on tllug¢.'; ilt1Jd~:c3[ed.-111Cseme-dl d
OCCJ[301;ii.

words ate bQMed.. whereas rhe 0p'posi!1l~~difec(ion orils are italicized. w Art has always occupied a special place in soci:e't.y~ Many people ccnslder arti sts to be thel u Itima~E!authorithes on aesth etics,t.he nature and expression of beauty. For much ,()f hlstorY,the practice offallr-twas ~n8C rutable! anearnsta were viewed as being somewhat stran ge ,and often mad. Ev,en the word most commo1nly assoctsted wit"artists-,lnspir,aItilon-nas utaown magica~ overtones. U~erany:, "inspiration" ~sthe b.reathingiifJ of a. sp~riL Artis:ts were thought: otas peop.1e Wino were' dMne~y ins:p~red to cma~:e. ar~:lstsco:ntr~bl!ltedto this mytl"1dogy. Manyarlists a:sm~bed t.heilr talents totne pre sence of some' supern alTIura I ag'9nt or ~muse. ~Whole mo,vements of art have centeredon~he sup p ossa iyothe:rwor~ dly r1!a~ureof art lFo.r 'exam;phEl, the Ramantk; poets 'be~ieved~ ~ha.tart was the searchtor the $ult)lime'. a te'um for Ih,em~t18it meant an ulUma:te ex pression (li be,8JJlyan dI 'l:ru~h. TIl e 'search tor this id eal led them to ex pi errs both rra:tural and supernatural '[nemes~n their works.
(llr OOIUlfStJi,.

Another persiste'rlit view O'f art :regarded its d frvmce~irom r,aUona~ iity. tRea.son and IOglic we re the province a,f scient~s:lsand phit:osapne:rs:, wherea-scre,atiVfty and i ntuiUQ'FI wel'l8 the' domain ol the arUsts" The lwo,sepa.rate spheres of tihe rn i no were suppoS!ed to ramai n distinct But ~n1704, a major transgression occurred. Sir lsaac Newton, mathematiic ian and phys~c 9~tJra!Dr.d lst ~naire~ pubnshed his study 'of lilght. QpticJ(s. One of Nlewton's ma.~ordiscoveries \!'Ii,8S0n Vhs na:tureoif color. Using a prism Newtonrou nd tha:t wtilit:e ~~ght is actuall,y composed ois!!! the colors of the rail'llbow. He8V8'n provided a scJef1ltific ,exp~anaJtifJI'l[or~h:e presence alf ra inbows. The artistic comm un ~tyWas shocl<slol, A scienHs:l had talklen a beautiful 8Jnd magical ,experiencl8 and red uced ~tlo tlle siim pie n:rfrac:lion of beams o·f lilght th roug h ~he' prlsm of a ra~ndrap. A sci entist had rntJrude(j into their saereo territory.
I

Morre than 8" nu ndred years later, John Keats, one o:f the most famous R.omantic poets, accused Newlon of diiminishinQllbea.uty bry ~unweaving Ule raJnlbow. ~ His colll,eag:u8., Samuel Tayl or Coleri(j,g:s', famously remarked t1l18.t the souls of firve h undrsd Newtons would be needed to make one Shakiespe,are ..And' ,yet, firam anO'~118rpe[rspect~v,e~ N,8Wt0ll1 did not dl m~n~h ~h9 beauty of s 'l:he rainbow;, he en hanoed it:. Innls questto UPlOOV€'[ the secret's of the ra~nibow.Newton demonstrated the wonder, C reaUvllty,8il1d h"sp~raluron Of 8tr18Jtiist An d he gavE! the worlld another opportunity to exper~ence! the sublime. Newlon's dfscovery paved the way forVhe ,o:svel1opment 'o,f the 8ci'snC6Qrf spectr,Cl!SCOPY, a. way ,of analy.z.~ng th!s chemical makeup ,o,f U'g!ht Now sclsntlsts reanlook, at ths' stars and dliscernttJ'6a r composmon. The sen se ·of wonder this sol ~itycreate's is riot much different [irom the wonder tihe poet or artlstteels When gaz~nrgat those same stars. W'h~rnwad[ng, 3Jcti;viJy. use d ir«:don words ~o hdp )!IOIJ orga.niu: dl!t:i.nfow:-m:u:ioFl..
Sal;J;le~di;ect:ion :mar.ke,r;smeam. d1l8Jr die: infurmaJdon y"OlL1i are about to read $y;pp~f~li, [he t.oi,plic. OllGe you notice dlis, you ean .ofren s,kim ,thwugh itflili: info~mati.on. Howev~r;. P<l,Y p1!Jticuliu aueiftltion to ch 1I:ng.es f d.~:recdol1ill a pilSSlI:gc. These lndio care an im.pormm shif[in d'J;e amlmts p1illl:l"posc:.

lJtIi!1,itr!

IJu~

VDUJI.TiURN': DR;lllL 1#5~F.INIDI'NIG DnlECTIOINS

words,

l~d

e01:c:h parngmph, circle [:ne d~!l'ecrio.nma:rkefs, and i.d~m,dfy wh~fh~rthey

3 re

same-directlon

er 0pPQshe-dir"\..-'(;tku:1.

Il ire,cliioln Pa,ra glra p iii A

Ha:11 uciina:lions c a tso be eUcited in a numib,er O'f other ways" Some of the most common experiences of ha'lllIIrCinanons hap,P en when a :parson is in Ihe til roes of an ep~~s'Piticriitor suffering fmm a l1igh fever; GUier memods of br~ngingl about a. ha~lllJcina.UaT1l inc;tudl9 fagUng or sle'eplessne'ssAdmira~ iRlchard Byrd reported havh'lg halluc inations after spend:i II1g several months alone in tihe Ant:arcti c. Halluci nanons can be so powe;rfu I'that members of ma.ny c uUures seek them out llIndert:aldng "v~sion quests" In!ne hopes of Ihaving .8 h,a:Uucina.tOnj e.xperience. U~uany" the parUc ~pants who gi() on these que.s.ts Journey out into thee,lsmsit1ts witnoutfaod or shelter.

an

D'iire,cl~lln Pa ra.g f',lph B

Another con nect[o:n between the :1'C)wer tasses and lhe c€lntr.9;1 c iZ91t:ionof power is. U1Slracy. more or accurate ~Y.ililiteracy. lin a:ristocrati.csQ<cieli'9S. W" O'ssp read ii Iliteracy did not result in the canso! ~da:tion or p ower because th s social S~ll'1Ucture was so seg merited. But in an egalUaJr'jan socJety,tM: intermeidiatea.gencies, vanfslh. Without the.se aglsr:ucilles actJing on behalf of the less-inlormsd cit]zem v; the responsl blUffly fails \'0 the glovemment. Centralization ls therefor·e necessall'Y to aid. and Iprov~de for c.i~1zen8who may oth erwise have nowihere ellse to UJm to for assistance.

Diireictlililil [Panllgr:aph C
It is also suspected that the: bws.in has its own ci1em~cals designed to preeucs haUucrnations. for examp]e, some pt6l'tJeil:1lts suffer fmm delirium tremens ..a violent period of hall'!lJoinations, acoompallited by swea:ting,aLf1 lncreese in heart rate, ,and a rise in bodyt.emperature. Throug:h ex~pe:r~Elnce treati ngepisodess ueh as thus. it is aT$o known that certan chemic.als can stop haillucinations ..The drug Thorazine is often used to treat patiel1ltsstLJ.rreringfirn:m pS:y'chO'tic dfsorders [hat invo~ve halll ue ]natiolls. [mireicti'ollli :Par,ag~aplltl[[] The career of Ph n lip Johnson, one of .Amer'i(:a'sforemost arch itelct$ was a study ~ cionlra:st'S .. Initiallly!, n Johnson was a. stau nc:tl proponent lOY the Modemis~. schoel 0:[' a:rclhi·tecture, and he ach ~e'vedhis ,early fame by working in hs sty~e'. A:f~)er . time, howevel~, Johnson apparenUy bscarns bored with a Modem~sm. even ttl,o:ugh he c~aimed that hie ~OV&dlUle ,experience Of the· new abovBa~~ things. Johnson deCided to mov,e~rom Modernism to Classjcism, a sty,l,e~nill he explored thoroughlry. He soant]1red of lhe Classicall school as waH and mmr,ed back h)w,8ill'dMoc:lem~sm,ailthoug h his II,at:er works sun incorporate c Ia:ssica~elements ..
i

D1iir·e,otiolJl, Panllgraph E
~r:LOW

John James Audubon began his career by pai otilng portraits of I~)eople, al~tloUigh most people
him nOIt: for .h!i.spOif'lra.~ls of peeple but for his drawings ,ali bl rd s, Aud'ubol'1!~s coUectio:ns of bi rd dlra,w~ngs represent one of~he, QIf.l3S{achievemel'1ltsin the fie!ldi of nalturall h i<story. A;I,though erlncs m:a.y debate the airlist~c rnerns of hls work anoselenusts th,e acc.uracy o'f hIs .dJraW~l'1llg,s" one can no qU'19stion the, impact h~sbook:s have [had on the popu ia:tioFl at Ilarget Hls books. which he prodUC8 O incoUaboraUon with naluraH sls! brought sCli,efilceMd arttQge~he r il"1l a mos~a'ppealing fash i:an and 9iresome~Tmecs (:re;dlited with b:rfngingl a new .3,DPrElciaUon of the I'ilSiltUiral worlld'tto the publle,
i

IUree'li:on P:aI1'8!glraph A.
Hlaillucrna:lions can also (.same' directio.n) be sIUcited ~na number o,{otne·r werys" Some of' the! most common ElxpeJienc,es of h,aHucirH!lIti,ons happen w~en a. person is intih.e throes of an epil.epticfit orsuff:eringfrom a hignf,ever. Other ,(same direction) methods of bringing about. a. naillucina.tion inclluds fastii ng cr sleeplessness, Admi ral Richard Byrd reported ha\l'~ng hall:ucinati onsaJl:slr 81fJ'E!r1diing eve ral months alane iin the An tarcde. s HaUu:cinations can be so powerfu'l fnat members, of many cuUUlre.s sleek.them out, ul1Idetta1<i ng ~vision qluests i'in the bepes 'a,fhav i ng a. M.IIILIe~n~tory experience. Usua:lly, the ,parlicipants wh:o g:a on mess q uests journey out in:to,the e I~em€lntswithoutf·ood or sheltier,.
[Iirec:liion

Panl g ralp h B

Another (same cJfrectiD(l) cormectlion between the lowe r ciasees and the c'entralliza.ticm of power is litenllcy, or ma:reaccura'Dely, iIIHe.racy. In aristocratic soclstie'.s, widespr'eed ~ IllHsracy did not reSLJ in the consoli(j,aUon of power because Hils!soc tall snuciu re ~t was so segmented. iBu~ (opposite direo,rion) in ,an e;gaJlitarian society" the ill1lermed ~ate agenc.ie s vanish. With!out these a,g,srlH;ies acting on behalf of the less-lmermed cit~zenry!tine' responsibIlity faJls ~othe grove·mment Centrali:za:lion~s th€lr:efore (same direction) n:eoessary to aid and p rov~defor c i:Uzerls:who ma:y otherwise have n oV!ki.ere etseto tum to for asslstence.

Dili,ecliion Panl.gnl.pli'l C
U iiS,amso(same dfrectio.n) suspe'cted that h!! bra~1iIhas its own enem leals desi'gned to proe IIJcehalluci nations. For 9'x~amplh91(same dir:sc.tfon). soms paUe nts suffer from delirium tremens, a v~olen~ period of halluclnations accompanied by s,wea:~ingl, an increase 'i n heart rate, and a. rise ~ri1 body lemp·eratulre, Through: experienc:e trea.Ung episodes such as this, it: isa~s(l (same direction) known tlhajcertajn c hemicalls can stop hatlud nations. The d wg Thorezl ne fs otten used tolreat pa.~i:e:n18suf;!ering from psychoNc disorders Hl~d involve hall uci nations.

IDlilll'Blcliimn. Parrag raph It)

Title career d Phn'lip Johnson, one of America'sf.oremost architects, was. a. study in cOl1llraSI-S...lnitia:Uy (sa.mer:J;rection). Jonnson w,es 3. staunch proponent of the Mode'm tS~ schoallcd arclli:ls(:tur,e ,an dI heachiieved his earliyfame by working' in this style. After a tfme. howevElI~,Jchnson appeJ,snUy became bored with Modemi!sm, evenlnollJ:gh (opposi.ts dfr:ecl'ion) he claimed ttl at he loved Ihe

e~>=iperience~ the rH;:lW' above aJIth~I1gs. Johnson decided to move ,of from Modernism to Ciassf,eism, a style that he explored thorouQII1'ly. He soon tired of the Classica,1 school as \!V,ell, moved back and toward Modernism, althougih (opposite direction) his later works stl II Ii ncorporate classical elements.

Direction P,aralgra,plhi E
Joh n James Audubon began his career by painting portraits of people, aJr~hough (op'{:X>si,tedirection) most peo;ple know him not tor his portraits of people but for his d r,awings 0'1 bi'r,dls. AudLlbon's colll,ec'Uolls of bird drawings represent one ct the great ,acl1i'9vements in nhs' field of' na:turall1istory. Although (opposite (Jirection) crlnce may debate tl1,e artistic, merits of nis work an d scient1 sts the Bccuracy ,o'f his draw~ngs, no one' can q uesti:on lb11:e impact 'his books have had on the poputstlon at large. His books" which he produced in collaboration with l1a:tlllralifl'~s. brought science and art together in a most appealing fashion and are sometimes credited wlth bringl nga newapp~ec lanon of tiMenatural world to 'the pub]ic.

Summ:ary:: Uldlers;rll.diogl Strumur.,

1.
1.

ldencify the sttu.ccor~ of the p'.I!S'Sa.G;e ocauseth is; kRow~ed,ge w]]] b help you roo:find infuooado," quickly. Ri.iHiiemh~, OEFL pu:sages Me'made up i(lfth,efoll!(wri:n:g: panT graph types:: ia:U::foduc.tiion, body. and tiolDcrusicm. Kaow w:har type of
inform.ati:.Qn is usu;d~y [o'und in each fh'lruL{!l;rn.:pb.

3,.
4.

Use m::heiut Sleliltfence d~e pn.rngmp!h as a gu.id(lfO t'he inform:ation f 0-£ conm.ined J n '[he res [ 'of ldie para,graph. Keep in, :In lnd that the remaining, senlteillc:es,p.rovlde dC!'t3iii.l,siib(iiut~e: [O,k.

5.

P,arOIIttelll1l:rOD. to dimctioll ma:r,~tj'. S~e-direction

.maluwsiocilkarc:

'[he aurhor is oonrinu.il18 ,the dlscussion, Oppo.s.in:~direc:[iol1 mari«::rs highlight ceruraselng ideas.

:S:rE'3: ,S:TATIE THI:E MA~NIDIEA,

A.U pass<1g;e·s on (he TOEFL have
::I.

~aim

idea The: mala M_.eO!. the ceatral mesu

sage or poi m o:frhc' passage. When. we ,~oQke:d:for ehe p,rima r1 po [pose. we ~S~ eurselves [woqiles;~io,IJs; What is tb author writing ahour.and why is me a'Yliho:i' w:riidns tlibout '~ba:(wpid The maln idea. is [he "wbal" pat:r!:. whell'ea!i'[he IPdma,ry purpose is [he "why" parr .

.Lcr's I)t:;tum It,ca p.:ior :pasS'3ge and look at how .d!i: :main idea is dUrcr-enfilrom d;!e
primary purpose.

Sometimes ill- appeaJr:8 that the human mark on th[s planet ~8 indelible. In only a bHnk of geoiogic,all time, 200 years or so, human constl'ucth:m and expansion has r'esul!tea. in ~hle destruction of more than on.e-fifth of the· world'sfol"ests, the recession of the polar iCIBcaps andlthe creation of at hJgls hol,s ~ the ozone hayer. PI Additi:ona I'ly, in dush~i~ 6tctivity has damag'lsd rivers and oceans. as well as groundwater supplies ..Environmentall eci'sntists and a.ctivists warn that. jlf: IEarth's tuture is not taken linto accouot. humankind cculdvery well destiray the pilanet
I'

H:ow:ever; Earth is an amazin gly resWent place. In Us 4.5-bliIH,o:ny,ear Bfe,span, Earthl has ·endured bombardment by oosmlc rays and meteors. vi·til·ant eerthquakes, volcanism •.and friglid ice agles. In Ugh:tof all mesa camstrop!hiC events, many gooloQii SIS and ecologiist'S say' that Earlh could recover from ,any (~amag'9 caused by human scilons,

One 'lheoriist has glons 80 far as to predict exactly what would

happen on EaJttl if .all humans were· 10 ,dlisQ,ppear. Without upkeep", the! concrete] Lll11gliEHs the: w.Q\rl.d'S of ~argest cldes would be·sl·Qwlly red ai med by the wifdemess around them. Harsh temperatures would cause pavement to crac'k. Plants woul'd return to areas covered cry streets and si:dewal.ks. D,iHerent fates would a.wait human1kindlg other creations. Utter and :leaf ma.He,r'would accumulate .•and H would ·ta~e only one chance '1 ightnjngi striik,e to start a rag ing fi reo Many sfructu res WOIJ I!d bum to ~he 'gmund. The steell foundations suppo:rting I·arger buildings and brlidlges. wou ld corrode and buck.!e, '9spe,ciallly wirtt1 the rise ~111 groundwater that woulld accompany uhe cl.oggin,gi of sewer

systems.,
Without human int,erflsrsm:::e., many of the threatened or endangered fauna would rec,laim tlleir ecological: ruches. Unfortunately, household pets wou I'd sufJier. In addition, the mt one 'Oof U'H~greatest pests, in large ciities, would not have the waste of humankind to 'feed all of arid would be hunted merci lessly by growing populations of haWks andlfalcons. And the oockroach, which to many' a city dweller seems, 'to s.ymbalize· invincibility, would disappear from all 'but the warmest cllrnea without arlt:ificia~ heat to sustain it. Within 500 years ..again barleiy a heartbeat in geoklgical·time, most of' Ihurnankindl's monuments would be gone" covered over by plants. and trees. It's happened before·; the Mayan civillizatiion in No.rthen'l Guatemala survived for .2.000 years but was :swaUmved. up by~he junglle at He end. Andaner a. 'few thousand y,ears. j'f earthquakes and volcanic erupnona have not obliter,ated eV61"ytlliing made by humens, the g.laciers would came" sweepiing down from the mountaij ns, slowly and ]nexorably des.troyin.91 everythi og in their path. Several times ~n ills h]sto:ry:, Eartn bas Ibee,n

,swept clean by ~hese giant sheets of ice'. The l:eg6l!cy of Ihumank~nd wou'l:d be wiped from Earth. There is some evidence that 'tl1lis 'theorist's view ms.y be true, Since 1953. a 150~m iile~long tract ofl an 01S9iparatin 9 !North and South Korea bas been. declar:ecia, no-mans-lend. ,A,fter 011 ~ya IlitrUemors' than 5.0 years,! f1hereis almost no trace of the rice paddies 'that farmers had created and used for aJmost 5,.000 years. IEven more spectacular are~hle' flocks of red-crowned crane's that now inhabit tihe,zone. These bti rdsam the second rarest of alii birds, but: they ha.ve 'flourIshed in 'this area, fr,ee from human Iinterference' of alll, klnda Remember t;h:Jji:he pri,m:uyplHipos¢ of thls :p<iss~g;e, to' t:()ntJill"~ tlJe rt'mUr (Jlth~ t j (mtcom,1! of a situtt.fi()1l. To,fitld [he main idea we'll preceed iIi m~ch th~ same wai)' 3$ we did 'to find the p.rimary purpose. :Rcaclrhe: fi i'St :s:en~m;lC or ·tWo of the lmroducrion, the fir,Stsc:nre:net:of c~ch body paragraph, and the fi:rst ud. las~ ,$l;:nle!lC~ of '[he condus:ro~. After re.ad~r.ilg:,enoCh,sMt:ence' ;a,gain ask youl'&el ~ "':viniC is; the :uu:llo.r writifig albo1llld" U['.s ,gathe.rup, dIe fiM 5C:IlU:~Ces of each parng;mph and the hm sensence of the conclusion 00 see wb3Jt we have. Sometimes, it appears. that the 11 uman mark 011 this p!lanet is indeIHJle'. Pa~grOlph2
Parngrnph 3

However, Earth is an ama_Z)jnglyr,esilient Iplace. One theorist. has, ,gone so 'far as to ipredict exactly what would happen on Earth if all bumans were: to d ~sappe'ar. DUferen~ 'fa;~eswou I!d awaU humal1kin ell's other

Paragr<!.ph 4

creatons.
WilhaUlt. human interference', many ot the, thr,eatened or 'SI'i11ang,enedfauna wo uld rsd claim the~r eooilogicaJ niches.
Within 500 ysars.again
l

ban~ly a heartbeat in '9'solagical Dilme,most o,t humankind's. rnonuments would ee gone cov'Bired a,ver by plants

and trees.

Paraigraph .,

Them is some evidence that tilis theorlst's view may be true. These, birds, ,are the second rarest ,oTall birds, out they ha'v.eflourished in thIs area, fr,ee 'from human interre'renca of aill kinds.

Wh~n stati Itgfhe ma,i"id¢!l~ ~ :!t!!'l.:!St ny ~'Q de to,g~dlef3:ru~,o{~h.eSlempks, Ta,~e ;a, looll( ill [he !>en~encesilbove iillild. write dawnwha:t you dlink fru;ma:~n i~Ls.

~fnlllmllJn5
.<l{:]2lTr1'.

w.er'''

'l\.CI ,d:f;~:l1!lpp.elap~.tltr1:W~lndJal'1lm8~~ .., woull~ ~o,m taktl: ov;er Eartti

NO'i:ke h(}w dl~S ~eutUJiC:ebri u;gs '~oged:ler :<In 'of d1ie ~1.eme4!Y.. ThcS¢lll;cn.~e$fro.m pa:rn.grnpLls one, rl1Jrt:e. :and fl)I'u' d . .me.n.tilc.n :peopffie~ seneeuee from p.angrnpb ~e CW"O talks abe-!J:tEanh; :lind!the ,Sei!·n'~!1.c~-,\l fm:'O'I'I:'!~:rag~''''f.1u6¥c. six, and. seve:D:I 01,e]1,'
ciiom berh,

lel·snyi,t(lillle~

W•.ire YOIIU answer

mOK tim-t. TrYlo find ~lhcm;liinid¢<1 of the £(lU~\v]nlGP[lJssa,g.e. ~1I ehe spaoe piiov]ded aft:e[~he p.a:~sa:ge.

8cis I1tists at. Mich:~gall1 Sta~e Univew'Sily are as!kijnga most ciha:Ueng~ng question. Can a com pu~er program be consiaered aJive,"? The members, of the Di@lital Evolution Laboratory say yes. Compruit:er sc:il,enrtists at til e Iialborato:ry have clre-ated a P ID,Qram calliedi A:.vildathait has ~ntJigued not onlly scienll1:sts ande:ng~ nsers lo,ut biologlists and phillosophfUS as weill. The' Av:ida proj,ect began in the late 1990s. when Cilrijis Adam~, ,8 IPhy.sijci:st, sought to ereete a. computer program that aould levo~ve to do s~mple adldHion problems ..The' di,gU,aJ~organisms~ he cre,aled repl ilcated ~ihemselve'~l.artd eacn time they repl iceted! they had a chance to mutate 9ndUllJl s f~vo~ve. niviia'llly,he cHgljital1 ~ t ciI'e,aliions wiens un.abil19to process numolsrs in any way: BUlt Adami des rglned the pmgnim to ,r9w.i\'IJrd n:lg rerns tha~ war,s ab!IB to work p wi~IhU'lertumitH1JrS in some way. lihedig ital orgadsms thaJItcould process I!umbers wiers ,all!owea to Ireprod ucs ~nihigM'f numbers. In onilysi:x short momhs, tne primiith/s! pr,og rsrn had ,evo~lveda numbe'r -f _6 _ a surpr~sfjrln.'I:v·.not alii ... o mcl1ln~1. 5m3 .~~c-04crm a delmon. . _'.. ~most.... ILV penD. __ __ AI1I(:l1 ~ J' of the d~gila! creatLi res' pedormedaddliUo:n in tnesame V!I'fiI'Y.
1

TM' Avlda pr,ogram now lresides at Mich~gan State University}

where! i~ has been ,glrowijli1g ,and chang:~ngfor)l1ea:us. The 'd'igi:tEl~ crestures number .in the biil~ions and have ,colonized mQ:re: th,6In two !lund red oa:mpUlI€,rS, Each cngliml organ~sm consists off a p.a.t~E!m of code ..The 'o,i"g:an isms c'Ompele wi~h oli1ea1l1:o~herfm n~sourc€:s, andthe mast sucicessful ones are' alb lie,bJ'make rno re eopies of
C~HI

CDIiI~ept: IReadiing

II

65

themselv,es.J ustliike a. ~nv~ng eraS/Wire, the di g!ital erUit:ies aliso undsr'QO mutations, Muta~orils tlhatare beneficial ensure glrieatsir' raprodu'ctijol'il: harrnru.1 mlllta.rlOin!s have! the 0pposlj't€! effect ACicQr,dlingl totih:s director aii the .Avida project, the processes undergone by the drgitall Clf11M3!It.llIresare! same as those the experienced by biologica'l, Of'g!9lnisms.The only clililf:erel1oe ls ttn.a.1 b~ologrcaJeJI~Hies,are based' on strings of DNA, wnereastJh.e digiltai .c:reaUor:ls 'from A~j'daalr'e based on stl"ings of ones and zeros. In a. living creature, diHs'rent sequences of DNA jinstruct 081!lsto create certai n proteins., I none oflhe Avida Qrea:~iClrlS, dUr·erent sequences, of oompl.it,f)'u code instruct~ e program. to perfo.rm cerlaitnrunctions,. In bQtt1, casiSs,tJhIEl~epr,odUl::;:tion of ~frleorgan lsms is subject: to forces suoh as competition and mUitatioo. Now, some b.io.loglists are maintajn~ng' th8i!t the ptrOgnms in tthe Avida project are alilvE!.The pmglrams Hve, d~e!!reprcu::luce'. compete, cooperate, 9!1'1l(J: e~o~ve-actiMities that many biologists consider the halilmarks of me" Oril'81p'rom~nentbiologist, 'says, ''"They don't have a metabonsm-at least not yet. :SUit olliliEuwise, they're aJive.
8

Of COl:! rse, not: ,l!;lV,eryone ag rees that: the pmgnJm~ creations. are aJivE3'.One dij'riiiouilly istih!at biologists do not evelll6l;gree em the den nhionof ~ ..The diversrityo;ff Ufe on Earth oo:nstanitly surprises ~fe S!c:~,eliltists,and there 3J1E! simp'ly too many charact€'uistics an.d qua:l:iHestn provlide one simp:l:e (iefinition ofliife.
Ds'Spite these milsgl;vJngs, the di:r:ectors ·Cl·ff Avida. program the remain QPtimris,t[c ~h8Jt~hEMprogram. even if Jilotoonsijd'ered alivs! ts lea£ii Jilgro a Q:reater und,erstanding of me in alii ~ts forms ..It may erve:nfacil ilta,t'E!fu~ure s:earocl1es.fiar[Iife on other planets". ACOOlrdi ng to one .member of the AV11d:a.te,run, "The pBJol!em that we haive now istlat we ~uefocu.sed: on looking for DNA;based I'ife. But ·~heH·;! may be ,o,th,erkinds of Ii~e QUit there Ui:a!t we :nav€ never drsamed of. ~ The Avlda. pmglram m8!Y provide 't)to~logists wlhanotne,r avenue to

e:-xpl'cma.

He(~ are the :f:irst:s~l'Irences .of each para,gupllll ,,,,.Dd. d1i~ hut s:c,u:~n,O¢ '{If d'rie
oondu:siion ..
Parn,grn~ l

Scaentnsts

€lIt

ing a most dnaJlenging! ques:ttan.

M~chigan Slate Un~versn.y are asK-

Parngrnph.2.

The Avi:da. project begl!;u'] in the late 1 EJ.90s, when ChmiElAdam~.a physic~5t,soughtto ereate ,8. oomputer pmg!ram that ccddi evolve

do s:impte addition prob~l.ems ..

Paragraph :3

The Avrda. progr.am now resides alt Michigan St:a:te Un ~versity, Where it has been growling and ohangling f>'o:ryears, AcconJiing to U1G director oflhe .Avrd1a project, the processes. undergone by t"ledigit:al orealure's are the semeas mese experi,enoed by bioloQliceJ org:an isms. NoW', some I[),[:otogists, ere matntaining tlhat the programs fnbns Avida. project ariElalive. Of cow rse, no~everyone agreJit9Sthat the pmg ram'scrnat~ons anE!alive.
Av~da program

l':\uagmph 4

fara:gICaph " ra~lIgf<lp.h 6 Parag"~p.h 7

Despite these m~sgl:vings! the d~recto rs O'f the remarn optimistic that their program, even nol oons~,d"8r,ed alive; tS Isadiing to a greater understand ~ng of' Ili~e~nall its forms.

b$~ ~nlleill~e

The, Avida pr,cgram may p.rovide biologis,ts with another avenue to explore ..

llhef~tur~!:';

of'the Aloii&acomputer pro,gra:m l1aw.:led OOh1e': ~[oIOeJi6t.~,to co:nl~

9idler t.neprogram

.o'IlilfC'

W.h~n fi tiding d~c .mai n ~deil. pay cl05eM!l!enrio.ll. I~O,ru:n!ction ma~.kern" Some pil~ ~a~ :int:rodlLllceam idea o.r II. ~p.ic, b~lI; ~h~Y'go 0.1:'1 ~.Q' di!ioussr.he oppo!iireQ{fi~, He,re':$an ~:i:ampl~.
Art has

M,ailldel.:: Pa,iing .At.te:nt.ioll til D:i!rectill. Marke'rs

always occup ~eda SIP ecial p~aoe in society,. Many people oonsllder artist.s to be the ultima.te au~horitJi'esCl:n 8:ssth:et:fcs"une natllu"s'andi e:x[pression :off beauty. For muCih of history~ the practice
of art was ~ icrut8.ble,allldartists nS

were view,ed as beingl somewhat st!rang:8 and' oUen mad. Even the: woll'd most common I)' associtat,sd 1IIIii:lhartis:ts--Jl1spiratJ'b~ha:s HSOWCli mag leal overtones. literally. "irlsp in1Jlion" is the, orel8!th il'lllgiin of 2. s;pil~it.Art1:sts were thoug ht of as people who were divjne~y rnsplred to create,

Of course, artists con~rib'LJItedto ~his mythology. Many aniists escribed tJ,e~rtalents to the presencs of some sups rnetu rsl

agent or "muse:." W,no.l!e movements of art have centered an the suppose:dly olherworild'ly na:lure of art For exam ple, the, Romantic posits bsllieved~nat art was the search for the .sulbl!ime,8. term for themtha.t meaoten uUima.ls ex,pres.s~oF:l(lit beauty ,an CJJ~TUllh. lhe seerc htor this r deal ~ed ~hem to e:xpI:oreboth na:rural and supernatural themes in ·thei r wo(1ks. Another p ersistsnt v~'ewof art regarded its cUvorce from raUonanty. Beason and: logic were '[he pn,)vince o·r scientnsts ,and phHaoop he rs, wtu~reas cresJtlrvi:ly 9ndrntuiUon were the domailll 'Of thearnsts .. The two separ.a.te spheres of the, mind were supposed to remain distnnct But in 17'041 a ma.lor transgression occurred. Sir lsaac Newton" malth~ma.~ic~ajnand physicist extr,8iordin,sire, pl:Jbll~s,he:d study his ,()f I~,ght. pticks. One of INewton's major d iscovBries O \!V,ason the netu reol color. Usil1l g a prlsrn ,.Newtonfou nd thatwihite ltgi'll is actu alilly com posed Q'f all~he colors of the ran bow. He ,even provkieo SI. scientiific exp IanaUon for tlhs presence off rafnbows. The artlsnc oammlUfi it'll was shoc.Ked. A sOientist had taken 8. beautiful and magica~ experiencie and reduced ill to lhe sfmple· r,efract~on of beams of Iiiglht U1Jo!JIgh pri srn of a ralndrop. Asciel1tist had Ule intruder:!; into their sacred territory. Mor,ettian a 'nU1fl dred years,liaite,r~John Keal'S" one of the most

'famous Romantic Ipoets, accused Newton of dlim~nishlng beauty by

"urlwea;ving lhe rainlbow." H~s oolll.ea,gue 8amu·el Taylor Col!srid!gi8.! famol!lsly remarked th~t the sools crf five· h unci reid N,gw~onswou ~d Ibe neeoso 10 maKe (lO'S Shakespe,8rs. And yet. from another perspective, INewlon did not dimin~sh tLhebeauty of lIMerainibow; he enhanced U~in his Quest to unc()ver~he secrets of the raJinbOVlf, Ne¥llltofl aemoru3,tratea the wonder,. cl'eativirty, and insp~ra.tion Qf an artist. .Alild he gave the world another opportunit;y to e'"xlPerienoe tlhe sub I~me. Ne'Mo:n's. d ~scovery PEM3dtlhiE!wa.yfo:r1tl,e deve'lopment of the aelenee of spec::nroocopy:,8. way of ,analyzing the, chemical ma)keupo~ Ilight Now scislI1lis,ts.can kmk ,altthe stars. and discern tJi1,sir omposUion ..The sense of wonder th~8a.bWt:y ersatss ls Plot c .much d ~ff,er·elil~:from wonder ~he poet or artist feels. when gazi ng 'he ,81tthose same stars.
i,

Art 118S .always occupiedl a siPsefal pla.c€! ~ n

soo~ety" Of ooufse,artists contributedj~o this my~hQIt()gy.

Another :~ersl st.enl view of art. rerJ!a.njed its d Irvmce from rationa.llily.

A:tth is pohll·".you may' predict· tit~1t dlJ;l; m;~in V1ieW'S an amda::rrist:s:.Hue ]ook .3,t[!he remalnmg of

rdt\<1!

tOf the p~ge'

SeJfU:ctlc¢S.

w~]~beaJoolilit

topic

Pa ~grn:.ph 4 Pillf~g;rap~'5

IBut iin 1704~ a ma.~ortransgrecss~o:n OCCU rr!9'cj:. lMore:~hana. hUI'Il.d years later, J'ohn Ke~ red

ets.cne of the most fameu s Romantic poets,

accused Newton of d~minishing beauty by

"unweavingi U1:€l rainbow.

Lastseaeenee

iI

The sense ,of wonder this abi I~ty c;reat.es is not muc~ diifferent from the wondler the poet or artist reels when gazingallnos8 same stars.
enebeeaese ~tc:on~ain sthe dij1~c~

1ll~ s:enl!i~~c,:fforn.paJrn,gmp~ 4: Is an impo.rmnt

lion marker. "bl!.n:~ The auruhM [~ mtwd:ud ng ;tt! ltnpQrI;)~I;IJtO(l'\iV .idl.ea oolnruy :~o ehe prior tQpi:cs.We should 6gu~e out whalt:d!:i~ new kI.ea. is. In para:gmp.h 4, ~h~; <lIJ.nhJOf di~OIss~.!i~dUlI;ie'·sr:cl;lJ~()if!sihi!p ~!fl. W~ "¢cd ~ m:!lJ1\oesuee rhls ~d.e<ll.j~ '~Q' pan of ()iU[ m:1iin. ldea,

Leek lhliough the :passasc ;!IgalH. Do y~iMI ~e aWliY~be~d~~cti()!l WJJarkeiCSd13J: :may o

clue usin to d')e m,ain .idea?'

lhw..it is ~mpoNa"ntrol P..oo:tporoue<!ll p!l!!Uelf th~ p~s~g,e. The !l.rs[pan Oif dlis passa:gec:5imbUshesr.h.e 'view of <I:rt,wheress ehe second d~~ClJ~fh~ i:m'g'~don of
art ~:l'Idscience,

YOUR TU,RN: DRILL. #6:-,STATE THE IMAIIN IIIDEA

For each of the foUowtll1g passa;ges. try to find the main Idea. Read the topic senrenees of each ,Il:lr:rugrnphand puaphraJe them, Then, uy 00 State the min. idea, Be 011the lookout for direclion III ,..kef::;!

IM;81i1Dlllhla Passagle A
Plants reproduce~b'Y seeding. The seed of the p:l,antcontains aH lhe' necessary genetic information to oreate a new plant, and mare important, it is designed to start growing only when the surroundingl c:oncmion s are' pe rfect, For 'exam pie, the' seed ofa plant glrowl ng in a. ~empBfate erea wHI wwaW u ntH th e 00:1 wi nt'er passes befiore growi ng. Whe n sprl ng ,arriives, the seed res ponds tOIen'Vi mnmental d tri'9:gers ,such' as water intake, riising ,air temperature. humidilty levels, and amount Qf sunlight Some seeds are pr,ogrammed in such a way tha;t they willi not grow until they've passed through a period! of cold weather. .
A, glsrmina:lin gl seed win 'first display tiny' Ieaves~ call ed caty/'eci'orulJ. Plants are eithe r rnonocotyledcns,

prreducing just a s,ingle le,aI, (If dicQ,ty~,edons,producing two leaves, TheSIS tiny leaves quickly grow into a mature leaf system, which then begins gaths,ring energy 'for the y,oung plant. Plants gather the ligl1t of' the sun and trenstorm ill fnto energy in a process callied photosynthesis. This process allows the p,lant to produce: gl ucose, which the p ~antttl1eH' uses to both further its Igrowth a nd to produce ceUulose and stan:::h. two compoun ds e!ss,sntial to a p laot. Cell ulcse 'Is ,8 strong, 'fd brous male ri81 that Igiv,es shape and struc'ture to the cell walls. Starch is stored: in the cells and used tor energy. Beneath the surface, the plant's root. system gmws. .andl provides not only an anchor tor the plant but a constant supply of foad as well. Some plants possess what: vs,call1ed81 tapmot system; ]11 which thera is one maIn root. OU1'Srs ha.v,ea more disperSl€!d root system. which lacks. ,8 maim root In eithe.r case', the roots of the! phif'lt are covered with microscopk:: hairs, which spread into ~he surrOlJnding soil. These hairs greatly increase ~hlesurface area of the root system and allow the plant to absorb water and essenUal nurtrients, fromthesoil, Water drawn inthrou gh the mots undergos8 a process call ad ,f/anspirat'fon. Owring ~his precess, m~ner,ais are carrlsd up to the h9aIVesIcd the plant, wllHe oxyg,en and w.ater vapor escape through tiny pores, caliled stoma'ta, on 'lhe surface of the le,av.es. Interestinglly. the movement of water through the plant is aliso responsible for keeping 'lila ptant upright; a plant that lacks water willi wilt and may die. Too much water mary also harm the plant by saturating the sol~ and preventing 'the roots from absorlb]ngoxyge n. Once a plant reachee fulll malumy. il::s energy is devoted 'tIQ reproduction. The ,plant 'forms 'flowers and fruits, the structures essential to, reproduction. The flowers of a plant are typically hermaph rodites, mean ~ng that they contal n both male and temale rep roeu clive mg'aJns,.Thus. many pj1ants are able lofertillize themselv.es. The flowers. 'of some plants are u r1ise:xua!, being! all male or all ternale, These plante ,require ,atrlother plant 'f.orfertilization. Some plants are polygamous" meaning they have bo~hlherrnaphmdlts and uni~sexua~(ilow-ers. Fruits are created from the ovsries of flowering p~ants. The main purpose of the frum is to protect the seed, bUlt many fruits aid in the s,es,d's di'spersa.ll as weill. For example" a soft, fle'shy fruit attracts animals, which eat tl1efmit and th us s,pr,ead the' seed s, Or a. pod or capsu I8: wiln spin open and scaner its seeds. Some oWi,ne seed s distributedl in this manner Wiilltake hold in favorable soll, and the entire process beg~ns anew. Paragrnpb 1 __ Para)gr.tph 2. . ~
~

~~
~~

~~

_
_

~'O

Cr!!c~nQlhe JrOEFLIBT

Plll.rng;~.ph,3 .

~_~~~~~

__

~_ _

Pa.mgmp~ ,4 ~~~~~
Parng;rn,ph 5 . ~~~~~~ ---------

Main. idea,

~~

~_~~~~~_~~

M:ain

ilmie,1t Passlg,e I The business practices o'~the linrtel Corpor,at!j.an, a l.e(:hnQ~Clgycompany best. knowofo.r ttl,e production 0:[ rnicroprooesscrs for cornputera, Ulustratelhe importanceo,f brand marketing. Intel! was ableto ech,is,ve a more Ih8n '1,,600 peroent increase in sales, moving from $1.2: bill[on in s;a~'es to more than $33. bililion, in a, little more than 1o years. Altnough,tih,e explosion of~l1,e :t1ome-computer ma.~ke!t certal n~yaccounted for some of trlis d rernanc increas:e, U'l8 b riiU lsnce of its brafu:Ung s:trategy also :played a significan~ f,(Jl'e, imel became a major produ:cerof micmpmce:sS!o:r en ~ps in19'18, when uts80B6 ch~p was se!ec~:edl by IBMfor use il1lits IIiliH:lof' nome com puThers.Tne8086 chi p and its suceessors goon became Ul;e ~nduslry stande.ro', even as I!nle~'s compeHitors sought to break into thls potentiaUy Ilucra:Uv8 market ~.nte~.'s main problem in fadng its competitors WeI.S ilts lack of trademark prolac~llon for its serlas of mk::rochlps. CompetflOiuS were .able~o 'ElXploit thls lack by introducing clone preeucts wHh s~mi~arsClundin gl names. severely ~ loUing Intel 's ability to creete a brand iden'lvt.y. nh II'n an eiffmt to s.aveits malrkel g,nerl€:, I ntel,smbeJke.a 00811'11 ambUious branding program in 1,99 1 lhe rempnr,atIIan's dSicision to invest more than $1100 mil,l:ioni:n tills, program was 'gr,eeted witih skleptic lsm ,andi conrtroV1slrsy, Many VIfiIth the compa,ny a.r'Qluecl '[hal thl9 money cQtJldl be better spent fn resea mn~ng 811'11 d deV'elop~ new prodluc~s, whills others argued that a company that operated within ng sueha narmw consu mer nic he had Ilitl:le needtor sLich an .a,ggressive brand ingl campaign., Despite ~he'se misgivings., I nt.el wen~ atJlead wiltM ns s~raJte9Y. wh~ct:Jin a st1a:rl tIme 10 €Ieame a lresounding success,
1

One of tne keeys'l:a U,e,success ,ol'fl,r:Jrte~'s m~w Ibr,8l11.ding inutiative was lts c~IOGepa rtl'1lershi p w~th camp uter manuil3JcbJns;rs. Inte~involvedlhs manu;fa.cturers ir'rits plan by fks[ offering~hem at rebate on the pun::t1a'se 'of ~nl:f1ile:11microprocessa'r"ThH.~,;! mons'ysaved on the purchase of microprocessors W,t:l!S r,ediir,ec:ted il1toadvertiisling, wi~nIntiE!1 Q,H:eringl to pay fuUy haJif of manufacturers·adiverl~sirn:g. costs, prl()vid,sCi their computers promi nentlyf,sa:tu red tne Ilnts!I' brand logo. ~n BJl even more effecUve stra!egy! Int9.1:also re,qulrIE!d oom:plUt:er manufacturers. to prcduceproducts ILIs,ing competitors' chips. TheSIS product:s noUceably lacked t~h€prominenllll1tell!O.g'o, wh~ch had a il,egaluv:e eff,ecl on consumers, who had come IO expectto see hllteil's bn:lJld Or! the oomputer.

Intel's suocessfull '[mt.tl'l ding campajg n ted to two lmpertant de,ve,lo pmal1lts. The first was Imel's positionl ng ,of itsellf as me leaderln mlcro~)rocesisors. necog nized: for c rea.Ung products thaJt were both rel ralb 1:19 and ubiquitous ,ap pS'8,ringi n many diiHerent comeuter b r'8:I1I,cs. This oec urrea despirte the pub Ilicsglsner,al Ila.ck>Of understan dingl or' exacUy what a m lc roprocesscr was or how Imel's proC6'SOOW was betls'r than lts compelUorg' ,ch~ps+econdi, Intels campaign ledtoa boom in S ciQmrplJ~er dvertising, Prior to ~l1b'311':$i br,anding lnitia:tive. many advertisers avoided the computer a ~ ndustry, which giene:ral'ly spentfar moreaf its mone'y on research and development :But tne suceess Qif :llnte~'s brand in gl program ied: to a new and 'eminently profitabll'9 re:~a.tiQrlShip between computer manufa.ctu rers and adve rUse rs,
i

Iroflh::ally!. Ule success of ~ntefs branding! strategy ieoto a markieUng dHemma. for the comp.any. In 1992. hte~ was ~:uepared to l.H1Vi9i II its new Iine ()~mlcroprocesscrs, However,,~he com pafllyr.ac',eda dTrfiHcu decision: r,sl.,ease til e new pr(ducl under the cu rrent Ora.nd laglo ,M d risk con su mer apa:~hy it or give thE! prod uct a new name an,c:jlb r,and and risk undoli ngall i ~he work put ~ntot:h6 brand i ng strategy., In Ule' ,ena, !lilts I deddleltl to mOVisfolVifard wHh a new brall1d i.denti:ty. It wasatssternent La the streonglh of Intel's IsarUI9r b1randing efforts that the new product Hille was seam~ess;ly inteigra.~ed ~ nto th9 JJUI bl~lccenselousress.
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On December lB, 1'912.an amateur g,sOIIQgist named Chari!9S Dawson and paleomQ'I(.lg~st .Arthur

SmUh Woodward presented .81 stlJlFlnin,@nnd~ng to tua Geological Society of London. One year earilis'r, Dawson naclifournd a. pi see of a. human crarniu m in a ,glrave~ pit near IPn~dlown Common. Sussex. FUrlher seereh ing by Dawson uneovsred remnants ofwhalapps\arsd to be H~n'~oots and the t ~emanns 'O~ prelhistmicanima.i s, Exc:!tedl by his diseeve ry, Dawson took tihe fossils to Woodwa.rCiat the British Mu seum aru], the two, men retu rned ~D lhe grav,sl pi'~for a, systematic excavat,ion.

In tile' summer or i912', Daw,son ,and WoodWard made the discoveTlies~hat would later shoc'k the ,assembled sCi:entiats, ,at ttl"s Geo'iogical Society, Among tne animal bones and primitive tools, the 'fWO men found another SKull1 and an almost 'entirely intact jawbone. The geo~agic ,and biologic '8vlldence dated the site to the !Pleistocene era" and the bones were cllearly -of a 'creature ths'l resembled no other known at that 'time. Alth-ough the skull reS€lmb~ed mose of other Unds, inc]ud~ng the famous acs-men of Java, 'he jaw appeared to come from some t)llpe of Ihen~~ofore un'k:nown species of ape. S'tartiHng'ly; however, the teeth we're worn dow-n in a h uTI'lanfash ion. Dawson and Woodward's armouncementof the so-caUed Miss1ing ILln'k between man and apes, which they calledi Pllt'down Man, set off an immediate firestol''m.Across the A~lantic, The New York Times reported the s.tory wlith the dramatic headline "Paleolithic Skull, Is a Missingi Unk. "The ensuing controversy over human orlqlns eventually led the TImes 'to publish en editorial that cautionedl readers from seeing Pllltdm'Vf1 Man as the'mjssing link; ins[ead. 'the editors advised readers to see Piltdown Man ea a link to man!s prehistoric past but not necEls-sarHy prod of evolu[[on. Similar editorIals sprang up am'DSS 'the United Stat,es, and the Americ-an publiC was divid.ed over the issue, of hu man ori'glins. Although 110 fossH cou lei conc:h.Jshte'ly prove, evo,l.utuon, ac ~entist:shad amassed a hug,e oa,lle,cNan of fossi!1s lin the early twentieth ce,nt'ulry. These fossils seemed 'toim:Hcate a, pattern of evolution and d,smand,e,o attennon. In the United States during the 19205, a. movement s.p~ang up to counter tile theory 'of evolurlen, This movement culminated in one ot the most famous trials in history, the Scopes "'Monkey" Trial. John T. Scopes was a biology teacher in a lennessee school. The ~ex:tbook he used; in his class contamed a chapter on evoluUon and natUf,aj selection. a viollation of Tennessee ~a:w.Scopes was brough~: to, trial for the off,ense, and the ensu~ng .confrontation riveted the Amer'ican publlic. Scopes was defended by Clarence Darrow, a noted Ilawyer, and Wililiam Jennings Bryan, a former secre'lsJry of state', 'Worked for the' prosecution .. AU.er a confrontational trial, which even ~nc~udedDa'rmw caillin'gi E! ryan as B. witm:!!ss,! Scopes was ulttima,telyfou nd ,guilty. Although Sc.opes's conviction was 18!.ter verturned.the precedent set by the case endured. lit wasnt o until! 1967 that Tennessee repea.lied its law forbiddingl the teaching af evolution. And' even today" the reverberations of' 'the lrlialare stil[ visibl.e. One school district in Georgi'a recently begl~1n placingl stickers on its Olol:ogy t'extboaks dIsavowing the v.alidHy (If evolution The Supreme Court 'ev,entuany decided that the stickers were unconsttuuonsl, but ,8 cultur,al banle over ~he validity of evolution stlll ragles in '[he' Un i:ted State-!;;. 'Pa.fti'igrap;h 'l Pan.gmph 2 Pam,graph 3 , PaMgta.pb 4 _----Par,agraph S __ p,.,rAgmph
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l:dleaIIPas~s,agle D One of ~'hemost commonplace instructional s~rateglies in eh9menlary and middle schools is that: ,o,f oral readIng. Vi rtualIIY'alii teachers, at same' point in the school da,y, engage in ~hlisactihJlity,whe'tiler by reading aloud to the class or by having mestoderns readto one another Although some recent edu:cationall:hOOi'!j sts havech aUengad tne efficacy of oral fe'ad ng, its popul,arily ~nschools and classr()oms ]$ unchall hanged,

The h~story of orall r,sadi ngirn the c lassroom is in 9xtricab,ly Iinked witn '~heh~ story of t!he cu ~t.LJre '!hat engenderedl it. Prior to the development af computers., lelevi,sion, and radlo r,ea.dlinglwas the predominan'lrorm of fam ily entertainment However, printed books were often scarce, ,and literacy rates, were oUen low. Thus, families WOll~(j'gather around ,and llsten to a book being read to them. Ear'ly classrooms, were' modeled after this phenomenon, and oral reaid'ingl was such a part of academlc Ilife that schools were sometimes c,aHed bJabschools. In these schools" students often read th ei r lessons; aloud simu Ita.neou s!ly; even whenttne aiudents !had d ~ffe'fent lessons, At (j,the r t~mes, alii students, read ~he same text aloud, W[th meincreast ng ,avaHabi'li~yor books. schools began us.~ng te.x"UJooks to b3adil f,eadling ]n '~he classroom. By the nineteenth oentury, the foCIJS had moved to teach~ng students ~eloQuent reading. Students were expected to recjte sterles, poems. and pray,s1'8for the class, ,and the tea.cher graded them on their articul,atlon and pronuncia~ron. as well as 'their abilities 'to recall what ~hey had just read. This method pe:rsisted into lIMe twenti,e~h e,entulry and became known as th.estory method of instll'lU!cUon.OralreadinQI was such a foea:! point of" Il"lstrucUon that philosopher Willi,am J,ames stated .....the teacher's sueossaor fajlU!~e lin leachingl reladilng is based ...upon the, oralreadlnq metnod." However, as t.he' lwentieth century prog.ressedl"lhe' effrectiveness 'of 'oral read ingi was ca lied Ii PIta question. Educational scholars rn boih Eurrops',and ~he'United States, wonda red exac:tirywhat oral read iAQI was, teechingl students. Wi'rh oral readi ng f,QC,lJsing excessive Iy on pn::munclaUon8.nd dlynami,es, educators doubted Ibha'tstudents were even able to oamprehend wha'~they were sa,ying. One scholar quoted a study that claimed: that ehaven-twelfths ,o,'fstudents did not understand what 'they were rec iUng when theyre.ad ,orallly: Friedrich Fmebel, a German education speclf,al ist argued that oral reading inappropriately placeo emphasis on expresslort, when the emphasis should be placed on prOCi€SS,. Also at this time,. science was gaining increasingpromrinence~; and across alii fields reseerohers were plac]nga prernlorn on empirical studies. Many I'ang-standlng beUer's and Vi,9WS were chaUenged, and educa.tional tiheories were no exosp,tion. BehavioraJI sc~,entists stud ied readiing pracucea ,arHJI ds,te:r'mined tna,t oral reading was, no longerrrn 'tashl,an, In '~act,they concfuded 'that '~he,only time snidents read ,orally w.as in school. Most indMduals read sHentily, and this '[Iinding led manyschools 'to changls their methods [0 relflect ihls changle'. The new preponderanc-e of written 'texts also played a role in 'the hilst(lry of orall reading. Wiml ttl,e amount of pri1nted ma:terilal! rapidly expandingl, .siilent reading" wl1lich was more efficient. became the reading model of choice. IFor a. number of years, oral r,eading was. absenttrorn many a classroom.
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But in tIme, new resesrch and snidiea Ibroug ht mal re,a,ciJng backto the fmefront ()~ed ucatien. Pressley's and .Afflerbachls Ii nUueflUa'1book Verba' Protocols of ,Reading ,emphasizes me impmtan~,)e of ora~ n~adingi ,~racil'il'Q its history back to ~he methods of Air!stoN 8 and Pi,~Jto.~nmall1Y w,ays however, the fHSW' research reit.era.tes what most tsechers a.lready know. For them. the f1iecessftyand erfecthteneisso:foraJ read ilng 'NaS never in doubt
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Alltilough Homer's 1/~adls a work. off netion many !historians use it as as,talftin g! p lacelor their understand ing of ear~y Gre,sk warfare. Homer's work_ a~tholllglh sur,ely suffused with poetic and artis~i.c IliberUe:s, provides h~,storiSinsw]tha. IgUmpse cllfthe l''!i~pes·of WS18pons and armor used during the :p ertod as well as some insig ht into the msthodlsan d stlfal€l!giies ()f ee~~yG n}€'k warfare.
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Du ringl the time~n which! the Iliad t:akies p~I'acle,w,eapons and armor were prijmarilly fashf,oned from bronze. Homer does mention armQ'r made of gold, particula;rly~hB ,g~oilidu ~t:of armor that the Lycian s hero G laucus wears. ~thoug'lh go~d rumor may certail1lliy have e:xiistied. it is certain tlhia"tits use was restrlClsd to on lyU1a most preslil'g lous or warriors. II on ws;s !known to me Greeks 8ft: the timea:f ttl,s r b!atUes described in the mad, bUlt it was 'typicaHy used for too~s,not weapons, OneexcepUion 'Was arr.owheads, whic n wer,e often mede off iron .. sun, ~ronwotlk was in its eawil~~l stages, and historiaJ1S corn,iecI:ure that fran weapons, were' not seen as an impmvemenl over bronze ones.

Most G r,ee:kwarriorsempl:~)yed spears. as thai r maIn weapon ..A, .sp ear in this nme period was u8uaHy
made of woodaJJild desigru:uJ for Uuowing. not c ~aiSe·~quarter oombst In Horner's play, Hector's spear is descrH:Jsd as beingl 11 cubits Ilangl, which \IVOllI~d equival:el1t to '18 feel ~n 'l.engU11. Swords were be . also c6Ilnf'led.often Ilang ingimm a warrior's side ~ she-alth..These swards were oU,en ,edged. '0:1'1 11a lboth sides and USEMj 'with a slash in:gi mot.~anas opposed to a Ihl~ustin.gone.

In Homefseplc, the sololer .Ajax carnl,ed a 8h~8,I:dmaes of seven .Ia.yersof [QuIllS, hiide, EHJlg€:dl ln bronze. lit can be intem9d that sh]e~ds during this time were body I.engtlh. as the shield of .Ajax: is d,escriibed as a "to\!lller," .A Gre,ek soldier's shli9~('j1 W8.S no'~ held as we're later shields; ins Dead" was IhUl ngfrom the nec:kby str,aps ..Sma~Iler, round halndl'u3~di sh~eld:s may have existed as, weil l, Their use cenelso DS' inrferl"edfrom details ~n,Homer's poem. Achi~~e'S W0l19 grea,vs'S, a l:ype of armor that protected 'the, law,er I!eg. Because his ~(J.war~Iegswer,e oov91red by 8. bodysnield, a, w,arrr,or wearing ~g[r'eaNe'spfobscbly calFri:ed a sma.Uer shi.8~'dl+

Another p ieee of standard ,equi pmentfor a Greek warrior was a h eimet Homer's heroes wore, hel:mels of b,rQflZi9 ,aUhoug h ~t],S lilke~ thEli~ some oftt'l,e soldi.sws wore ~ealher headgear; The helmets [n eat~y G reek. warfare were both d'ecorativE' ,and protective, and moo'll he:lmets 'Were crowned by animpr9SS~V€l :piume of horsehailr. BUll the ealf'l,y Greelj{; helmet was also quite sturdy; and it was not. uncommon for a sword 'to sha!tter upon stTll~ij ng it Be:sides tJ'I18 helmet, it is unl ikely tlhlsl the standard! Greek wan'iior possessed metal armor. Meta~ armor was the privi!lege of the Ileaders ,and i't appears Ulat in bat'l:l~e. nly another :Ieader would ,sngI9'g,E! a II,eaderin combat Otlh,9InMiS€l, a.common .soldIer o woulld ~ik)elybe si au glhb!!re a! by ~he beHe,u"squipped ca!pta~n. D'espi~e the' wealth of fnformation [Homers epic provides scholars and: h~storians. it must be noted that much of it is stillI conjectun:::.l.Quite 2. few cornreversies exlst over tihE!' exact details anciaocu1racy (IF ltal€: ~nformation. SUII, consi(~el'1i g U~edear-ttl of hiistoricall documenlsfrom n tJhl9.t lime p€r~odl, Home r's ,ep.ic 'o,fI'ers scholars 8111 exoelilent resource far resesrc Ming the netu re or E!'arly Gn!eK wartare,
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~e:su~f5·of

d~.e :p~ogr:am.

hwagrOlph 6z "Sucoess l.edwo .. pm!b1em ..10 The ;JudICii in[f:odu.ces: :I. pooblc'mi" bu~. we shoo Id 11.0teri:l!3lt:it IS rhe ~a$rpa:['II:gra(ph..1h1!:~lfon~. We ~ayf.hink the pflobl!ml i!in.>( II. main fOGI,[!S of the p~ssa!~.

Di.ec~Q;fi MOi!r'k~1f.il {Again, weu:se boWdlfaoe [or SJr:n,~d.ir,oc:~fuon .markers d.i.recdoir1l nU'lrk!~rsJ

anldit:rli"!

for

,opposhc!.

Although the ,exp~osionof tne nome-computer mar~etcerlaJn Iy

ac<counted.f'or some of Ullis dramatic increase, the brillianoE! of Us brandiing str,ategy also played a. sig nificant r()~I:e.

Despite these misghl~ ngs Intel w,enta,nead with iESs~ra;tegIY, whi ohi in a shan t~ became a resounding success .. me
I'

In an ev,E!rrllm:o:res'H,ective s~ra:tegyj ~l1h3'11 rerqu ~n~dIcomputer alSio mal1llLlhlC~lLIrers to produce p.roducts usIng competirtors1' chips.

But UM:'! uccess of Int:ens brmd ng rnag ram led to a. new iand s ,eminsnltly~)rontaiDle reiatllonshlip belween COfllptlre:r manuua.cturers
an d advertisers. HoweV€Jf,~l1:e cotmp1arny fa.c'8da~ 'olifficuU decls[:Qr:J: retease ~hs: ew n product under ~necunel'1lt bran d Ilogo and risk consumer ;~p:i3ithyOir give: the [product a new name and brand and r]slk undol nga! ~the work put !into the braJld~ng s:tTa,~agy~

M~:in idea; ''Inre.l's b.mil!~d.iril'fl: s,!:,~~~gy'Was ~mpo[ltruu to wtS succ;:essand alliso ledm some lmpQ:r;~at1l d.ev~[oPJI!J''.!JU in the Eachil:/' A:s we' ,p.,edkfl!od fll:Om the l1n[se~~

~.~~~. we w:e.re going

(" ~'~', 'no

lead 3,hoUII:s snocessw] bl1si.I:l.e~ Sirraoogy. We.:dm b:l'O'lIJ!S~:Jt in the de¥elopmenr.smi:ilThticmcd. hHe!" in rhe pOll~"Be, llIe problem me:nt:ioll:led in 1l ~ "I h _j _.J • '1 . . 'I. '~roenn;<l!._p~ragi!'<!p_- Y.o~m •t nc:~. specli3., :meilluon h ecause uagmn"··~~I . ~1JIJU;s[ra:re5 nQW
i~O;

SUC()I!-S$~U~

lc~t:eJls:campmg!lili.W1IJS.

a,

M,ailD Ideal IPa:s:sage C

Pa:mlrilph 1: "T~, ~i~!1dm made <ilsN:I1Inln:g find~ng~." 1hilSis a good "telHler" ln~m:odA,~it;:do~~ <luthmdoe~n't~d I, us: ,rigbt <lwnywb:3!I: die[~pk ~s, 111this- ~$~ .• 'Ihe
you
IlD:lli1YWjUU

'~oread aaerher

IS:efllren,oe

Qrtw'O, ~(I,lfiigureaul!:what :tbe;fi.~ding Is.

Paragrallb 2: "The dlseoeerles

shocldng d:iscovery.

V!'C!re

madJcin

1912."'This ls 3.no:dl¢!~Ii~~(:~ ,~othe

P~~gtoliPb 3: "'The 3n neuneernene S'e[ oWoon:r.rovem:sy.." If f(l~ ~~~Ot SI~!I'C wh~t d~e wom.ji:nsf;orm means, :k~ep~di~g! y(lu"]]'~d hiars in dlie next rwcseaeences ..
fi,

i-.ua.g~a iP '.

,.",~.'WTI..

addin.g ::l:liIBmCr ,dmm~~iQ~OO [he disOlssion .. O£~e.n~it paslmge wiUinu:od,uce oo~tr"'veLsy 0·[ p~Dhlem" :<lis. ]8 ehe esse hefe.,

~t,

U1.epU~l tc was ulV,lno[l ~:!

1L-l·

:1· .,.!' ~I

L··"~~

numan

Q.f:!gil1s.r'!:o'W

'~~JeO!.ubIDrs r

~L

' L~

P.'Imgra;pb 5: "Soopes ~~ a~~~h.er." This semence 3!ppe::Ji;r5~O olW tbemopk:. 'We: be sheuld t:l;ail (I ru:;u:lie:r sentence to d.imover why rhe ~lijlthQ( 'b"ings ~P' SCQPC'$. P~·rn:G~ph6~ "'Lasd~B et&.ct's .fi:-om. ehe case."Don't be t:h.rownol(F 'by tb.eVQcaDu. laty! Ifyu~1 ali!! not sure of some of ~he:w\1iEd$rod'le:s~,mtSfiO!,';.,!~d .~t!o~hl.l".!' or ~ Une
'~WO. 'Ihe

:~:m.ssagc ma:lc~s ~[ c~~~ar that dJ:e $it'Ui<lJ~]on~'-Iste.d.for :many yea.rs.

<i!

USlt ~cli!lit:ence;~A battle still I:l"!iges ovt!.th~ :s;ulbj~t.~' Th~ lpassag,~ ~Qdi! Wji!:~GUit n i.oeresJ!l'l.1t~o![ll~, d.u~~aillm,Ofi.fld:icu¢s iliat the Sil~U"I[[OR is on~oing.
D~RC'tJ.O.!i1

MSlrk:er& (AgaJin" we W~ bo.[dfa~ for ~m~~dire:cdo!l. mal'keffiill nd .italics for opposi[~,~d i.rec~

rion ,mark.e:i'$,J

Anho.u,gh Iheskulilresembled
l

'~h08eofo~herfJndsi']nolurding '~he' famOLlS8"permS,tiJof J,a.V9, the I~w appeared 'to come from some type -C:l:~ heretofore unkno,l;i'ijn species off ape.

The ensuiing c::ontrove~sy over human origins e:ventuaUy led uhe Ttmes tlO publlish en ed frtmiall~'hla! csut]onsd' rsadersfroms:eeiing IPUt(jown Mal1l8slihs mit:lsing II~fiI:k;insrea.d,.U:1sl editors advised readers 101 see PUtdo,wn Man as a ~~nkto man's p:rehiStoric past, but not nec>esse.rilly'proof cif evoliuUon.

Although no fossill could concllJsiv,ely prove evolution~ scientlist:s

had amassed a huge colilectlon of fossils in 'the early twentieth

century

And! eve,n today', the reverberations

1bjs ,passage

of th 91 rjall are s:till visibie.

]S, pl."eSell,a::ing a .rnther COIl,[ roversisl Ir,opic. There are two s~des ro the and flu: audtor i.Qldicafd lhem by Wli~.,g, the dir,ec'don Dl.tal.rilil.;ers .igh~ h U,ghreclabove.

discussio.n,

Main idea.: "1'be di5<:OiVery (I fossils rhac :supported evolu ion led 00 a barrle over rhe theory of evo,]ution., which cenrinnes [0. this d.ay." l1ds passage iii nearly divided into three large areas, The firse tWo' paragraph:; ralkabour [he discoveryj [he nexr two ralk abourt the controversy •.and the lin~d ewotalk aboue die' mum case ~.nd ](s effect'S. Our maln idea, s,holt~]d much en ~:u:;hof rhese topics,

Main _dela P'assage 01

Pa.[,ag.rnph 1: "Oral rtadill,g ,is u~ed a let in scheels," This sentence :Im:prures 1I$ [0 .readilbol.n an edu~!I~.~oaaltlJopk. ,Relu,ernberro try m keep in mind ehe autbo:r"s purp~yhy the <'Imho.r i,s '!"firing. 111i:aurr:bor may wanrtosuppert ersleeadlng, 3it:[ac:kiE.er just gilV~a ]-uiS;tQ'fY ofh~ Did. you :!i,POt n)' clues 'cn:n Indlcaee wh:lJt rhis a passage will do? Par:aJgmph 2,:"Th,e hlmory of onl! readjng dlsClilllS~es tilt b,i!1tog:y ·of oral read ing. is ~:wnk'ed [0. euleure.'

'1hh~ p~.rag!l';i.pb.

Parag,mph .3: "Scooo']i! searred 'to use rexlhooks IO [leach .rendin.g." lhis 'continues the his O[}" and mdk3'~es 1'1 Il3nge in d:lI~warrcadiing, WaS ~aught. P'lI.rawaph 4: "The usefulness of oral :reading is q_ue5'11ioned."ll11c a:il:idl.of irurcdeces

a problem,
0,_.

h J; .·,na.nges . resea rc h an·0" serence,". }'1:l1H'C ';[f ' ,njJ·~gwaJi~ ce:: '''e,L m '~Cllice: into the resc of rhe passage. read al:liod~J sentence 6t5 nc.w research !iVl;l~ ~gpjrue ora!1 f'ead in:s.

. UO't
'D1I"

. !L" sure 't.. uOw trus sen-

rw'o. It a ppe.a.m thar

P:ara,gll"aph G: "W.][(cn books, pl:ayoo a role ia oral reading," Check the following senrC:lltc to see how' rhis fi.t inJ the discussion. The aurher S,[3 res 'rb:n sUCi:U f,¢ad.ing\\r.is laking ever,
l

Last Sen(~~;

"Good rh ings "bOLl!f oral rea,d.ill']jgwere' never in dolJlb~."Th is 11m:.]:il.~tt:IlIC::'I:!icem~, go agJllJil1sr whlii[ we\lc bern relldIng. lh:1i:lasr thKe' pard:grnpJi'lS 311 disro, cussed. ile,~~"~ ,\'lispeots of
Oil"ei~

[wdill1i,S;. Bu~ ehe .nuhor ends on

il

posidvc neee,

1'0

ul:n&erstwd ,~ .ending:, kls cheek our di[,,ocriOll markers.

DilretUCm Mili'r:k~r~ (Again" '~Io'euse bomdac~or

same-direction

m.arliccl'sandi

italiC! FoJ oppo~ite-

di.mcdon markerr.s.)

a:ID

I CrackilllSI the rom. iilT

Although some raeent saw ca:lionallheor~sts have chalte:n:ged ~he emcacy of oral reaciilng, Us,populi 8111ity in sehoolsand classrooms is

ulncha,Uenged" However. printed books w.ere' ()Usn scarce. and Iitera.Cy rates were, often ~ow.iinlus, famili 88 would gath er around an dill lsten to a book t)8~ng read to them. In met, they {:om:;:.ludle,(jti1at the only Ume stu dents read orally ~nschool.
W3J:1

For ,8, number of years, oral read ingl was abssntrrom III airilY a classroom. ,Bul' in time" new researchend studlies bn:lught oral read ing' back to ~l1efme:frol'1ltof ecucanon By I,oo!ki:~g.n !;.h(S~ci.ll~ct~o~ r!:!I1):r~er.s.dl!c authQr's pu.rpooc and main .id!ca beeeme d
wishes eo .S~.110W'ho,w oral .rc::lJcJng has persisted ,desp]re ch'8::~~eil'lg:es. is exp!ai.ns why three pa:rogll1lph::o dlsc~s:s !l~g<l:dv~ ",_spet;;C",. but the 'TIl
n!.u:h clearer, 6na.1 ~n~~ce:
'Th,e au'tElIQlr

b po~i~ive,

M:t'ltn id~a;: "n~sp'ke c1Tha.llenges ro hs u$-c;fuinall, ,oil'al r~dj fig rernal ns ~:rJIi ropor~~m cd!Ui~.uiQ!laJ,~eChn iquc."lf)'\our ma~n idea. ~,sn~[siWlilli]a. [-I.) the one abQ'!l\e~Yl)U nli3Y hav,c m ]SKd some of the d irecrion n'JJ3ikc~s;, TII.is paosliJage isrn'[ p!i\~;S¢nJr~[lgQr<!:,i :mading b'1! a fteg,a~]\!\i;; ',;'lrl~r, bllJlt n~h(;:r ~llpPQf~ng .i~.he lasr ,enli:::m:eof the n l first pllrag~<lph is 3. ,Ierr ~ m.pO~~lllltOIl:U;:.

Main 1llIlo'a ",ls's:alg!l! IE

P~r:a:g,ra;ph U: "Homer's pi<I.yhelps b.is·tcm'ians understaadea fly Grce].warf.tlre,." Try
~o predict
d1!C

a!iJl[hor's purpose .. [iris li.kcly

dl3£

rhe paJsro.g~ will d~scrib~ .how

dlC':

p~.~. e']p$ beC:au.s;1,; f d~tli.!1.fbr!TIS!cioQ lip.rovidcs.· h o

_
rhe P(ill~~S~

Fa r.1l:gmpn 2!~'Weflpons and. arm om: m,aillc from. brQ:rJ.z¢," I~ :I;pp~r$~hat is go .•n.g ItO moos ·~·~~~pgns and ..m1i~r.

Pa ragrap'li'l 3, "The spe.a" is rhe p(!"imttry~OilpOQ,.·' The P!l:$~;g~g~ws .ro~~ ~nfofma".. rion On wt!:apon s,

P:ungmp;h 4: "D~ript£oQ rhe aJl~(I!!'. Pa.r1I:gmph 5:

aad areaee,
"'['hi!

of a. shicld:' Now rhe p1ii~g,e Is tal king sbcur oom'C of

bel met W3.-~8J.i~o st;)!~d.~.rd.equi p~t!nf~MBy th.is point, we: ~~o'!J]d noltC that the passage iis S'lmply Ii:sdng,a nd desc'ribi Ilg dif[erem ~ypes of weapons

.u~t~entence:
tlha:r

"Home~r's~rk is anexcellemreseurce" The 13.S[ seaeenee .sl~ows ehe ,nJJr~TIJO:l" levss Homc;r':(iwo~.k is ...ah!!a:b!~~~liil though lithas h~ pr:ob]e~!i. bel

D.kecdoo. M<lIl'br,s; (Agaill~use bo~d&ce ma~[s,)

for 5i1.m,c.d.i.r~cdo~ m.:1d~.¢rs.ai!1l!dIIflf.icf .wr opposit'e-dbc.cfiQn

Horner's 'Wo:rk! although surety suffused wi~h poet~c an d artistJle libe rties, prov~,d!es hist.a,r~ans witiha.gl i:mpse of the types. of: weapo,ns:E!lI1d armor used au ringlthe period ,as we:Uas some insigl':lt ~ the methods and s'tlralElglies of 'earliyG reek warfare. rIta Afl'ho!J{}h '!;l'o'.1 armor may certain ~yhave €:xist:ed. [It is eel rtaln that d lts use was res.triC:IEKjlto only ~hB most pre8~i ious. of warriors. g But tihe ,ear~y G ree:k. he.1 met. wa:sa~sQ qu it:es.turdy, and lt was not u ncornmon f.or a. sword loshat1er upon Btrilk,fng it
In '~il:iis p~agil.'l, directiOIl m~~r8 .U'C nor as imlPoifl(Ull 3:5 in adlcr pas~ages. jJJ~thor is pf~!Vid.in!:l: e~ai~.s. e:xa.m.inlng a 'viewpoint or argilJiinga. poinr" d not

The

Mai.iIiiIlidt;a:"E'llieil thou.gh Hon~(!!r's ,Iliad is a work of fiction, i[ Jsusefulso hlsrer~ wbo ~. imeeeseed Wi I!ili.rilly Grcikwall'b:re.'" TIlt: :pan .abo'tu warfuil'e is preny

eas:l" to see, JUSi~l:ll:ilI.keure fOllilrro;l:i~1 .idea :m~m;ion$ the fQ]~.·cf~h.e .Iliad. s

Summ'ary:: Statii'ng the Maiin Ilde,a

1.

2,
3.

Read tbefi Fst .Slenten;ce of,eacilll. pa.nlgJrnfh. S[):lJrewh;t~ oop]c ehe aurher is wrhing a:bo'Yu;, S!kJ.tnthere-St of ~hep.angt<lipih for direction Mailers. Pay pa!uticllIlar
a:titell1lt:ioll 'to o.PpoiS]~d.i[\eC:ir~Oil'lmafkei('s.

4.

R~n!ie<mb~I,'OO' bQfb,~he it:t:it senrenee 'of each lparagra;ph rundie .~d. ,a:s5~ge and. Ias~.Se'Dtenoo of (.bie c(l:mdllll~ion.The .1il:S~ s.ell'~encewi:~~ om]:[a~n [he~l1rl:h@:rr's6.1l.8J]poinr:. 1h~ Ilt<l!ia .~de'l u.M OO~Jlect :!'IHtheldeas f~u~d in dire .6me se~~ ~eiHa:-s: ,of the p,ar.a.!JlI"li.1iph9:am;d.'[be last S!eliWten.c.eof ~ero.lldu:f>i!o!lll,.I:f y01::lJ·~,ehaJvil:ll'.!1!tmubi£ Clorn~~c;~iflgaU [h~~"iPl(;!;. sk yoyu~fwhaf of a the 'pn~~p(}5'C!! the pa:iSage is to help you pu:~ iJIUehe pieces ~omed~er. of

WrLtliili.Q

One of the gr~;J,I;'¢S:f challenges ,of the TOEF.l is dealing with flllis.5agesth,3il::. arc fuf naeive speake rs, BecauS'e ehe TOEFL is: dc:sign,cd U'I .m,~s~ y,our
abiUr}' ~o pe,rfo•rnar an acO'Iid.c!I1JI'iI ,ij ns tLl:udo!l. le

DEA,LIIING WlllH DIF'FICULJ PAS,SAGiES:

tbttt conrala som.,~ d] ffic:ult vocalbula [fa.Dc[ cumpHc,ned, su Ilci!:uns.D!(lD"[ 'be ~ nd.id:~ited by them! Keep i.n m.ind dliiU' cv·i,l:nnadvi! :Eng~ish SJiIS'a.k.ct'~ orren have .dJi ffi,cuh:ie.llwlrh d,e types of pa$5ag~s found ,on st3,od~ldlzed eeses suchas th.eTOEFL

you can ex;pect

te seep,ass3.,g,es

T'iIP '1: SllIiER"

Dill"

Now th.ac you.'ve p.rnct~oed 6 nding the main hiea. ad. pU.rposc of apas~a:g'CJ yo~ ha .... perhapS" seen how Hn]e of [he pa$S~gc rOY actu!lJUy have ~o n:ad, to understa nd e wha[ m !IIl.u:h.o.r ~swricing, 3.boul:.,If you find YO:Ilf&elf gettin,g LOSlt as you are rea:d.~ng, move on liO' anerher part of the' pitllSsagre.Of~eQ., y,IlU can sdUfiglJ,iif¢(iut dl;~ main ld '.even jf youj'rc net SUfI:! whillf one of two' p,,:rag;rn:phSfilce ab~IIJ~.focus: .on the
big picrur~!

Read!

Beca:u~,cthe TOEfL is a mrl1l.dpl~cboice l:est .• YO!]J am -lioore'We.1.!. ,even if YOIIl:I don't undersraed ~v¢rY'dtin!:! you.'ve read .. We~n~3Ik more :a:oomsped.lie: srr'arwgit's whe.n we discuss rhc ~,dLfi,g pord,on ,of d:lc exam (in Cha,pk':[' lIS; ofrhls hook).

T'iip 112:: Triml the If,ll!

A ,se]!IJrence is
.<1!.

~im:p~~ 'rtJin,g. AU ]t uqjuirc~i~3. subj!("c~, uSiI,m;l.lly a noun (for cl;amp]!!, a pe:rson,p,ia.;;-e. or d:ll ng) and 11 vcr,b{1! n <lei ion). Hawever, wwife:r'SUkcto, make senteaces more oompJ.i.catoo. b:y' il.dd]ng aUoon;s of words [nUl is oosh:ro:r~ mul:;1J,. et's leek ar two. ~~mpru~~n~enee$. L Joe ran,

Joe ,i3, compet;iUvs, runnertor rH::lar~y.20 JN~aJS, ran perhaps the best race of: his enUn::1me lal;:t wfiil'€:kwhen he m:arrow~y d,efea.ted his arch rivaji in asnm oi ngshowdo:wn ,.
Theserwe seneeaces h1J!vC the sa roe subj:ecJ[ U OC) aad same verb {rnn}. l'he seeend sen[e:l1t~e.hasl'l. ~O[ tllo,re [l:iiifomJi1lJ;l[]onin le, bu[ t.hey ar~ baSi.(3.1.ly :~~IHmg: du: 11S ~ar.rU:1;~hi!l.g. One way ro increase,
yotl!

me

'CO.nl[pI:>eh.e.n:s:iof! is 'm, igoor,e all ~~c exu'':l,words ,in a

.<1.

S.(U-

~~:~ct-ujm
rh tee basic

~ht::fail:;,When faced widli

p'UIL'5l

d:i ffi:e:u.h ~ente:r1I~e. 110010. forthr; fo']~of!o!,i'i ng

1..

Sl1'bjec[. find.

OUt

who or wh:u ~sp:crform,l:UlIg tbe :u::don ..

2.
3..
\,

\tub.lh]s

WI

!:M: a,cti:on bci ng pafor.mt'd.

Object. This :receives d~e ac:doin:l·of~heverb ..

.till.ereS ,!lnot:"h er ~ampie ~, .. .

'U'
j

Scientists Ulsing NASA~s Spitz.sf Spa.c,s Tels'scope have f,ounei ,a. new class ofs~el~ar ob]ect. mtn~ajture stars too smaH to initrme fus,ion !but ~ar,g ,ElIiI.ou:ghto haveth e~r own p I!anets orbitin 9 them. e

Sc [enlists.,...have ~oum:l a new ...object.

Th3 t's:h! .AU ·~fd~~ erher' wo.rCk iprWllkl.d SCi.me U$~fl:d d.c;:m!ls,. burthe rcal.I.y~ffll?or~ rant sl:uffi~ l~tJiC !lgb}ec'~,.V'cro, and obj:ec~.let's try ~:hisa few mare times,
I

~ow ~"h ,of ['he followiing sentences" find the subject. verb and objClCf.Wrire down
Check yourams.wcr.$ at dl,f! end of the dri II.

DIRILil #l-TRIMI THE fAT'

II.

simple; versien of e:ach 5~numce.

1. WUd horses, wh~ch once roamed h'ee'~yover 'the grals.sh;mds of EU:rope,

o nly ~n lse ialled patcnes of SO'lJthesstern ,Aflniea a nd Ea stern As ra now.

Asra:, and A'Frilca. are 'found

Sim,plc venroo: 2. 1111 dii,gitall camera, liglht entering the cameral ls focused on a charqed coupled device, or CCD. ell which converts Ugh. energy into,a chail'i!;Jled eleetron, Simpi!e'll'erstowa,;. _

2. A maJor stumbUngl b'lock tn 'the develcpment O'f a viable hiydrogen~'fUie'ied car is the ,e~pectadon af rns ny drh/ers that the veh ic:le willi travel at least 300 mi Ie! before need j n9 'to refuel.
Sil11;pl.e\ilers~on: _

4 . .lPri,orto the development ,of germ theory; John Snow, a London physician, was. sbleto halt an outbreak 01 ch 0 lera by restrict! ng access to a wale,!:, p UJmP that hes usop ected we s C~O n1ributing to the spread of the disease.

5,. Cores 'of ice. drililedl from gilae,iiers'in Greenland and the AntarcUc. proviide climarto,logists 'W:ith vaiuabl,e dalta, on Ealrth's prehistoric ,cliimata. includingl changes jln the concentration of gnlHFmhouse gas9:s in the atmosphere.
Si mpl,c: versien:

6;.

~1i1i

1899, Nlk"ola Iesla. 'vaJmedlnventor of 'the a~~e:r:natin.g current alactrieal system, shocked an asse mbled ,aud i,ema€! art a conference by ,operatin,gasix~foot racii,o-contJoll'sd e~e,ctric best.

1. Fa!nt! ngr. wh~.ch CB n be a s~gn cfs seriousellrnent such a,s hea rtfa i'lura ora res 1!J11I: of so rneth ing as harmless as s'tand~ng upteo qu~ckIV,results trornan Ins'li.Jlfticisnt supply O"~ oxygen to "~lhe bra~l1. Simple venicirI; ---------

B. 0 n.e ,of the rna In pro'vi Sr ens off 'U'Ie Taft-,lHiartley Lalbo..r,Act was the

,g(lVe[Fn rnent' s ability to prevent a strike by ,any workers [it considered ,ess,E!ntfsll 'W the na't~on'sl:1ea~thor safety.

9. After s pendf ng Flea rly 26

yean; iFI J ait South

Afrk:,a,1i'I1 statesma n Nelson M andela was elected

president o'r South Arrica in that lC,ountlY's~irsiT: mu~ti:radal,el,ec:tio.n in 4'994.

10" On SI1rove Tu esdalY i1'1 :2 '17 A. D. , sold ~e jn De riby, Eng ~aJnd elebreted a victory over 'Romar! so Ildi,ers rs e by playing thetirst recorded soccer match. staning' an annual event '[halt ilastedvor almost 1,O()O Y"e'ars.

·Answers 'tu Dlrill ,#'7'

Impolil'aOI linformarion is in boM.

1. Wiildh'ol'ses. which once reamed freely over the grasslands.of E urope, Asla a nd A fri ca. a lJ1efoull1Idl on I'y ~n 1so Iated p,atc1h,es Orf Sou theastem ,Abbll<al ill IiiI dl Eastem As:ia now.

Wa.t h 'Ouf fair phrases Ch31t be;gil'l w,id], ehe w(li:d whicb. These phrases 'I:m131[0 the sentence and can be ignored, 2. I'n a,digital camera, lliglht en,tering the camera is focused

are no[ es-

'O,li'll ill

,cha.rged coupled de'vice, a c harg'e.d electron.

'Or

CCD, which converts Hght en.ergy into

51mple verslern LIght !::!i fOCiU!1rCt! c;ntD a d~"i~ .Fani;y recheieal terms an: •.I,way good candidate whenever possib1e. for [rinuni,ng. lgnere I[hem,

a. ,A major

stumb,ling bh)Clk in the development ot a viable hydrog,enfueled C8:rlislhe eKlpectaltmon .of m.any drivers, thmt the, ve!hilllil'e

wHlllf'ilvel, at least 300' Miillesi before needing to refuel,

Tlrls senu:Ii(;4:":~onti!ins nn rnereus prc,posh~oimtl phrases, These are Iittle plUMes rlta[ start !lcvith woeds like kn; oj and as. When you see these words. you can cut their ph'rases OUf ofdu=. sentence •.

4. Prior to the development of germ theory, John S:nOIW~ a London physic ian. w'a salbll,e to [h,ililit 81111 outb:reiak: of chol era by restrieti ngl access toa watsr pump that he' suspected was contributing to. [he sn reeHJ of 'E'n e dis.e,ui'9,

Of [en, a phrase hi the 'beginning of II sentence [hal is ser ofFwitb a comma ("'Prior fO (he development of germ, rltoory::1 callil b~ nimrned aw,a:y.

5. tOr,es, of' lee, d rilled from 9 laci ers in Greenla nd a th e Antarctic, pir,olVlids cUmatologists with 'v',aliuable' dallal on Earth's prehistcrlc cl imate. in cl'Lid in:g eha ngles: ~n the eoncentra tlon clf gre,en house, glaS'9S in the' atrnosp here,

no

• hnilady, ph:mses
iog cl1llil'lge;;; in .•.

it[ rhe end of. Semei:lloe that are set off with almosph~re")'Can be removed as well

3.

comma ("includ~

if;;, ~n 1899. N ii~o~a.fesla~.~amed inv·entolr of the aIt,ernat]n.g current

eleC:1I:rica~syste rn, shoekJed alE'llassembl,ed allJldl~err1lceat a conterence by ope'r,atin ga s ~X='r;oOit rad lo-co nt rol led e:iect:r1c boat

When t:dm m ing d'1:f:fin•.a good m1liregy lsee leeare ehe S:lJbjec[ fi.['st 'Ihenfind verb. Once ygU do that. yQU can cull:ow:c""t:ry~h:i fig ]1'1 berwee:lll rhem,
a.

~he

7" faint~fiI'g:,. which can be a sign of a serious ailmen:t such es heart failure ora resu It of som eth iriga::; harmless as stan dIng up too Qu~cl<liV.li',es'U'I~s.firo:m ,ilin iIiilISiUffliciel!1:t:siUli'l,pIV ,of ox.ygen~Q(he brain,

Et One' of the main pnllviisio,VI,S of the l"aft+'ia riley labor .Act.was tlbe' '{llov:erl!1lnlent's, ,8lbill lyto pr'e'llient a strik.e by any workerslt cQr'llsidered El:ssential to the rJeJ!i,on's hea~[jn or sa~ety.

$¢Flt~n.Ct: hasa Iyo.nchof preposi!iofla.1 ph[i:;H~es; "of the malin.•.,..."of rhe Taft~· Hrurdey Lsbor kt ..~.• "by any weekers. .••" and "to d\fl i:;l;jrt~.O]'l'S hcalirb Cif safery.~ " lhes~'C:1fi1 all be [ri.mmed. 3iWlIiY.

1h~s

9. AftEr spending nearly 26 years in jan, South African statesman INleilsofil Mlall1l'delawas e~e'cted presh:leliilt of South Africa in that countrv'sflrst mult~racial eleetion in 1894.

You can alse cl im inJ m.~'ca"l' wcm:!.s

:rhey ~re no~ essentill]
[Q

Ci-n.:rIIE

provide

d.t'sC!l']p[ion~!

en n s:t.Ue2imaR" aad "I~ rsr reul riracial,"

Almo1.l!g~1 th~~wotd.$

.s!iJlc::ha:s"Sou~:h AfripiiQ'll'h:ie mere d.erni[s.

rheseneeuee ..

10. On St1llrove lues,day in 217 A.D.,soldiell':s in De~by. E.ngl'and ee~e'bratedl 81 victory OV8'r Floman seldlers bY'p~ayitng the' f rst recordedseceer match. startil l1gan annuall event that lastsdIer al most 1 ,1000 yElars.
l

9:B

I Cra~ki~gl the

TOE:Fl. iBT

~[he,re are m;a:ny pb rases th:<t.tc;-an be ni In med here. As Y{IUCan see, miOS~o:f ehe w.o(~S m thls sentence are only there ~~opmvlde more deralls, 19)iitoFC r.he:m1i!!ld foCIL.!IiS 0,111 dleim,pannllu sru:ff.

Ti', ,1,3:: IDealil,g wiitll DiifliCI,ltVocaib'ulia:ry'

P.aS5a:ges on ehe TOEFL mil)!' OOl!!ll<llna IlltJtlMber 'of dl mC;U~t or u n&:m.iI i:lt
w'Q!C(t~,

1t'8 easy mbeClOl:lle .frwa:r:ll~ed with these 'w(;!Itisa rid ]OS~ tra~k .of Whl1:1you'v,e eead..
F:Q~itUWla,1l~i1, you o.f~en do not nced,[Q Undt::rsml,1Id these wo:rrd.s m de,t)l~r_~f:I:~ ~lliJ,e p<!_5~llle'snain idea, & wejuse saw. [rimm~UlJgdle .FoIJl olMminates ~.my Qfthl:lwOiMS r ~n.aseurense because th~y ':;'1 re tu:nOfl(:!dal ro ili:lrule~st!ilLl'!.ding it.

D:espite U19' DmpQD:de'!Jance (If 9vidIEH'cedleDJ:mk~ ngth i,S eutdatec notion many people con'tinue [0 vi aorously defend it
I

f'im, lct'~tiri In the fur. Reme.nlibe'£:. wc said. tth3,[ pbrnscs :U rhe begi n t1il~S of a sen~etlGe:d~3JI: re SC[ o.lfwidil~omm~s ~am!! e cur, 1haf dim.in1lit'e-stwo of [he diffi,c;ulr a b wl)[d~.IC'.l.vi!lg us wj,th

Many people continue to 'vTlamQ.usl~ defend it

Now [~iC seliiUence .isn't sa ;Lomp.l.k1liocld..'lc'~'~ jus~ objecf. Our sc:~oon('{;n.oW .r~~d~

f(lcu~ on ,tlle ~ub~l;ct. Yer:b,.~nd

l1e erherwerd s are Jus~m;Qdi6er.'l.TIley ~dd deta:~'~. bl;lr~.tui!y~r~ ~(lb ~!t~hd unde'.Illmnd.i.ngdICi ba$~Cidea.

~o

The geiOitil:itycd"\lrrctorian Eng land vlewed work as tl,e doma.tn of men and iQf~enIimilea 'Woment access to various jobs and professions.

N:E!edmore o'~ ill rmiew or pr,epositiong Il'lfnaseg't Pick IlIp The Pri~r,;ilRq)1l Ftelview's Gr.;mmar Sma,n:

trim away ·SQ·roJ'~ the unnecessary phra,ses. Smn by el imi~a[ing ,some: of ~rlb:e or prt,;p'o'!li[iona~pMaseshhosr: p.lu:a.oosbeg~ronin;g w]rh word~, such as or.l,.oJ in. and le(s
510

ford.) and modiii,('!fs.·

Thegenti~ vi8wedworkas~he domain of men and often I'imi~ed women'saccess to jobs and professions,

LIt fi rsr "'e~bis .vitrut'J~ and our subl'OC:l[is n,dlffiicult v;o~bllil]ary word.. HOW'C,\!,~iI':i ~o uaderseanel rhls sentence, we dcmi~:needro k~Q.w ex:acdy whOl!;se.m:ilir1;y mea:mls. lns~ead" let's juse [~p~:I.c~ g¢nd~~tli'with

Some poopte viewedl

work as the cornelio of men.

n':!i~ is good. enough for ulliLdersrn,:l:Iulnglhe 3:l1d10:FS geru:~ra:~id!:3Thls t':Ye:rI WQl;:ks .. whell,ihe: dwmcnlJ[wcaJbnl~rry cakes ~lh~. For.m.of~ Iiete's an ,~l{;.,'!:mlPle.

vero.

Intime. the Scytl1lim;rs were ab[le to SlJJbJIU{!c@lt:ethe Slavs a peop,!e who thmug hQut thair [historysuns,red under the dominion of many foreign ru ~e:rs.
I

The Scyth ian s wereab [e to' do 8Qmeth ~ngto the Slavs.

Mm~ ]:ik!elYj you.'l!. 6nQ SQ!tI~ ~nfor,madoJ:l. in a~ot'h,cr pan: of tihep<l£!l<lgt: lbOI( w]]] Il¢:~pro,u.fi!gu[~ Q'urtwhat the d~fficu,l,t woed m.eans.SAlt w~en you, are leoking fo.r the main ldea or p[l,rpose'~ don i~focl1$o\l:l wh:a:[ ,you don>~ kl:ulW'--'W'Ork widl wh;;l:[ you do kll.ow ..

DllRltL #I-·DIIIIFFIIICULT VOCAIBULAIRV

The fQllowrng sentences ,c;onm.in one olr .mOiie d.iJliC1l:I:in; v.orn:bulary 'W()rds. .P~~p:I.M·'l~eeach ~en~ecn~, .avoiding dUlkt!1t!: words or ,repladng them wi'~:~ mO~ familiar eaes wh~fI_,eve. pomble. 11.The· a u:uh rs hip .of The Art of Waf" ani nfl uenti al 'trsal:i.s€l on war, tactics, 8IFiId €'Spio na gEl, is 0 attributed to Sun Tzu, but the tome was me re nke~ypen ned byal n um ber 'of wli'ii·ters. Pa.ap.h •.ili&e:__
~~~

OiwtSil'il

2. One of~h e more eontrovers iall incidents af govern rnsnt ]n1belry,erllition ili1It!othe ptivate s€lcWr oceurred when" during the eatlr}' ltl70s, thegove~nmem imporsled a cep on wa.gesto combat

lnflation,
'himp!hf3~L"!; _ U',8In S u.gar; WEllS

3. Saccha ri n" a wh ita crystamne eornpou nd tlh~attas:tes mere tIM 100 Nmes swee1ter an d~::H::rove'red acclc ent in'1879 . by
.P:a;rapbrn,.ll~! 4. The writ ef habeas corpusfunctrons P3rnpbrn,sC'; 5. Theoder Adorno,Walltslr

_ not to ascertsln a detainee's gui:l'~. lnnoeenee, but to or _

determi ne j·f til e ,fllrrisoI1EH has been accorded d 1L19 pro ces s,

Ben]amin, and Herbert Maircuse, dilstin9ulish.ed philosophers of the Fran kfurt School, were ~nstrum enta ~[n formt:llatfng semina I:c rhicalthecries on caplra 11m. s

Pm1]phmse=~~~

6. Biased on his observanens of the Anclrorm adal ga1laxy and others, I~keit Wa:lt€f 8 aade interrad the existence of ancient SUI rs tn the MUky Way 'that were formed hom prl rnordlal hydrogen BIrr!d hel~urn. Pa~ta!ph,,~se.: ~_~ __ ~

7. Most critics Ico:rlilsider Dracula the an::;herypa~horror novel.the one from which aU other ma,cabrs'
stones orig inate. Pl'l.rap:hr~c; _

8. Archaeol'o,gists, USILJI,aiiY' lemp~o:'Ytvvo types of dating metiht)ds; one thatattempts to determine the I temporal order of a seq uenee Q,]f eventse nd Q'f'TI e thalt S1ri'vEl'S date an ,ob~ or event inuerms of to eel a bsol U[I! ca:I'snda'r yea rs,
ParaJpbfaJ~e: _

9., A modem 0 perates JOy (:10 niVI8rtin9 df sc rete diglita ~data Iinto a Ii"Ii ana ~ocgs iglna~that varh::~s cOfil1l:h1"lluO u sly in ref€'f·erlJce to a statrlcia rd reference poInt.
Parll!plu:a~:__ ~~~~~~~ _

10. Abstract expresslonlsm

ernerged from the, turbulent 1940s New York City art .sceneand captivated crities with its s.tylistic div~rsity and m:mre~:m:l!~H9f1!tationall framework.

qJuickly

Answl'U"s ta D'lriU ,I.

Many of these examplesare in forma.t len is WEiboM., s~mil3.li [Q the t:l<;crci~i!1 Drill

to. The

lmpommt

1. 'The a 1t'11Hll':sihi p, of The.Art t)f W~f,a n intI uentls I tresrti se on war, tactics. and espi 0 nag e. is ofl:Ji!IiiI aUributedllo SUI Tzu. but the tome was rno re iii ke~y pen ned !by 8, numbo II' ,of w,riiters,. 'Wo'rds such
Il.S t:r&UiSE.

,t!'JpiotltJU.

and tam« are not Impertanr

[0

rhe

general idr:3. of

this:senr,enc£. 2. One of the more ,eo'lilitll'ol'Je:rsiia'l jnc~de\n,ts of govern rnent iniT9irVeriition into the private sector OCCIlIIIJ'1Iie'diw'l!iJn. d un1 the: a ng ea.rly 1970s. 't he 'g,'O'lle'lI'lIiIlIiI1Ient irnpeseda ca:p 0 n wa 9,es to, combat

infilation,

this senrence, i[ ls ncoessary '[,0 realize d~~u a CQfu:ro"lcnial incident: eeeurred .. Thus. l[ is not lruporrant what words such as inuyvt'ntioll and StcUJ'Fmean, ]fyou are lUi] $UfC of whsr impottd mea ns" you can still gc'[ [he ba ,ie id~;1!.
~El

3. S;a,(:chal!iii'I:, a whits c rysta IIIne com pound that. tastes more than 1 i 100 'ti mas sweetert Iian BY g,ar" was diisClDlue'Ii1I'dllb,v acch:lemt in 1879.,

4. The writ of habeas corpus fUlnlc'liiion,s, not to ascertain a detainee's, 'g,uBtor innocence. but 110 ,de'te'll'lllliiliil,e lif the prisoner has been

accorded

dll!J:eIP,If\Q eess,

S:cn:'JiiliC passage'S m.:.ty eeoealn jarg(il'fJ.w\hic:b is -~ped:~lizlC-d u:rmlnol:ogy .rd:u.i.n.,g m 3. pAni.cuJlI:r fidd. of UUd)f, Ignore lt•.~ dl is sentence, we can Cut ,our writ of }l:ll'e~'5 111 corpus and arl.e'process and ~,ead ehe senrenee as "Thi:> ~hi!'lg funcdoru (0 deteemine one thin,g."

5. Theodor Adorno. 'W:al,ter B,e'l'1jamin,and Herbert MarcUlse, distinqulshed pbllosephera of 'the Frankfurt School.w'ell',s illls,trume'ltal in 'formu.lating seminal critical theo/V1ies,on ce pita Iism.
This sentence hru; 'II. 100t of informa[i(ll'i p~i~d [ru:Q wt. BUE" we 'C3.n avoid, <i'I ]m of u'ollble by simpiypa.r;aphn:1.s]ng II 118, "Some guys were doin,g somerhlugwhh dH~O;ries."11'i<l{ wi.ll be eno~gh to hf:]p you find ehe main idea. 0(". pa.$sa;gc.

Core IConcept: Read illig

II

6. Ba.secl 0 I'1i his observetlcns of the' Andromed.a ~Haaxy a rid. others, l ~n::eit. Wajl~er Baade' infened l:h e exilst:en ee' of a lii'u::;i:entstars, :iin t[he MiIIlic,' Way that were fa rrn ed frern prl mardia:1 hydroge n :E1iI1id
helium,

7. M OS! critics ,cornsid,er D,,,arc,ula the ,an::hety~a~honor nove:!, the one from wn~challl'l.')tber mac:abl",s stories ,or~girnarte.
M~llr[]mcs. :amaJUdlO:fwHI p'Fovid~ dl!4e~ a~ro the meaning, of awcrd In tlhe rest of the $C!:l:~])j~~.J n ~hi$ 'c<!oo"rlt(;b~ryfJiJl is d!efiincd as so.me~:h.i.nigr.mmwihkh othltJ . thingso:r]t!ih':lafe. ,Even SO~ me;:l.mllingof d:l~ word is rJ,c:t ~mpo:!"ta!'nto the sen~einCe Ma"ahr~ ~saJlso nOf '!lIeC~~:3iry; •.

me

8. A!I"ei~,alU)!llogists Utsually l'IiIiIIP,lloy twoty,pres o,'r d'a_tinrg mlethoo!s; one thai! altern P'[S'[0 ceterm j ne the, tern po rar!ord er of aseq uence of events and one thetstrives to date Btr':J object or event in term s
,of absQllu,te. 'ca~6ndar wovvy
Y'SSJfS.

Once ag,a i11,~:he:lmro:rram SH!.fF ~S~lM:fwYJ!ded by Dots ·of exrea inf:otrmal'lon .. Don.'t 3J~O~U;words ~II:IC:h!lsun,:pvrai ox: ltriw. tl A modem o[pera1!es by 'eiQilve:lit~il'lllgdiscrete digital! data into, an

anSllogsi 9 nalmat reteren ee poi nt.

valnlas contlm.llously ilrll ref·erence 'to·i)9 sta ndalrd

There a few pa.rts of dll.fus .se,::nrellC.c Iha~ may be d~ffico.l:ree umd~rsraj[)d .. ~(·8 sirn pn~ ryir:~'A~h ing 'opcnlrrC,$ by chllngi fig one type of Itb;illgi mo iu:u:n:be[.~ 1h3:~'S mllld:!
<l<'l!Sie:f W U!1 dersraad

•.

11 . Abstract @xpressi,onis:m e:liiI1Ie'lllg:edfr,amUileturbulent "19~Qs New D York City ad 'scene, and q u lc 1<1"1 cIIP,tiivat,ed critics wit h its sty! istlc diversity an d non representationa I' f ram ewo rlk:"
Sg(ll'!!~rij:ma! entire seneenee is fined w.i:~hdim~u~tVQcabub.(y or j;lfgon. If Y(lU the dllJs, move on. Nosl:r:JJglc se[l.rt~f.!IIC~ b~ abool!J;:l$Aly wiU essenrlal m uadersr.anding~naufhor'~ m:.i n idea,. So look for your ~n:fo:l'ma:tol'l e[sewhe'L"e. Bol' thls i $~ruc.~c¢,we need 10 know dH11 "sometiling em.crg:ed.fro,m :a.i'Iar~ $Cc:[I~ and did somedllng 00 ,c~itics'.· .
cnOmlnrer

FIINAL EX.AiM
Now i~'s;:i:mil![0' ~fy ~)1I.It all the mafeg.ks you've learned ..For the FoUow·jng pauagc. idemify ehe main idea. structure, and l author's pil'imary ptI.rposc in wf!lring if. B·.FieRy paJraphmse each pili.mgra:ph afrcr you read j'[. ..JlL~ck )I'(lUf an~w{;n atl:he

end. of

me exerd.se.

Since i' 979, uhe:m has been a oonsensu s that a. doub.lin gl of carbon dioxide wou Id rai:se global temper.atures 11 ·to 4.5, degrees Ce~ls~lJs.Emissions ,of methane, nitrous g.8SE!S. and other 'gases ..5 that absorb il1'fr,area radiation coutd speed thls process further. AI'~hough attention has been given toe) trategies int.ended to Umit global. warming. mast cllimatol!ogisIS. feel an average temperature s increase ot aneta lw,a de'gree.s Celsius ls inevitab'I'6. A p-otell1tTaJliy azardous consequence of even ,8. slight increase in worl,d'wid'e temperature was h identiflied in the early 1917o.s" Sc,i!enlists prnd icted' a. nearly 20'-foot rise, in 9 local sea II eve~1 as a s result ,c,fthe .Mtamt~c lee sheet maiN rig _AlUl0Ugh this p.rediction has SInee been d i:scrsdf'ted by new research that 'shows sue h an occurrence wou:1 take p lace over a span of roughly 500 years, d morls recent studies have identilfied sev9rsJs ites, including srna lie r glac ters and large parts of th e ice sheet in Gfi!;le.n!andl, thala:re more sU:8cepUbl's to rapid Vhawlng. Based on data. compiled from researchers, a seven-toot rise in sea. level is: po.ssibh:l b'y the y,ear 2100. Even a srnau riise ln sea '11t,:M~II,an aver,age of two feet worldwide, woulld resul'~in inundation, erosion, 'f1oodill1g, and saJtwailer intrusion. Coastal.areas olfth,e 'United Sta:~eswould lose a signiificant amount. of land: Scientists pred lot a. 50'- to 1DO-foat loss in INew Jiersey, a_fila up to 1 000 feet of shore areas flooded in .Florid B..Accord ing to some stu dies, the Wi! sa in water levels coul d contrro ute to a loss of SCIto gO percent of U. S. waUands.
'j

Current~y, two major pollicy 91Pproaches are bS'ing considered by coastal communities, The nrst, known as 'the no-protection sp preach, ls based on a philosophy of non intervention_ Communmes in coastal re·gions simply zone ,areas they .anticipate losing land to erosion within tne next 30 to, 160 y,ears. No, new bllilldingiS ,are permined to be bum. in zones Ilikely to be lost to 'fIoodtng or erosion, and the current structures are len to their fates ..Commul11itiesth,at take a no-protection approach acknowledge the, coming danger, but they are of len unwillingl or unable to incur theWinancial losses asscciated wrltll cond'emnlngandl remoy,ing bea.chfiront property. However, it shouldbe no-ted that comm un ities ttl at elect a. no-protecnon approach place' the Unemciall burden on the federal govemment, which compensates heme owners for homes lost to floods or storms, The second option, and certaln:ly 'the mamslPpealilng one, involves rajs~ng the II,and~e\uE!1 alongl the shore. Th i s ,appreach, a Ithoug h a. far costl i sir one. offers several adVantages. Ffrst, rt does nat req ui rei the removal or d,emoHrtnont ,of bu ild ing s, II nstead the entre land mass :is raised to protect [It from UH3 ocean. Second, the 'federal gnvernment does not have to intervene in ~he form of land buys or nood insurr,ance. Despite these benefits, many communities choose not to ra.ise tile land due to 'the great ,costandillarge amount of lebor invollved. To raise the land. sand must be p,umped onto tihe beach (inc:luding the underwater part of the beach) unti'l the land level gradually rises. In addmon, roads, houses, and other structures must be grad wally raised again. The size of ~his und1ertakin gl prevents many communit,~es from considerl ng lit. One of the maJor hu rd Ias fac i ng policy makers is the lack la"~mg,ency surro und ing tJh.e onset of g lo!b\al w,armlng ,an d rtslng sea Ieve Is, Many oommun iUes do not ss e the need to take acnon in respo nse to effects that wlilll not materializ.e for 1100years. However, consideringl 't'he'possible consequences o'r jnaction, community leaders would be wise 'ID begin serious olscussjons about th,eir pref'srred

strategy.

How is rhe

:passage sttucm,red?'

Paragraph 1:,

Pamgrnph 2:

Pamgmph 3:

Pa~~aph4:------------------------~--------------Paragraph 5:

Pan:gf~ph6;

Ma:i'lli [,dea: "~

96

I,

Cfllickinglhe TIOEFL iST