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f lexural members
N. Subramanian
The minimum and maximum limits on longitudinal and reinforcement, as shear failures are more catastrophic
transverse reinforcement ratios provided for reinforced than flexural failures. When shear reinforcement are
concrete flexural members in the Indian code is based provided, they restrain the growth of inclined cracking,
on tests conducted on normal strength concrete, and and increase safety margin against failure. Ductility is
hence not applicable to high strength concrete beams. also increased and a warning of failure is provided.
Hence comparing the provisions of other national codes,
Although the Indian code on reinforced concrete, IS 456,
modifications to these limits are proposed for inclusion in was revised in 2000, most of the design provisions in
the next edition of the code. These modified expressions the 1978 version of the code were retained, without
are necessary in order to prevent sudden and brittle modifications.1 Moreover, most of the provisions in
collapse of flexural members and also to provide ductile the code are based on experiments conducted on RC
behaviour. elements having strengths up to 40 MPa. In a proposed
amendment to this code, BIS has redefined high strength
Keywords: Ductile behaviour, High strength concrete, concrete by designating grades up to M60 as standard
Minimum tension reinforcement, Maximum tension concrete and grades M65 to M100 as high strength
reinforcement, Minimum transverse reinforcement, Maximum concrete. Thus, the existing provisions are simply
transverse reinforcement, maximum diameter of bars. extrapolated up to grade M60. Also there are no special
provisions for high strength concrete, i.e. for grades M65
Minimum and maximum limits on longitudinal and to M100. Such extrapolation of rules for normal strength
transverse reinforcement ratios are often prescribed concrete (NSC) to high strength concrete (HSC) may be
in codes of practices for reinforced concrete flexural erroneous as high strength concrete, in spite of enhanced
members. The minimum limit is prescribed to avoid strength and durability, tend to be more brittle than
sudden and brittle failure in case of accidental overload, normal-strength concrete, due to its more homogeneous
or to take care of additional tensile forces due to microstructure (In NSC, where the aggregate is stronger
shrinkage, temperature, creep or differential settlement. than the cement paste, cracks propagate around the
The maximum limit is prescribed to avoid compression aggregate. These longer crack paths consume more
failure of concrete before the tension failure of steel, energy. In HSC, the aggregates become the weaker part
thus ensuring sufficient rotation capacity at ultimate of the matrix. Shorter cracks form through the aggregates
limit state. Similar limits are prescribed on transverse using less energy. Thus, propagation of cracks is more
sudden and brittle).
where
fy = Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement Hence the moment of resistance for an unreinforced
Ast = Area of reinforcement concrete beam, Mcr, may be calculated using elastic
theory as,
f ck = Characteristic cube compressive strength of
concrete
Mcr = fcr ( ) ......(4a)
For architectural or other reasons, beams may be where
provided in larger sizes than required for flexural Ig = Moment of inertia of gross section, and
strength. With a small amount of tensile reinforcement,
yt = Distance of extreme tension fibre from neutral
the computed strength of the member using cracked
axis.
Where, D is the total depth of the beam and bw is the Varghese reports that in some situations, large beams
width of beam for rectangular beam (For T-beams, bw designed with the minimum steel requirement of the
denotes the width of web). IS code, has resulted in extensive cracking, although
there are no reported failures.3 Hence there is a need
The nominal moment of resistance as given by cracked to revise the minimum tensile steel provisions of IS 456:
section theory, Equation (1) without the partial safety 2000. Note that, cantilever T-beams, with their flange in
factors, may be approximately written as tension, will require significantly higher reinforcement
than specified in this clause to prevent brittle failure
caused by concrete crushing; however IS 456 suggests
Mn = Asfy (d - 0.42 Xu) ......(5a) calculating the minimum reinforcement for such
T-beams, by taking bw as the width of the web only.
......(7a)
Mn = 0.71Asfy d ......(5b)
In rectangular beams the ratio D/d will be in the range of The above equation provides a minimum tension steel
0.8 to 0.95. Safely assuming it to be 1.0 in Equation (4b), of about 0.5 percent (as against the 0.3 percent minimum
and equating Equation (4b) and (5b), we get in the Indian code) for mild steel grade, as required by
earlier editions of the ACI code. The 1995 version of
the code recognized that the minimum steel as given
0.71Asfy d =0.117bwd2√fck ......(6a) by Equation (7a) may not be sufficient for HSC with
strength greater than 35 MPa. Hence the code introduced
the following equation, which has a format similar to
Rearranging the terms, we get Equation (6b).
(6b) ......(7b)
Note that the minimum steel as per the above equation where, f c is the cylinder compressive strength of
is dependent on the compressive strength of concrete concrete. Equation (7b) may be rewritten in terms of
and hence will increase with increasing fck. But in the IS cube compressive strength as below:
code, fck might have been assumed as 25 MPa, and the
equation is given in Clause 26.5.1.1 as
(7c)
......(6c)
......(8b)
≥ For T-sections
For T- beams bw is For T-beams bw is taken smaller
use For T-beams
taken in the range of 2 bw or width of flange.
bw only. bw is taken as
1.5bw to 2.5 bw
For T-sections, use mean breadth.
2bw or bf whichever is
smaller
Maximum tensile steel 0.04bD Net tensile strain in Tension 0.04bD
for flexure, ≤ extreme tensile steel reinforcement
≥ 0.005 limited to satisfy
Minimum shear
reinforcement,
≥
When τv > When applied shear When applied shear When applied When applied shear is greater
0.5τc is greater than 0.5 X is greater than shear is less than 0.5 X concrete strength
concrete strength concrete strength than shear
strength of
concrete
Spacing of Minimum 0.75 d ≤ 0.5 d ≤ 600 mm & 0.63 d ≤ 600 mm 0.75 d ≤ 600 mm 0.5 d ≤ 600 mm
Stirrups ≤ 300mm 0.25 d ≤ 300 mm, when 0.32 d ≤ 300 mm 0.25 d ≤ 300 mm, when Vs >
Vs > √fcbwd/3 When Vu> fcfcbwd/8 √fcbwd/3
**
The cylinder strength is assumed as equal to 0.8 times the cube strength.
+
Alternatively the ultimate flexural strength should be at least one third greater than the factored moment
fctm= Mean axial tensile strength = 0.30 (fck)0.666
bf = breadth of flange; bw = breadth of web
......(12)