ECED 4502 FINAL EXAMINATION Winter 2009

Useful Information
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DTFT Synthesis Equation DTFT Analysis Equation

π ∞
1
x[ n ] =
2π  X ( e ) e dω
jω jωn
X (e jω ) =  x[n ]e − jωn
−π n = −∞

Parseval’s Theorem
∞ π DFT Exponential Factor
1 jω 2
 x[n]  X (e
2
E = = ) dω
2π WN = e − j (2π N )
n = −∞ −π

Z-transform Properties
Z-transform of a sequence x[n] Z 1
∞ x[ − n ] ↔ X (1 / z ), ROC =
Rx
X ( z) =  x[ n ] z − n Z
n = −∞
z on x[ n] ↔ X ( z / z o ), ROC = z o R x

Marks: Total marks out of 68

Question Marks

1 10

2 14

3 12

4 18

5 14

Total 68

Dalhousie University E&CE Department

ECED 4502 Final Examination Winter 2009

Q1. The continuous-time signal

x c (t ) = sin (5πt ) + cos(10πt )
is sampled with a sampling period T to obtain the discrete-time signal
 πn   πn 
x[n ] = sin  + cos  .
 6   3 
(a) Determine a choice for T consistent with this information. [5 pts]

(b) Is your choice for T in part (a) unique? If so, explain why. If not, specify
another choice of T consistent with the information given. [5 pts]


Dalhousie University E&CE Department

ECED 4502 Final Examination Winter 2009

Q2.- (i) Consider the finite-length sequence x1[n] shown below. The 5-point Discrete Fourier
Transform (DFT) of x1[n] is denoted by X1[k]. Plot the sequence y1[n] whose DFT is

Y1[k ] = W52k X 1[k ].

[6 pts]
x1[n] 2 2
1

0 1 2 3 4 n

–3

(ii) Another sequence x2[n] is shown below. The value of x2[n] at time n = 0 is not known
and is denoted by a. The sequence y2[n], also shown below, is claimed to be the 5-point
circular convolution of x1[n] and x2[n] This is,      .
Verify if this claim is correct. If it is, find the value of a. If it is not, explain why. [8 pts]

7
x2[n] y2[n]
a

−1 0 1 2 3 4 n 0 1 2 3 4 n

−2
−3
−4

Dalhousie University E&CE Department

ECED 4502 Final Examination Winter 2009

Q3.- Suppose you have a signal x[n] with 1012 nonzero samples whose discrete-time Fourier
transform you wish to estimate by computing the DFT. You find that it takes your
computer 1 second to compute the 1012-point DFT of x[n]. You then add twelve zero-
valued samples at the end of the sequence x[n] to form a 1024-point sequence x1[n]. Now
the computation of X1[k] takes your computer just 5 milliseconds. Reflecting, you realize
that by using x1[n], you are able to compute more samples of    in a much shorter
time by adding some zeros to the end of x[n] and pretending that the sequence is longer.
How do you explain this apparent paradox?
Justify the difference in computational time numerically. [12 pts]

Dalhousie University E&CE Department

ECED 4502 Final Examination Winter 2009

Q4.- For the system represented by the signal flow graph shown in the figure below.

(a) Write the set of 3 difference equations for the node variables w[n], w[n] and y[n]. [5 pts]

w[n] = ____________________________

v[n] = ____________________________

y[n] = ____________________________

(b) Using the z-transform of the difference equations above, find the system transfer
function    . [5 pts]

Dalhousie University E&CE Department

ECED 4502 Final Examination Winter 2009

(c) Find the poles and zeros of H(z) and write H(z) in factorized form.
Draw the flow graph of an equivalent system that is the cascade of two first-
order systems. Use direct form II for each of the first-order systems. [5 pts]

(d) Is the system stable? Explain. [3 pts]

Dalhousie University E&CE Department

ECED 4502 Final Examination Winter 2009

Q5.- (i) We wish to design an FIR lowpass filter satisfying the specifications
0.99 < H (e jω ) < 1.01, 0 ≤ ω ≤ 0.375π ,
− 0.005 < H (e jω ) < 0.005, 0.425π ≤ ω ≤ π ,
by applying a window w[n] to the impulse response hd[n] for the ideal discrete-time
lowpass filter with cutoff ωc = 0.4π.

Peak Side-Lobe Peak

Types of Amplitude (dB) Width of Approximation
Window (Relative to Main Lobe Error (dB),
Main Lobe) 20 log10 δ
Rectangular −13 4π (M + 1) −21
Bartlett −25 8π M −25
Hanning −31 8π M −44
Hamming −41 8π M −53
Blackman −57 12π M −74

Note: (M + 1) is the window length.

(a) Which of the filters listed in the table below can be used to meet these
specifications? [4 pts]

(b) For each window that you claim will satisfy these specifications, give the
minimum length required for the filter. [4 pts]

Dalhousie University E&CE Department

ECED 4502 Final Examination Winter 2009

(ii) We are interested in implementing a continuous-time LTI lowpass filter H(j) using
the system shown in the figure below, where the discrete-time system has frequency
response Hd (e j).

The sampling time T = 1 ms and the input signal xc(t) is appropriately bandlimited with
Xc(j) = 0 for   .
Let the specifications on 
0.95         ,
      .
Determine the corresponding specifications on the discrete-time frequency response
Hd (e j). [6 pts]

Dalhousie University E&CE Department

ECED 4502 Final Examination Winter 2009

Properties of the Discrete Fourier Transform

Dalhousie University E&CE Department