Lab No.

– 3

Generator:
Almost all the hydraulic turbine-driven generators used are synchronous alternating
current machines, which produce electrical energy by the transformation of the rotational
mechanical energy. The electrical and mechanical design of each generator must confirm
to the electrical requirements of the power distribution system to which it will be
connected, and also to the hydraulic requirements of its specific plant. The electrical
characteristics of the generator used in our design are:

SN. Specifications Ratings

1 MVA 7.2
2 KV 11
3 Phase 3
4 Frequency 50
5 Power Factor 0.85
6 No. of Poles 18
7. RPM 333

Generator excitation system:

Brushless excitation system was used for the excitation of the generator as it is
the best excitation system for medium sized power plant due to the absence of carbon
brushes, brushless system requires less maintaince and its outage time is less.

Generator neutral grounding:

We preferred to select the resistance grounding method . Its value is selected such
that the value of Xcg >> Rn or Xcg/Rn>>1. Since the value of resistance was very
high, the distribution transformer method for generator neutral grounding was done.
Low voltage busbars:
We employed 11 KV medium voltage single bus bar arrangement and unit
Generator Transformer Scheme was used. Unit Generator scheme is a conventional
scheme preferred for medium sized power plants in a small power system where the plant
size is significant for the system. With the use of individual transformer for each
generator unit, unit protection of generator and transformer becomes easy. Overall
protection system becomes simple and easy to locate the faults.

High voltage busbars (66 kv):

We have chosen the Modified Main And Transfer Bus scheme considering its
reliability, flexibility, availability in operation and protection simplicity.
This type of scheme has many advantages as follows:
• Flexible operation
• Load can be shifted to any bus during maintaince of other bus.
• Periodic Maintence of breaker can be done without interrupting the power
supply.

Breakers:
The circuit breakers are used to protect the equipment during the fault condition.
The rated voltage and the breaking current are the parameter that calls for the desired
circuit breaker to be used in the protective scheme of an electrical system. We have used
the vaccum circuit breakers as the generator breakers (synchronizing breaker), SF6 circuit
breakers at the HV side and ACB at the station transformer side. A VCB breaker suffers
from the current chopping phenomenon. So to avoid this we have used the surge arrestor
in parallel with each of its phases.

Transformer:
We have used 3 phase delta / star transformer to step up the voltage from 11 kv to
transmission line voltage i.e. 66 KV. The MVA capacity of the transformer is 7 MVA.
Station transformer of 11/ 0.4 KV delta /star is used to supply power for the auxillaries.
Calculation of resistance grounding

Generator : MVA rating =7.2 MVA, 11KV, 0.85 pf, 377.9 A

Capacitance of terminals of generator with respect to ground Co= 0.135 µF for 11 KV
level.
Capacitance of surge capacitance = 0.25 µF
Other capacitances are negligible.
Cg = 3(C0 + Cs) = 1.155 µF


Xcg =  = 2756 Ω = Rn

The value of Rn is in range of high resistance , hence distribution transformer is selected.

A distribution transformer of ratio 11/

Г is selected.
Transformation ratio = 13.23
A neutral resistor to be inserted in secondary is
Rn’ = Rn/n2 = 15.74 Ω
Rating of Distribution transformer
The fault current that flows in secondary resistor is
Isec(max) = Vsec(max)/ Rsec = 480/15.74 = 30.5 A
The thermal rating of the transformer should be
KVA = Esec rated * Isec max = 14.6 KVA
Hence,
Dry type transformer = 15 KVA, 11/

Г
 Lab No. – 4

Type Of Transmission Line Circuit

In our Scheme we used the double Transmission line circuit for the power evacuation.
From the standard table of ACSR conductors,
The current carrying capacity of the line is 430 A at 200 C. For reliable operation
and for maintenance purpose, we used parallel feeders and each feeder is capable of
carrying full load current which is 115 A. Also while using double circuit the capacity to
evacuate the power increases.



Line current =  



High Voltage Bus Bar Scheme Selection:

We have chosen the Modified Main And Transfer Bus scheme considering its
reliability, flexibility, availability in operation and protection simplicity.
This type of scheme has many advantages as follows:
• Flexible operation
• Load can be shifted to any bus during maintaince of other bus.
• Periodic Maintence of breaker can be done without interrupting the power
supply.

Fig: Modified Main and Transfer Bus

Modes of Operation:
Normal operation ( Main Bus Operation) :

For maintenance of circuit breaker 1 - :

Fault occurring at Main Bus:

Calculation of Fault current and Fault MVA level

The fault occurs at various points as shown in the figure:

Fig: 1
For the generator capacity of 7.2 MVA and synchronous speed 333 RPM the per unit sub-
transient reactance of the generator selected from the graph below is 22.5%.
Generator Sub-Transient
Transient Reactance

Similarly for the transformer capacity of 8MVA and high voltage winding 33KV the
transformer impedance is selected
lected from the table below as 9.87
9.87%.
Transformer Impedance
With reference to, ACSR conductor table, for Bear conductors, the line reactance is taken
to be 0.220 Ω/km.
Length of the line =50km
Total reactance of the line= 0.220 Ω /km * 50km = 11 Ω
Now, we take,
Base KV (on LV side of transformer) =11 KV
Base KV (on HV side of transformer) =72 KV
Base MVA = 7.2 MVA
Base reactance (on LV side) = (base kv) 2/ base MVA = (11 2 / 7.2)
= 16.8 Ω
Base reactance (on HV side) = (base kv) 2/ base MVA = (72 2 / 7.2)
= 720 Ω


Base Current = = 377.9 A





PU reactance of Transmission line =  = 0.01563 pu
2
PU reactance of Transformer (PU new ) = PU old *(Base KV old /Base KV new ) *(Base MVA new /Base MVA

old )

=0.096*(11/11) 2 *(7.2/7) =0.0987 pu

Now,
Xpu (generator) =0.225pu
Xpu (Transformer) =0.0987pu
Xpu (line) =0.01563pu
Calculations of Fault at different positions:
Fault at position 1:

0.225 0.0987
0.021

0.021
0.0987


  !

"
  
! !

  !

" #$

%

%
=0.10633Ω

&
I fault (pu) = 
' = 9.403 pu

I fault (actual) = I fault (pu) * Base Current = 9.403 * 377.9 A

= 3554 A
Fault MVA = Base MVA / (X pu ) eq =67.713 MVA

Fault at position 2:

H V
0.225 L V 0.0987 0.0105

(X pu ) eq = 0.225 pu

I fault (pu) = 1<0 /0.225 =4.44 pu

I fault (actual) =4.44 * 377.9 = 1679.5 A

Fault MVA = Base MVA / (X pu ) eq =110.06 MVA

Fault at Position 3:

0.225 0.0987
0.021
0.021


 
  
! !

  !

" #$

%

%
=0.00763 Ω


Ipu =' = 131.04A

Iact = 131.04 * 57.73

= 7565.40 A
Fault MVA = Base MVA / (X pu ) eq =943.64 MVA

Fault at Position 4:

H V
0.225 LV
0.0987
4

Xpu = 0.225 + 0.0.0987 = 0.3237 pu

Ipu =   
" pu

Iact = 3.089 * 57.73 A =178.34 A

Fault MVA = Base MVA / (X pu ) eq =22.24 MVA
Fault at Position 5:

0.021
5
cb5

Xpu = 0.01563 pu


Ipu = 
('  %"# pu

Iact = 63.97 * 57.73 = 3693.5 A

Fault MVA = Base MVA / (X pu ) eq =46.065 MVA

Fault at Position 6:

0.225 0.0987
0.021

0.225 0.0987
cb5
6

Xpu = ) ) ) 

 23
1 1
*++,-**./0 *++,-**./0 **),

Ipu =  #
23

(

Iact = 70.15 * 57.73 = 4049.76 A

Fault MVA = Base MVA / (X pu ) eq =505.263 MVA
Ratings Of Circuit Breakers:

CB Rate Rated Freq Normal Breaking Making Short time Rated

Volt insulaton uency Current Current Current Rating Impulse
KV level KV A KA KA Current Current
1 12 60 50 400 8 20.4 8 20.4
2 72.5 325 50 800 12.5 31.875 12.5 31.875
3 72.5 325 50 800 12.5 31.875 12.5 31.875
4 12 60 50 400 8 20.4 8 20.4
5 72.5 325 50 800 12.5 31.875 12.5 31.875
6 72.5 325 50 800 12.5 31.875 12.5 31.875
7 72.5 325 50 800 12.5 31.875 12.5 31.875
8 0.6 325 50 800 12.5 31.875 12.5 31.875
9 0.6 325 50 800 12.5 31.875 12.5 31.875
10 72.5 325 50 800 12.5 31.875 12.5 31.875

Conclusion

Hence by the end of the report we designed the 12 MW Dhunche

Hydropower Project on the basis of Medium Hydropower Project (NEA 1997)
Method. In this report we also calculated the catchments area, head, the
discharge and output of the plant. This report also include turbine selection on the
basis of various criteria ,SLD using different bus bar ,neural grounding , excitation
schemes used in various power plants existing in Nepal. Report include fault
current calculation at different bus bar and circuit breaker ratings.
The Table for the proper selection of breaker is shown below
 ACSR CONDUCTOR IS : 398 [PART-II]

Current Rating Inductive Reactance

Resistance Tensile Overall
At 20oC Strength Diameter Calculated
Code Name In Still Air With Wind 30 MM 50 MM
Breaking Load

Ohm/km N/mm2 Mm A A Spacing Spacing

MOLE 2.718 407 4.50 40 70 0.352 0.374 3.97

SQUIRREL 1.374 771 6.33 76 120 0.325 0.355 7.61

GOPHER 1.098 952 7.09 85 130 0.318 0.349

WEASEL 0.9116 1136 7.77 95 150 0.314 0.345 11.12

FERRET 0.6795 1503 9.00 115 175 0.308 0.339

RABBIT 0.5449 1860 10.05 135 200 0.305 0.335 18.25

MINK 0.4565 2207 11.00 165 250 0.302 0.353

HORSE 0.3977 6108 13.95 185 270 0.296 0.327

BEAVER 0.3841 2613 12.00 176 257 0.299 0.327

RACOON 0.3656 2746 12.30 180 260 0.298 0.329 26.91

OTTER 0.3434 2923 12.60 185 270 0.297 0.328

CAT 0.3020 3324 13.50 195 290 0.296 0.327

DOG 0.2745 3299 14.20 205 305 0.283 0.315 32.41

LEOPARD 0.2193 4137 15.85 275 395 0.259 0.282

COYOTE 0.2214 4638 16.86 260 380 0.238 0.268

TIGER 0.2221 5758 16.50 265 385 0.240 0.271

WOLF 0.1844 6880 18.10 305 425 0.235 0.266 67.34

LYNX 0.1589 7950 19.60 335 470 0.230 0.261

PANTHER 0.1375 9127 21.00 370 510 0.225 0.256 89.67

LION 0.1223 10210 22.30 405 560 0.222 0.252

BEAR 0.1102 11310 22.90 430 590 0.220 0.250

GOAT 0.08989 13780 26.00 495 665 0.213 0.224

SHEEP 0.07771 15910 28.00 554 745 0.210 0.240

KUNDAH 0.07213 9002 26.82 575 775 0.211 0.242 88.79

DEER 0.06786 18230 29.90 590 800 0.207 0.237

ZEBRA 0.06915 13245 28.62 610 812 0.205 0.237 130.32