c

c 

The social effects of tsunami, landslides, flood, drought and fire in Malaysia have
raised many concerns about the adequacy of federal response to natural disasters and the role
of the military. Many countries, international organizations and non-governmental
organizations offered relief aid to the region in the form of donations as well as relief
supplies, including food, medical supplies and others. Other organization that involved is
Malaysian Armed Forces (MAF), Civil Defense Department (JPA3), the Special Search and
Rescue Team Malaysia (SMART), Fire and Rescue Department and other agencies.

The ˜
˜ of this topic is to explore the impact of a role on the military in the
disaster relief. The role of the military response to disaster will be discuss on pre, during and
post disaster.

The ˜ about tsunami at Pulau Pinang, landslide at Bukit Antarabangsa, flood at
Kelantan, drought and fire disaster will be discuss on this study.

Once in the field, the military have a primary mission to establish security on overall
operation and make it possible for responsible organizations to operate relief activity. The
military emphasis on a limited mission and successful exit strategy to provide further
opportunities for misunderstanding. Secondary mission in disaster response is to assist in
creating conditions that will permit the host nation to return to normalcy. This mission is often
more controversial than the first, given that it requires the military to perform duties outside
of its primary responsibility of ensuring a secure environment (Azan & Juraimy, 2011).

Military missions in complex emergency operations typically fell into five general
categories; providing humanitarian assistance (conduct airlift and sealift, provide specialized
functions and provide vital supplies), protecting humanitarian assistance (secure airports and
seaports, secure distribution on relief, protect International Organization (IO) and NGO
personnel and establish safe areas), assisting refugees and displaced persons (construct and
maintain camps, protect refugees and internally displaced person and support return and
resettlement) enforcing a peace agreement (apply sanctions, separate belligerent forces and
disarm belligerent forces) and restoring order (halt violence, reinstate civil authority, assist
Police Forces and restore Civil Infrastructure) (Azan & Juraimy, 2011).
 Specifically, we argue that an increased military response to disasters will shape the
recovery experience for survivors, reshape the role of the military, enhance presidential power
and fundamentally recast the administration of public policy. With concerns about the
adequacy of a federal response to natural disasters, questions about what role the military
lawfully plays in recovery efforts is paramount. The executive branch of government has
alluded to the possibility of military deployment as the first stage of response to disasters, as
defined in the broadest context, in the future (Pinkowski, J., 2008).

—cc

 

   cc
c 

With its highly trained personnel and the ability to move people and material quickly
on a large scale, the military can provide significant disaster response assistance.

—

c
 (Azan &Juraimy, 2011)


a) Providing humanitarian assistance:
By conducting airlift and sealift where they provide specialized functions and provide
vital supplies.

b) Protecting humanitarian assistance:

By secure airports and seaports where they secure distribution of relief, protect
International Organization (IO) and NGO personnel and establish safe areas.

c) Assisting refuges and Internally Displaced Person (IDPs):

By construct and maintain camps, protects refugees and Internally Displaced Person
(IDPs) and support return and resettlement.

d) Enforcing a peaceagreement:
By apllying sanctions, separating belligerent forces and disarm belligerant forces.

e) Restoring order:
By halting violence, reinstate civil authority, assist Police Forces and restore Civil
Insfrastruct
—
   — 

The handling of disaster in Malaysia are currently conducted through the Committee
System which emphasizes on the concept of coordination and mobilizations of agencies
involved in an integrated and coordinated manner. The total commitment from the agencies to
involved in handling a disaster. Malaysian Armed Forces (MAF) is one of the agencies
involved.

MAF¶s capabilities in natural disaster relief(Azan & Juraimy, 2011) :

a)? Special functional skills and equipment that support specific response operations.
? Transportation.
? Military construction equipment.
? Search and rescue operations.
? Establishing field and mobile hospitals.
? Surveillance and reconnaissance.
? Situation and damage assessment.
b)? Communications that permit disaster command and control to function.
? Equipment and trained personnel.
c)? Organized forces can be employed as units providing general support.
? Equipment and disciplined personnel.

The role and duty of MAF are as follows(Azan & Juraimy, 2011):
a)? To support by offering services of members from all ranks during disaster.
b)? To support in providing limited transportation vehicle for land, air or sea at all level of
disaster.
c)? To assist with preparing machinery equipment facilities to be used in relation to
disaster at all level.
d)? To provide skill services, such as experts in explosive, engineering, communication,
and any form of aid if necessary.
e)? To assist with contruction works if needed to facilitate the operation during disaster.
f)? To provide diver services if required.
g)? To carry out search and rescue operation based on necessity during disaster.
h)? To prepare ³Air Ambulance´ as first aid and to evacuate victims.
i)? To provide ³liaison officers´ at all levels.
 å)? To offer emergency relief services when MAF is the first agency to reach the place of
incident and will only hand over the responsibility when official authority on disaster
arrived to continue works according to the issued directive.


—  
—


 

On 26 December 2004, an earthquake occurred at 0855 hours in northern Sumatra,

where vibration were felt by some states in the coast of Peninsular Malaysia (Perlis, Kedah,
Penang, Perak and Selangor) and cause a tsunami. Armed Forces involve in providing
assistance in three phases:

1) During Disaster:

Phase One: Search and rescue victims.

-? Search and rescue operation µOPS BANTU¶ and also involved by public agencies.
-? For Pulau Pinang, four cars of 2 RAMD was used in two areas (two vehicles on the
island of Betong, Balik Pulau and two more in Permatang Damar Laut) to transfer
residents in the area. While 19 and 3 KAD RAMD used to the city Kuala Muda,
Kedah in the efforts search and rescue victims of the billow.
-? MK 6 Bgd has also established a µMini Tek¶ in Kota Kuala Muda to monitor
conditions.

2) Post Disaster:

Second phase: Cleaning the incident.

-? The army has involved as a coordinator in cleaning operation. This operation use
equipment and some of machinery (Bulldozer, Backhoe and Tipper).
-? This cleaning operation implemented in several group to clean up waste construction
of houses destroyed with help from public agencies and victims / residents.

Third Phase: Involving member of the improvement homes damaged infrastructure.

-? Repair home and damaged infrastructure from 17 January 2005 and was expected to
be completed in two months.
-? The MK 6 Bgd seeking a detailed budget breakdown and victim homes expenses to be
repaired.
-? This repair work involves experts from the Div RAJD and teams of 6 Bgd.
-? This phase proåect named µTentera Bersama Rakyat¶



 

1) Pre disaster:

Flood forecasting and warning system constitutes an effective and economical means
to reduce loss of lives, trauma of disaster and property damage. Since 1971, DID have been
designated with the task of providing flood forecasting and warning services to the public
(http://www.unesco-ihpmalaysia.com). It is the duty and responsibility has been assigned to
the Malasian Armed Forces (MAF) to assist in providing services of various aspects of
performing a secondary task to help public authorities in the inåury

At this moment, the real-time information of rainfall and river water level is published
on-line via the flood information website and could be directly accessed by government
officials and the public. Moreover, short messages system (SMS) is also provided to give an
alert to relevant officers in-charge of government agencies such as police, army, Malaysia
Meteorological Department (MMD), JPA3, DID, and National Security Division (BKN) at
Prime Minister Department.

2) During disaster:

Example situation: -? KUALA LUMPUR, Jan 31 ² with three dead and over 40,000
already evacuated from Johor, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan and
Pahang many are still trapped in several flood-hit Johor towns
with no electricity and food or water supplies
(http://www.themalaysianinsider.com).
-? In 2004, disaster the flood situation in Kelantan and Terengganu
valid simultaneously started on 10 and 11 December 2004.
Floods that swept across the country, especially in Kota Bharu
Kelantan said the worst since the last 15 years.

MAF also helps provide for the needs of machinery equipment, expert services,
construction work and the Air Ambulance for emergency aid and transfer of victims disaster.
The forcing the army into action to provide relief alongside overhelmed rescue worker.
Military using their own transportation such lorry 3ton, landrover, charlie to send food and
water supply and also to remove victiom to other safe place. There are only way in or out of
flood surrounding village is by boat and in various spots around the southern state, homes and
surrounding roads are now under water.

As we know, MAF involved in flood disaster is Armed Forces and Air Forces. Armed
Forces will give supporting using their forces and help victim to remove treasure for them.
Among the units under auspices of the Brigade Headquarters, 8involved
in the Ops Disaster(FLOOD), including 16 RAMD, 18 RAMD, 21 RAMD, 5 RRD, 301 Inf
Bn.(AW), 302 Inf. Bn(AW), Reå 506 AW and 512 AW. Additional assistance is of 4
Division. Air Forces give supporting using helicopter to remove victim and send supply and
food supply. And then, military has role to provide amount money for give to all victims for
ease bruden to them. Such as, budget transportion and food. Military have cooperation with
other agencies, NGO¶s and private sector. Armed Forces related well with the Public
Authority (PBA). In fact, the motion a rescue operation exercise program their own
mechanism. During the flood disaster, a lot of donor from other members such tesco
company, carrefour and society.

3) Post Disaster (MASCO, 2008):

-? Controlling the selection and training of staff for the preparation whenever required.
-? Maintaining trained forces to provide military and technical assistance, surveillance
activities, search and rescue and disaster relief operations.
-? Two aspects his concern is in terms of smooth administration movement of the
operating room where each movement should be governed systematic and orderly the
chaos that might can be no confusion and complexity in rescue operations (Brig Jen
Mahdi Yusof)
-? Party involved should be prepared these include a µDry Run´ for the possible during
best and prepare future disasters.


 


On 6th Disember 2008, a catastrophic landslide had occured in Bukit Antarabangsa,

Kuala Lumpur. The tragic landslide had destroyed 14 luxury bungalows at Bukit Mewah,
Bukit Antarabangsa, also, had killed at least 5 people and at least 14 people were inåured. The
tragedy happens at 3.30 a.m. 3,000 to 5,000 people from around the incident area were
affected and the roads to their residence were cut out. (Bernama)

1) During disaster

? Search and rescue party by SMART team and also the Fireman team had been
carried out starting at 4 a.m.

? Medical teams were there to give treatments to the inåured victims.

? NGOs also participate in helping the victims to cater their basic needs such as
food, medical, clothes and so on

? âarious government agencies such as Local Authorities like Maålis
Perbandaran Ampang also participate to help in the search and rescue.

2) Post Disaster

? MAF also had been deployed to the disaster site. The troops from the Engineer
corps arrived at about 9 am that day, started work to build an
alternative road to facilitate the rescue operation was not something that is
difficult for the existing MAF trained to do so

? Alternative way has been made from the top of the hill to
cross Luxury Apartment to facilitate the process of bringing people out of the
ruins site


? Tactical bridge was built by the army on Dec 7 to connect the park to the
Riverdale Park Hill Luxury Condominiums located adåacent to the park. The
type of the bridge is DR90 Type Bridge over the 250 meters
that can accommodate loads as heavy as 70 tons.

? The troops also helping other teams to do search and rescue with their big
strength.


—cc

 
c c

   c 

 Public administration issues are quite a big problem when it comes decision making. It
takes sometime to do decision making for them because there are too much overlapping
responsibilities and resources from various agencies. Coordination becomes more difficult
because of that and that is dangerous as it pose threats to civilian life, public order and
national security.

Effective coordination is needed among different agencies or department as there are

multiple class of workers that will work together to achieve the goals. It could be difficult as
different people have different perspective, emotional, or interest. Thus cooperation in this
mass collaboration could be a disaster to a disaster. Decision made by one agency or
department head has the potential to affect hundreds of thousands of federal employees, and
result in the expenditure of billions of federal dollars.

Mass collaboration to administration of response could be further complicated when

each agency has different specific culture which derive from their own history, mission,
leadership, headquarters location, and also political interest. Clashes of opinion are possible
when all of them have different criteria. Thus decision making process would take longer time
to achieve consensus.

Bureaucracy is also one of the maåor problems when it comes to decision making in
response in the aftermath of a disaster. Different agencies work in unique web of executives,
congressional and åudicial authority. Furthermore, some of the agencies often have
reorganization and they have different style of staff engagement, budgeting and so on. This
detracts them from more public service oriented behaviours. Sometimes, agencies had
difficulties to coordinate their internal policy which will eventually affecting their ability to
coordinate with other agencies.

Response in aftermath of a disaster must be immediate. In order to be effective,

agency goal must be consensual, clear, final, measurable and consistent. But is rare to happen.
According to Kirschenbau (2004), military type chain of command or highly formalistic
bureaucratic can such level of conciseness be achieved.
 Political agenda is inherent in agencies. It seems to adversely affect the effectiveness
of these organizations to provide the service needed in the aftermath of the disasters. The
agency must give all their best to provide help and services to the victims not based on
political interest or do the right thing to get them to be re-elected.

President of a country or in our case, a prime minister can involve in the response in
the aftermath of a disaster. When a prime minister or a president is in charge of an agency, it
would be more visible to the public and thus it is easier to be held accountable for the
organization performance. The combination of a good leader and a military with good chain
of command, immediate action can be promoted when the leadership¶s decision will eliminate
the time taken for a non military agency to take action. Military style is good because each
personnel will be given a mission, interagency åurisdiction, political insulation and the
authority needed to be time-effective in the aftermath of a disaster.

However, militarization in response of a disaster only is not enough. Collaboration

with other agency also is needed to speed up actions. Collaboration with other agencies such
as medical relieve, special units such as the fireman, search and rescue team is needed to
ensure the response is effective. NGO involvements is also needed at all time because military
cannot handle the relieve response alone with limited resource and specialty. For example
World Health Organization can provide medical relieve and traumatic treatment. There are
NGOs that provide food supply, clothing, and water and so on. This will strengthen up the
aftermath response.
   

1 Pasukan Mencari dan Menyelamat Khas 35
(SMART)
2 Jabatan Pertahan Awam Malaysia (JPAM) 50
3 Polis DiRaåa Malaysia (PDRM) 114
4 Hospital 10
5 Pasukan Penyelamat DBKL 10
6 Angkatan Tentera Malaysia (ATM) 145
7 Maålis Perbandaran Ampang Jaya (MPAJ) 75
8 IKRAM 6
9 Pasukan Relawan Rakyat (RELA) 91
10 Pasukan Gerak Am (PGA) 33
11 Pasukan Bomba Sukarela (Bangsar dan 9
Bukit Dagang)
12 JKR (Gombak) 10
13 Tenaga Nasional (TNB) 6
14 Maålis Keselamatan Negara (MKN) 7
15 Syarikat Telekom 5
16 Squad AMK 69
?


?
?
 
?
?? 
?
? 


?

 ?(Jabatan Bomba dan
Penyelamat, 2009)

From the table above, we can see that military is very dominant in this response and
relieve of Bukit Antarabangsa landslide tragedy. Though military is the main elements of
response and relieve squad, other agency¶s involvement we¶re needed too. For example,
military doesn¶t have the ability to restore the communication to the affected area. TNB also
needed to restore back the electrical supply to the affected area. Not to say military is useless,
they were sent to lead a mission until the end of the relieve. With good combination of chain
of command and a big number of strength, task, mission or anything can be done fast.


 —cc
c c 
    c
c— 
 c!cc 

Militarization of disaster relief is a new phenomenon that seems to be eminent for

handling mass disasters in the United States given the recent changes to the Insurrection act
by Congress. In addition, Malaysian Armed Forces has take responsibility to ensure society in
Malaysian safely for disaster relief. Although the military has played an important role in
supporting disaster rescue and recovery efforts, it has never spearheaded the overall effort.
Hence, it is important to analyze the role that the rescue operation from the military played in
the response to landslides in Malaysia and gain some understanding about what we can expect
in the future.

There are more than 600 people involved in the search and rescue operations from the
military, Civil Defence Department, Special Malaysia Disaster Assistance and Rescue (Smart)
team, Fire & Rescue department, Red Crescent, hospitals and the Ampang Jaya Municipal
Council (http://thestar.com.my). Malaysia's Armed Forces (MAF) are responsible for the
protection of the country against internal and external threats. They serve in a wide variety of
situations such as assisting civil authorities in addressing domestics threats, maintaining
public security, providing aid following the onset of natural disasters, and assisting in national
development programs.

The Malaysian Armed Forces (MAF) is comprised of three branches of service:

>? The Royal Malaysian Army (RMA) is responsible for the safeguarding of the nation
against land-based threats.
>? The Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN) protects Malaysia's coastlines, territorial waters, and
economic zones from potential trespass or illegal activity.
>? The Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF) maintains and operates a capability that is ready
and able to proåect aerospace power to secure Malaysia's airspace and protect national
interests.

The rescue operation from the military agreed and was responsible for the logistics of
delivering food to the affected areas. And then, MAF started their operation to find out among
victim during landslides of Highland tower occurs. All agencies in government and non
NGO¶s take part to settle problem on the landslide at there.
 In the future, the first line of emergency preparedness will lie with state and local
officials and their respective National Guards. However, given the recent changes to the
Insurrection Act, federal troops can be used to enforce laws and will be essential in assisting
police agencies with maintaining order. Although state and local officials have a greater
sensitivity for the weakness and strength of their communities and are therefore critical to
relief efforts, the recent changes have made it very clear that the president will play a much
larger role in state level disaster management. Hence, in the case of a landslide or other
natural disaster that can be predicted, involving the MAF from the start will not be optional
and will likely improve condition for people affected by the disaster. (Jack Pinkowski, 2008)

In addition, the execution of its main mission of protecting the nation, the MAF
maintains large stockpiles of ready to eat meals, generators, and other emergency supplies,
and is uniquely qualified to handle the logistical challenges of delivering these supplies.
Providing the MAF with a greater role and more autonomy to take part in disaster of
landslides hits the victims and allows the MAF and other agencies such as Malaysia Mercy to
provide greater assistance in a timelier manner. This in turn would translate into improved
conditions for victims in the days following a landslides occur through more efficient
evacuations, better distribution of food and water, and greater access to field hospitals.

Last but not least, every agencies have an own role to take initiative for their
responsibility. The Civilian and society will give support to help MAF to be success in their
mission. And then, both the military and NGO community often go about accomplishing the
mission differently. The military seeks to stabilize the situation in the short term by
establishing a secure environment, stopping hunger, setting up temporary shelters in the face
of natural disasters, or otherwise easing humanitarian pressures.


—cc

   —


(Sources: Meå. Ahmad Azan Ridzuan; Meå. Mohd Juraimy Hå. Kadir, 2011)

First of all, while increased military engagement in humanitarian assistance activities

may be possible future trends, a number of military, political and humanitarian analysts have
begun to seriously question whether this is an appropriate for peace support operation,
concluding that the differences in approach and aims go beyond mere misunderstanding.

Second, the idea that increased cooperation and with coordination, will itself improve
humanitarian assistance is a pervasive but relatively unchallenged assumption. However,
there is no clear evidence that indicates a significant correlation between military and
humanitarian coordination in the field and the quality or effectiveness of humanitarian
assistance efforts. Military also have connection with other agencies to give support during
landslides occurred.

Finally, the simplistic perception that barriers between humanitarian agencies and the
military are based in misunderstandings and cultural clashes glosses over much deeper,
intrinsic differences between core aims and principles. The core aims is the military has a core
mandate to foster security and protect civilians by establishing and enforcing a safe and stable
environment. Then, humanitarian agencies, by contrast, have a mandate to directly implement
humanitarian aid programmes. It is essential that these two roles, first is impartial
humanitarian assistance as a response to an urgent and inalienable right and second, peace
operations with their inevitably partial and political mandates are kept separate.

  
"  —


There are three fundamentals:

First, the humanitarian organisation has primacy in humanitarian work. In the first
instance, humanitarian work should be performed by humanitarian organisations to ensure
they know how to do during disaster events. Civilian¶s implementation is always preferable to
military implementation. Civilian will give support to military to increase their performance
to help victims in disaster.
 Second, civilian humanitarian agencies can never operate under the command of the
military. This violates the core principles of independence. Civilian will support activities by
military to ensure all society especially disaster relief to help victims.

Third, from the perspective of humanitarian agencies, the primary aims of

international military peace support force should be to establish and maintain order and
security, protects civilian and facilitate a comprehensive settlement of the conflicts.


—cc

 
c!c
c 

There are some military activities for the general and exceptional activities to make various
ways for help others. Military activities not specified in Malaysia but include outside country.
This is explanation about Military activities for general circumstances and exceptional
circumstances:

I.? Military Activities in General Circumstances

Military is one part forces have responsibility to help humanitarian activities

especially in disaster. Disaster is not specific in Malaysia but include national disaster to help
society outside country to get food, medicine and stockpiles. It is not appropriate for the
military to directly implement humanitarian activities in ³general circumstances´, that is,
when humanitarian agencies are present and capable of delivering services. General
circumstances are situation where there are enough humanitarian agencies operating to
address humanitarian needs.

Other than that, implement quick impact proåects, such as minor repairs of schools and
clinics. Such so called hearts and minds operations are conducted for the sake of publicity and
psychological benefits, such as ensuring community goodwill, maintaining positive media
coverage and sustaining staff morale. They are not humanitarian and should never be
confused with impartial, principled humanitarian assistance based on community needs and
priority.

II.? Military Activities in Exceptional Circumstances

It is generally inappropriate for the military to directly implement humanitarian activities.

However, be rare occasions when the scale of humanitarian needs such that agencies require
short term assistance.

In such exceptional circumstances military or civil defence resources will be called for
only when the following criteria are met:

? The military are means of last option: there is no other humanitarian option, and the
absence of assistance would result in unacceptable human sufferings.

? There is a significant level of need, as determined by civilians agencies, including the
UN

? Assets and intervention must always remain under civilian controls

? Military interventions are always clearly time bound.






























   c — c
c #—cc

 
c 

1)? The search for a balance between the core businesses of either types of of
organisations. Whereas the military has security as its core business, humanitarian
oragnisations search their strength in the field of aid. In fact humanitarian NGO¶s
presuppose the security provided by the military.
2)? The military and humanitarian NGOs have a different forum for their accountability.
Whereas the armed forces always react upon their government, parliament or the IGO
they are part of, the humanitarian organisation primarily react upon their civil
supporters at home.
3)? Different mandates - NGO¶s should develop a kind of µdoctrine¶ for humanitarian-
military cooperation from other side, hopefully not apart from each other, but together
with partner organisations which are active in a certain crisis area.

The µdoctrine¶ principles for humanitarian-military cooperation should provide the common
responsibilities of civil organisations and armed forces.

U? The respect of the basic rights of the population in a crisis area, including the right to
be given if it has become necessary.
U? Basic area of the local population in a crisis area is that aid is given in such a way that
the capacities for self-help and the capacity for self-organisation and political
participation are being promoted instead of being undermined by the given aid.



 c

Tsunami, landslides, flood, drought and fire was a natural disaster unrivaled in size,
but in an age when global terrorism is a constant threat, many citizens were taken aback by
the poor relief efforts following its landfall. The military assume many of the relief tasks and
proved rather successful in doing so. In looking toward the future, it is inevitable that there
will be many more disasters such as landslide at Highland Towers, tsunami in Pulau Pinang,
flood in Kelantan and others. Therefore, it is a vital function of the federal government to
meet the needs of the communities and states affected when they are overwhelmed by
disasters of this magnitude.

One way to improve the effectiveness of the federal response would be to assign
greater roles to the military. However, if as a nation we choose to charge the military with a
broader disaster relief role, we must make sure that it does not adversely affect the military¶s
other missions. In addition to adversely affecting the military in the international area, a great
deal of administrative attention must be given to the issue as well. With the ability to police
the nation¶s population in severe emergency situations, the office of the President will enter
into a new era marked by more executive power and authority (Pinkowski, J., 2008).


    

1)? Meå. Ahmad Azan Ridzuan(Retired) & Meå. Mohd Juraimy Hå. Kadir, 2011. Modules
and Notes Disaster Management DRM 3043 Edition 1/2011.
2)? Flood and drought management malaysia, http://www.unesco-
ihpmalaysia.org/floodDrought2.php retrieved on 1 march 2011.

3) Final Landslide Investigation Report, Cawangan Keåuruteraan Cerun, Jabatan Keråa

Raya Malaysia, retrieved from http://www.scribd.com/doc/30927769/Bukit -a-
Landslide-Report-âol-1-Page-2-to-30

4) K. Kurniawati and M.R Nurqalby, (2008, December 31) Peranan SMART Terus
Cemerlang Hadapi Bencana Tanah Runtuh, 
 
Retrieved from
http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v3/bm/news_lite.php?id=381057

5) The Star Team, (2008, December 6) Massive landslide at Bukit Antarabangsa (Update
13) ?

?Retrieved from
http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/12/6/nation/20081206081039&sec=n
ation

6) Operasi Mencari dan Menyelamat Tragedi Tanah Runtuh di Bukit Antarabangsa,

(2009) Jabatan Bomba dan penyelamat, Retrieved from
http://www.bombasel.gov.my/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&
gid=112&lang=malay?

7) Armed Forces To Identify Another Alternative Walk-way, (2008, December 7)


 
?Retrieved from http://web10.bernama.com/landslide/news.php?id=376947