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1/07)
2009/2010
Academic Session:
NOTES : * If the thesis is CONFIDENTIAL or RESTRICTED, please attach with the letter from
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“Here, I declare that I have read this project report and in my opinion it is fully
adequate in terms of scope and quality in part fulfillment of the requirement for the
Bachelor’s Degree of Electrical Engineering (Power).”
Signature : ………………………
APRIL 2010
ii
I declare that this thesis entitled “ Contingency Analysis for Power Transmission
Security “ is the result of my own research except as cited in the references. The thesis
has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of
any other degree.
Signature : ....................................................
Name : MOHD AZMI B MOHD RAZALI
Date : 26 APRIL 2010
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah, with Allah S.W.T blessing, praise to Almighty Allah S.W.T for
without his guidance I will not been able to complete my Final Year Project. Peace
and blessing to Prophet Rasullallah S.A.W who has bring the light to all mankind.
Special thanks to my mom, my father and my dear family, you all my main
drive to strive in life. Thanks for everything mom. Thankfulness also for my special
love, Nor Faiza Bt Ahmad Jasman for give support, encouragement, inspiration and
understanding me.
I also like to thank all of my friends for their support and encouragement
throughout conducting this project. Thanks for sharing the knowledge and
information that I needed for my project.
Finally, I would like to thank those who give me helps direct or indirectly
towards successfully completing this project. May God bless all of you for your
kindness.
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ABSTRACT
Power system security must be concern all the time to ensure that the system
always operate in a good condition. To make sure that the system operates in a good
condition, security assessment must be done on the system. There is many ways to
assess the security of the power system. One of the ways is to make sure that there is
no problem occurs at the transmission line such as power overload when one of the
transmission lines out. If there is a power overload in the system, contingency
analysis must be done on the system to secure back the system. To secure back the
system, transmission line in the system must be rank first according to its severity
using appropriate formula. This is because there are many transmission lines in the
system, only the most severe line only will be focused when come to the analysis
part. In this project, Power World software is used for the analysis and a modified
IEEE 14-bus system is used as the test system. This project only concern about the
transmission line in the system. In this project also only study about the method to
ranking the transmission line in the system. Transmission line in the system was
ranked by using the MW performance index formula.
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ABSTRAK
Keselamatan sistem kuasa perlu di titik beratkan pada setiap masa untuk
memastikan sistem beroperasi dalam keadaan yg baik. Untuk memastikan sistem
sentiasa beroperasi dalam keadaan yg baik, penilaian keselamatan sistem perlu
dilakukan. Terdapat banyak cara untuk menilai keselamatan sistem. Salah satu cara
adalah dengan memastikan tiada kuasa berlebihan di dalam talian penghantaran
apabila satu talian mengalami kerosakan. Jika terdapat kuasa berlebihan di dalam
talian, analisis luar jangkaan perlu dilakukan untuk mengembalikan kestabilan pada
sistem. Untuk mengembalikan kestabilan pada sistem, kesemua talian penghantaran
dalam sistem perlu dikelaskan mengikut tahap kerosakan. Ini adalah penting kerana
terdapat banyak talian penghantaran dalam sistem, jadi fokus hanya pada talian
penghantaran yg mempunyai kerosakan yg tinggi untuk di analisis. Dalam projek ini,
sistem ubah suai IEEE 14-palang di uji dengan menggunakan perisian Power World.
Projek ini hanyala menitik beratkan talian penghantaran dalam sistem. Dalam projek
ini juga hanya mempelajari cara-cara untuk mengkelaskan talian penghantaran
mengikut tahap kerosakan dalam sistem. Talian penghantaran telah dikelaskan
dengan menggunakan formula MW prestasi index.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION OF THESIS ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xi
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of study 1
1.2 Problem statement 2
1.3 Objectives of the project 3
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2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Power system security 4
2.2 Contingency analysis 5
2.3 Distribution factor and performance
Indices 6
2.3.1 Contingency analysis using linear
sensitivity factors 6
2.3.2 Distribution factors 7
2.3.3 Line outage distribution factor
(LODF) 7
2.3.4 MW performance index 8
3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 11
World software 14
3.4 Modified IEEE 14-bus system 15
5.1 Conclusion 31
5.2 Recommendation 32
REFERENCES 33
APPENDICES 35
x
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF SYMBOLS
P - Power
V - Voltage
xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES
Simulator 41
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Modern power systems are often operated near capacity. During periods of
peak demand, power lines may be loaded to near capacity. Operating a power system
near capacity requires quick response by operators in the event of an unexpected
change in the system operating configuration. Rapid security assessment is needed in
order for the system to continue to operate normally when contingencies occur.
As the demand for power increases, existing power grids are being more
frequently loaded nearly to capacity. As a result, system operators must rapidly
2
An expert system is a computer system that can behave like an expert. In this
case, the system will behave like a power system expert. In the event of a failure or
sudden change, the expert system can rapidly assess the power system operating
condition and provide the operators with a weighted list that indicates which power
lines in a network are most critically loaded and which is least critically loaded using
knowledge based approach. This greatly reduces the operators work load and can
vastly improve response time. The end result is improved system reliability.
In case of a line failure, bus voltages and currents change due to the
modification in the grid topology. In order to find these altered voltages and currents,
generally, the entire load flow calculations have to be redone. The method that will
be used to identify and ranking which line is the most severe is MW performance
index (PIMW). This is what we call it contingency analysis.
3
In this project only concentrate on MW line limit and voltage limits are
neglected. For this project, a modified IEEE-14 bus system will be used as a test
system. The system will be test and run by using Power World software. In this
project, it is assumed that contingency only occur at one line at a time.
LITERATURE REVIEW
This method can be used to prepare the list of “critical” cases from a set of
cases. Hence the non-violated cases can be eliminated. For many systems DC load
flow models provides adequate capability. DC load flow provides sufficient accuracy
with respect to the real power (megawatt) flows. Hence DC power flow is used to
prepare the set of critical cases using the linear sensitivity factors. Performance index
(PI) is then calculated to quantify the severity of the contingency. Ranking is given
based on the PI value. Hence the critical cases list is prepared on the ranking of the
contingencies. Full AC power flow can then be run on the critical cases.
7
The distribution factors approach has long been adopted by many utilities as
means of simulating a large number of contingencies. The method is known to be a
useful approximation. For a system with K contingencies and M monitored branch
flows, an ‘M × K’ array of distribution factors has to be computed. This computation
is time consuming and is usually performed off-line. The factors need to be
computed only after every topology change, which is less frequent than the actual
simulation interval; the speed with which it can perform the simulation is quite fast.
The line outage distribution factors are only applied to the testing for
overloads transmission circuit are lost. By definition, the line outage distribution
factor has the following meaning:
where:
= line outage distribution factor when monitoring line l after an outage on line k.
If one knows the power on line l and line k, the flow on line l with line k out
can be determined using ‘d’ factors.
8
Where:
An index for quantifying the extent of line overloads may be defined in terms
of MW performance index:
where Pl, the mw flow of line 1; , the mw capacity of line l; NL, the number of
lines of the system; Wli, real non-negative weighting factor (= 1); n, exponent of
penalty function.
The performance index PIMW contains all line flows normalized by their
limits. These normalized flows are raised to an even power (by setting n = 1,2,….)
thus, the use of absolute magnitude of flows is avoided. This index PIMW has a
small value, when all line flows are within their limits and a high value when there
are lines overloads.
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2.4.2 Line Flow Contingency Selection And Ranking Using Cascade Neural
Network By Rajendra Singh[9]
ranking at different loading conditions for IEEE 14-bus system. Once trained, the
cascade neural network gives fast and accurate screening and ranking for unknown
patterns and is found to be suitable for on-line applications at energy management
centre.
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
Figure 3.1.1 show the flow chart of the methodology. First of all I have to
study about the concept of the security in power system. Before conducting this
project, I have to study about the concept of the security in power system and
understand it to get a good result at the end of this project. The concept of the
security in power system has been discussed in literature review part.
Third step I have to chose the reference system. In this project, I use IEEE
14-bus system as a reference. From the IEEE 14-bus system, I modified it because
power world software student version only limited to 13 buses only. After created the
modified system, I have run the system using the Power World software (student
version). Finally I have analyzed the tested system.
13
For this project, IEEE 14-bus system is chosen for the case studies. The
original system consist of two generators, three synchronous compensators, eleven
loads, three transformer, 14 buses, fifth teen lines. The system is shown in figure
3.2.1:
.
Figure 3.2.1: IEEE 14-bus system
3.3 Simulate the System Using Power World Software (student version)
After choosing the system, I will simulate the system by using this software.
Power World Simulator is an interactive power systems simulation package designed
to simulate high voltage power systems operation on a time frame ranging from
several minutes to several days. The software contains a highly effective power flow
analysis package capable of efficiently solving systems with up to 100,000 buses but
for student version, it is limited to systems with 13 buses maximum only. By using
Power World software, I can do contingency analysis of the modified system that I
have created. Figure 3.3.1 shows the mainframe of the power world software:
Due to restrictions in the Power World (student version) the original system
has been modified. By using this software, I have created 12-bus system. Figure
3.4.1 shows the modified system that I have designed. From the figure 3.4.1, if
compared to the system below with actual IEEE 14-bus system, it can be seen that I
have take out bus 7 and bus 8 to complete this modified system. I also have taken out
the transformer between bus 5 and bus 6 and transformer between bus 4 and 9. I
replace the transformer with the transmission line. :
The parameters of this modified system are as in appendix B. First of all, before
taking any line out, I have to make sure that the system is in secure. This mean,
before taking any line out, there is no power flow in other line is over the limit. I
have set the power flow limit for each line is 100MW accept for line between bus 4
and bus 9 and line between bus 5 to bus 6 I set it limit to 150MW. Figure 3.4.1 show
that the system is in secure. Blue color on the line indicate that the power flow in that
line is below the limit and orange color on the line indicate that power flow in that
line almost reaching the limit.
CHAPTER 4
4.1 Introduction
This chapter will discuss about the result of two analyses. The first analysis is
to study the percentage of power flow over limit in transmission lines under line
outage contingencies and the second analysis to study the ability of the MW
performance index (PIMW) method in detecting critical contingencies. After that the
comparison of these two analysis results are made.
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After make sure that the system is in secure, I run the system and take out one
line out (line between bus 1 and bus 2) as in figure 4.2.1:
From the figure 4.2.1, it can be seen that when line between bus 1 and bus 2
was taken out, red color appeared on line between bus 1 and bus 5. This meant that
power flow in line between bus 1 and bus 5 is over the limit. After line between bus
1 and bus 2 was taken out, the reading of power flow in each of the other line was
taken. Then line between bus 1 and bus 2 is connected back and after that another
line is taken out and the power flow reading for each other lines are taken again. This
step was repeated for each line in the system. Next step, after taking all power flow
readings in each line when one line out, the lines were ranked according to its
severity by using MW performance index (PIMW) formula. Calculation process has
been done by using Microsoft office excel. This calculation was repeated by using
different value of n(n=1, 2, 3, 4, 5) of the PI. This ranking is later compared with the
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percentage of power flow over limit results. As an example, from the figure 4.2.1, the
percentage of power flow in line over the limit (line between bus 1 and bus 5) is
120% and percentage of power flow in the line that almost reach its limit (line
between bus 5 and bus 6) is 83%. This step will determine the severity of each line
outage (contingency) to the other line flows.
Table 4.3.1 shows that the percentage of power flow in line that over the
limit. When one line was taken out, there is a risk the power flow in other line is over
the limit that has been set. From the simulation, when one line was taken out, if on
other line appear red color it mean that power flow in that line is over the limit and if
on the other line appear orange color it mean that power flow in that line is almost
reaching the limit. The data in table 4.3.1 shows the ranking according to the
percentage of the power flow over the limit in the other line when one line was taken
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out. This data were collected to compare the result of this ranking (due to the
percentage of power flow over the limit in line) with the result of the ranking using
the performance index PIMW formula. In table 4.3.1 show that only when line 5 to 6,
4 to 9, 1 to 5 and 1 to 2 was taken out one by one, there is power flow in other line is
over their limit.
Table 4.4.1: Power Flow In Each Line (MW) When One Line Out
Table 4.4.1 show the data of the power flow in MW in each line when one
line was taken out at one time. From this data, line (taken out line) was rank by using
MW performance index (PIMW) formula until n=5. This data read from top to bottom.
Example, when line 1 to 2 out, power flow in line 1 to 5 becomes 120MW, line 2 to
3 is 10.53MW, line 2 to 4 is 47.07MW, line 2 to 5 is 40.69MW, and line 3 to 4 is
36.33MW and so on.
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In this part I will show the example in calculating the MW performance index
by using this formula:
where Pl, the MW flow of line 1; , the mw capacity of line l; NL, the
number of lines of the system; Wli, real non-negative weighting factor (= 1); n,
exponent of penalty function. This calculation was using data in table 4.4.1. Always
set the value of Wl = 1 for every calculation, = 100MW for every line accept
line 4 to 9 and line 5 to 6 ( =150MW), and the value of n use in the calculation
are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 one by one.
Refer to data in table 4.4.1, as example, PI index value when line 1 to 2 out:
There are 17 lines in the system. Pl is the MW flow in line. When line 1 to 2 taken
out, P1to2 =0MW, P1to5 =120MW, P2to3 =10.53MW, P2to5 =40.69MW, P3to4
=36.33MW, P4to5 =29.08MW, P4to9 =64.68MW, P5to6 =124.02MW, P6to11 =16.14MW,
P6to12 =34.15MW, P6to13 =62.53MW, P9to10 =3.64MW, P9to14 =28.83MW,
P10to11 =12.64MW, P12to13 =2.95MW, and P13to14 =16.07MW.
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Firstly the calculation start with n=1. Insert all data mentioned above in MW
performance index formula:
= 3.3728
This calculation was repeated for n=2,3,4 and 5. After that, calculate the
performance index when other line out using the same steps. The calculation data
was shown in table 4.5.2.
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Table 4.5.2 shows the ranking of line (taken out line) according to its
severity. Using different value of n its show that the ranking is not same if the value
of n change but it not has much different. That why the calculation must be done
until n=5. By this way, the severity of the line in the system can be rank accurately.
The performance index PIMW contains all line flows normalized by their limits.
These normalized flows are raised to an even power (by setting n = 1,2,….) thus,
the use of absolute magnitude of flows is avoided. This index PIMW has a small
value, when all line flows are within their limits and a high value when there are
lines overloads. There are 17 lines to be rank. Refer to table 4.5.2, line at ranking
number 1 has the highest severity and line at ranking number 17 has the lowest
severity. We can see that line between bus 5 and bus 6 is the most severe line for
each value of n (n=1, 2, 3, 4 and 5). Severity of the line is when that line is taken out,
the system is not in secure state (there is a power flow in other line is over the limit).
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4.6 Graph MW performance index (PIMW) versus line out using data in table
4.5.2
The results of the PI by using difficult value of n are plotted in figure 4.6.1,
figure 4.6.2, figure 4.6.3, figure 4.6.4, and figure 4.6.5. From the figures, it is
observed that as n increase, the index of the credible contingencies is significant as
compared to other contingencies.
PIMW
Line out
Figure 4.6.1: Graph MW performance index (PIMW) versus line out for n=1
Figure 4.6.1 show the graph of MW performance index versus line out for
value n= 1. It show that when the value of n=1, there is not much different of MW
performance index for each line out at one time. It also show that when line 5 to 6, 4
to 9, 1 to 5 and 2 to 4 out one by one have the higher MW performance index than
the other line.
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PIMW
Line out
Figure 4.6.2: Graph MW performance index (PIMW) versus line out for n=2
Figure 4.6.2 show the graph of MW performance index versus line out for
value n= 2. It show that when the value of n=2, the different of MW performance
index for each line out at one time is greater if compared with the graph in figure
4.6.1. It also show that when line 5 to 6, 4 to 9, 1 to 5 and 1 to 2 out one by one have
the higher MW performance index than the other line.
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PIMW
Line out
Figure 4.6.3: Graph MW performance index (PIMW) versus line out for n=3
Figure 4.6.3 show the graph of MW performance index versus line out for
value n= 3. It show that when the value of n=3, the different of MW performance
index for each line out at one time is greater if compared with the graph in figure
4.6.2. It also show that when line 5 to 6, 4 to 9, 1 to 5 and 1 to 2 out one by one have
the higher MW performance index than the other line.
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PIMW
Line out
Figure 4.6.4: Graph MW performance index (PIMW) versus line out for n=4
Figure 4.6.4 show the graph of MW performance index versus line out for
value n= 4. It show that when the value of n=4, the different of MW performance
index for each line out at one time is greater if compared with the graph in figure
4.6.3. It also show that when line 5 to 6, 4 to 9, 1 to 5 and 1 to 2 out one by one have
the higher MW performance index than the other line.
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PIMW
Line out
Figure 4.6.5: Graph MW performance index (PIMW) versus line out for n=5
Figure 4.6.5 show the graph of MW performance index versus line out for
value n= 5. It show that when the value of n=5, the different of MW performance
index for each line out at one time is greater if compared with the graph in figure
4.6.4. It also show that when line 5 to 6, 4 to 9, 1 to 5 and 1 to 2 out one by one have
the higher MW performance index than the other line.
4.7 Comparison between the results of the line ranking (due to the
percentage of power flow over the limit in line) with the result of the line
ranking using the performance index PIMW formula
Table 4.7.1 show the final ranking of the line due to its severity. Top ranking
is the most severe line and the bottom ranking is the lowest severity or not severe.
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4.8 Summary
From the analysis it show that the comparison between the result of the
ranking due to percentage of power flow over limit in line with the result of the line
ranking using the performance index formula due to its severity prove the fact that
index PIMW has a small value, when all line flows are within their limits and a high
value when there are lines overloads.
CHAPTER 5
5.1 Conclusion
using a modified IEEE 14-bus system.. From the result, it is observed that the
transmission line in the system can be rank according to the severity by using MW
performance index (PIMW) formula.
5.2 Recommendation
REFERENCES
[2] J.Srivani & K.S. Swarup. “Power System Static Security Assesment And
Evaluation Using External System Equivalents”, Department of Electrical
Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India.
[3] http://www.ee.washington.edu/energy/apt/nsf/kbsmodule.html
[9] Rajendra Singh(2007). “Line flow contingency selection and ranking using
cascade neural network”. Central Power Research Institute, Bhopal, India.
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
Generator bus 1 2 3 4 5
no.
G
Bus no. P load(MW) load(MW)
1 0 0
2 21.7 12.7
3 94.2 19
4 47.8 0
5 7.6 1.6
6 11.2 7.5
7 x x
40
8 x x
9 39.5 16.6
10 9 5.8
11 3.5 1.8
12 37.1 1.6
13 43.5 5.8
14 44.9 5
APPENDIX C
Power world simulator has two distinct modes that are edit mode and run
mode. Edit mode is used to construct new simulation cases or to modify existing
cases. Run mode is used to perform the actual power system simulation. We can
switch between the two modes at any time using edit mode and run mode buttons on
the program palette.
Inserting a bus
Select INSERT BUS from the main menu or select the bus button on the
INSERT palette. This prepares the simulator to insert a bus. Click on the on-line
background at the location where we want to place the new bus. This invokes the bus
option dialog. Use the bus option dialog box to specify the name, size, orientation,
area, zone, and nominal voltage of the bus as well as load and shunt components
connected to it. Click OK on the bus option dialog box to finish creating the bus and
to close the dialog box.
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