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Lois E. Reed
Mathematician
Systems Engineering Division
Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division
China Lake CA 93555-6100
Abstract – This report is intended as a guide for teachers complex inter-relationships, including those of the literature
and engineering students when conducting research is part search and documentation efforts.
of course-work requirements. Discussion includes a
description of a literature search, the purpose of a
literature review, finding sources (especially for
engineering), and a general strategy to help conduct an
efficient and productive literature search. Using tools such LITERATURE SEARCH
as this report, students can become more pro-active about
their research projects. Teachers can use this report,
among other tools, to begin dialog with their students IDENTIFY GENERATE STATE FIND OR
about expectations for research assignments. TOPIC OF RELATED UNSOLVED DEVELOP
Two key steps in a literature search are i) finding INTEREST QUESTIONS PROBLEM SOLUTION
guidance.
The literature search is a very significant step in the research An introduction chapter in a research paper generally
process. The basic stages in a typical research project are: i) includes information gleaned from a thorough literature
identify your topic of interest, ii) perform a literature review, search. A literature search serves three important functions
iii) generate related questions, iv) state your unsolved [2]. Reference 2 states that the literature review gives your
problem or hypothesis, v) find or develop a solution, and reader background information regarding your own research,
vi) document your results. We are often trained to think, demonstrates your familiarity with research in your field,
approach, and describe tasks sequentially, but anyone who and shows how your work contributes one more piece in the
has earned an advanced degree in engineering (or any other puzzle of expanding the knowledge base in your field.
field) can tell you that a sequential checklist of the process is The important idea to convey is that you really
too simplistic. Reference 1 explains “... how researchers understand what others in your field have accomplished and
must work at different stages of their project simultaneously how your work differs from the works of others [3]. In a
[1].” The authors describe how overlapping the stages can literature review, you demonstrate your understanding of the
help you understand the problem, manage complexity, and relevant works of others and your ability to summarize this
motivate changes in both earlier and later stages. information for the convenience of your readers. This sets
The important concept to grasp is that the literature the stage for you to describe what your research contribution
search is not just one distinct step in a research task. It is is going to be.
both a step and an iterative feedback loop. Defining an
unsolved problem determines what kind of literature search FINDING SOURCES
is appropriate, and performing a literature search helps define
an unsolved problem. Because of this complexity, it is not
surprising that many beginning researchers have difficulty. Libraries are one obvious resource for a student performing a
Figure 1 depicts the research process and some of the literature search, but there are many others as well,
including the internet. Regardless of the sources you use, cover topics such as tables, formulas, engineering
keep a bibliographic trail [1]. Track titles, authors, fundamentals, measures and units of conversion,
publication information, page numbers, and possibly library mathematics, statistics, and numerical calculations; these
call numbers (LCN), International Standard Book Numbers sources are especially useful during the writing phase of your
(ISBN), or International Standard Serial Numbers (ISSN). research [4].
When searching through cyberspace, also note on-line
addresses and other pertinent information so that a search
can be duplicated if necessary. Also be aware that some on- A STRATEGIC APPROACH
line information changes daily – one day it is there, the next
day it is gone. You should print it out immediately, if As a beginning researcher, two of the most common
possible, and note the source, the “navigation” route, and problems you might encounter are: i) not knowing where to
the search engine you used to get to that source. find sources, and ii) once sources are located, not knowing
These tracking habits can help you avoid duplication of how to sift or sort through an excess of information to
effort and speed the process of obtaining permission (to use determine what is useful to you. The following paragraphs
the work of others) when needed. The time required to elaborate on these two problems and describe a general plan
relocate and reaquire a source is also reduced. You will also that can help you overcome these difficulties during your
be constructing your reference chapter as you work. literature review process.
Retracing these efforts by memory is very risky, so it is
better if you take notes at every step. Getting Started