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B r u e h le r S tra s s e 1 0 0 , D - 4 2 6 5 7 S o lin g e n , G e r m a n y
T e l: 0 0 4 9 -(0 ) 2 1 2 -8 8 0 4 -0
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T e l: 0 0 1 3 1 7 8 9 9 1 3 9 5 F a x : 0 0 1 3 1 7 8 9 9 1 3 9 6

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C o n te n ts c o m p lia n c e w it h t h e E M C D ir e c t iv e
1 2
T h e b a s ic te s t m e th o d fo r e m is s io n s o f E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 6 is a v a ila b le fo r o p tio n a l
M a in s h a r m o n ic e m is s io n s te s tin g a n d c o m p lia n c e w ith th e E M C D ir e c tiv e 2 h a r m o n ic c u r r e n ts in to th e m a in s s u p p ly is u s e , a n d w ill p r o b a b ly b e m a n d a to r y fo r
IE C 6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 2 E d .2 :2 0 0 0 [1 ]. T h is h a s e q u ip m e n t p o w e r e d fr o m a n M V o r H V
W h a t a r e m a in s h a r m o n ic e m is s io n s ? 4 b e e n a d o p t e d w it h s o m e 'c o m m o n s u p p ly fo r c o m p lia n c e w ith th e E M C
m o d ific a tio n s ' a s th e h a r m o n is e d D ir e c tiv e in a fe w y e a r s tim e .
H o w d o m a in s h a r m o n ic s c a u s e p r o b le m s ? 5 E u ro p e a n s ta n d a rd E N 6 1 0 0 0 -3 -2 E d ● P r o fe s s io n a l e q u ip m e n t w h e r e its
2 .2 0 0 0 [2 ]. C o m p lia n c e w ith E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - in s tr u c tio n m a n u a l in c lu d e s a
P r o b le m s c a u s e d b y m a in s v o lta g e d is to r tio n 8 2 is n o w a r e q u ir e m e n t ( fo r a ll e q u ip m e n t r e q u ir e m e n t fo r its o w n e r /u s e r to a s k
w ith in its s c o p e ) fo r c o n fo r m ity w ith th e th e ir s u p p ly a u th o r ity fo r p e r m is s io n to
F u ll c o m p lia n c e te s tin g o f m a in s h a r m o n ic e m is s io n s 1 0 E le c tr o m a g n e tic C o m p a tib ility ( E M C ) c o n n e c t. R e c o m m e n d a tio n s o n th is a r e
D ir e c t iv e [ 3 ] w h e n u s in g t h e 's e lf - c o n ta in e d in IE C 6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 4 a n d IE C
T h e te s t s e t-u p 1 0 d e c la r a tio n to s ta n d a r d s ' r o u te to 6 1 0 0 0 -3 -1 2 .
c o n fo r m ity . 'P r o f e s s io n a l' m e a n s : u s e d in t h e
T h e 2 3 0 v a c p o w e r s o u rc e 1 1 c o u r s e o f a tr a d e , p r o fe s s io n o r in d u s tr y
E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 2 is a 'h o r iz o n t a l' E M C a n d n o t in te n d e d fo r s a le to th e g e n e r a l
T h e c u rre n t tra n d u c e r 1 2 s ta n d a r d - w h ic h m e a n s th a t it a p p lie s p u b lic . It is u p to th e m a n u fa c tu r e r to
r e g a r d le s s o f th e ty p e o f e q u ip m e n t o r o f d e c id e w h e th e r a p r o d u c t is in te n d e d fo r
T h e w a v e a n a ly s e r 1 2 a n y g e n e r ic o r p r o d u c t- fa m ily E M C
s ta n d a r d s w h ic h m a y a ls o a p p ly - a n d its
'p r o f e s s io n a l u s e ', a n d t o t a k e t h e
n e c e s s a r y s te p s to p r e v e n t it fr o m b e in g
T e s t c o n d itio n s 1 3 s c o p e c o v e r s a ll a p p a r a tu s th a t is
in te n d e d to b e c o n n e c te d to th e p u b lic L V
s o ld to th e g e n e r a l p u b lic .
N o te th a t th e s u p p ly a u th o r itie s c o u ld
E q u ip m e n t c la s s ific a tio n s a n d lim its 1 3 s u p p ly ( i.e . th e p u b lic 2 3 0 V a c m a in s
s u p p ly ) a n d w h ic h c o n s u m e s u p to 1 6
a s k fo r th e ir o w n te s ts to b e p a s s e d , o r
im p r o v e m e n ts m a d e to th e
'S p e c if ie d p o w e r ' a n d t h e C la s s D lim it s 1 5 a m p s p e r p h a s e . o w n e r 's / u s e r 's s u p p ly n e t w o r k s , b e f o r e
g r a n tin g p e r m is s io n .
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● P r o fe s s io n a l e q u ip m e n t w h ic h
d o e s n 't a p p ly , o r w h e re th e s ta n d a rd d o e s c o n s u m e s m o r e th a n 1 k W fr o m its
L o w - c o s t n o n - c o m p lia n t te s tin g fo r m a in s h a r m o n ic e m is s io n s 1 7 a p p ly b u t s e ts n o lim its … m a in s s u p p ly , lig h tin g e q u ip m e n t w h ic h
c o n s u m e s u n d e r 2 5 W , a n d a ll o th e r
T h e m a k e / b u y d e c is io n 1 7 ● E q u ip m e n t in te n d e d fo r u s e o n a s ite e q u ip m e n t w h ic h c o n s u m e s le s s th a n
w h ic h h a s its o w n d e d ic a te d d is tr ib u tio n 7 5 W .
M a in s s o u r c e a lte r n a tiv e s 1 7 t r a n s f o r m e r a n d s o e n jo y s a 'p r iv a t e L V ● S y m m e tr ic a lly c o n tr o lle d h e a tin g
s u p p ly ' ( a 'p u b lic ' s u p p ly is o n e t h a t is e le m e n ts w ith a to ta l r a te d p o w e r le s s
C u r r e n t tr a n s d u c e r a lte r n a tiv e s 1 9 s h a re d b e tw e e n m o re th a n o n e th a n o r e q u a l to 2 0 0 W
o r g a n is a tio n o r h o u s e h o ld ) .
In d e p e n d e n t d im m e r s fo r in c a n d e s c e n t
W a v e a n a ly s e r a lte r n a tiv e s 2 2 ● E q u ip m e n t th a t c o n s u m e s m o r e th a n
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la m p s w ith a r a te d p o w e r le s s th a n o r
1 6 A m p s p e r p h a s e . e q u a l to 1 k W .
O n - s ite te s tin g o f th e m a in s h a r m o n ic e m is s io n s 2 7 IE C 6 1 0 0 0 -3 -4 a n d /o r IE C 6 1 0 0 0 -3 -1 2
● In c a n d e s c e n t la m p s a n d lu m in a ir e s
a r e a v a ila b le fo r o p tio n a l u s e , w ith E N
T e s tin g th r e e - p h a s e e q u ip m e n t 2 8 6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 1 2 p r o b a b ly b e c o m in g
w h ic h d o n o t in c o r p o r a t e a n 'e le c t r o n ic
tr a n s fo r m e r ' o r d im m in g d e v ic e .
m a n d a to r y fo r E M C D ir e c tiv e
R e fe re n c e s 2 8 c o m p lia n c e fo r e q u ip m e n t u p to ● E q u ip m e n t o p e r a tin g fr o m m a in s
7 5 A /p h a s e in a fe w y e a r s tim e . d is tr ib u tio n s y s te m s w h ic h a r e p o w e r e d
A c k n o w le d g e m e n ts 3 0 ● E q u ip m e n t th a t is p o w e r e d a t s u p p ly
a t 2 2 0 V r m s o r le s s .
v o lta g e s a b o v e 1 k V r m s .

3 4
W h e re a n e q u ip m e n t ty p e fa lls w ith in th e
s c o p e o f E N 6 1 0 0 0 -3 -2 , th e s ta n d a rd m u s t
s till b e lis te d o n its E U D e c la r a tio n o f
C o n fo r m ity e v e n if it d o e s n 't c o m p ly ( e .g .
p r o fe s s io n a l e q u ip m e n t w h e r e th e u s e r
a s k s fo r p e rm is s io n to c o n n e c t) , o r if th e
s ta n d a rd s e ts n o lim its .
H a r m o n ic e m is s io n s a r e a n in c r e a s in g
p r o b le m fo r m a n y m a in s s u p p lie s ( p r iv a te
a n d p u b lic ) s o it is r e c o m m e n d e d th a t
w h e th e r E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 2 a p p lie s lim its o r n o t
th e h a r m o n ic e m is s io n s o f y o u r
e q u ip m e n t is c o m p a r e d w ith th e le v e ls o f
h a r m o n ic s th a t c a n b e c o p e d w ith b y its
in te n d e d m a in s s u p p ly w ith o u t c a u s in g
p r o b le m s ( ta k in g its e x is tin g h a r m o n ic
lo a d in g in to a c c o u n t) . It c o u ld tu r n o u t th a t
e v e n th o u g h n o h a r m o n ic e m is s io n s lim its
a r e le g a lly r e q u ir e d fo r E M C c o m p lia n c e ,
s o m e lim it a t io n o f y o u r e q u ip m e n t 's
h a r m o n ic e m is s io n s m ig h t b e a g o o d id e a
f o r t h e c u s t o m e r 's s a k e .
It m a y e v e n tu r n o u t th a t fu lly c o m p ly in g
w ith th e lim its o f th e r e le v a n t h a r m o n ic
e m is s io n s s ta n d a r d is n o t s u ffic ie n t to
p r e v e n t p r o b le m s fr o m a r is in g , o r th a t th e
u s e r 's m a in s p o w e r d is t r ib u t io n n e t w o r k
n e e d s im p r o v e m e n ts . F o r e x a m p le , th e
a u th o r h a s s e e n a n e x a m p le o f a r o a d
t u n n e l 'lig h t in g s c h e m e ' t h a t h a d 1 M W o f
to ta l lig h tin g p o w e r a n d a 1 M V A
d is tr ib u tio n tr a n s fo r m e r to p o w e r th e
la m p s . E v e n th o u g h a ll th e la m p s m e t th e
a p p r o p r ia te lim its in E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 2 , th e ir
h a r m o n ic c u r r e n ts w e r e s till s o h ig h th a t
th e y m a d e it im p o s s ib le to r u n th e lig h ts a t
m o r e th a n 7 0 % o f fu ll p o w e r w ith o u t
o v e r h e a tin g th e 1 M V A tr a n s fo r m e r . It w a s
a v e r y e m b a r r a s s in g s itu a tio n fo r th e
d e s ig n e r s , a n d c o s tly a n d tim e - c o n s u m in g
to s o lv e .
W h a t a r e m a in s h a r m o n ic e m is s io n s ?
E N /IE C 6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 2 h a s b e e n th e s u b je c t o f T h e ty p ic a l r e c tifie r - c a p a c ito r a c - d c p o w e r
in te n s e d e b a te a n d lo b b y in g in r e c e n t c o n v e r t e r s u s e d in 'lin e a r ' a n d s w it c h -
y e a r s ( in c lu d in g a n a p p e a l b y a la r g e m o d e a c -d c p o w e r c o n v e rte rs to c re a te
c o n s o r tiu m o f U S m a n u fa c tu r e r s d ir e c tly to th e ir u n r e g u la te d d c v o lta g e r a ils p r e s e n t
th e th e n P r e s id e n t C lin to n o f th e U S A ) . A ll a n o n - lin e a r lo a d to th e m a in s s u p p ly .
th is a c tiv ity r e s u lte d in th e la s t- m in u te S in c e t h e y o n ly 't o p u p ' t h e ir d c s t o r a g e
p u b lic a tio n o f A m e n d m e n t A 1 4 :2 0 0 0 to E N c a p a c ito r s a t th e p e a k s o f th e a c s u p p ly
6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 2 :1 9 9 5 , w h ic h m a d e s o m e v e r y w a v e fo r m , th e ir s u p p ly c u r r e n t
im p o r ta n t c h a n g e s , e s p e c ia lly to th e c o n s u m p tio n is d is c o n tin u o u s , n o n - s in e
d e fin itio n o f its “ C la s s D ” . w a v e , a n d r ic h in h a r m o n ic c u r r e n ts .
E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 2 E d itio n 2 :2 0 0 0 n o w e x is ts
a n d c a n b e u s e d fo r c o m p lia n c e w ith th e
E M C D ir e c tiv e . O n 1 s t
J a n u a r y 2 0 0 4 th is
2 n d e d itio n w ill b e c o m e m a n d a to ry fo r
c o m p lia n c e fo r a ll e q u ip m e n t ( c o v e r e d b y
its s c o p e ) th a t is s u p p lie d to th e E U
m a r k e t, s u p e r s e d in g b o th th e 1 9 9 5 e d itio n
a n d a ll o f its a m e n d m e n ts in c lu d in g A 1 4 .
H o w e v e r , th e d e b a te s a n d lo b b y in g s e e m
s e t to c o n tin u e fo r th e fo r e s e e a b le fu tu r e ,
a n d c o u ld r e s u lt in s ig n ific a n t fu tu r e
c h a n g e s to e ith e r E N o r IE C 6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 2 .
T h is h a n d b o o k d e s c r ib e s h o w to a p p ly E N
6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 2 E d .2 :2 0 0 0 , b u t y o u s h o u ld
a lw a y s e n s u r e th a t y o u a r e u s in g th e m o s t
a p p r o p r ia te v e r s io n o f E N o r IE C 6 1 0 0 0 -
3 - 2 ( p lu s a ll o f its A m e n d m e n ts a n d
C o r r ig e n d a ) . A lth o u g h m o s t E N E M C
s t a n d a r d s d o n 't d if f e r b y m u c h f r o m t h e
IE C s ta n d a r d s th e y a r e b a s e d o n , th is
m ig h t n o t b e tr u e in th is c a s e , s o
r e m e m b e r th a t th e r e c a n b e im p o r ta n t
d iffe r e n c e s b e tw e e n th e IE C a n d E N
v e r s io n s o f 6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 2 .
N o te th a t w h e re a p ro d u c t h a s a s a fe ty -
r e la te d fu n c tio n , m e r e c o m p lia n c e w ith th e
E M C D ir e c tiv e is in s u ffic ie n t fo r e n s u r in g
t h a t it s 'E M C - r e la t e d f u n c t io n a l s a f e t y ' is
d e s ig n e d c o r r e c tly a d d itio n a l a n d /o r
to u g h e r e m is s io n s a n d /o r im m u n ity
r e q u ir e m e n ts m a y b e r e q u ir e d . R e fe r to
t h e I E E 's g u id e [ 4 ] a n d t h e o n - lin e a r t ic le
 H o w d o m a in s
h a r m o n ic s c a u s e
p r o b le m s ?
5 6
A p a r tic u la r p r o b le m w ith s in g le - p h a s e T h e h a r m o n ic c u r r e n ts d r a w n fr o m a n n u m b e r s o f 'e le c t r o n ic lo a d s ' a n d th e In a la r g e r in s ta lla tio n w ith a lo t o f s in g le -
p o w e r c o n v e r te r s is th a t th e y e m it e q u ip m e n t 's a c m a in s s u p p ly h a v e a C lim a te C h a n g e L e v y ( in th e U K ) is p h a s e e le c tr o n ic lo a d s ( e .g . a m o d e r n
s ig n if ic a n t le v e ls o f 't r ip le n ' h a r m o n ic s ( i.e . n e g lig ib le e ffe c t o n its p o w e r in c r e a s in g th e p r e s s u r e to r e p la c e a ll o f o ffic e ) th e to ta l n e u tr a l c u r r e n ts c a n b e a s
3 r d , 9 th , 1 5 th , e tc .) , w h ic h a r e a p a r tic u la r c o n s u m p tio n , m e a s u r e d in W a tts , b u t th e lin e a r lo a d s th a t c a n b e r e p la c e d w ith m u c h a s 1 .7 tim e s g r e a te r th a n th e h ig h e s t
n u is a n c e b e c a u s e th e y a d d lin e a r ly in in c r e a s e its c o n s u m p tio n w h e n it is e le c tr o n ic lo a d s ( b e c a u s e th e y p r o m is e p h a s e c u r r e n t, d u e to th e h a r m o n ic
n e u tr a l c o n d u c to r s ( n o p h a s e c a n c e lla tio n ) m e a s u r e d in V A . T h e r a tio o f a n h ig h e r e ffic ie n c y ) . c u r r e n ts , e s p e c ia lly th e tr ip le n s , th a t flo w
a n d in z e r o - p h a s e tr a n s fo r m e r flu x , a n d e q u ip m e n t 's c o n s u m p t io n o f W a t t s t o its u n c a n c e lle d in th e n e u tr a l c o n d u c to r .
th e y c a u s e a d d itio n a l ( a n d s o m e tim e s V A is k n o w n a s its P o w e r F a c to r ( P F ), s o IE C 6 1 0 0 0 -4 - 7 [6 ] in c lu d e s a s u rv e y o f M a n y o ld e r b u ild in g s a r e w ir e d w ith h a lf-
u n e x p e c te d ) h e a tin g o f c a b le s a n d w h e r e a n e q u ip m e n t h a s s ig n ific a n t h a rm o n ic s in p o w e r s u p p ly s y s te m s . s iz e n e u tr a ls ( q u a r te r - s iz e d o r e v e n
tra n s fo rm e rs . e m is s io n s o f h a r m o n ic s it a ls o h a s a lo w e r T h e re a re fo u r k in d s o f p r o b le m s c a u s e d e ig h th - s iz e d n e u tr a ls a r e a ls o k n o w n ) , a n d
p o w e r fa c to r. b y h a rm o n ic c u r r e n ts flo w in g in m a in s s in c e b u ild in g n e u t r a ls a r e n 't f u s e d t h e
p o w e r s u p p ly n e tw o r k s … to x ic fu m e , s m o k e a n d fir e h a z a r d is c le a r .
T h re e -p h a s e a c - d c p o w e r c o n v e rte rs
(s o m e tim e s c a lle d 6 -p u ls e c o n v e rte rs ) a re A P F o f 1 .0 m e a n s th a t th e V A e q u a ls th e a . P r o b le m s c a u s e d b y h a r m o n ic
a ls o a s o u rc e o f h a rm o n ic e m is s io n s , b u t W a tts c o n s u m e d b y a n e q u ip m e n t, in c u rre n ts th e m s e lv e s O v e r c u r r e n t p r o te c tio n d e v ic e s ( e .g . fu s e s )
th e y p ro d u c e lo w le v e ls o f tr ip le n c u rre n ts . w h ic h c a s e it lo o k s to th e s u p p ly lik e a th a t d e te c t th e a c tu a l h e a tin g e ffe c t o f th e
p u r e r e s is tiv e lo a d ( a n d th e r e fo r e c a n n o t b . V o lta g e d is to r tio n c a u s e d b y h a r m o n ic c o n d u c to r c u r r e n t w ill o p e n a t lo w e r le v e ls
p o s s ib ly e m it a n y h a r m o n ic c u r r e n ts ) . c u rre n ts o f 5 0 /6 0 H z c u rre n t th a n e x p e c te d , d u e to
T h e r e a r e m a n y o th e r n o n - lin e a r lo a d s
R e c tifie r in p u t e le c tr o n ic e q u ip m e n t w ith c . P r o b le m s c a u s e d b y v o lta g e d is to r tio n th e e x tr a h e a tin g e ffe c t o f th e h a r m o n ic s .
w h ic h a ls o c a u s e h a r m o n ic c u r r e n ts in th e
n o h a r m o n ic r e d u c tio n te c h n iq u e s te n d to d . T e le p h o n e in te r fe re n c e T h e u n e x p e c te d lo s s o f p o w e r w h e n a n
m a in s s u p p ly , s u c h a s tr a n s fo r m e r s a n d
h a v e P F s o f a r o u n d 0 .6 . M a g n e tic a lly - o v e r c u r r e n t p r o te c tio n d e v ic e o p e n s c a n
m o to r s ; a r c fu r n a c e s a n d w e ld in g
b a lla s te d flu o r e s c e n t la m p s ( r u n n in g a t 5 0 P r o b le m s c a u s e d b y th e h a r m o n ic b e a b ig n u is a n c e , b u t m u c h w o r s e is th e
e q u ip m e n t. F lu o r e s c e n t la m p s w ith
o r 6 0 H z ) c a n h a v e a P F a s lo w a s 0 .3 . c u r r e n ts th e m s e lv e s h a b it o f s o m e p e r s o n n e l o f m e a s u r in g th e
m a g n e tic b a lla s ts h a v e h a r m o n ic
e m is s io n s t o o , b u t t h e y u s u a lly d o n 't c u r r e n t w ith a n a v e r a g e r e s p o n d in g
E le c tr o n ic te c h n iq u e s w h ic h r e d u c e th e D u e t o t h e 's k in e f f e c t ' in c o p p e r , a n d t h e a m m e t e r , d e c id in g t h a t t h e c ir c u it is n 't
e x te n d to fr e q u e n c ie s a s h ig h a s th o s e in c r e a s e d e d d y c u r r e n t lo s s e s in s ilic o n
e m is s io n s o f h a r m o n ic c u r r e n ts in to th e o v e r lo a d e d a t a ll, a n d fittin g a la r g e r r a te d
c a u s e d b y r e c tifie r s . s te e l u s e d in m a in s d is tr ib u tio n
m a in s s u p p ly a ls o im p r o v e th e o v e r c u r r e n t d e v ic e to s to p it fr o m o p e n in g
e q u ip m e n t 's P F , s o th e y a r e u s u a lly c a lle d tr a n s fo r m e r s a t fr e q u e n c ie s a b o v e 'p r e m a t u r e ly '. T h e r e s u lt is o f t e n
T h e b a lla s t s in 'h ig h - f r e q u e n c y ' f lu o r e s c e n t P o w e r F a c to r C o r r e c tio n (P F C ) 5 0 /6 0 H z , th e th e r m a l lo s s e s in c o n d u c to r s o v e r h e a te d c a b le s a n d a s ig n ific a n tly
la m p s ( a n d in m a n y 'e n e r g y - s a v in g ' la m p s ) te c h n iq u e s . a n d tr a n s fo r m e r s th a t c a r r y h a r m o n ic in c r e a s e d r is k o f s h o c k , to x ic fu m e s ,
a r e a c tu a lly s in g le - p h a s e a c - d c s w itc h - c u r r e n ts in c r e a s e a n d th e y r u n h o tte r . s m o k e a n d fir e .
m o d e p o w e r c o n v e r te r s , w ith a ll o f th e ir D o n 't c o n f u s e r e a l P o w e r F a c t o r ( = W / T h is c a u s e s a n u m b e r o f p r o b le m s
h a r m o n ic e m is s io n p r o b le m s . L o w - v o lta g e V A ) w it h t h e 'p o w e r f a c t o r ' t r a d it io n a lly in c lu d in g d e c r e a s e d r e lia b ility , d a m a g e d T h e p r o b le m w ith a v e r a g e r e s p o n d in g
h a lo g e n lig h tin g is in c r e a s in g ly lik e ly to b e u s e d b y e le c tr ic a l g e n e r a tio n a n d in s u la tio n ( p o s s ib ility o f s h o r t- c ir c u its a m m e te r s is th a t a lth o u g h th e y a r e
p o w e r e d b y a s o - c a lle d 'e le c t r o n ic d is tr ib u tio n e n g in e e r s , w h ic h is th e c o s in e a n d /o r e le c tr ic s h o c k s ) , to x ic fu m e a n d c a lib r a te d in r m s , th e ir c a lib r a tio n is o n ly
tra n s fo rm e r' a c tu a lly a s w itc h - m o d e a c - o f th e a n g le b e tw e e n th e s in e - w a v e s m o k e h a z a r d s , p o s s ib ly e v e n fir e a n d a c c u r a te fo r p u r e s in e w a v e c u r r e n ts a n d
d c o r a c - a c p o w e r c o n v e r te r th a t a ls o s u p p ly v o lta g e a n d th e lo a d c u r r e n t, e x p lo s io n in s o m e s itu a tio n s . th e y c a n r e a d a s m u c h a s 3 0 % to o lo w
c o m e s w ith a ll th e h a r m o n ic e m is s io n s tr a d itio n a lly a d ju s te d b y e ith e r a d d in g w ith s o m e n o n - s in e - w a v e c u r r e n ts . A ll
T r ip le n h a r m o n ic c u r r e n t s d o n 't c a n c e l o u t
p r o b le m s th a t its r e c tifie r - c a p a c ito r in p u t c a p a c ita n c e o r in d u c ta n c e to a p o w e r lin e . a m m e te rs u s e d o n a c p o w e r s y s te m s
a t a ll in th e z e r o p h a s e ( = n e u tr a l) o f 3 -
c ir c u it c a u s e s . T h is 't r a d it io n a l P F ' a s s u m e s s in e w a v e s h o u ld n o w b e tr u e r m s ty p e s w ith a
p h a s e p o w e r s y s te m s , le a d in g to …
v o lta g e s a n d lin e a r lo a d s ( r e s is tiv e , b a n d w id th o f a t le a s t 2 k H z , b u t s in c e th e y
in d u c tiv e , o r c a p a c itiv e ) a n d is a s p e c ia l ● E x c e s s iv e h a r m o n ic c u r r e n ts (h e n c e c o s t m o r e th a n a v e r a g e r e s p o n d in g
c a s e o f r e a l P F . T h e P F o f a r e c tifie r - in p u t o v e rh e a tin g ) in th e n e u tr a ls o f 3 -p h a s e m e te r s p e o p le w ill n o d o u b t c o n tin u e to
e le c tr o n ic p o w e r c o n v e r te r c a n n o t b e d is tr ib u tio n s y s te m s ; b u y th e c h e a p e r o n e s a n d m a k e
c o r r e c te d u s in g th e tr a d itio n a l m e th o d s fo r ● T h e c o re s o f d e lta - w o u n d m a in s e r r o n e o u s m e a s u r e m e n ts o f m a in s
lin e a r lo a d s . M o s t m a in s p o w e r d is tr ib u tio n tra n s fo rm e rs o v e r h e a tin g c u r r e n ts th a t c o u ld p o s s ib ly le a d to
d is tr ib u tio n n e tw o r k s n o w d r iv e s ig n ific a n t d u e to e x c e s s iv e z e r o - p h a s e flu x . d a n g e r o u s s itu a tio n s .
 P r o b le m s c a u s e d b y m a in s v o lt a g e d is t o r t io n
7 8
E v e n n o m in a lly lin e a r lo a d s s u c h a s h a r m o n ic is s p e c ifie d in s te a d . It is u s u a lly
tr a n s fo r m e r s , s o le n o id s , c a p a c ito r b a n k s , c o n s id e r e d th a t a T H D th a t e x c e e d s 4 % is
a n d m o to r s w ill c o n s u m e in c r e a s e d le v e ls a c a u s e fo r c o n c e rn , a n d o n e th a t e x c e e d s
o f h a r m o n ic c u r r e n ts , a d d in g to th e 8 % is c a u s e fo r a la r m a s it is lik e ly to
h e a tin g e ffe c t in c a b le s a n d tr a n s fo r m e r s , c a u s e s ig n ific a n t p r o b le m s .
w h e n th e y a r e s u p p lie d fr o m a n o n -
s in u s o id a l v o lta g e w a v e fo r m . T h e T y p ic a lly , lo n g c a b le le n g th s a n d r e a c tiv e
h a r m o n ic c u r r e n ts flo w in g in th e lo a d s lo a d s c r e a te r e s o n a n c e s in m a in s p o w e r
a ls o in c r e a s e s th e ir te m p e r a tu r e s , d u e to d is tr ib u tio n n e tw o r k s a t m u c h h ig h e r
th e s k in e ffe c t a n d e d d y c u r r e n t lo s s e s fr e q u e n c ie s th a n th e fu n d a m e n ta l
m e n tio n e d e a r lie r a n d c a n le a d to a fr e q u e n c y ( 5 0 o r 6 0 H z , d e p e n d in g o n th e
s h o r te r o p e r a tio n a l life . D is to r tio n o f th e c o u n tr y ) , b u t th e y a r e n o t h ig h e r th a n a ll o f
m a in s v o lta g e a ls o c a u s e s to r q u e r ip p le in th e p o s s ib le h a r m o n ic c u r r e n ts . N e a r to a
e le c tr ic m o to r s , le a d in g to in c r e a s e d r e s o n a n t fr e q u e n c y th e im p e d a n c e o f th e
a c o u s tic n o is e a n d v ib r a tio n , a n d s h o r te r m a in s d is tr ib u tio n s y s te m c a n r is e to v e r y
b e a r in g life . h ig h le v e ls , a n d a n y h a r m o n ic c u r r e n ts
flo w in g in s u c h h ig h im p e d a n c e s c a n
T h e h a r m o n ic d is to r tio n o f th e m a in s c a u s e s o m e v e r y s ig n ific a n t in c r e a s e s in
w a v e fo rm c a n le a d to r e d u c e d t h e m a in s v o lt a g e w a v e f o r m 's T H D .
p e rfo rm a n c e o r u n r e lia b ility o f e le c tr ic a l
a n d e le c tr o n ic s y s te m s b e c a u s e … P r o b le m s o f te le p h o n e in te r fe r e n c e

● V o lta g e p e a k s c a n b e lo w e r th a n "H u m " o n a te le p h o n e is b a d e n o u g h , b u t

e x p e c te d , c a u s in g u n r e g u la te d d c " h a r m o n ic w h in e " is m u c h w o rs e b e c a u s e
p o w e r r a ils to b e to o lo w . it fa lls in to a p a rt o f th e a u d io s p e c tru m
● T h e r e c a n b e tim in g e r r o r s in th e z e r o w h e re th e h u m a n e a r is m u c h m o re
c r o s s in g p o in ts o f th e m a in s s e n s itiv e .
w a v e fo r m , c a u s in g e r r o r s in s o m e
ty p e s o f p o w e r c o n tr o l. T h e m o s t c o m m o n c a u s e o f te le p h o n e
A s th e h a r m o n ic c u r r e n ts flo w th r o u g h th e in te r fe r e n c e fr o m th e h a rm o n ic c u r r e n ts in
● P o w e r c o n s u m p tio n m e te r in g c a n b e m a in s s u p p ly n e tw o r k s is lo n g itu d in a l
im p e d a n c e s o f th e s u p p ly n e tw o r k th e y
in a c c u r a te . m a g n e tic in te r fe r e n c e , w h e r e fie ld s fr o m
g iv e r is e to p o te n tia l d iffe r e n c e s w h ic h
d is to r t th e w a v e s h a p e o f th e s u p p ly ● V o lta g e o v e r s h o o ts ( p e a k s ) c a n b e th e r e s id u a l c u r r e n ts in p o w e r c a b le s
v o lta g e . T h e s k e tc h s h o w s h o w th e ty p ic a l h ig h e r th a n e x p e c te d , c a u s in g c o u p le to te le p h o n e lin e s o v e r lo n g
fla t- to p p e d m a in s w a v e fo r m s o fa m ilia r o v e r v o lta g e d a m a g e ( e .g . d is ta n c e s .
th e s e d a y s is c a u s e d b y th e n o n - lin e a r o v e r s tr e s s in g th e p o w e r fa c to r
c u rre n ts c o n s u m e d b y tr a d itio n a l r e c tifie r - c o r r e c tio n c a p a c ito r s in flu o r e s c e n t O th e r w a y s h a r m o n ic s c a u s e a u d io
c a p a c ito r in p u t m a in s p o w e r c o n v e r te r s la m p s a n d p o w e r d is tr ib u tio n c e n tr e s ) . in te r fe r e n c e w ith te le p h o n e s in c lu d e lo o p
u s e d b y a lm o s t a ll e le c tr o n ic e q u ip m e n t in d u c tio n , lo n g itu d in a l e le c tr o s ta tic
( w ith o u t P F C in th is c a s e ) . T h e d is to r tio n o f th e m a in s v o lta g e c o u p lin g , a n d c o n d u c tio n d u e to th e e a r th
w a v e fo rm fro m a n id e a l 5 0 H z o r 6 0 H z p o te n tia ls in M E N ( m u ltip ly - e a r th e d -
T h e d is to r tio n o f th e m a in s v o lta g e s u p p ly s in e - w a v e is u s u a lly m e a s u r e d a s to ta l n e u tr a l) m a in s d is tr ib u tio n s y s te m s .
g iv e s r is e to a n u m b e r o f o th e r p r o b le m s . h a r m o n ic d is to r tio n ( T H D ), a lth o u g h
s o m e tim e s th e d is to r tio n fo r e a c h
 F u ll c o m p lia n c e t e s t in g o f m a in s h a r m o n ic
e m is s io n s
9 1 0
S m a ll ite m s o f e q u ip m e n t c a u s e m o s t c o m e to b e c a lle d ) . A lte r n a tiv e ly , p r o v id in g T h is s e c tio n is b a s e d u p o n C h a p te r 3 o f T h e te s t s e t-u p
o f th e p r o b le m s o n p u b lic m a in s t h e y d o n 't e x c e e d t h e G 5 / 4 lim it s a n d d o n 't [1 1 ], u p d a te d a s r e q u ir e d to c o r r e s p o n d to
m in d th e v o lta g e d is to r tio n , a n in s ta lla tio n E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 2 E d itio n 2 :2 0 0 0 . E N 6 1 0 0 0 -3 - 2 d e fin e s th e m e th o d o f
s u p p lie s
c a n s im p ly u p r a te its c a b lin g a n d m e a s u re m e n t a n d e a c h ite m o f te s t
S o m e h ig h - p o w e r ite m s o f in d u s tr ia l tr a n s fo r m e r s to c o p e w ith th e e x tr a T h e r a n g e o f h a r m o n ic fr e q u e n c ie s e q u ip m e n t is s p e c ifie d . T h e n e a r b y fig u r e
e q u ip m e n t c a n e m it s u c h h ig h le v e ls o f h e a tin g c a u s e d b y th e h a r m o n ic c u r r e n ts . c o v e r e d b y E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 2 e x te n d s o n ly u p s h o w s th e b a s ic m e a s u re m e n t m e th o d ,
h a r m o n ic c u r r e n ts th a t th e y c a u s e to 2 k H z ( th e 4 0 th h a r m o n ic o f 5 0 H z ) , s o a n d its b a s ic c o m p o n e n ts a r e :
p r o b le m s f o r t h e ir 'p r iv a t e ' m a in s s u p p lie s . A s fa r a s th e p u b lic L V m a in s s u p p ly is th e te s t d o e s n o t n e e d to u s e R F
T h e r e a r e n o h a r m o n ic r e g u la tio n s c o n c e r n e d , h a r m o n ic p r o b le m s a r e m o s tly m e a s u r e m e n t te c h n iq u e s . N e v e r th e le s s ● A 2 3 0 V a c p o w e r s o u r c e w ith a lo w
c o n c e r n in g s u c h in s ta lla tio n s , a lth o u g h it is c a u s e d b y th e la r g e n u m b e r s o f lo w - p o w e r th e re a re s o m e a s p e c ts o f th e im p e d a n c e (Z S)
c le a r ly in th e in te r e s ts o f th e o w n e r o f s u c h e q u ip m e n t s u c h a s te le v is io n s , P C s a n d m e a s u r e m e n t w h ic h a r e n o t e n tir e ly ● A c u rre n t tr a n s d u c e r w ith a lo w
a n in s ta lla tio n to c o n tr o l th e le v e ls o f its th e ir m o n ito r s , lo w - e n e r g y a n d lo w - v o lta g e o b v io u s , m a k in g it n e c e s s a r y to c a r e fu lly im p e d a n c e (Z M )
h a r m o n ic s to h e lp p r e v e n t c o s tly p r o b le m s . la m p s . T h e to ta l h a r m o n ic c u r r e n ts fr o m fo llo w th e s ta n d a r d in e v e r y d e ta il.
th o u s a n d s o f th e s e c a n b e d a m a g in g to
● A w a v e a n a ly s e r
H o w e v e r , in d u s tr ia l s ite s a r e u s u a lly fa c e d th e n e tw o r k a n d to o th e r e q u ip m e n t, a s A lth o u g h y o u c a n m a k e a p o te n tia lly ● T h e e q u ip m e n t u n d e r te s t ( E U T )
w ith h a r m o n ic r e q u ir e m e n ts a p p lie d b y d e s c r ib e d a b o v e . It is th is s itu a tio n th a t E N p e rfe c tly a d e q u a te c h e c k w ith n o m o r e
In a p ra c tic a l te s t, th e w a v e a n a ly s e r a n d
th e ir p o w e r s u p p ly a u th o r itie s . T h e ir 6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 2 s e e k s to c o n tr o l, e s p e c ia lly th a n s o m e F F T a n a ly s is s o ftw a r e , a
t h r o u g h it s 'C la s s D ' c a t e g o r y ( s e e b e lo w ) c u rre n t tr a n s d u c e r a n d a n o s c illo s c o p e c u rre n t tra n s d u c e r a r e u s u a lly c o m b in e d
in s ta lla tio n s m u s t n o t e m it e x c e s s iv e le v e ls
a lth o u g h o f c o u r s e th e s ta n d a r d c a n b e (s e e la te r ) , fu lly c o m p lia n t m e a s u r e m e n ts in to o n e in s tr u m e n t, u s u a lly c a lle d a
o f h a r m o n ic c u r r e n ts in to th e ir m e d iu m -
v o lta g e ( M V ) o r h ig h - v o lta g e ( H V ) u s e d v o lu n ta r ily fo r e q u ip m e n t u s e d o n a re m o r e c o m p lic a te d , p a r tic u la r ly if th e h a rm o n ic a n a ly s e r, a n d th e te s t s e t-u p
e le c tr ic ity s u p p lie s , a n d th e r e le v a n t 'p r iv a t e ' L V s u p p lie s in h e a lt h c a r e , h a rm o n ic e m is s io n s fr o m th e e q u ip m e n t u s u a lly c o n s is ts o f p lu g g in g th e 2 3 0 V
s p e c ific a tio n ( fo r th e U K ) is c a lle d c o m m e r c ia l a n d in d u s tr ia l p r e m is e s . a re c lo s e to th e lim its , o r if th e y flu c tu a te p o w e r s o u rc e (u s u a lly s y n th e s is e d ), th e
E n g in e e r in g R e c o m m e n d a tio n G 5 /4 [7 ]. o v e r tim e .
h a rm o n ic a n a ly s e r a n d th e E U T to g e th e r
F u r th e r in fo r m a tio n a b o u t h a r m o n ic s
a s s h o w n b y th e n e a r b y fig u r e .
In h o s p ita ls , g o v e r n m e n t a n d c o m m e r c ia l a n d th e ir p r o b le m s
b u ild in g s ( e .g . b a n k s , in s u r a n c e T h e te s t r e s u lts a r e d is p la y e d o n a
c o m p a n ie s , s u p e r m a r k e ts , h o te ls , c a ll T h e E M C & C o m p lia n c e J o u r n a ls ' r e g u la r
s c r e e n , w h ic h m ig h t b e s e p a r a te fr o m th e
c e n tr e s , e tc .) w h e r e th e r e a r e a lo t o f 'B a n a n a S k in s ' c o lu m n [8 ] in c lu d e s s o m e
h a r m o n ic a n a ly s e r o r b u ilt in .
p e r s o n a l c o m p u te r s , h ig h - fr e q u e n c y a n e c d o te s a b o u t p ro b le m s c a u s e d b y
lig h tin g b a lla s ts a n d /o r lo w - v o lta g e lig h tin g , m a in s h a r m o n ic s , e s p e c ia lly ( a t th e tim e o f
th e h a r m o n ic e m is s io n s fr o m e a c h w r itin g ) n u m b e rs : 1 , 7 , 4 6 , 5 9 , 1 0 1 , 1 0 2 ,
c o m p u te r , h ig h - fr e q u e n c y b a lla s t o r 1 0 4 a n d 2 0 0 . [9 ] a n d [1 0 ] m a y a ls o b e
'e le c t r o n ic t r a n s f o r m e r ' a r e in s ig n if ic a n t o n u s e fu l.
th e ir o w n , b u t th e c o m b in e d e ffe c t o f
th o u s a n d s o f th e m c a n b e v e r y s ig n ific a n t
in d e e d .

In d u s tr ia l a n d c o m m e r c ia l u s e r s fa c e d w ith
a h a r m o n ic s p r o b le m o fte n d e a l w ith it b y
a d d in g m o to r - g e n e r a to r s e ts , s ta r - d e lta
t r a n s f o r m e r s , o r 'p a s s iv e ' o r 'a c t iv e '
h a r m o n ic filte r s to th e ir in s ta lla tio n s . ( N o te
t h a t 'a c t iv e f ilt e r s ' a r e n 't r e a lly f ilt e r s a t a ll
b u t h a r m o n ic c a n c e lla tio n d e v ic e s ,
a lt h o u g h 'a c t iv e f ilt e r s ' is w h a t t h e y h a v e
1 1 1 2
b y a 5 0 H z s in e - w a v e o s c illa to r , w ith o u tp u t im p e d a n c e a n d th e tw o to g e th e r
n e g a tiv e fe e d b a c k to m a in ta in th e lo w m u s t c a u s e n e g lig ib le v a r ia tio n in th e lo a d
o u tp u t im p e d a n c e . T h e o u tp u t m a y b e fe d c u r r e n t h a r m o n ic s tr u c tu r e . A r e s is tiv e
th r o u g h a p o w e r tr a n s fo r m e r fo r v o lta g e c u r r e n t s h u n t o f le s s th a n 0 . 1 8 im p e d a n c e
s te p -u p p u rp o s e s , b u t th e tra n s fo rm e r a n d a tim e c o n s ta n t le s s th a n 1 0 µ s is
re a c ta n c e m u s t n o t a ffe c t th e o u tp u t a c c e p ta b le , b u t n o te th a t a s h u n t o n its
im p e d a n c e a t th e h ig h e r h a r m o n ic o w n d o e s n o t p r o v id e g a lv a n ic is o la tio n
fr e q u e n c ie s . fr o m th e m e a s u r in g c ir c u it a n im p o r ta n t
s a fe ty c o n s id e r a tio n .
F o r u s e in a te s t la b o r a to r y th e a m p lifie r
w ill n e e d to b e la r g e e n o u g h to c o p e w ith C u r r e n t tr a n s fo r m e r s d o p r o v id e g a lv a n ic
th e fu ll r a n g e o f p o s s ib le lo a d s th e is o la tio n , a n d s h o u ld h a v e th e n e c e s s a r y
s ta n d a r d c o v e r s e q u ip m e n t r a te d u p to e le c tr ic a l s tr e n g th r a tin g ( s o m e tim e s c a lle d
1 6 A , w h ic h is a p o w e r le v e l o f 3 ,6 8 0 W a t 'v o lt a g e w it h s t a n d ', 'h ip o t ', o r 'f la s h t e s t ')
2 3 0 V , a lth o u g h w h e n te s tin g in - h o u s e th e a n d in s u la tio n ty p e to p r e v e n t h a z a r d s
p r o d u c t r a n g e to b e te s te d m ig h t n o t fr o m a r is in g e v e n d u r in g s in g le fa u lts .
c o n s u m e a s m u c h p o w e r s o a s m a lle r U n lik e r e s is tiv e c u r r e n t s h u n ts , c u r r e n t
a m p lifie r w o u ld b e a d e q u a te ( a n d c o s t tr a n s fo r m e r s n e e d to b e c a lib r a te d a t e a c h
le s s ) . N o te th a t e v e n v e r y p o w e r fu l h i- fi h a r m o n ic fr e q u e n c y a n d m a y s u ffe r
a m p lifie r s a r e n o t u s u a lly to u g h e n o u g h e r r o n e o u s r e s u lts d u e to s a tu r a tio n w h e n
fo r th is a p p lic a tio n . th e m e a s u r e d c u r r e n t in c lu d e s a d c
c o m p o n e n t ( th is u s u a lly m a n ife s ts in a c
F o r h ig h p o w e r a n d h ig h ly d is to r tin g lo a d s s u p p lie s a s c u r r e n t c o n s u m e d b y th e lo a d
th e id e a l m a in s s o u r c e b e c o m e s q u ite a t th e e v e n - o r d e r h a r m o n ic s : 2 n d , 4 th , 6 th ,
d iffic u lt to r e a lis e ( i.e . la r g e a n d c o s tly ) . e tc .).
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tr a n s ito r y h a r m o n ic s fo r c la s s B T h e e r r o r in m e a s u r in g a c o n s ta n t v a lu e
e q u ip m e n t, le g itim a te p e a k c u r r e n ts c a n m u s t b e le s s th a n 5 % o f th e p e r m is s ib le
T h e 2 3 0 v a c p o w e r s o u rc e u p t o t h e 4 0 th . B e c a u s e o f th e s u p p ly lim it. F o r c o m p lia n c e p u r p o s e s ,
m a in s ' fin ite s o u r c e im p e d a n c e a n d th e b e a r o u n d 4 0 A , a lth o u g h s o m e e q u ip m e n t
c a n s u b s ta n tia lly e x c e e d th is , a n d th e m a in ta in in g th is a c c u r a c y fr o m th e lo w e s t
M a k in g a h a r m o n ic m e a s u r e m e n t w ith th e n o n - lin e a r ity a n d v a r ia b ility o f o th e r lo a d s to th e h ig h e s t m e a s u r e m e n t le v e l p u ts
r e q u ir e d a c c u ra c y n e e d s a 2 3 0 V a c p o w e r o n y o u r d is tr ib u tio n s y s te m , y o u r lo c a l s o u r c e s h o u ld b e a b le to d e liv e r th is
c u r r e n t le v e l w ith o u t e x c e e d in g th e s e v e r e d e m a n d s o n th e d y n a m ic r a n g e o f
s o u r c e w ith v e r y lo w d is to r tio n ( i.e . c lo s e to m a in s s u p p ly is v e r y u n lik e ly to b e c a p a b le th e c u r r e n t tr a n s d u c e r a n d a s s o c ia te d
a p u re 5 0 H z s in e w a v e fo r m ) , g o o d v o lta g e o f c o m p ly in g w ith th e s e v a lu e s , a n d a w a v e fo r m d is to r tio n lim its . If th e m e a s u r e d
h a r m o n ic s a r e w e ll o v e r o r u n d e r th e lim it in p u t s ig n a l p r o c e s s in g . S o m e
s ta b ility a n d s e tta b ility , a n d a lo w s o u r c e s p e c ia l m a in s s o u r c e w ill b e r e q u ir e d . m a n u fa c tu r e r s g e t a r o u n d th is p r o b le m b y
im p e d a n c e . th e n v o lta g e d is to r tio n is a m in o r
c o n s id e r a tio n , b u t it b e c o m e s im p o r ta n t u s in g tw o tr a n s d u c e r s , o n e fo r h ig h
T h e m e a s u r in g im p e d a n c e Z M s h o u ld c u r r e n ts a n d o n e fo r lo w c u r r e n ts .
IE C 6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 2 r e q u ir e s th e v o lta g e to b e c r e a te a v o lta g e d r o p o f le s s th a n 0 .1 5 V fo r b o r d e r lin e c a s e s .
s ta b le to w ith in ± 2 % o f th e s e le c te d le v e l p e a k . T h e s o u r c e im p e d a n c e is n o t T h e w a v e a n a ly s e r
d u r in g th e m e a s u r e m e n t, a n d th e s p e c ifie d , b u t th e to ta l s e t-u p is n o t T h e c u rre n t tra n s d u c e r
fr e q u e n c y s ta b le w ith in 0 .5 % o f n o m in a l. a llo w e d a n e r r o r a t a n y h a rm o n ic T h e w a v e a n a ly s e r m e a s u re s th e
T h e h a r m o n ic d is to r tio n m u s t b e le s s th a n fre q u e n c y o f m o re th a n 5 % o f th e T h e c u rre n t tr a n s d u c e r c o u p le s th e to ta l a m p litu d e o f e a c h h a r m o n ic c o m p o n e n t o f
0 . 9 % a t t h e 3 rd h a r m o n i c , 0 . 4 % a t t h e 5 th , p e r m is s ib le lim its . E U T m a in s s u p p ly c u r r e n t 1 to th e 1 fro m t h e 2 n d t o t h e 4 0 th . E N 6 1 0 0 0 -3 -
0 . 3 % a t t h e 7 th , 0 . 2 % a t t h e a t t h e 9 th , 0 . 2 % m e a s u r in g in s tr u m e n t, a n d it c a n b e e ith e r 2 :1 9 9 5 + A m e n d m e n t A 1 4 , a n d E N 6 1 0 0 0 -
a t a ll e v e n - o r d e r h a r m o n ic s fr o m th e 2 n d to T o m e e t th e s e r e q u ir e m e n ts ty p ic a l te s t a r e s is tiv e c u rre n t s h u n t o r a c u rre n t 3 -2 E d .2 :2 0 0 0 o n ly p e r m it th e u s e o f
t h e 1 0 th , a n d 0 . 1 % a t a l l o t h e r h a r m o n i c s e q u ip m e n t u s e s a p o w e r a m p lifie r d r iv e n tra n s fo rm e r. In b o th c a s e s , th e tra n s d u c e r d is c r e te F o u r ie r tr a n s fo r m (D F T ) ty p e
im p e d a n c e Z M is a d d e d to th e s o u rc e w a v e a n a ly s e r s .
1 3 1 4
W h e n th e h a rm o n ic c o m p o n e n ts flu c tu a te T h e 't e s t o b s e rv a tio n p e r io d ' d e p e n d s
w h ile th e m e a s u r e m e n t is b e in g m a d e , th e u p o n th e w a y th e e q u ip m e n t b e h a v e s . E N
re s p o n s e a t th e in d ic a tin g o u tp u t s h o u ld b e 6 1 0 0 0 -3 -2 E d .2 :2 0 0 0 id e n tifie s fo u r
th a t o f a fir s t o r d e r lo w - p a s s filte r w ith a d iffe re n t ty p e s o f b e h a v io u r a n d s p e c ifie s
tim e c o n s ta n t o f 1 .5 s e c o n d s . [6 ] in c lu d e s th e o b s e rv a tio n p e r io d fo r e a c h .
m o r e s p e c ific d e ta ils o f th e s m o o th in g
a lg o r ith m w h ic h p e r fo r m s th is fu n c tio n o n E x a m p le s o f R E O L o a d s - R E O c a n
th e d is c r e te d a ta v a lu e s . c r e a te c u s to m lo a d s to m e e t a n y

T e s t c o n d itio n s

S p e c ia l te s t c o n d itio n s fo r s o m e ty p e s o f
e q u ip m e n t a r e g iv e n in E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 2 E d
2 :2 0 0 0 , in c lu d in g …
· T e le v is io n r e c e iv e r s
· A u d io a m p lifie r s
· V id e o - c a s s e tte r e c o r d e r s ( V C R s )
· L ig h tin g e q u ip m e n t
· In d e p e n d e n t o r b u ilt- in in c a n d e s c e n t
la m p d im m e r s
· V a c u u m c le a n e r s
· W a s h in g m a c h in e s
· M ic r o w a v e o v e n s
· In fo r m a tio n te c h n o lo g y e q u ip m e n t ( IT E )
· In d u c tio n - ty p e c o o k e r h o b s
· A ir c o n d itio n e r s
· K itc h e n m a c h in e s a s d e fin e d b y IE C
6 0 3 3 5 -2 -1 4
· A r c w e ld in g e q u ip m e n t w h ic h is n o t fo r
E q u ip m e n t c la s s ific a tio n a n d lim its

T h e s ta n d a r d e s ta b lis h e s fo u r c la s s e s o f
In g e n e r a l, e q u ip m e n t s h o u ld b e o p e ra te d
e q u ip m e n t, e a c h w ith th e ir o w n h a r m o n ic
in its n o r m a l m o d e ( s ) o f o p e r a tio n
e m is s io n lim its :
c o n n e c te d to its n o r m a l lo a d s , a n d s e t to
o p e r a te in s u c h a m a n n e r th a t it c r e a te s · C la s s B fo r p o r ta b le to o ls
th e m a x im u m to ta l h a r m o n ic c u r r e n t · C la s s C fo r lig h tin g e q u ip m e n t, in c lu d in g
e m is s io n s it is c a p a b le o f. d im m e r s
W h e re a n u m b e r o f in d iv id u a l s e lf- · C la s s D fo r P e r s o n a l C o m p u te r s ( a n d
c o n ta in e d ite m s o f e q u ip m e n t a r e in s ta lle d th e ir d is p la y m o n ito r s ) a n d T V
in a ra c k o r o th e r e n c lo s u r e , th e y a r e r e c e iv e r s , w it h a 's p e c if ie d p o w e r ' ( s e e
re g a rd e d a s b e in g in d iv id u a lly c o n n e c te d la te r ) le s s th a n o r e q u a l to 6 0 0 W
to th e m a in s s u p p ly . T h e h a r m o n ic · C la s s A fo r e v e r y th in g e ls e , p a r tic u la r ly
e m is s io n s fr o m th e r a c k o r e n c lo s u r e a s a b a la n c e d th r e e - p h a s e e q u ip m e n t
w h o le n e e d n o t b e te s te d .
 C o m m e r c ia l t e s t e q u ip m e n t
1 5 1 6
T h e h a r m o n ic lim its a r e a b s o lu te v a lu e s fo r 'S p e c if ie d p o w e r ' a n d t h e C la s s D lim its T h e n e a rb y p h o to g ra p h s h o w s a B e fo r e p u r c h a s in g E M C te s t g e a r fo r
C la s s e s A a n d B , w h a te v e r th e in p u t c o m b in e d h a r m o n ic s a n d flic k e r h a r m o n ic s o r flic k e r m e a s u r e m e n ts ,
p o w e r . T h e C la s s C lim its a r e e x p r e s s e d T h e C la s s D e m is s io n lim its a r e g iv e n in e m is s io n s m e a s u r in g e q u ip m e n t, a lw a y s d is c o v e r w h ic h v e r s io n o f th e
a s p e rc e n ta g e s o f th e 5 0 H z c u rre n t m A p e r W a tt, a n d a v e r a g e e m is s io n s a r e c o m p le te w ith 1 k W m a in s s o u r c e , in u s e s ta n d a r d ( a n d its a m e n d m e n ts ) y o u n e e d
c o n s u m e d , a n d fo r C la s s D th e y a r e a s e t c o m p a re d w ith th e lim its b a s e d u p o n th e a t A D C o m p lia n c e S e r v ic e s L td . T h is to a p p ly , p lu s th e v e r s io n o f th e b a s ic
o f s lid in g v a lu e s p r o p o r tio n a l to th e m a in s m a x im u m m a in s p o w e r c o n s u m e d in e a c h e q u ip m e n t is a v a ila b le fr o m T h u r lb y - h a r m o n ic s a n a ly s e r s ta n d a r d [6 ], a n d
p o w e r c o n s u m e d . F o r e q u ip m e n t w ith a n o b s e r v a tio n tim e w in d o w o v e r th e e n tir e T h a n d a r , E M V ( p ic tu r e d ) o r L a p la c e e n s u r e th a t th e te s t g e a r m e e ts th e ir
in p u t r a tin g g r e a te r th a n 6 0 0 W th e C la s s A d u r a tio n o f th e te s t. T h e h a r m o n ic c u r r e n ts In s tru m e n ts , fo r a to ta l c o s t o f a b o u t r e q u ir e m e n ts . H o w e v e r , te s t g e a r th a t
a n d C la s s B lim its , b e in g fix e d , b e c o m e a n d a c tiv e in p u t p o w e r a r e m e a s u r e d £ 2 ,0 0 0 . It g iv e s fu lly c o m p lia n t d o e s n o t c o m p ly w ith th e s p e c ific a tio n s in
p r o p o r tio n a te ly m o r e d iffic u lt to m e e t a s u n d e r th e s a m e te s t c o n d itio n s b u t n e e d m e a s u r e m e n ts ( fo r e q u ip m e n t w ith in th e th e la te s t v e r s io n s o f th e s ta n d a r d s m ig h t
th e m a in s in p u t p o w e r in c r e a s e s . n o t b e m e a s u r e d s im u lta n e o u s ly . 1 k W r a tin g o f its s o u r c e ) to E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 2 . b e a b le to b e m a d e c o m p lia n t w ith
s o ftw a r e u p g r a d e s fr o m th e ir
E v e n w h e r e lim it s a r e n 't s p e c if ie d , o r d o In o r d e r n o t to a r r iv e a t a p o w e r a t w h ic h T h is h a rm o n ic s a n d flic k e r te s te r is a ls o m a n u fa c tu re rs .
n o t a p p ly , E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 2 E d .2 :2 0 0 0 p la c e s lim its c h a n g e a b r u p tly ( fo r e x a m p le , 6 0 0 W c a p a b le o f m e a s u r in g e m is s io n s o f
lim ita tio n s o n th e ty p e s o f c ir c u its th a t m a y o r 7 5 W ) , th e m a n u fa c tu r e r is a llo w e d to v o lta g e flu c tu a tio n s a n d flic k e r to E N E v e n if th e te s t e q u ip m e n t is n o t fu lly
b e e m p lo y e d . F o r e x a m p le , a s y m m e tr ic a l s p e c ify a p o w e r le v e l fo r e s ta b lis h in g th e 6 1 0 0 0 -3 -3 ( th e s u b je c t o f a n o th e r R E O c o m p lia n t it m a y s till b e a c c e p ta b le if it is
p o w e r c o n tr o l ( a s d e fin e d in IE V 1 6 1 - 0 7 - lim its , b u t th is s p e c ifie d v a lu e m u s t b e b o o k le t) . b e in g u s e d fo r d e v e lo p m e n t , 'p r e -
1 2 ) a n d h a lf- w a v e r e c tific a tio n m a y o n ly b e w ith in ± 1 0 % o f th e a c tu a l m e a s u r e d v a lu e . c o m p lia n c e ' o r Q A p u rp o s e s .
e m p lo y e d in a fe w s p e c ifie d s itu a tio n s . T h e p u r p o s e o f th is a p p r o a c h is to p r e v e n t
S y m m e tr ic a l p o w e r c o n tr o l m e th o d s th a t th e s itu a tio n in w h ic h e q u ip m e n t o p e r a tin g
te n d to p r o d u c e h a r m o n ic s ( e .g . p h a s e - n e a r th e b o u n d a ry a n d te s te d u n d e r
a n g le c o n tr o lle d tr ia c s ) a r e a ls o s u b je c t to s lig h tly d iffe r e n t c o n d itio n s m ig h t b e
lim ita tio n s . A lw a y s r e a d th e r e le v a n t s u b je c t to w id e ly d iffe r in g lim its . T h e
v e r s io n o f s ta n d a r d v e r y c a r e fu lly , a ll s p e c ifie d p o w e r fo r th is p u r p o s e is n o t
th r o u g h , to d is c o v e r e x a c tly w h a t n e c e s s a r ily th e s a m e a s th e
lim ita tio n s a r e a p p lie d to th e ty p e o f m a n u f a c t u r e r 's r a t e d p o w e r f o r s a f e t y o r
e q u ip m e n t in q u e s tio n . fu n c tio n a l p u r p o s e s .

H a rm o n ic e m is s io n s a re n o t m e a s u re d
u n til 1 0 s e c o n d s a fte r th e E U T is s w itc h e d
o n , a n d th e E U T m u s t n o t b e in s ta n d b y
m o d e fo r m o r e th a n 1 0 % o f a n y
o b s e rv a tio n p e r io d .

F o r e a c h h a r m o n ic , its s h o rt-te rm
flu c tu a tio n s ( a fte r s m o o th in g b y th e 1 .5
s e c o n d tim e - c o n s ta n t in th e h a r m o n ic
m e a s u r in g c ir c u it) a r e a llo w e d to e x c e e d
th e s p e c ifie d lim its b y 5 0 % a s lo n g a s
its a v e r a g e v a lu e fa lls b e lo w its lim it.
L o w -c o s t n o n -c o m p lia n t t e s t in g fo r m a in s
h a r m o n ic e m is s io n s
1 7 1 8
A s a lw a y s , u s in g a lte r n a tiv e te s tin g le a d to lo w e r c o s t 5 0 H z s o u r c e s th a n th e E x a m p le s o f R E O is o la tin g M o to r - g e n e r a to r s e ts w ith e le c tr ic m o to r s
m e th o d s o r te s t g e a r c o u ld g iv e te r r ib ly tr a d itio n a l lin e a r p o w e r a m p lifie r s . tra n s fo rm e rs c a n p r o d u c e a 'c le a n ' s in e w a v e f r o m a
in a c c u r a te a n d m is le a d in g r e s u lts u n le s s a b u ild in g 's s u p p ly , o r if t h e m o t o r is a p e t r o l
n u m b e r o f p r e c a u tio n s a r e ta k e n . It is o r d ie s e l e n g in e it c a n o f c o u r s e g e n e r a te
e s s e n tia l to u n d e r s ta n d th e r e le v a n t a to ta lly in d e p e n d e n t s u p p ly .
s ta n d a r d s a n d th e ir a s s o c ia te d te s t g e a r U n in te r r u p tib le P o w e r S u p p lie s ( U P S s )
v e r y w e ll, a n d to u n d e r s ta n d h o w y o u r w ith r e a s o n a b le p o w e r r a tin g s a r e a lm o s t
m e th o d o lo g y a n d te s t g e a r m ig h t in flu e n c e c o m m o n p la c e b u t th e o n ly s u ita b le o n e s
th e r e s u lt. f o r t h is p u r p o s e a r e 'c o n t in u o u s d o u b le -
c o n v e r s io n ' ty p e s , o r o th e r ty p e s r u n s o le ly
It is a lm o s t a lw a y s v e r y im p o r ta n t to fo llo w fr o m b a tte r ie s w ith o u t a m a in s in p u t.
th e r e le v a n t s ta n d a r d s a s fa r a s is S e c o n d h a n d M -G s e ts o r U P S s m a y b e
p o s s ib le . E v e n if th e te s t g e a r is n o t th e a v a ila b le a t v e r y r e a s o n a b le p r ic e s .
b e s t, th e te s t s e t-u p a n d in te r p r e ta tio n o f
A n e x a m p le o f a R E O s y n th e s is e d
r e s u lts s h o u ld fo llo w th e s ta n d a rd . T h e
m a in s s o u r c e fo r te s tin g to T w o p o te n tia lly s e r io u s p r o b le m s w ith M - G
'g o ld e n p r o d u c t ' m e t h o d d e s c r ib e d in
E N /IE C 6 1 0 0 0 -3 -2 s e ts o r U P S s a r e th e q u a lity o f th e ir o u tp u t
s e c tio n 1 .9 o f [1 2 ] c a n a ls o b e a g r e a t h e lp
w a v e fo r m , a n d th e ir o u tp u t im p e d a n c e .
in im p r o v in g c o n fid e n c e in th e r e s u lts o f
S o m e M - G s e ts u s e c r u d e e le c tr o n ic
lo w - c o s t te s ts .
O f c o u r s e , it is p o s s ib le th a t y o u r r e g u la r v o lta g e r e g u la to r s w h ic h r e s u lt in p o o r
m a in s s u p p ly is c le a n e n o u g h to u s e a s a q u a lity o u tp u t w a v e fo r m s , a n d m o s t M - G
T h e m a k e / b u y d e c is io n s e ts a n d U P S s h a v e a r e la tiv e ly h ig h
s o u r c e fo r y o u r h a r m o n ic c u r r e n t
e m is s io n s te s ts . Y o u w ill p r o b a b ly fin d th a t o u tp u t im p e d a n c e ( c o m p a r e d w ith th e
A s w a s m e n tio n e d a b o v e , te s tin g fo r m a in s
t h e m a in s is 'c le a n e s t ' in a n in d u s t r ia l m a in s s u p p ly ) w h ic h m e a n s th a t th e ir
h a r m o n ic s d o e s n o t in v o lv e a n y R F is s u e s ,
b u ild in g w h ic h h a s its o w n d is tr ib u tio n E x a m p le o f R E O is o la tin g o u tp u t w a v e fo r m c a n b e m o r e e a s ily
m a k in g it e a s ie r to d e s ig n a n d c o n s tr u c t
tr a n s fo r m e r , w h e n n o m a c h in e r y o r H V A C tr a n s fo r m e r s w ith b u ilt in filte r to d is to r te d b y th e n o n - lin e a r c u r r e n t
y o u r o w n te s t g e a r. H o w e v e r, a n u m b e r o f
is r u n n in g . T u r n in g o ff th e flu o r e s c e n t p r o v id e a tte n u a tio n u p to 9 0 d B c o n s u m p tio n o f s o m e E U T s . S o y o u m a y
te s t g e a r m a n u fa c tu re rs h a v e e n te re d th e
lig h tin g m a y a ls o h e lp c le a n u p th e n e e d to u s e a n M - G s e t o r U P S w ith a
m a rk e t fo r th is ty p e o f e q u ip m e n t w ith
w a v e fo r m . If y o u a r e te s tin g s in g le - p h a s e r a t in g t h a t is m u c h m o r e t h a n t h e E U T 's
v a r io u s le v e ls o f p r ic e a n d p e r fo r m a n c e , s o
e q u ip m e n t, y o u m a y fin d th a t o n e o f th e r a te d p o w e r c o n s u m p tio n .
it m a y b e m o r e c o s t- e ffe c tiv e ( a n d
p r o b a b ly s a fe r !) s im p ly to p u r c h a s e th e p h a s e s in t h e b u ild in g is 'c le a n e r ' t h a n t h e
a p p r o p r ia te e q u ip m e n t. o th e rs s o u s e th a t.

S o m e p e o p le lik e to p o w e r th e ir E M C
M a in s s o u r c e a lte r n a tiv e s
te s ts v ia a n is o la tin g p o w e r tr a n s fo r m e r , to
h e lp r e d u c e th e lo w - fr e q u e n c y
T h e c o m b in e d h a r m o n ic s a n d flic k e r te s te r
in te r fe r e n c e fr o m th e r e s t o f th e ir s ite
p ic tu r e d e a r lie r u s e s a 1 k W m a in s s o u r c e ,
( filte r s a r e r e q u ir e d to s u p p r e s s r a d io
t h e 'A C 1 0 0 0 ', w h ic h c o s t s a r o u n d £ 5 0 0
fr e q u e n c ie s ) . If w o r k in g o n e x p o s e d liv e
a n d c a n b e u s e d o n its o w n if y o u w is h to
e q u ip m e n t, a n is o la tin g tr a n s fo r m e r c a n
u s e a n a lte r n a tiv e w a v e a n a ly s e r ( s e e
b e u s e d to h e lp r e d u c e e le c tr ic s h o c k
b e lo w ) . R e c e n t d e v e lo p m e n ts in s w itc h -
h a z a rd s in th is c a s e , it is b e s t to
m o d e p o w e r c o n v e r s io n ( d ig ita l p o w e r
c h o o s e s p e c ia l 'h ig h is o la t io n ' t y p e s w it h a
a m p lif ie r s ) a n d 'a n t i- h a r m o n ic in je c t io n
v e r y lo w v a lu e o f p r im a r y - to - s e c o n d a r y
w a v e fo r m c o r r e c tio n ' te c h n iq u e s ( s u c h a s
c a p a c ita n c e .
t h e 'a c t iv e h a r m o n ic f ilt e r s ' u s e d f o r m a in s
w a v e fo r m c o r r e c tio n in in s ta lla tio n s ) m a y
1 9 2 0
E v e n w h e n u s in g a p r o p r ie t a r y 'c le a n ' v o lta g e s e c o n d a r y c o n n e c te d a c r o s s th e
m a in s s y n th e s is e r it is a g o o d id e a to s h u n t a n d its 1 1 0 o r 2 3 0 V p r im a r y
a lw a y s o b s e r v e th e m a in s v o lta g e c o n n e c te d to th e w a v e a n a ly s e r . A 1 :1 0 o r
w a v e fo r m w ith a n o s c illo s c o p e a n d /o r 1 :2 0 r a tio is p r o b a b ly a s m u c h a s is
p o w e r q u a lity a n a ly s e r to c h e c k th a t it is a n e e d e d to g e t a g o o d S /N w ith m o s t
s in e w a v e o f a d e q u a te q u a lity a n d th a t th e a n a ly s e r s b u t ta k e c a re n o t to s te p -u p
c u r r e n t d e m a n d fr o m th e E U T is n o t th e v o lta g e s o m u c h th a t th e p r im a r y
c a u s in g 'f la t - t o p p in g ' o r o t h e r w a v e f o r m c u r r e n t c o m p o n e n t o r th e in itia l s w itc h - o n
d is to r tio n s . A n y c u r r e n t tr a n s d u c e r a n d c u rre n t s u rg e o f th e E U T c a u s e s
w a v e a n a ly s e r th a t c a n b e u s e d fo r E N o v e r v o lta g e d a m a g e to th e w a v e a n a ly s e r
6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 2 te s tin g c a n a ls o b e u s e d w ith a in p u ts ( o r s a fe ty h a z a r d s to p e r s o n n e l) .
r e s is tiv e lo a d in p la c e o f a n E U T to c h e c k
th e d is to r tio n o f th e m a in s v o lta g e S te p -u p tra n s fo rm e rs m u s t b e u s e d w ith
w a v e fo rm . fa ir ly h ig h - im p e d a n c e lo a d s s o th a t th e y
d o n 't a f f e c t t h e a c c u r a c y o f th e 0 .1 8
S a f e t y N o t e : A lw a y s ta k e a ll s a fe ty c u r r e n t s h u n t r e s is ta n c e . F o r e x a m p le ,
p r e c a u tio n s w h e n w o r k in g w ith h a z a r d o u s w ith a 1 :1 0 s te p - u p a n d a 1 % to le r a n c e
v o lta g e s , s u c h a s m a in s e le c tr ic ity . s h u n t th e lo a d o n th e a n a ly s e r s id e s h o u ld
b e 1 0 k 8 o r m o re .
C u r r e n t tr a n s d u c e r a lte r n a tiv e s
A s a fe ty is s u e w ith u s in g m a in s
t r a n s f o r m e r s 'b a c k w a r d s ' t o b o o s t t h e
T h e r e s is t iv e c u r r e n t s h u n t is a ttr a c tiv e
o u tp u t o f a c u r r e n t s h u n t is th a t th e
b e c a u s e it h a s a n a tu r a lly fla t fr e q u e n c y
s e c o n d a r ie s o f ty p ic a l m a in s tr a n s fo r m e r s
r e s p o n s e in th e r a n g e o f in te r e s t. B u t it A lw a y s in s ta ll th e c u r r e n t s h u n t a n d a n y T h e s e u s e a v a r ie ty o f te c h n iq u e s ( e .g .
m a y n o t h a v e m a in s - r a te d in s u la tio n
d o e s n o t p r o v id e g a lv a n ic is o la tio n a n d is tra n s fo r m e r s o r is o la tin g a m p lifie r s ( a n d o p tic a l, c a p a c itiv e , m a g n e tic ) to g e t d c
( d o u b le o r 'r e in f o r c e d ' in s u la t io n t e s t e d a t
lim ite d to a m a x im u m r e s is ta n c e o f 0 .1 8 th e ir p o w e r s u p p lie s ) in a n e n c lo s e d p o w e r a n d s ig n a l a c r o s s th e is o la tio n
a r o u n d 3 k V e le c tr ic s tr e n g th ) . In s u c h
s o a s n o t to a ffe c t th e c ir c u itr y o f th e E U T p ro te c tiv e ly - e a r th e d m e ta l b o x w ith b a r r ie r . B e c a u s e th e c u r r e n t s h u n t is
c a s e s , o r if y o u a r e n o t s u r e , y o u c o u ld
s o m u c h th a t its h a r m o n ic e m is s io n s a lte r s u ita b le w a r n in g s ig n s ( “ is o la te b e fo r e c o n n e c te d to th e m a in s , a s u ita b ly r a te d
in s te a d u s e tw o tr a n s fo r m e r s in s e r ie s : a
s ig n ific a n tly . T h is lo w r e s is ta n c e m e a n s re m o v in g c o v e r ” , e tc .) a n d d o n 't f o r g e t is o la tio n is r e q u ir e d . It is s a fe s t to u s e a n
2 3 0 :2 3 0 V s a fe ty is o la tin g tr a n s fo r m e r ( w ith
lo w o u tp u t v o lta g e s w ith c o n s e q u e n t to fit s u ita b ly - r a te d fu s e s o r o v e r c u r r e n t a m p lifie r w h ic h h a s a S a fe ty - A g e n c y
m a in s - r a te d in s u la tio n fo r b o th w in d in g s )
d iffic u lty in a c h ie v in g a d e c e n t s ig n a l- to - c ir c u it b r e a k e r s in th e in c o m in g m a in s A p p r o v e d 2 5 0 V is o la tio n a c c o r d in g to E N
c o n n e c te d to th e s h u n t, fo llo w e d b y th e
n o is e r a tio ( S /N ) fo r th e h ig h e r fr e q u e n c y s u p p ly . 6 1 0 1 0 -1 o r E N 6 0 9 5 0 . B u t th e s e m a y b e
s te p -u p tra n s fo rm e r.
h a r m o n ic s w h e r e th e E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 2 lim its h a r d to fin d a n d y o u m a y h a v e to s e ttle fo r
a r e lo w e s t. S a fe ty N o te : T h e s a fe ty p r e c a u tio n s to o n e w h ic h g u a r a n te e s 3 k V o r s o e le c tr ic
ta k e w h e n b u ild in g s u c h te s t g e a r a re s tr e n g th a n d d o u b le ( o r r e in fo r c e d )
T h e n e a r b y fig u r e in d ic a te s s o m e c ir c u it d e s c r ib e d in d e ta il in E N 6 1 0 1 0 -1 , a n d in s u la tio n a c r o s s its is o la tio n b a r r ie r .
te c h n iq u e s w h ic h c a n p r o v id e g a lv a n ic s h o u ld a lw a y s b e fo llo w e d in fu ll a n d
is o la tio n a n d /o r in c r e a s e s ig n a l a m p litu d e s a p p r o p r ia te te s ts c a r r ie d o u t to c h e c k th a t W h e n m e a s u r in g s in g le - p h a s e e q u ip m e n t,
w h e n u s in g r e s is tiv e c u r r e n t s h u n ts . A 1 :1 th e d e s ig n is s a fe . p u ttin g th e r e s is tiv e c u r r e n t s h u n t in th e
is o la tin g tr a n s fo r m e r ( c o m p lia n t w ith th e n e u tr a l le a d in s te a d o f th e p h a s e le a d
r e le v a n t p a r ts o f E N 6 1 5 5 8 o r E N 6 0 9 5 0 ) T h e n e a r b y fig u r e a ls o s h o w s a n is o la tio n a n d c h e c k in g th a t th e n e u tr a l le a d r e a lly
c a n p r o v id e g a lv a n ic is o la tio n , a n d a s te p - a m p lifie r m e th o d . A n u m b e r o f a n a lo g u e d o e s h a v e a lo w v o lta g e w ith r e s p e c t to
u p is o la tin g tr a n s fo r m e r c a n p r o v id e s ig n a l IC m a n u fa c tu r e r s ( L in e a r T e c h n o lo g y th e p r o te c tiv e e a r th c a n h e lp r e d u c e
g a in to o . S te p - u p tr a n s fo r m e r s c a n b e C o r p o r a tio n , A n a lo g D e v ic e s , B u r r - B r o w n , s a fe ty r is k s , b u t e v e n s o I w o u ld n o t
m a d e u s in g a n o r d in a r y s te p - d o w n e tc .) p r o d u c e a m p lifie r s s p e c ific a lly fo r r e c o m m e n d r e d u c in g th e g a lv a n ic
t r a n s f o r m e r 'b a c k w a r d s ', w it h it s lo w g a lv a n ic a lly is o la te d m e a s u r e m e n ts . is o la tio n r e q u ir e m e n ts .
2 1 2 2
In s te a d o f p u r c h a s in g a n IC o r m o d u le w ith E x a m p le s o f R E O C u rre n t S a fe ty is o la tio n is a k e y b e n e fit o f u s in g T e s tin g w ith th e s ig n a l g e n e r a to r s e t to
b u ilt- in g a lv a n ic is o la tio n , y o u c o u ld d e s ig n T ra n s fo rm e rs c u rre n t tra n s fo rm e r s , a u to m a tic a lly v a r io u s fr e q u e n c ie s a n d a s ta n d a r d te s t
y o u r o w n . F o r e x a m p le y o u c o u ld u s e a a c h ie v e d b e c a u s e th e in s u la tio n o f th e c u r r e n t ( s a y 0 .1 A , c o n tr o lle d b y m e a s u r in g
v o lta g e to fr e q u e n c y c o n v e r te r to d r iv e a n m a in s c o n d u c to r b e in g m e a s u r e d is n o t th e v o lta g e a c r o s s th e p r e c is io n r e s is to r ) ,
L E D in to a s h o r t le n g th o f fib r e - o p tic ( o r a c o m p r o m is e d ( a s it is w h e n u s in g r e s is tiv e a n d m e a s u r in g th e o u tp u t v o lta g e fr o m th e
3 k V r a te d o p to - is o la to r w ith d o u b le c u rre n t s h u n ts ). c u r r e n t tr a n s d u c e r ( in to its in te n d e d lo a d
in s u la tio n ) th e n c o n v e r t b a c k fr o m F to V r e s is to r ) w ill r e s u lt in a g r a p h o f fr e q u e n c y
fo r th e w a v e a n a ly s e r . T h e d c p o w e r fo r H a ll e ffe c t te c h n o lo g y c a n b e u s e d to v e r s u s tr a n s d u c e r o u tp u t w h ic h is th e
th e m a in s v o lta g e s id e c o u ld b e fr o m a m a k e c u r r e n t s e n s o r s w ith a r e s p o n s e c a lib r a tio n fa c to r fo r th e tr a n s d u c e r . It is
b a tte r y , o r a 3 k V is o la tio n ( d o u b le fro m d c to 2 k H z o r m o re . T h e a c tu a l H a ll a ls o a g o o d id e a to c h e c k th a t th e
in s u la te d ) d c - d c c o n v e r te r , o r fr o m a e ffe c t d e v ic e s a r e p la c e d in a g a p in a t r a n s d u c e r 's c a lib r a t io n f a c t o r d o e s n o t
s e p a r a te m a in s p o w e r c o n v e r te r w h ic h is to r o id a l c o r e th r o u g h w h ic h th e c u rre n t- v a r y w ith th e a c tu a l c u r r e n t le v e l, b y
r a te d a n d s a fe ty c e r tifie d fo r u s e w ith its d c c a r r y in g c o n d u c to r is p a s s e d , ju s t a s fo r a te s tin g a t, s a y , 0 .0 1 A , 1 A a n d 1 0 A , a ll a t
o u tp u t r e fe r e n c e d to th e m a in s s u p p ly . F o r c u rre n t tra n s fo rm e r. T h e c o re m a y h a v e a 5 0 H z ( s a tu r a tio n e ffe c ts in tr a n s fo r m e r s
m o r e id e a s o n b u ild in g y o u r o w n is o la tio n E x a m p le s o f c lip -o n c u r r e n t w in d in g o n it to o , a n d a s m a ll e le c tr o n ic a n d c u r r e n t tr a n s fo r m e r s a r e m o r e lik e ly to
a m p lifie r , s e e [1 3 ] a n d [1 4 ]. tra n s d u c e rs c ir c u it p r o d u c e s a c u r r e n t o r v o lta g e a p p e a r a t lo w fr e q u e n c ie s ) .
o u tp u t w h ic h is p r o p o r tio n a l to th e te s te d
S a fe ty N o te : B u t re m e m b e r to a lw a y s c u r r e n t. T h e T e k tr o n ix A 6 2 2 p r o b e is a T h e 'c a lib r a tio n fa c to r' fo r a p a r tic u la r
fo llo w IE C 6 1 0 1 0 - 1 o r E N 6 0 9 5 0 in fu ll, o r H a ll e ffe c t ty p e . tra n s d u c e r, a t a p a r tic u la r fre q u e n c y ,
e ls e u s e e q u iv a le n t le v e ls o f s a fe ty s h o u ld a lw a y s b e u s e d to c o r r e c t th e ir r a w
e x p e r tis e fo r a ll s a fe ty is s u e s . A n d n e v e r m e a s u re m e n ts to o b ta in a n a c c u ra te
C a lib r a tin g c u r r e n t s h u n ts a n d c u r r e n t
a s s u m e a n y th in g w h e re s a fe ty is r e s u lt.
tra n s fo rm e rs . P u rc h a s e d c u rre n t
c o n c e rn e d . tr a n s d u c e r s s h o u ld b e p r o v id e d w ith a
F lu k e i2 0 0 s C u r r e n t C la m p W a v e a n a ly s e r a lte r n a tiv e s
0 .1 to 2 4 A @ 1 0 0 m V a n d 0 /5 to 2 4 0 A @ 1 0 m V /A c a lib r a tio n fa c to r , o r a c a lib r a tio n c h a r t
A lth o u g h th e r e s is tiv e c u r r e n t s h u n t h a s a 4 0 H z - 1 0 H z B N C o r tw in b a n a n a p lu g o u tp u t th a t s h o w s h o w th e c a lib r a tio n fa c to r
M a x te s t c o n d u c to r 2 0 m m A lte r n a tiv e s to th e s ta n d a r d w a v e a n a ly s e r
fla t fr e q u e n c y r e s p o n s e , th e o v e r a ll c h a n g e s w ith th e fr e q u e n c y o f th e
a r e p o s s ib le , s o m e tim e s u s in g e x is tin g
re s p o n s e w h e n tr a n s fo r m e r s o r a m p lifie r s m e a s u r e d c u r r e n t. B u t if th e y d o n o t h a v e
la b o r a to r y te s t g e a r , b u t o f c o u r s e th e y w ill
h a v e b e e n in c lu d e d m a y n o t b e a s g o o d e ith e r - o r if y o u m a d e th e tr a n s d u c e r
n o t c o m p ly w ith [6 ] s o a n u n d e r s ta n d in g o f
a n d s h o u ld b e c h e c k e d to s e e if c a lib r a tio n y o u r s e lf th e y c a n b e c a lib r a te d b y d r iv in g
its r e q u ir e m e n ts p lu s th o s e o f E N 6 1 0 0 0 -
a t m o re th a n o n e fr e q u e n c y is r e q u ir e d a k n o w n c u rre n t th ro u g h th e m a t a k n o w n
3 - 2 w o u ld b e r e q u ir e d to in te r p r e t th e ir
( s e e la te r ) . fr e q u e n c y a n d m e a s u r in g th e ir o u tp u t
T e k tr o n ix A 6 2 2 C u r r e n t P r o b e m e a s u r e m e n ts a p p r o p r ia te ly . It is a lw a y s
0 .0 5 to 1 0 0 A @ 1 0 o r 1 0 0 m V /A D C - 1 0 0 k H z v o lta g e . T h e d r iv in g v o lta g e c a n b e e a s ily
th e s a m e if y o u w a n t to s a v e m o n e y o n
C u rre n t tra n s fo r m e r te c h n iq u e s u s e a B N C o r tw in b a n a n a p lu g o u tp u t a c h ie v e d b y a m p lify in g a s ig n a l fr o m a
E M C te s t g e a r y o u h a v e to b e e v e n
to r o id a l c o r e w ith a w in d in g fo r th e o u tp u t. s in e - w a v e g e n e r a to r w ith a n a u d io p o w e r
c le v e r e r a n d a p p ly m o r e s k ill th a n y o u
T h e c o n d u c to r c a r r y in g th e c u r r e n t to b e a m p lifie r , d r iv in g a p r e c is io n p o w e r
E x a m p le o f a R E O c u r r e n t tr a n s fo r m e r w o u ld h a v e to if y o u h a d th e e x p e n s iv e
m e a s u r e d is s im p ly p a s s e d th r o u g h th e r e s is to r w ith th e s o r t o f c u r r e n ts to b e
s u ita b le fo r te s tin g to E N /IE C 6 1 0 0 0 -3 -2 fu ll- s p e c ific a tio n te s t e q u ip m e n t. T h e u s e
m id d le o f th e to r o id . S p lit to r o id c o r e s c a n m e a s u r e d ( ta k in g c a r e to a v o id
o f t h e 'g o ld e n p r o d u c t ' m e t h o d d e s c r ib e d
b e u s e d to c re a te c lip - o n c u r r e n t o v e r h e a tin g th e p r e c is io n r e s is to r ) a n d
in s e c tio n 1 .9 o f [1 2 ] is a g o o d w a y o f
tra n s fo rm e rs (o fte n c a lle d 'c u r r e n t c la m p s ' m e a s u r in g th is c u r r e n t w ith th e c u r r e n t
g e t t in g u s e f u l 'p r e - c o m p lia n c e ' t y p e t e s t
o r 'c u r r e n t p r o b e s ') . T h e n e a r b y f ig u r e s tra n s d u c e r.
r e s u lts fr o m a lte r n a tiv e te s t g e a r - fo r a
s h o w s o m e e x a m p le c u r r e n t tr a n s fo r m e r s s p e c ific ty p e o f E U T te c h n o lo g y a n d
fr o m P e a r s o n E le c tr o n ic s In c ., p lu s c lip - o n d e s ig n .
c u rre n t p ro b e s fro m F lu k e a n d T e k tr o n ix .
2 3
A n a u d io fr e q u e n c y s p e c tr u m a n a ly s e r
w o u ld o f c o u rs e b e a g r e a t w a v e a n a ly s e r ,
a n d s h o u ld b e s e n s itiv e e n o u g h to w o rk
w ith c u rre n t s h u n ts a s w e ll a s w ith o th e r
ty p e s o f c u rre n t tra n s d u c e rs . M a y b e a
s e c o n d - h a n d o n e c o u ld b e fo u n d fo r a
re a s o n a b le p r ic e .
M a n y d ig itis in g o s c illo s c o p e s n o w h a v e
D F T ( o r s im ila r k in d s o f F o u r ie r tr a n s fo r m )
fa c ilitie s b u ilt- in o r a v a ila b le a s a r e tr o fitte d
o p tio n s , a n d th e s e c a n b e v e r y e ffe c tiv e a t
o b ta in in g a s p e c tr u m a n a ly s is o f th e
h a r m o n ic c o n te n t o f th e m a in s c u r r e n t. If
y o u h a v e s o m e a b ility w ith m a th e m a tic s
u s in g p a p e r a n d p e n c il, o r th e m a th s
f u n c t io n s a v a ila b le in s o m e 's c o p e s
o r if y o u c a n d o w n lo a d th e D F T d a ta to a
P C a n d p o s t- p r o c e s s it th e r e u s in g a
s p r e a d s h e e t o r m a th s a p p lic a tio n p a c k a g e
y o u c o u ld p r o b a b ly m a k e a r e a s o n a b le
s ta b a t a m a k in g m e a s u r e m e n ts in
a c c o r d a n c e w ith E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 2 E d .2 :2 0 0 0 ,
in c lu d in g its 1 .5 s e c o n d s m o o th in g
a lg o r ith m fo r flu c tu a tin g h a r m o n ic s .
T y p ic a l o u tp u ts fr o m p r o p r ie ta r y c la m p - o n
c u r r e n t p r o b e a c c e s s o r ie s fo r c u r r e n ts u p
to 2 0 A a r e 1 0 0 m V /A m p , w h ic h m e a n s th a t
w h e n m e a s u r in g to th e lo w e s t c u r r e n t
lim its in E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 2 ( a t th e h ig h e s t
fr e q u e n c ie s ) th e ty p ic a l v o lta g e is o f th e
o r d e r o f 5 m V . T h is is e n o u g h to g e t a
r e a s o n a b le S /N o n m o s t o s c illo s c o p e s .
M o s t c u r r e n t tr a n s fo r m e r s w ill a ls o g iv e
r e a s o n a b le o u tp u t v o lta g e s , e s p e c ia lly a s
th e o u tp u t fr o m th e m n a tu r a lly r is e s w ith
fr e q u e n c y , a s s is tin g th e S /N w h e n m a k in g
t h e m e a s u r e m e n t o f th e lo w e r h a r m o n ic
c u r r e n t lim its a t th e h ig h e r fr e q u e n c ie s .
H o w e v e r , th e o s c illo s c o p e s u s e d w ill n e e d
to h a v e a t le a s t a 2 m V /d iv is io n s e n s itiv ity
v e r tic a l c h a n n e l s e ttin g .
2 4
T h e o u tp u t o f a r e s is tiv e c u r r e n t s h u n t w ill
n o t g iv e s u ffic ie n t S /N to m e a s u r e to th e
lo w e r e m is s io n s lim its a t th e h ig h e r
f r e q u e n c ie s , u n le s s t h e 's c o p e o f f e r s a
0 .1 m V /d iv is io n r a n g e , o r u n le s s a s te p - u p
tr a n s fo r m e r o r is o la tio n a m p lifie r is u s e d
b e t w e e n t h e s h u n t a n d t h e 's c o p e , a s
d e s c r ib e d e a r lie r . S e v e r a l b a tte r y - p o w e r e d
g a lv a n ic a lly - is o la te d a m p lifie r s a r e s o ld fo r
u s e w ith o s c illo s c o p e s , a n d u s in g o n e o f
th e s e w ith a r e s is tiv e c u r r e n t s h u n t s h o u ld
a llo w r e a s o n a b le m e a s u r e m e n ts to b e
m a d e w h ils t a ls o h e lp in g to e n s u r e s a fe ty .
A n u m b e r o f p o r ta b le p o w e r -q u a lity
in s t r u m e n t s a r e n o w a v a ila b le . A lth o u g h
in te n d e d fo r te s tin g th e p o w e r q u a lity a n d
h a r m o n ic c u r r e n ts in e le c tr ic a l
in s ta lla tio n s , th e y c a n o fte n b e u s e d fo r
te s tin g th e h a r m o n ic c u r r e n t e m is s io n s
fr o m in d iv id u a l ite m s o f e q u ip m e n t.
E x a m p le s o f s u c h in s tr u m e n ts in c lu d e th e
F lu k e 3 9 , 4 1 B , a n d 4 3 B ( w w w .flu k e .c o m )
w h ic h s e e m to h a v e s ta r te d life a s h a n d -
h e ld m u ltim e te r s to w h ic h h a v e b e e n U n fo r tu n a te ly , th e a c c u r a c y o r d is p la y B u t it is e a s y to m a k e y o u r o w n v e r y lo w -
a d d e d o s c illo s c o p e - ty p e fe a tu r e s ; a n d th e r e s o lu tio n o r S /N a v a ila b le in s o m e o f c o s t w a v e a n a ly s e r , w ith a s im p le tu n e a b le
T e k tr o n ix T H S 7 0 0 s e r ie s h a n d - p o r ta b le th e s e h a n d - h e ld p r o d u c ts m ig h t n o t b e b a n d p a s s filte r b a s e d o n a s in g le q u a d
o s c illo s c o p e s to w h ic h h a v e b e e n a d d e d e n o u g h to c h e c k th e c o m p lia n c e o f a o p a m p , a lm o s t a n y o ld o s c illo s c o p e a n d a
m u ltim e te r fe a tu r e s . T h e F lu k e 3 9 , 4 1 B p r o d u c t 's h ig h e r - o r d e r h a r m o n ic s . tr u e r m s v o ltm e te r , a s s h o w n b y th e
a n d 4 3 B a n d th e T e k tr o n ix T H S 7 2 0 P A lth o u g h th e s e in s tr u m e n ts s a y th e y w ill n e a r b y c ir c u it. A s s h o w n , th e c ir c u it d o e s
in c lu d e D F T s o ftw a r e a n d d is p la y fe a tu r e s m e a s u re to th e 3 1 st o r 5 0 th o r w h a t e v e r , n o t p r o v id e th e 1 .5 s e c o n d s m o o th in g filte r
w h ic h m a k e s th e m in to w a v e a n a ly s e r s . th e E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 2 lim its fo r th e h ig h o r d e r o r a n y o f th e o th e r c o m p le x m e a s u r e m e n t
T h e n e a r b y fig u r e s h o w s e x a m p le s o f h a r m o n ic s ju s t m ig h t n o t b e d is c e r n ib le o n fe a tu r e s r e q u ir e d b y E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 2 a n d
s o m e o f th e s e p r o d u c ts . W ith th e a d d itio n th e ir s c r e e n s . d e s c r ib e d in [6 ], b u t a t le a s t it w ill a llo w
o f a c u r r e n t p r o b e a c c e s s o r y ( s e e e a r lie r ) y o u to a c tu a lly s e e h a r m o n ic c u r r e n ts
th e y c a n a n a ly s e h a r m o n ic c u r r e n ts . O n c e S o m e o f th e s e p o r ta b le p o w e r q u a lity e a s ily a n d a t lo w c o s t, a n d g e t s o m e id e a
a g a in , p o s t p r o c e s s in g m a th s c o u ld b e in s tr u m e n ts c o u ld b e c o m p a r a b le in c o s t o f w h e th e r a p r o d u c t w o u ld p a s s o r fa il a
u s e d to g e t c lo s e r to th e w a y th e w ith th e c o m b in e d h a r m o n ic s a n d flic k e r p ro p e r te s t to E N 6 1 0 0 0 -3 -2 E d .2 :2 0 0 0 .
m e a s u r e m e n t is d o n e b y E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 2 . a n a ly s e r p ic tu r e d e a r lie r . B u t a lth o u g h ( A n d a n y d e c e n t a n a lo g u e d e s ig n e r
t h e y d o n 't m a k e c o m p lia n t m e a s u r e m e n t s s h o u ld b e a b le to a d d a 1 .5 s e c o n d
a n d m ig h t n o t b e s e n s itiv e e n o u g h fo r th e s m o o th in g filte r w ith a r e a s o n a b le m a tc h
h ig h o r d e r h a r m o n ic s , th e y c a n b e u s e d t o [ 6 ] 's s p e c if ic a t io n s . )
fo r a m u ltip lic ity o f o th e r p u r p o s e s s o th is
m ig h t h e lp ju s tify th e ir e x p e n s e . In fa c t,
y o u r c o m p a n y m a y a lr e a d y o w n o n e
a s k y o u r s it e 's c h ie f e le c t r ic a l e n g in e e r .
2 5
B e c a u s e it is w o r k in g w ith s u c h lo w
fr e q u e n c ie s ( m a x : 2 k H z ) , th is b iq u a d r a tic
filte r w a v e a n a ly s e r c a n b e c o n s tr u c te d
v e r y q u ic k ly o n a p ie c e o f p r o to ty p in g
b o a r d . It h a s n o la y o u t o r w ir in g
r e q u ir e m e n ts a p a r t fr o m th e n e e d to s ite
t h e t w o 1 0 0 n F d e c o u p lin g c a p a c it o r s v e r y
c lo s e to th e p o w e r p in s o f th e o p a m p to
h e lp it s ta y s ta b le a n d r e d u c e p o w e r s u p p ly
n o is e ( a g r o u n d p la n e u n d e r th e o p a m p is
a ls o a g o o d id e a , e s p e c ia lly if fa s te r
o p a m p s th a n th e T L 0 7 4 a r e u s e d ) . T h is
s im p le filte r r e q u ir e s a n o s c illo s c o p e to
p e r m it t h e 't u n in g in ' o f e a c h h a r m o n ic a n d
a ls o to id e n tify th e fr e q u e n c y o f th e
h a r m o n ic th a t h a s b e e n tu n e d to , p lu s a
tr u e r m s v o ltm e te r to a c tu a lly m e a s u r e th e
h a r m o n ic 's le v e l. I h a v e n o t b o t h e r e d t o
B e f o r e u s in g t h e 'b a n d p a s s f ilt e r w a v e
a n a ly s e r ' to m e a s u r e a n E U T its s c a le
fa c to r s h o u ld fir s t b e m e a s u r e d a n d
a d ju s te d if n e c e s s a r y . T o d o th is , fo llo w
th e n o r m a l m e a s u r in g p r o c e d u r e ( s e e
b e lo w ) b u t w ith a p r e c is io n h ig h - p o w e r
r e s is to r in s e r ie s w ith a p r e c is io n a c
a m m e te r ( e ith e r tr u e r m s o r c a lib r a te d
r m s ) in p la c e o f a n a c tu a l E U T . F o r
e x a m p le a 2 ,3 0 0 8 lo a d r e s is to r w ill r e s u lt
in a c u r r e n t o f 0 .1 0 0 A r m s w h e n p o w e r e d
fr o m 2 3 0 .0 V r m s , a n d w ill d is s ip a te 2 3
w a tts . T u n e th e filte r to th e fu n d a m e n ta l
m a in s fr e q u e n c y ( a n y h a r m o n ic s ig n a ls
s h o u ld b e v e r y s m a ll, if th e s o u r c e is
c le a n e n o u g h ) a n d th e n c o m p a r e th e
p r e c is io n a c a m m e te r r e a d in g w ith th e
o u t p u t f r o m t h e 'b a n d p a s s f ilt e r w a v e
a n a ly s e r ', t o f in d t h e s c a le f a c t o r a t t h e
fu n d a m e n ta l m a in s fr e q u e n c y . It u s u a lly
h e lp s to a d ju s t th e g a in o f th e a m p lifie r
s t a g e in t h e 'b a n d p a s s f ilt e r w a v e
a n a ly s e r ' s o th a t th e s c a le fa c to r is a
h a n d y r a tio , s u c h a s 1 0 0 m V p e r A m p o f
E U T m a in s c u r r e n t, o r 1 V p e r A m p .
T h e n o r m a l m e a s u r in g p r o c e d u r e fo r th e
'b a n d p a s s f ilt e r w a v e a n a ly s e r ' is a s
c a lc u la te th e b a n d p a s s f ilt e r 's b a n d w id t h , fo llo w s … w ith flu c tu a tin g h a r m o n ic s .
b u t it is n a r r o w e n o u g h to r e s o lv e a ) A tta c h th e c u rre n t tra n s d u c e r to th e
in d iv id u a l m a in s h a r m o n ic s c le a r ly , w h ic h m a in s le a d to b e te s te d .
is a ll th a t m a tte rs .
b ) A t t a c h t h e m a in s le a d t o t h e 'c le a n '
2 3 0 V p o w e r s o u r c e ( s e e e a r lie r ) .
T h e c u rre n t tra n s d u c e r to b e u s e d w ith
c ) S e t- u p , s w itc h - o n a n d o p e r a te th e E U T
t h is 'b a n d p a s s filte r w a v e a n a ly s e r ' c a n
e x a c tly a s s p e c ifie d in E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 2 .
e ith e r b e a r e s is tiv e - c u r r e n t-s h u n t- p lu s -
is o la tin g - tr a n s fo rm e r ty p e , o r a c u rre n t d ) C o n n e c t th e b a n d p a s s o u tp u t fro m th e
tra n s fo rm e r , b o th d e s c r ib e d e a r lie r . filte r c ir c u it to a n o s c illo s c o p e v e r tic a l
c h a n n e l a m p lifie r w ith 1 M 8 in p u t, a c o r d c
c o u p le d . A ls o c o n n e c t it to a tr u e r m s
S a f e t y N o t e : T h is c ir c u it is n o t
g a lv a n ic a lly is o la te d fr o m its in p u t s ig n a l v o lt m e t e r ( if t h e 's c o p e d o e s n 't p r o v id e
s o u rc e , s o th e c u rre n t tra n s d u c e r th a t is th a t fu n c tio n ) .
u s e d m u s t b e g a lv a n ic a lly is o la te d a n d
e ) S e t t h e 's c o p e 's t im e b a s e t o b e s t s u it
in s u la te d s u ffic ie n tly to p r o te c t th e c ir c u it th e fir s t h a r m o n ic to b e m e a s u r e d
fr o m a t le a s t 3 k V a c r m s o n th e m a in s (1 0 0 H z ).
c ir c u it b e in g te s te d .
f) A d ju s t th e d u a l- g a n g p o te n tio m e te r to
2 6
'p e a k - u p ' ( = t u n e in ) t h e d e s ir e d f r e q u e n c y
o n th e o s c illo s c o p e . T h is s h o u ld lo o k lik e a
f a ir ly p u r e s in e w a v e . A d ju s t t h e 's c o p e 's
in p u t s e n s itiv ity a n d tr ig g e r le v e ls a s
a p p r o p r ia te to g e t a g o o d c le a r w a v e fo r m
d is p la y .
g ) M e a s u r e a n d r e c o r d th e d is p la y e d
fr e q u e n c y , w h ic h s h o u ld b e a m u ltip le o f
th e m a in s fr e q u e n c y , u s in g th e
o s c illo s c o p e .
If th e w a v e fo r m is n o t a g o o d s in e w a v e ,
o r is 'f u z z y , o r is n o t a m u lt ip le o f t h e
m a in s fr e q u e n c y th e r e is a fa u lt, o r
in te r fe r e n c e .
h ) M e a s u r e th e s ig n a ls r m s le v e l u s in g th e
v o ltm e te r .
If th e s ig n a l le v e l o f th e h a r m o n ic is
v a r y in g ( n o t d u e t o v a r ia t io n s in t h e E U T 's
h a r m o n ic c u r r e n t d e m a n d ) , r e c o r d th e
m a x im u m v a lu e to b e o n th e s a fe s id e .
W h e r e th e s ig n a l m e a s u r e d is v a r y in g a s a
r e s u lt o f t h e E U T 's c u r r e n t d e m a n d ( e . g .
a n E U T th a t g o e s th r o u g h a r e p e titiv e
c y c le o f o p e r a tio n s w ith d iffe r e n t c u r r e n t
d e m a n d s in e a c h ) th e n m a k e a n u m b e r o f
m e a s u r e m e n ts a s n e c e s s a r y to a p p ly th e
E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 2 E d .2 :2 0 0 0 r u le s fo r d e a lin g
i) R e p e a t e ) to h ) a b o v e fo r 1 5 0 H z , 2 0 0 H z ,
2 5 0 H z , a n d s o o n fo r a ll o f th e h a r m o n ic s
u n til y o u h a v e a ll th a t y o u n e e d to
m e a s u re .
j) A p p ly t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s d u c e r 's c a lib r a t io n
fa c to rs , fo r e a c h o f th e m e a s u re d
fr e q u e n c ie s , to th e m e a s u r e d r e s u lts to
c a lc u la te th e a c tu a l a m p litu d e s a t e a c h o f
th e h a r m o n ic fr e q u e n c ie s .
k ) F o r C la s s e s A a n d B s im p ly c o m p a r e
th e c a lc u la te d a m p litu d e s fo r e a c h o f th e
h a r m o n ic s w ith its lim its a s s p e c ifie d in E N
6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 2 E d .2 :2 0 0 0 a n d d e c id e w h e th e r
e a c h is a p a s s o r a fa il.
F o r C la s s C th e m a in s c u r r e n t
c o n s u m p tio n a t th e fu n d a m e n ta l
fr e q u e n c y , a n d its p h a s e a n g le w ith th e
 O n -s it e t e s t in g o f
m a in s h a r m o n ic T e s t in g t h r e e -p h a s e
e m is s io n s e q u ip m e n t R e fe r e n c e s
2 7 2 8
s u p p ly v o lta g e , a r e a ls o r e q u ir e d to T h e re a re n o r e q u ir e m e n ts in E N /IE C E N /IE C 6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 2 E d .2 :2 0 0 0 r e q u ir e s [1 ] IE C 6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 2 E d itio n 2 , 2 0 0 0 ,
c a lc u la te p a s s /fa il, a n d th e s e c a n b e h a d 6 1 0 0 0 -3 -2 to p e rfo rm th e te s ts o n a n E M C th r e e - p h a s e e q u ip m e n t to b e te s te d fo r “ E le c tr o m a g n e tic c o m p a tib ility ( E M C )
b y tu n in g th e b a n d p a s s filte r to m e a s u r e a t te s t s ite , s o te s ts c a n b e c a r r ie d o u t o n - m a in s h a r m o n ic e m is s io n s o n e p h a s e a t a P a rt 3 - 2 : L im its - L im its fo r h a r m o n ic
5 0 H z . s ite a s w e ll a s in a la b o r a to ry . B u t n o te tim e . c u rre n t e m is s io n s ( e q u ip m e n t in p u t c u rre n t
C la s s D r e a lly r e q u ir e s a tr u e r m s th a t s o m e o f th e te s t m e th o d s (e .g . fo r u p to a n d in c lu d in g 1 6 A p e r p h a s e ).”
w a ttm e te r to b e u s e d to m e a s u r e th e in p u t lig h tin g e q u ip m e n t) s p e c ify s o m e
p o w e r to th e E U T d u r in g th e te s t. B u t if e n v ir o n m e n ta l c o n d itio n s th a t s h o u ld b e [2 ] E N 6 1 0 0 0 - 3 - 2 E d itio n 2 , 2 0 0 0 ,
s u c h a n it e m o f e q u ip m e n t is n 't a v a ila b le m e t. “ E le c tr o m a g n e tic c o m p a tib ility ( E M C ) 
th e 5 0 H z m a in s c u r r e n t c a n b e m e a s u r e d P a rt 3 -2 : L im its - L im its fo r h a r m o n ic
a lo n g w ith its p h a s e a n g le r e la tiv e to th e c u rre n t e m is s io n s ( e q u ip m e n t in p u t c u rre n t
2 3 0 V s in e w a v e v o lta g e s u p p ly b y tu n in g u p to a n d in c lu d in g 1 6 A p e r p h a s e ).”
th e b a n d p a s s filte r to 5 0 H z , a n d th e p o w e r
c a lc u la te d fr o m th a t d a ta . [3 ] E u r o p e a n U n io n D ir e c tiv e 8 9 /3 3 6 /E E C
( a s a m e n d e d ) o n E le c tr o m a g n e tic
N o te th a t e v e n if g r e a t c a r e h a s b e e n C o m p a t ib ilit y . T h e D ir e c t iv e 's o f f ic ia l E U
ta k e n in m e a s u r in g , c a lc u la tin g a n d h o m e p a g e in c lu d e s a d o w n lo a d a b le
in te r p r e tin g th e a b o v e in a c c o r d a n c e w ith v e r s io n o f th e E M C D ir e c tiv e ; a ta b le o f a ll
[2 ] a n d [6 ], th e r e s u lts w ill s till n o t b e v e r y th e E N s ta n d a r d s lis te d u n d e r th e
a c c u r a te . H o w e v e r , if y o u d o ta k e s u c h D ir e c tiv e ; a g u id a n c e d o c u m e n t o n h o w to
c a r e a n d th e h a r m o n ic s y o u m e a s u r e a r e a p p ly th e D ir e c tiv e ; lis ts o f a p p o in te d E M C
le s s th a n 5 0 % o f th e ir lim its , th e c h a n c e s C o m p e te n t B o d ie s ; a n d p r o g r e s s o n th e
a r e th a t th e e q u ip m e n t w o u ld p a s s a 2 n d E d itio n E M C D ir e c tiv e ; a ll a t:
'p r o p e r ' h a r m o n ic s t e s t . h ttp ://e u r o p a .e u .in t/c o m m /e n te r p r is e /
A n d if th e h a r m o n ic s y o u m e a s u r e a r e e le c tr _ e q u ip m e n t/e m c /in d e x .h tm .
m o r e th a n 5 0 % h ig h e r th a n th e ir lim its , th e
c h a n c e s a r e th a t th e e q u ip m e n t w o u ld fa il [ 4 ] T h e I E E 's 2 0 0 0 g u id e : “ E M C &
a p ro p e r te s t. F u n c tio n a l S a fe ty ” , c a n b e d o w n lo a d e d a s
a 'C o r e ' d o c u m e n t p lu s n in e 'I n d u s t r y
A lo t o f fu tu r e tim e c o u ld b e s a v e d b y A n n e x e s ' fro m
a u t o m a t in g t h e f ilt e r 's t u n in g a n d lo c k in g it h ttp ://w w w .ie e .o r g /P o lic y /A r e a s /E m c /
to th e s w e e p s ig n a l fr o m th e o s c illo s c o p e in d e x .c fm . It is r e c o m m e n d e d th a t
to c r e a te a r u d im e n ta r y lo w - fr e q u e n c y e v e r y o n e d o w n lo a d s th e C o r e d o c u m e n t
s w e e p - tu n e d r e c e iv e r . T h e s w e e p r a te a n d a t le a s t r e a d s its fir s t fe w p a g e s .
s h o u ld n o t b e s o fa s t th a t th e a m p litu d e s o f C o m p ly in g w ith th is IE E g u id e c o u ld
th e h a r m o n ic s a r e a ffe c te d ( th e n a r r o w e r r e d u c e e x p o s u r e to lia b ility c la im s .
th e filte r b a n d w id th , th e s lo w e r th e
m a x im u m s w e e p r a te fo r a n a c c u r a te
[5 ] “E M C -r e la te d F u n c tio n a l S a fe ty
m e a s u re m e n t). S o try a fe w s w e e p ra te s
A n U p d a te ” , K e ith A r m s tr o n g , E M C &
a n d o n ly u s e th o s e th a t g iv e th e s a m e
C o m p lia n c e J o u r n a l, Is s . N o . 4 4 , J a n u a r y
p e a k a m p litu d e s .
2 0 0 3 , p p 2 4 - 3 0 , o n - lin e a t:
h ttp ://w w w .c o m p lia n c e - c lu b .c o m /K e ith
S a f e t y N o t e : A ll th e s a fe ty is s u e s
A rm s tro n g P o r tfo lio
a s s o c ia te d w ith m a in s p o w e r m u s t b e d e a lt
w ith c o r r e c tly ! A lw a y s a p p ly a ll th e r e le v a n t
p a r ts o f th e la te s t is s u e s o f th e r e le v a n t
s a fe ty s ta n d a rd s , s u c h a s IE C (o r E N )
6 1 0 1 0 - 1 , in fu ll.
 T h e A u th o r
2 9 3 0
[6 ] IE C 6 1 0 0 0 - 4 - 7 :2 0 0 2 “ E le c tr o m a g n e tic [1 1 ] “ E M C fo r P r o d u c t D e s ig n e r s , 3 r d K e ith A r m s tr o n g g r a d u a te d in e le c tr ic a l
c o m p a tib ility ( E M C ) P a rt 4 -7 : T e s tin g E d itio n ” T im W illia m s , N e w n e s 2 0 0 1 , IS B N e n g in e e r in g w ith a B .S c ( H o n s .) fr o m
a n d m e a s u r e m e n t te c h n iq u e s G e n e ra l 0 -7 5 0 6 -4 9 3 0 -5 . Im p e r ia l C o lle g e L o n d o n in 1 9 7 2 , m a jo r in g
g u id e o n h a r m o n ic s a n d in te r h a r m o n ic s in a n a lo g u e c ir c u it d e s ig n a n d
m e a s u re m e n ts a n d in s tr u m e n ta tio n , fo r [1 2 ] “E M C T e s tin g - P a rt 1 : R a d ia te d e le c tr o m a g n e tic fie ld th e o r y , w ith a U p p e r
p o w e r s u p p ly s y s te m s a n d e q u ip m e n t e m is s io n s ” , K e ith A r m s tro n g a n d T im S e c o n d C la s s H o n o u r s ( C u m L a u d e ) .
c o n n e c te d th e re to .” W illia m s , E M C & C o m p lia n c e J o u rn a l M u c h o f h is life s in c e th e n h a s in v o lv e d
F e b ru a ry 2 0 0 1 , p a g e s 2 7 -3 9 , c o n tr o llin g r e a l- life in te r fe r e n c e p r o b le m s
[7 ] E n g in e e r in g R e c o m m e n d a tio n E R w w w .c o m p lia n c e - c lu b .c o m /K e ith in h ig h - te c h n o lo g y p r o d u c ts , s y s te m s , a n d
G 5 /4 : “ P la n n in g le v e ls fo r h a rm o n ic v o lta g e A rm s tro n g P o r tfo lio . in s ta lla tio n s , fo r a v a r ie ty o f c o m p a n ie s
d is to r tio n & th e c o n n e c tio n o f n o n - lin e a r a n d o r g a n is a tio n s in a r a n g e o f in d u s tr ie s .
e q u ip m e n t to tr a n s m is s io n s y s te m s & [1 3 ] “ L o w c o s t is o la tio n a m p lifie r s u its
d is tr ib u tio n n e tw o r k s in th e U n ite d in d u s tr ia l a p p lic a tio n s ” A n d r e w R u s s e l, K e ith h a s b e e n a C h a r te r e d E le c tr ic a l
K in g d o m ” , T h e E le c tr ic ity A s s o c ia tio n , E D N E u ro p e m a g a z in e , F e b 2 0 0 0 , p p 5 9 - E n g in e e r ( U K ) s in c e 1 9 7 8 , a G ro u p 1
2 0 0 1 , h ttp ://w w w .e le c tr ic ity .o rg .u k . 6 0 , w w w .e d n m a g .c o m . E u r o p e a n E n g in e e r s in c e 1 9 8 8 , a n d h a s
K e ith A r m s tr o n g o f C h e r r y C lo u g h
C o n s u lta n ts w r itte n a n d p r e s e n te d a g re a t m a n y
[8 ] “T h e B a n a n a S k in s C o m p e n d iu m ” , [1 4 ] “S im p le c u rr e n t s e n s o r fe a tu re s p a p e r s o n E M C . H e is a p a s t c h a ir m a n o f
E M C & C o m p lia n c e J o u r n a l, g a lv a n ic is o la tio n ”, J o s e A . C a rra s c o , th e IE E ’s P r o fe s s io n a l G ro u p (E 2 ) o n
w w w .c o m p lia n c e - c lu b .c o m . S c r o ll d o w n E le c tr o n ic D e s ig n m a g a z in e , J u ly 2 0 1 9 9 8 , E le c tr o m a g n e tic C o m p a tib ility , is a
th e h o m e p a g e t o f in d 'B a n a n a S k in s ' a n d p a g e 1 1 0 , w w w .e le c d e s ig n .c o m . m e m b e r o f th e IE E E ’s E M C S o c ie ty , a n d
c lic k w h e re s h o w n to d o w n lo a d th e c h a ir s th e IE E ’s W o r k in g G r o u p o n 'E M C
c o m p e n d iu m . E N a n d IE C s ta n d a rd s m a y b e p u rc h a s e d a n d F u n c t io n a l S a f e t y '.
fr o m B r itis h S ta n d a r d s In s titu tio n ( B S I) a t:
[9 ] “ W h y th e e le c tr ic ity in d u s tr y n e e d s to o r d e r s @ b s i- g lo b a l.c o m . T o e n q u ir e a b o u t T h is g u id e is o n e o f C o n ta c t: K e ith A r m s tr o n g b y e m a il a t
c o n tro l th e h a rm o n ic e m is s io n s a n d a p ro d u c t o r s e r v ic e c a ll B S I C u s to m e r k e ith .a r m s tro n g @ c h e r r y c lo u g h .c o m o r v is it
v o lta g e c h a n g e s a s s o c ia te d w ith S e r v ic e s o n + 4 4 (0 )2 0 8 9 9 6 9 0 0 1 o r e - m a il a s e r ie s . E m a il u s a t th e C h e r r y C lo u g h w e b s ite
e q u ip m e n t r a te d le
E M C T L A S e m in a r
s s th a n 1 6 A ” G .S .F in la y ,
c o n c e r n in g E N 6 1 0 0 0 -
th e m a t c s e rv ic e s @ b s i- g lo b a l.c o m . m a in @ r e o .c o .u k if w w w .c h e r r y c lo u g h .c o m

3 -2 a n d E N 6 1 0 0 0 -3 -3 , 1 9 th M a y 2 0 0 0 . y o u w o u ld lik e to
w w w .e m c tla .o r g . A c k n o w le d g e m e n ts
r e c e iv e a ll o f o u r
[1 0 ] “P o w e r S y s te m H a r m o n ic s ” , A r r ila g a , m in i g u id e s a n d to S o m e o f th is m a te r ia l w a s p r e v io u s ly
B r a d le y a n d B o d g e r , J o h n W ile y 1 9 8 5 , p u b lis h e d in 2 0 0 1 - 2 0 0 2 in th e "E M C
IS B N 0 4 7 1 9 0 6 4 0 9 . T h is is a k e y w o r k o n b e e n te re d o n to o u r C o m p lia n c e " . h ttp ://w w w .c o m p lia n c e -
p o w e r h a rm o n ic s : w h a t c a u s e s th e m ; h o w m a ilin g lis t c lu b .c o m /K e ith A rm s tro n g P o r tfo lio .
to m e a s u re th e m ; a n d w h a t e ffe c ts th e y
c a n h a v e . M a n y th a n k s a r e d u e to T im W illia m s o f
E lm a c S e r v ic e s : h ttp ://w w w .e lm a c .c o .u k ;
tim w @ e lm a c .c o .u k , m y c o - a u th o r fo r th a t
s e r ie s