No.
207M
Analytical Methods for Oxygen Bombs
Combustion with oxygen in a sealed Parr bomb has
been accepted for many years as a standard
procedure for converting solid and liquid combustible
samples into soluble forms ready for chemical
analysis. It is a reliable whose effectiveness stems
from its ability to treat samples quickly and
conveniently within a closed system, thus ensuring
complete retention and potential recovery of all
combustion products. The bomb combustion method
is an essential step is standard ANSI/ASTM methods
for determining sulfur and chlorine in coal, and it has
been applied successfully to the determination of
arsenic, phosphorus and other elements as well.
The methods given here for sulfur and chlorine
correspond to the basic ASTM reference methods for
these elements, each of which calls for a gravimetric
finish. Although these are reliable procedures, other
less time consuming volumetric, nephelometric or ion
chromatographic methods can be used for estimating
these elements after recovering the bomb washings.
Such alternatives are suggested in the references
which follow.
Sulfur in Combustible Solids. Burn a 1.0 gram
sample and collect the washings as described in the
basic procedure for using the 1108 oxygen bomb.
Let the bomb stand for at least 5 minutes after firing;
then remove it from the water and release the
residual gases slowly and at an even rate so that the
pressure is reduced to atmospheric in not less than
one minute. Open the bomb and wash all parts of its
interior, including the combustion capsule, valve
passages and electrodes, with a fine jet of distilled
water containing 1 ml of a saturated solution of
methyl orange indicator per liter. Wash until no acid
reaction is observed, collecting the washings in a
beaker. If necessary, use a rubber policeman to
transfer any precipitate from the bomb or capsule to
the beaker.
After neutralizing the solution, add 1 ml of ammonium
hydroxide, heat the solution to boiling, and filter
through a rapid qualitative paper. Wash the residue
and filter paper with hot distilled water and add
sufficient water to bring the total volume of solution to
approximately 250 ml. Neutralize with concentrated
hydrochloric acid and add 2 ml in excess. Add 10 ml
of saturated bromine water and evaporate to
approximately 200 ml on a hot plate or other source
of heat. Adjust to a slow boil and stir constantly while
adding 10 ml of a 10% barium chloride solution from
a pipette. Continue stirring for two minutes, cover
with a fluted watch glass and keep just below boiling
on a steam bath or hot plate until the volume is
reduced to 75 ml, then allow the precipitate to settle
for another hour while cooling. Filter through an
ashless filter paper and wash with warm water until
free from chlorides.
Transfer the paper and precipitate to a weighed
crucible, dry at low heat, char the paper without
flaming, then raise the temperature to a good red
heat (approximately 925 °C) and heat to a constant
weight. If the crucible is placed in a cold electric
muffle furnace and the current turned on, drying,
charring and ignition will usually occur at the desired
rate. After ignition is complete, allow the crucible to
cool to room temperature and weigh. Determine the
exact weight of the barium sulfate precipitate and
calculate the percentage of sulfur in the sample as
follows:
Sulfur, % = Wt. BaSO4 X 13.734
Wt. Sample
Sulfur in Combustible Liquids. For oils or other
liquids containing 5% sulfur or less, use a sample
weighing from 0.6 to 0.8 gram. If the sample
contains over 5% sulfur, use a sample weighing from
0.3 to 0.4 gram and add an equal amount of sulfur-
free U.S.P. white oil. If the sample is not readily
miscible with white oil, some other low sulfur
combustible diluent may be used. However, the
combined weight of sample and white oil or other
combustion aid must not exceed 1.0 gram. If the
sample is volatile it must be weighed in a sealed
holder.
The procedure for filling the bomb, firing, recovering
the washings and determining sulfates is the same
for liquid samples as described in the preceding
method for solids.
Other less time consuming procedures have been
suggested as an alternative to the gravimetric
methods described here for estimating sulfur in the
bomb washings. Among the titrimetric methods:
Hicks21, et al titrates with lead perchlorate and
determines the equivalence point using a lead ion
specific electrode. Callan11 suggests converting to
benzadine sulfate and titrating with standard
hydroxide solution. Siegfriedt41 titrates with barium
chloride solution using tetra-hydroxyquinone as an
indicator. Randall37 adds barium chloride in excess
and back titrates with disodium hydrogen phosphate
with the addition of alcohol. Herrig20 back titrates
with Tritiplex III using phthalein purple as an
indicator. A conductometric method has been
suggested by Barthel6. Nephelometric methods for
trace amounts of sulfate have been suggested by
Toennies43 and Bailey5.
Chlorine in Combustible Solids and Liquids.
Platinum combustion capsules and platinum ignition
wire are recommended for these tests because of the
extremely corrosive nature of chlorine and its
compounds. After repeated use with such samples,
the inner surfaces of the bomb will become etched to
the point where appreciable amounts of metal salts
will be introduced during each combustion. The
ability of the bomb to withstand such corrosion can
be improved by keeping the inner surfaces highly
polished. Any bomb which is being used for chlorine
determinations should be repolished at regular
intervals to prevent the development of deep pits.
The alternative to this procedure is to use an 1108CL
bomb which offers much better resistance to chlorine
than the standard 1108 bomb. Or for ultimate
protection, use an 1105C or 1106C bomb with a
platinum liner.
Samples containing more than 2% chlorine by weight
should be diluted with U.S.P. white oil or some other
non-volatile, chlorine-free diluent. The suggested
amounts of sample and diluent are shown in the
following table, but the user is cautioned that the
combined weight of the charge must not exceed 1.0
gram.
% Chlorine Grams of Grams of
in Sample Sample White Oil
Below 2 0.8 0.0
2 to 5 0.4 0.4
5 to 10 0.2 0.6
10 to 20 0.1 0.7
20 to 50 0.05 0.7
Place about 5 ml of a 5% sodium carbonate solution
(135g Na2CO310H2O per liter) in the bomb, assemble
and fill with oxygen to a pressure of 35 atmospheres.
Immerse the bomb in a bath through which cold
water is circulating. Attach the ignition wire to the
bomb terminal, then stand at least six feet from the
bath when firing the charge. Keep the bomb in the
bath at least five minutes before removal. Release
the residual gas slowly and at an even rate so that
the pressure is reduced to atmospheric in not less
than one minute. Open the bomb and examine for
traces of unburned sample or sooty deposits. If
found, discard the determination and clean the bomb
thoroughly before using it again.
If the combustion was satisfactory, wash the sample
cup and all interior surfaces of the bomb with a fine
stream of distilled water, collecting the washings in a
2
600 ml beaker. Scrub the interior of the cylinder and
the underside of the head with a rubber policeman.
Continue washing until no acid reaction is observed
on any bomb parts or passages, which will normally
require at least 300 ml of wash water.
Acidify the solution by adding 1:1 nitric acid dropwise
until the methyl red endpoint is observed; then add 2
ml excess acid. Filter through a qualitative paper and
collect the filtrate in a 600 ml beaker. Heat to about
60 °C; protect from strong light and slowly add 5 ml of
silver nitrate solution (50 g per liter) while stirring.
Heat almost to boiling and hold at this temperature
until the supernatant liquid becomes clear. Add a few
drop of silver nitrate solution to test for complete
precipitation. If cloudiness appears, repeat the above
operation.
Allow the beaker to stand in a dark place for at least
one hour. Filter the precipitate by suction onto a
weighed fritted glass filter. Wash with distilled water
containing 2 ml of 1:1 nitric acid per liter. Dry the
precipitate and crucible at 110 °C for one hour. Cool
in a desiccator and weigh.
Make a blank determination with 0.7 to 0.8 gram of
white oil, omitting the sample; then calculate the
chlorine content of the sample by substituting in the
following equation:
Chlorine, % by wt. = (P-B) 24.74
m
where,
P = grams AgCl obtained from sample
B = grams AgCl obtained from blank
m = mass of sample in grams
ASTM Methods for Sulfur and Chlorine. Oxygen
bomb procedures for determining sulfur and chlorine
in a broad range of combustible materials are given
in the following standard methods published by the
American Society for Testing and Materials, copies
can be obtained from ASTM at 1916 Race Street,
Philadelphia, PA. 19103.
ASTM Method D129-91, “Standard Test Method for
Sulfur in Petroleum Products (General Bomb
Method)”.
ASTM Method D3177-89, “Standard Test Method for
Total Sulfur in the Analysis Sample of Coal and
Coke”.
ASTM Method D2361-91, “Standard Test Method for
Chlorine in Coal”.
ASTM Method D1619-88, “Standard Test Method for
Sulfur in Carbon Black”.
ASTM Method D808-91, “Standard Test Method for
Chlorine in New and Used Petroleum Products
(Bomb Method)”.
ASTM Method D1847-87, “Standard Test Method for
Total Chlorine Content of Epoxy Resins”.
ASTM Method D3684-78, (1988) “Standard Test
Method for Total Mercury in Coal by the Oxygen
Bomb Combustion/Atomic Absorption Method”.
ASTM Method D3761-91, “Standard Test Method for
Total Fluorine in Coal by the Oxygen Combustion/Ion
Selective Electrode Method”.
ASTM Method D4208-88, “Standard Test Method for
Total Chlorine in Coal by the Oxygen Combustion/Ion
Selective Electrode Method”.
ASTM Method E144-64, (1992), “Standard
Recommended Practice for Safe Use of Oxygen
Combustion Bombs”.
ASTM Method E775-87, “Standard Test Methods for
Total Sulfur in the Analysis Sample of Refuse-
Derived Fuel”.
ASTM Method E776-87, “Standard Test Method for
forms of Chlorine in Refuse-Derived Fuel”.
ASTM Method E926-88, “Standard Test Method of
Preparing Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) Samples for
Analysis of Metals”.
Halogen Determinations. Other halogens in
addition to chlorine can be determined by the oxygen
bomb method. Agruss3 used the oxygen bomb to
determine chlorine, bromine and iodine mineral oils.
Longo30 applied this method to many different organic
compounds, with particular emphasis on the
determination of iodine. Intonti25 used an oxygen
bomb for analyzing insecticides and
antifermentatives. Bradford8 describes a bomb
method for determining fluorine in coal. Bailey5 and
Selig38,39 describe the use of platinum lined bomb for
determining fluorine. The Monsanto Co. 32 uses the
oxygen bomb combustion method for determining
small amounts of pentachlorophenol and similar
chlorophenols in wall board, wood, paperboard, fish
net, rubber etc. Recently, Nadkarni34 has used
halogen selective electrodes to determine fluorine,
chlorine, bromine and iodine in coal samples and
polymers after combustion in an oxygen bomb.
Arsenic Determinations. It has been shown by
Carey12 that combustion in an oxygen bomb is a
reliable way of preparing samples for the
determination of arsenic by the Gutzeit method, or by
the Marsh-Berzelius method. In this application the
3
oxygen bomb replaces the acid digestion generally
used in the standard methods for arsenic.
Mercury Determinations. Borchardt7 used an
oxygen bomb to determine mercury in paper. Fujita17
determined mercury in rice, rice hulls and hair, while
Ukita44 used the bomb method for mercury
determinations using atomic absorption spectrometry
for the final measurement.
Phosphorus Determinations. Oxygen bomb
methods for determining phosphorus have been
given by Piercy35, Conrad13, Wreath47, and Buss10.
One problem associated with this determination is the
formation of a phosphoric acid mist in the bomb
which does not settle out after combustion. To
dissipate the mist, apply 20 v.d.c. to the electrodes.
To minimize the formation of phosphoric acid mist,
add one gram of sodium carbonate to the sample,
mix some sodium naphthenate or zinc oxide with the
sample.
Boron Determinations. An oxygen bomb technique
suggested by Hill22 has been found excellent for the
destruction of animal and vegetable tissue
preparatory to chemical analysis. A similar technique
for the analysis of blood samples has also been
recommended23. This procedure has been used
successfully for determining small amounts of boron
in animal and vegetable matter, and it seems
reasonable to assume that it would work equally well
for determining other elements. Burke9, Conrad13,14
and Kuck27 also describe methods for determining
boron after combustion in an oxygen bomb.
Other Elements. Selenium, Zinc, Lead, Titanium,
Iron, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium,
Copper, Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Tritium,
Beryllium, Chromium, Manganese, Nickel, Vanadium
and Carbon-14, all can be determined by oxygen
bomb methods.
Selenium has been determined in solid wastes by
Johnson26 and in plant and animal tissue by Dye15.
Zinc in rubber and copper in mushrooms has been
reported by Przybylski36. Edwards16 has sodium,
potassium, calcium and magnesium in fuels.
Fujiwara18 describes methods for determining iron,
aluminum and titanium in polyethylene, and Anduze4
on titanium in polyethylene. Lead in piston deposits
has been determined by Conrad13. Lead in coal has
been determined by Lindahl29.
Carbon determinations by the oxygen bomb method
have been reported by Adam1,2, Lambris28,
Thomas42, Mehta31 and Nishioka33. Hydrogen has
been determined by Mehta31 and Nishioka33 and
Zhokovskay48. The use of two bombs for determining
oxygen is described by Witaker46.
Nadkarni34 has determined nitrogen in coal samples
using a chemiluminescent method following
combustion in an oxygen bomb. This method is
much faster than the traditional Kjeldahl method,
requiring only a minute to determine nitrogen
concentration.
A method for determining H3 and C14 in biological
materials is described by Sheppard40.
Fujiwara19 gives an excellent review of methods for
determining trace elements in organic compounds by
the oxygen bomb method.
PROCEDURES FOR DETERMINING TRACE
ELEMENTS USING A QUARTZ LINER IN
THE 1108 OXYGEN BOMB
Trace amounts of heavy metals in coal and other
combustible samples can be determined by the bomb
method but usually these procedures have required
the use of an expensive platinum liner in the bomb to
avoid problems introduced by the leaching of trace
amounts of heavy metals from the bomb walls and
electrodes during combustion. This problem has now
been resolved with the introduction of a cup and
cover which can be used in any 1108 Parr oxygen
bomb to hold the combustion products. Although a
quartz liner does not offer the complete protection
obtainable with a platinum liner, it is nevertheless an
effective means for preventing heavy metal
contamination in certain combustion procedures.
THE 513A QUARTZ LINER
The quartz liner now offered for use in the 1108
oxygen bomb consists of a quartz cup, 61 mm dia. x
86 mm deep, with a flat quartz cover which rests on
top of the cup. Holes are provided in the cover for
inserting platinum electrodes which extend into the
cup to support a short length of platinum fuse wire
and a fused silica sample holder. All of the parts
needed to add this liner to an 1108 oxygen bomb are
provided in the 1912 Conversion Set listed below.
KRAFT (TRW) PROCEDURES
Some of the earlier combustion procedures using a
quartz-lined oxygen bomb were developed by M.L.
Kraft of TRW, Inc., Defense and Space Systems
Group, who used this method to prepare spark
source mass spectrometry samples of coal, oil and
other organic matter. In the Kraft methods the
sample is burned in a fused silica capsule using 10
ml of 1:1 nitric acid in the bottom of the quartz liner to
absorb the combustion products. Kraft found that
background quantities of Cr, Fe, Ni and Mn were
completely eliminated by this arrangement.
4
Lindahl29 describes a particularly useful method for
the determination of beryllium, chromium,
manganese, nickel, vanadium, copper, lead and zinc
in coal.
A procedures manual issued by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency recommends
combustion in a Parr Oxygen Bomb for preparing all
combustible materials for inorganic analysis. Specific
procedures are given for mercury, antimony and
arsenic.
LINDAHL PROCEDURES FOR TRACE
ELEMENTS IN COAL
Extensive studies by Peter C. Lindahl29 of the Exxon
Production Research Company have shown that a
quartz-lined Parr 1108 oxygen bomb provides a rapid
and accurate method for treating coal samples to
determine trace amounts of Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mn,
Ni, V and Zn by atomic absorption spectrometry. The
basic Lindahl combustion is described below.
Further details covering final assays for each element
are provided in the complete Lindahl Paper, a reprint
of which can be obtained from Parr Instrument
Company on request.
Weigh a pelletized coal sample (1.0-1.2g) in a silica
capsule. Transfer 10 ml of 1:10 HNO3 to either the
combustion bomb or to the quartz liner. Assemble
the bomb and charge it with oxygen to 15 atm. Place
the bomb in a cooling water bath and ignite the
sample. Allow the bomb to remain in the bath for 5
minutes, then remove the bomb and release the
pressure slowly. Open the bomb carefully and rinse
all parts thoroughly into a Teflon beaker; then
evaporate the washings to dryness on a hot plate or
in a microwave oven.
Treat the residue in the Teflon beaker with 5 ml of
aqua regia and 5 ml of HF and heat to dryness.
Treat the residue with the appropriate volume of
HNO3 along with water to make the final solution 1%
in HNO3 after dilution to volume. For ash contents up
to 5%, dilute to 25 ml. For ash up to 10% dilute to
100 ml.
In Lindahl’s work, final assays were performed by
atomic absorption spectrophotometric methods.
Flame absorption analyses were run on a Perkin-
Elmer Model 5000 AA Spectrophotometer.
Flameless analyses were performed using a Perkin-
Elmer Model 703 AA Spectrophotometer equipped
with a Model 400 HGA. Hollow cathode lamps were
used in all analyses except for cadmium and lead
analysis in which electrodeless discharge lamps were
used.

513A
Quartz Liner
with 514A
Cover for
1108 Oxygen
Bomb
QUARTZ LINER CONVERSION SET
All of the parts needed to install a quartz liner in an
1108 oxygen bomb are provided in a conversion set
(No. 1912) obtainable from Parr. The set consists of:
1 513A Quartz liner
1 4AFB Platinum electrode, straight
1 5AFB Platinum electrode, loop
2 68AC Lock nuts, T303SS
1 45C3 Platinum fuse wire, 300 cm
4 43A3 Combustion capsules, fused silica
Any of the above items can also be purchased
separately.
PROCEDURE FOR INSTALLING THE LINER
1. Unscrew the two alloy electrodes from the bomb
head. Insert 4AFB platinum electrode through
the hole nearest the center of the quartz cover;
attach a 68AC lock nut to the straight electrode
and screw the electrode into the insulated
terminal in the bomb head.
2. Insert the 5AFB loop electrode into the opening
nearest the edge of the quartz cover; attach a
68AC lock nut to the electrode and screw it into
the bomb head.
3. Position the straight electrode with the hook
pointed outward and tighten the lock nut gently;
then turn the loop electrode to its center position
and tighten the lock nut. Bring the loop electrode
to its final position by gentle pressure in the loop
itself, but remember that platinum is soft and the
threads on the electrodes can be damaged by
tightening lock nuts more than necessary. Also,
it may be necessary to bend the loop electrode
slightly to allow the cover to slide freely on the
electrodes and still remain concentric with the
bomb cylinder.
4. Use either fused silica or platinum combustion
capsules with this assembly, and always use
platinum fuse wire, either 36 ga. or 26 ga. wire in
the same manner as the regular 45C10 alloy
wire. If the heavier 26 ga. wire is used, wrap two
or three turns around each electrode and shape
5
the wire into a running loop around the periphery
of the capsule. This will allow the capsule to be
inserted and removed without disturbing the fuse.
It will also keep the wire out of the direct flame
and reduce the possibility of a melt. Always add
an auxiliary fuse to the heavy 26 ga. wire, using
either cotton or nylon thread or a thin strip of filter
paper for this purpose.
5. When firing the 26 ga. fuse do not hold the firing
button down more than one or two seconds. A
longer ignition period will melt the wire. If the
wire melts, use the 7 cm terminals on the ignition
unit to obtain a lower firing voltage; or add a
heavy, one-ohm resistor to the 10-cm firing circuit
to lower the voltage.
6. To assemble the bomb, slide the quartz cup into
the cylinder and lower the head and quartz cover
into the bomb gently so as not to break the cover.
7. For zinc and cadmium determinations, the 230A
synthetic rubber sealing ring on the bomb head
should be replaced with a similar ring made of
Viton, Part No. 230AJV.
8. Handle the quartz cup and cover carefully as
these parts are easily broken. And, although
quartz is noted for its good resistance to thermal
shock, these parts can be broken by a non-
uniform burn or other unusual conditions in the
bomb. Breakage can be minimized by always
leaving as much moisture in the sample as
possible (up to 40% in some cases) to avoid the
sometimes explosive reaction which may result
from burning a bone dry sample.
1108
Oxygen
Bomb with
513A
Quartz
Liner
 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF OXYGEN BOMB METHODS
16. Edwards, A.H. and Pearce, A.O., “Determination of
1. Adam. J., J. Chem. Met. Mining Soc. S. Africa, 39, 1
Sodium and Potassium in fuels”, Nature 154, 463
(1938).
(1944).
2. Adam, J., “The Use of the Calorimetric Bomb for the
17. Fujita, M., Terao, M., Takeda, Y., Hoshino, O. and
Determination of Carbon in Coal”, J. Chem. Met. th
Ukita, C., Abstract Papers at the 24 Annual Meeting
Mining Soc. S. Africa 39, 69-70 (1938).
of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan, p. 552 (1967).
3. Agruss, M.S., Ayers, Jr., G.W. and Schindler, H.,
18. Fujiwara, S. and Narasaki, H., Bunseki Kagaku 10,
“Organic Halogen Compounds in Mineral Oils,
1268 (1961).
Detection, Determination & Identification”, Ind. Eng.
Chem., Anal. Ed. 13, 69-70 (1941).
19. Fujiwara, S. and Narasaki, “Determination of Trace
Elements in Organic Material by the Oxygen Bomb
4. Anduze. T. A., “Calorimetric Determination of Titanium
Method”, Anal. Chem. 40, 2031-3 (1968).
in Polyethylene”, Anal. Chem. 29, 90 (1957).
20. Herrig, H.J., Brennstoff-Chem. 42, 355 (1961).
5. Bailey, J.J. and Gehring, D.G., “Determination of
Traces of S, F and B in Organic Materials by Oxygen
21. Hicks, J.F., Fleenor, J. F. and Smith H., Anal. Chim.
Bomb Combustion”, Anal. Chem. 33, 1760 (1961).
Acta. 68, 480-3 (1974).
6. Barthel, J., Herglotz, H. and Lissner, A., “Rapid Method
22. Hill, W. H., Seals, J. and Montiegel, Ethel, “Destruction
for the Determination of Total Sulfur in Solid Fuels”,
of Animal and Vegetable Tissue by Combustion in a
Chem. Tech. (Ger.) 2, 179-81 (1950).
Parr Oxygen Bomb”, Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 19, 378-
81 (1958).
7. Borchardt, L.G. and Browning, B.L., “An Oxygen Bomb
Method for Determining Mercury in Paper”, Tappi 41,
23. Hill, W.H. and Smith, R.C., “Analysis of Blood for
669 (1958).
Boron”, Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 20, 131-3 (1959).
8. Bradford, H. R., “Fluorine in Western Coals”, Mining
24. Huggler, N., “Sohio Modification of ASTM D-129,
Eng. 9, 78-9 (1957).
Sulfur in Petroleum Products and Lubricants by the
Bomb Method”. Standard Oil Co. (Ohio), March, 1956.
9. Burke, W.M., “Boron Determination in Volatile Organic
Compounds Using the Parr Oxygen Bomb”, Ind. Eng.
25. Intoni, R. and Gargiulo, M., “Determination of
Chem., Anal. Ed. 13, 50-1 (1941).
Halogens in Organic Substances by Means of the
Bomb Calorimeter”, Rend. Ist. Super. Sanita (Rome)
10. Buss, H., Kohlschutter, H.W. and Preiss, M.,
11, 731-42 (1948).
“Determination of Phosphorus in Organic Materials
After Decomposition with Sodium Peroxide or
26. Johnson, H., “Determination of Selenium in Solid
Compressed Oxygen”, Z. Anal. Chem. 214 (2), 106-9
Waste”, Environmental Science & Technology 4, 850-2
(1965).
(1970).
11. Callan, T.P. and Toennies, G., “Determination of Sulfur
27. Kuck, J.A. and Grim, E.C., Microchem, J. 3, 35 (1959).
in Organic Compounds”, Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed.
13, 450-5 (1941).
28. Lambris, G. and Boll, H., “A New Method for the Rapid
and Exact Determination of Carbon Content of Solid
12. Carey, F.P., Blodgett, G. and Satterlee, H.S.,
and Liquid Fuels”, Brennstoff-Chem. 18, 61-6 (1937).
“Preparation of Samples for Determination of Arsenic –
Oxygen Bomb Combustion Method”, Ind. Eng. Chem.,
29. Lindahl, Peter C., “An Oxygen Bomb
Anal. Ed. 6, 327-30 (1934).
Combustion/Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric
Method for the Determination of Trace Elements in
13. Conrad, Anne L., “Modification of the Parr Bomb
Coal”, Exxon Production Research Company,
Method for the Combustion of Petroleum Products”,
Houston, Tx 77001. Reprints available from Parr
Mikrochemie ver. Mikrochim. Acta. 38, 514-20 (1951).
Instrument Company, Moline, IL 61265
14. Conrad, Anne L. and Vigler, M.S., “Determination of
30. Longo, B., “Determination of Halogens, Especially
Boron in Borine Compounds”, Anal. Chem. 21, 585
Iodine, in Organic Compounds Using the Calorimetric
(1949).
Bomb”, Atti. X° congr. Intern. Chim. 3, 427-8 (1939).
15. Dye, W.B., Bretthauer, E., Seim, H.J. and Blincoe, C.,
31. Mehta, R.K.S., “Determination of Carbon and
“Fluorometric Determination of Selenium in Plants and
Hydrogen by Calorimeter Bomb”, J. Sci. Ind. Research
Animals with 3,3’-Diamino-benzadine”, Anal. Chem.
(India) 13B, 195-203 (1954).
35, 1687 (1963).

6
32. Monsanto Co., Organic Chemicals Div., St. Louis, Mo.,
“Determination of Chlorphenols and Their Salts in
Impregnated Materials”, Technical Bulletin 0-24 (March
15, 1945).
33. Nishioka, S. and Miwa, M., “Determination of Carbon
and Hydrogen with a Bomb Calorimeter”, J. Chem.
Soc. Japan, Ind. Chem. Sect. 55, 377-9 (1952).
34. Nadkarni, R.A., “Determination of Volatile Elements in
Coal and other Organic Materials”, Am. Lab., August,
1981.
35. Piercy, G.T., Plant, E.K. and Rogers, M.C., “Rapid
Determination of Phosphorus in Linseed Oil by Oxygen
Bomb”, Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed. 12, 165 (1940).
36. Przybylski, E., “A New Application of the Calorimetric
Bomb for Quantitative Analysis”, Roczniki
Pantswowego Zakladu Hig. 5, 170 (1954).
37. Randall, M. and Stevenson, H.O., “Rapid Volumetric
Method for the Determination of Sulfate Ion”, Ind. Eng.
Chem., Anal. Ed. 14, 620-1 (1942).
38. Selig, W., “Fluorine Analysis of Viton and Viton
Containing Explosives”, Univ. Calif. Radia. Lab. Bul.
14875 (1966).
39. Selig, W., “Fluorine Analysis of Plastic-Bonded
Explosives and Plastics”, Univ. Calif. Radia. Lab. Bul.
70156 (1966).
40. Sheppard, H. and Rodegker, W., “Determination of H3
and C14 in Biological Materials Using Oxygen Bomb
Combustion”, Anal. Biochemistry 4, 246-51 (1962).
7
41. Siegfriedt, R.K., Wiberley, J.S. and Moore, R.W.,
“Determination of Sulfur after Combustion in a Small
Oxygen Bomb”, Anal. Chem. 23, 1008-11 (1951).
42. Thomas, M., “Rapid Method for Determination of
Carbon in Explosive Materials”, Mem. poudres 34,
402-11 (1952).
43. Toennies, G. and Bakay, B., “ Photonephelometric
Microdetermination of Sulfate in Organic Compounds”,
Anal. Chem. 25, 160-5 (1953).
44. Ukita, T., Osawa, T., Imura, N., Tonomura, M., Sayato,
Y., Nakamuro, K., Kanno, S., Fukui, S., Kaneko, K.,
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