Posobie Sverkunova

МИНИСТЕРСТВО НАУКИ И ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования

«Тихоокеанский государственный университет»
А. А. Сверкунова
Английский язык для судомехаников
Утверждено издательско-библиотечным советом университета
в качестве учебного пособия
Хабаровск
Издательство ТОГУ
2019
УДК 811.111(075.8)
ББК Ш143.21я7+О4я7
С242
Рецензенты:
кафедра «Иностранные языки» Дальневосточного государственного медицинского
университета (зав. кафедрой канд. филол. наук, доц. Н. И. Соломенко); доцент кафедры
иностранных языков и межкультурной коммуникации Хабаровского государственного
университета экономики и права канд. пед. наук, доц. Н. Ю. Павлова;
Научный редактор канд. соц . наук, доцент И. Ф. Уманец
Сверкунова А. А.
С242 Английский язык для судомехаников : учеб. пособие / А. А. Сверкунова; [науч. ред.
И. Ф. Уманец]. – Хабаровск : Изд-во Тихоокеан. гос. ун-та, 2019. – 84 с.
ISBN
Цель учебного пособия – формирование умений и навыков устной профессио-

нальной речи на английском языке. Основными задачами работы являются расширение
терминологического словарного запаса и развитие коммуникативных навыков в про-
фессиональной и научной сферах. Тексты учебного пособия составлены на основе ста-
тей из зарубежных научных журналов с последующей адаптацией и сокращением их в
учебных целях.
Учебное пособие соответствует государственному образовательному стандарту и
требованиям программы по английскому языку для неязыковых вузов.
УДК 811.111(075.8)
ББК Ш143.21я7+О4я7
ISBN © Тихоокеанский государственный

университет, 2019
© Сверкунова А. А., 2019
ВВЕДЕНИЕ
Данное учебное пособие предназначено для студентов 3-го и 4-го кур-

са специальности «Судовые энергетические установки» и составлено в со-
ответствии с рабочей программой по дисциплине «Деловой английский».
Основной целью учебного пособия является развитие коммуникативной
компетенции, закрепление навыка устной речи и формирование навыка
перевода литературы по специальности. С учётом современных требова-
ний методики обучения иностранному языку в пособие включены аутен-
тичные тексты, позволяющие развивать навыки аннотирования и знако-
миться с неадаптированной технической лексикой судовой тематики.
Учебное пособие состоит из 7 уроков (Units), статей для аннотирования
(Articles for Rendering), а также списка использованных источников и литера-
туры (References). В каждом уроке даются тексты профессионального характе-
ра, слова и выражения для активного владения, система упражнений на слово-
образование, поиск информации, вопросно-ответные и творческие задания.
Самостоятельная работа студента по изучению иностранного языка охва-
тывает заучивание слов, чтение текстов на английском языке в соответствии с
правилами чтения, понимание текстов, построение вопросов и ответов к тек-
стам, перевод на русский язык (устный и письменный). Для того чтобы овла-
деть языком, следует систематически тренировать память, заучивая иноязыч-
ные слова, тексты. Надо помнить, что способности развиваются в процессе ра-
боты, что осмысленный материал запоминается легче, чем неосмысленный,
что навык появляется после многократного выполнения действия.
Для того, чтобы понимать читаемую литературу, необходимо овла-
деть определённым запасом слов и выражений, рекомендуется регулярно
читать на английском языке учебные тексты, статьи и оригинальную лите-
ратуру по специальности.
3
UNIT 1. My Specialty
Exercise 1. Read the words and try to remember them.

establishment – учреждение;
to found – основать;
to operate – управлять, работать, эксплуатировать;
to research – исследовать;
to maintain – обслуживать, содержать;
combustion – сгорание;
internal combustion engine – двигатель внутреннего сгорания;
plant – установка;
power plant – электростанция, силовая установка, двигатель;
numerous – многочисленный;
especially – особенно;
bulker – сухогруз;
reefer – судно для перевозки рефрижераторных грузов;
voyage – морское путешествие, рейс;
ferry – паром;
hydrofoil craft – судно на подводных крыльях;
to equip – оборудовать, оснащать; equipment – оборудование, снаряжение;
boiler – котёл;
auxiliary – вспомогательный;
to handle cargo – обрабатывать груз;
pump – насос;
arrangement – устройство;
steam – пар, паровой;
to repair – ремонтировать;
purpose – цель;
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workshop – мастерская ;
shipboard training – плавательная практика;
to graduate from – окончить (высшее учебное заведение);
Exercise 2. Read the international words. Mind your pronunciation.

University, student, structure, faculty, engineer, service, automobile,
transport, system, specialty, ocean, tanker, container, passenger, liner, diesel,
generator, boiler, turbine, mechanism, complex, technic.
Exercise 3. Translate the groups of words, paying attention to the

word-formation.
Nation – national, large – the largest, high – higher, education – education-
al, structure – structural – structurally, engineer – engineering, to operate – op-
erating – operation, combustion – combustible, internal – external, power –
powerful, especial – especially, important – unimportant, foil – hydrofoil, condi-
tion – air-conditioning, to enroll – enrollment, to equip – equipment, technical –
technically, to train – training.
Exercise 4. Read and translate the text.
My Specialty
I am a student of the Pacific National University, one of the largest higher
educational establishments in the Far East of Russia. The university structure in-
cludes several institutes and faculties. I study at the Faculty of Automotive and
Power Engineering, one of the oldest divisions of the university. It was founded
in 1958 as a part of the Road Building Institute. Nowadays the Faculty of Auto-
motive and Power Engineering trains engineers in the areas of operating, re-
searching, maintaining internal combustion engines, ship power plants and ser-
5
vicing of automobile transport systems. In 1988 there was the first student en-
rollment for the specialty “Ships` Power Plant Operation”.
The Russian Federation is a country of great rivers and lakes. It is washed
by three oceans and numerous seas, so the water transport is especially im-
portant. A lot of tankers, container ships, bulkers and reefers carry cargo to our
sea and river ports and abroad. Passengers enjoy voyages on board liners, ferries
and hydrofoil crafts. These ships are equipped with main engines, diesel-
generators, boilers, turbines, refrigerating plants and air-conditioning systems,
auxiliary equipment (cargo-handling mechanisms, pumps, etc.) and automated
systems. The operation and maintenance of such complex equipment is done by
the marine engineers.
To become good specialists we study a lot of different subjects: humanities,
sciences and technical subjects. We should know electronic and electric equip-
ment of ships, internal combustion engines, arrangement of ships, marine boilers,
gas and steam turbines, how to operate, maintain and repair them. For this pur-
pose the fourth-year students have technical training in the university workshops
and the fifth-year students have the shipboard training. After graduating from
the university they can work on board any ship, at ship-building and ship-
repairing plants or at any power plant.
Exercise 5. Answer the following questions.

1. Where do you study?
2. Your faculty is one of the oldest divisions of the university, isn’t it?
3. Is the Russian Federation a country of great rivers and lakes? Prove it.
4. What ships are on regular service in our country?
5. What are the ships equipped with?
6. Why do you study different subjects?
7. What is your favorite one?
6
8. When will you have your shipboard training?
9. Where can you work after graduating from the university?
10. Why have you chosen your specialty?
Exercise 6. Write the sentences filling the gaps with prepositions if nec-
essary and translate them.
1. These ships are equipped … steam turbines.
2. The Russian Federation is washed … three oceans.
3. I study … the Faculty of Automotive and Power Engineering.
4. The university structure includes … several institutes.
5. To become good specialists we study … different subjects.
6. Our university was founded … 1958.
7. After graduating … the university they can work …any power plant.
Exercise 7. Match the words and learn them.

1. establishment a) окончить
2. arrangement b) плавательная практика
3. workshop c) мастерская
4. pump d) цель
5. combustion e) ремонтировать
6. to repair f) пар
7. to research g) устройство
8. ferry h) насос
9. bulker i) обрабатывать груз
10. to found j) вспомогательный
11. combustion k) котёл
12. power plant l) особенно
13. auxiliary m) судно на подводных крыльях
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14. to operate n) паром
15. to maintain o) рейс
16. reefer p) многочисленный
17. voyage q) сухогруз
18. boiler r) силовая установка
19. shipboard training s) сгорание
20. purpose t) содержать
21. to graduate from u) исследовать
22. steam v) эксплуатировать
23. to handle cargo w) основать
24. to equip x) учреждение
25. numerous y) судно-рефрижератор
26. especially z) оборудовать
Exercise 8. Complete the sentences.

1. I am a student of …
2. The Pacific National University is …
3. The university structure includes …
4. It was founded in …
5. Nowadays the Faculty of Automotive and Power Engineering trains …
6. The Russian Federation is a country of …
7. It is washed by…
8 … carry cargo to our sea and river ports and abroad.
9. Passengers enjoy voyages on board …
10. These ships are equipped with…
11. The operation and maintenance of such complex equipment is done by…
12. To become good specialists we study a lot of …
13. We should know…
8
14. The fourth-year students have…
15. The fifth-year students have…
16. After graduating from the university we can work…
17. I’ve chosen my specialty because …
18. I’d like to find a job…
Exercise 9. Be ready to tell about your future specialty using the previ-
ous exercise as a plan.
Exercise 10. Skim the text and name the types of ships mentioned and
the cargo they carry.
Types of ships
Ship is one of the oldest and most important means of transportation.
Every day, thousands of ships cross the oceans, sail along seacoasts, and
travel on inland waterways. Trade among countries depends heavily on ships.
Many kinds of ships are used to carry the world’s trade. Giant tankers
haul petroleum, soybean oil, wines, and other liquids. Refrigerator ships car-
ry fresh fruits, meats, and vegetables. Vessels called dry bulk carriers haul
such cargoes as grain, ore, and sand. General cargo ships transport ever y-
thing from airplane engines to zippers. Passenger liners carry travelers
across the oceans and vacationers on cruises to the Mediterranean and Car-
ibbean seas and other scenic areas.
Today, ships are as important as ever to a country’s prosperity and
strength. All the great trading nations try to have a large merchant marine. A
merchant marine consists of the commercial, or merchant, ships of a country.
The difference between a ship and a boat is chiefly a matter of size.
Large ocean-going vessels are called ships. All other crafts are called
boats.
9
Exercise 11. Read the text again and answer the following questions.
1. What is one of the oldest and most important means of transportation?
2. What ships are used to carry the world’s trade?
3. Do the dry bulk carriers transport petroleum?
4. All the great trading nations try to have a large merchant marine, don’t they?
5. What is the difference between a ship and a boat?
Exercise 12. Find twelve words from your active vocabulary, either
across or down.
j i e t c i o m o u v z s a q r
r f d v o y a g e b o i l e r d
e g j l m c v m l j p a s g o w
e s t a b l i s h m e n t i j o
f s a q u e r t y a r u g l k r
e l i p s u t w e i a s f h l k
r f h n t c k l o n t p b n g s
s e n g i n e j b t e q u i p h
x r o l o l h d l a o y p t y o
o r i t n j s o n i g q a k n p
s y f d e c w r o n d e s m l e
a d p u r p o s e m n x r a q m
Exercise 13. Write an essay on the theme: “What is Marine Engineer-

ing for me”.
10
UNIT 2. Arrangement of a ship
Exercise 1. Read the words and try to remember them. Look at the pic-
ture 1 and learn arrangement of a ship.
anchor – якорь;
bow – нос;
bridge – мостик;
crane – кран;
deck – палуба;
forecastle – бак;
funnel – труба;
hull – корпус;
lifeboat – спасательная шлюпка;
mast – мачта;
propeller – гребной винт;
superstructure – палубные сооружения, надстройка;
poop – полуют, корма;
ladder – трап, лестница;
boiler-room – котельная;
cabin – каюта;
central control room – центральный пульт управления (ЦПУ);
derrick – подъёмное приспособление, стрела;
engine-room – машинное отделение;
galley – камбуз;
gangway – парадный трап;
hatch – люк;
hold – трюм;
mess-room – кают-компания;
11
mooring winch – швартовая лебёдка;
port side – левый борт;
porthole – иллюминатор;
pump-room – насосное отделение;
rope – канат, трос;
rudder – руль;
signal flags – сигнальные флаги;
starboard side – правый борт;
steering gear room – румпельное отделение;
stern – корма;
upper deck – верхняя палуба;
beam / width – ширина (судна);
deadweight (DWT) – дедвейт;
draught / draft –осадка;
gross tonnage – валовая вместимость;
length overall – общая длина (судна);
ship manager – судовой менеджер;
ship owner – судовладелец.
Pic. 1. Arrangement of a ship
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Peak, extreme, container, ballast, tank, collision, vertical, center, stress,
manager, tonnage, signal, flags, crane, port.
Exercise 3. Chose three words from the active vocabulary and make
sentences with them.
Exercise 4. Read the text and try to give definitions to the following
words and word combinations.
Longitudinal and transverse bulkheads, the stem, the stern, the main deck,
the forecastle, the tween deck, the tank top, holds, tanks, peak tanks, hatches, the
chain locker, the boatswain’s locker, collision bulkheads, the engine room, the
steering gear room, the double bottom, cofferdams.
Arrangement of a ship
The compartments are formed by vertical separations (longitudinal and
transverse bulkheads) and horizontal separations (decks).
The extreme fore end of the vessel is called stem. The extreme aft end is
the stern or “poop”.
The upper deck, or main deck, is often the deck that is exposed to sea and
weather. That is why the main deck is also called the “weather deck”. In fact, it
provides a “shelter” for all the contents of the vessel. The foremost part of the
upper deck is called the forecastle. The tween deck is the intermediate deck be-
tween upper deck and the inside bottom of the vessel, called tank top. The tween
deck divides the vessel into separate holds. The upper holds and lower holds are
the spaces that contain the cargoes. Spaces for liquid cargoes are called tanks.
Access to a hold can be obtained through hatches. On freighters these hatches
must be sufficiently broad for grabs to be lowered into the holds. The foremost
13
and aftermost spaces of the vessel are the peak tanks. They may serve as storage
spaces for ballast water and are capable of “absorbing” a part of the impact forc-
es that are released in case of a collision. The anchor chain is stored in the chain
locker. It is situated over the fore peak tank. The upper part of the fore peak tank
is called the boatswain’s locker, where ropes, paint and tackle are kept.
Bulkheads are the vertical separations between holds and spaces. The fore
peak bulkhead and after peak bulkhead are the so-called collision bulkheads.
These transverse bulkheads are watertight and prevent the vessel from flooding
in case the vessel collides with another vessel. Collision bulkheads are also fire-
retarding or even fireproof. Apart from transverse bulkheads tankers are also fit-
ted with two longitudinal bulkheads that divide the vessel into starboard – and
port wing tanks and a center tank. The engine room is a watertight machinery
space that contains the vessel’s propulsion plant. The steering gear room must
also be a watertight compartment and is very often situated over the after peak
tank. Due to large stresses that occur under the engine room and peak tanks, ad-
ditional strengthenings are often inserted. The double bottom provides strength
and storage space for fuel, lubricating oil, fresh water, salt (ballast) water and
potable water. To prevent liquids from leaking from one double bottom tank into
the other, longitudinal and transverse separations are used between the tanks.
These separations, which are in fact empty spaces, are called cofferdams.
Exercise 5. Read the text again and answer the following questions.
1. What is the difference between bulkheads and decks?
2. Is the poop the extreme aft end or the extreme fore end of the vessel?
3. Why is the main deck called the “weather deck”?
4. What is the difference between tanks and holds?
5. How broad the hatches on freighters must be?
6. What may the peak tanks serve for?
14
7. The peak tanks are capable of “absorbing” a part of the impact forces
that are released in case of a collision, aren’t they?
8. Where is the anchor chain stored?
9. What is kept in the boatswain’s locker?
10. Why are the collision bulkheads watertight?
11. What bulkheads divide the vessel into starboard – and port wing tanks
and a center tank?
12. What compartment contains the vessel’s propulsion plant?
13. Where is the steering gear room usually situated?
14. What does the double bottom provide?
15. Why are cofferdams used between the tanks?
Exercise 6. Write the words in the correct order, and then translate the
sentences.
1. These; watertight; are flooding; the vessel; and; prevent from; transverse
bulkheads.
2. The; separations; formed by; vertical; are; compartments; and horizontal.
3. Access; hatches; to; be obtained; can; through; a hold.
4. The vessel; extreme; stem; of; the; is called; fore end.
5. Provides; the vessel; the contents; for all; the main deck; of; a “shelter”.
6. Spaces; cargoes; liquid; called; are; tanks; for.
7. They; water; serve; spaces; storage; for ballast; as; may.
Exercise 7. Complete the sentences and translate them.

1. The compartments are formed by …
2. The extreme fore end of the vessel is called …
3. The extreme aft end of the vessel is called …
4. The main deck is also called the “weather deck” because …
15
5. The foremost part of the upper deck is called …
6. The tween deck is …
7. Spaces for liquid cargoes are called …
8. Access to a hold can be obtained through …
9. On freighters these hatches must be sufficiently broad for …
10. The anchor chain is stored …
11. Ropes, paint and tackle are kept in …
12. Bulkheads are the vertical separations between …
13. The transverse bulkheads are watertight and prevent the vessel from …
14. … divide the vessel into starboard – and port wing tanks and a center tank.
15. The double bottom provides strength and storage space for …
16. To prevent liquids from leaking from one double bottom tank into the
other …
17. Cofferdams are in fact … … spaces.
Exercise 8. Match the main dimensions of a ship with their definitions,

translate and learn them.
1. It is the horizontal distance between the a) Freeboard
insides of the moulds. In other words, it is the in-
side width of the vessel. It is used to determine
the vessel’s cargo carrying capacity in relation to
her stability.
2. It is the vertical distance between the in- b) The Construction Wa-
sides of the moulds (including the double bot- terline
tom). It indicates the inside height of the vessel.
It is used to determine the vessel’s cargo carrying
capacity in relation to her stability.
16
3. It is the extreme breadth of the vessel. In c) Underkeel Clearance
restricted, narrow fairways (e.g. the Panama Ca- (UKC)
nal) it is an important factor to obtain a clearance
to proceed.
4. It is the distance between the extreme d) moulded breadth
fore-end and the extreme aft-end of the vessel.
The port authorities will have to know it.
5. It is the line to which the ship may be e) beam
loaded in summer.
6. It is the distance from the bottom of the f) moulded depth
keel to the surface of the water.
7. It is the difference from the waterline to g) Length Over All
the highest point of the vessel. When proceeding (L.O.A.)
through a channel that is spanned by a bridge, it
should be less than the vertical clearance of the
bridge. When it is greater than the vertical clear-
ance will allow, we speak of a top-hampered ves-
sel.
8. It is the distance between the deck line h) draft
and waterline.
9. It is the distance between keel and seabed i) air draft
Exercise 9. Draw a ship and name as many parts of it as you can. Do

not cheat. Check it with your partner.
Exercise 10. Find twelve words from your active vocabulary, either
across or down.
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s u p e r s t r u c t u r e
t f o r e c a s t l e d s h
e a o d e a d w e i g h t u
r n p r h d e r r i c k e l
n c r a n e w g f u n n e l
q h y f p s t a r b o a r d
b o w t d k y l e a k d i a
o r p r o p e l l e r k n o
i c o o l f x e b r i d g e
l a d d e r c y g o e m g r
e b o e n g i n e t r t e l
r i c c g e a r l o b e a m
f n k k h u k l l r e f r a
e p o r t s i d e f a j t d
l i f e b o a t d f m a s t
Exercise 11. Work in pairs. Each partner choses five nouns from the
active vocabulary. Do not tell your partner what words you’ve chosen. Stu-
dent A asks Student B questions aiming to guess the word until he is a suc-
cess. Then change your roles. Repeat it until all the words are said.
Exercise 12. Skim the text and name the types of ships mentioned and
their functions.
Specialized types of vessels

Many ships and boats have been designed to do particular jobs to help ships
and shipping. Refrigerator ships, travelling 22 knots or faster, carry fresh fruits,
meats, and vegetables across the ocean.
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Tugboats tow barges along canals and rivers and guide huge passenger lin-
ers and bulkers in and out of harbors. They can be divided into four basic types.
Some are designed as river tugs to work on rivers. Others are designed as harbor
tugs and help ships in and out of ports and harbor. Two other types of tugs are
coastal tugs and oceangoing tugs. These go out to help ships in difficulty at sea.
Oceangoing tugs take part in rescue and salvage work. Tugs must be designed to
satisfy three important requirements: they must be stable in all conditions, ma-
neuverable and powerful enough to move ships of far greater size.
Besides ferries that transport automobiles and passengers, there are train
ferries that carry railroad cars across small bodies of water.
Another type of specialized vessel is the icebreaker. They are important to
shipping because the northern ports and channels freeze up in winter. Ships must
use these ports all the year round; therefore it is necessary to keep them open.
Powerful icebreakers use their sturdy bows to ram through frozen waters and
open a path for other ships and boats. They have powerful engines and very
strong hulls.
A rather noisy and smaller type of vessel is the dredger. Dredgers are nec-
essary to remove the sand and mud from the beds of channels and harbors.
Dredgers are of three main types: they can be either bucket dredges, which have
a series of buckets which go down to the sea bed and scoop up the sand and mud;
they can be suction dredgers, which suck up sand and mud like a very large vac-
uum cleaner; or they can be grab dredgers, which can operate like cranes.
An unusual type of specialized vessels is the lightship. Lightships look like
ordinary ships, but they do not have engines, because they are towed to the posi-
tion and then anchored there. They have not only lights, but also a foghorn, a ra-
dio beacon and meteorological equipment as well.
Pilot launches are motorboats for transporting pilots to and from ships.
They must be seaworthy as pilots go out in all weathers.
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A very important type of boat is the lifeboat. Lifeboats are of many differ-
ent types. Lifeboats must be strong, stable and maneuverable and their crew
must be well trained.
Oceanographic ships carry instruments to study currents, tides, waves, and
the animals and plants of the sea.
Some modern fishing vessels are used not only to catch fish, but also to
process them. These ships have equipment to behead, clean, and refrigerate the
fish.
Exercise 12. Work in pairs: fill the table.

Type of the ship Function
Exercise 13. Read and translate the text without the dictionary. An-
swer the question in the title.
What are the Seven Seas?

When we talk of the “Seven Seas”, we use a phrase that old-time sailors
used to describe all the seas and oceans of the world. Some people think that the
Seven Seas are the North and South Atlantic, the Arctic, the Antarctic and the
Indian Oceans. But the phrase doesn’t really describe these oceans. In ancient
times, people called the following the Seven Seas: the Bay of Bengal, the South
China Sea, the Arabian Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, the Mediterranean
Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.
Exercise 14. Tell about the ships you have seen in your native city.
20
UNIT 3. The Ship’ Crew

crew – команда, экипаж;
complex – сложный;
skilled – умелый;
to operate – управлять, эксплуатировать;
to operate a ship – управлять судном;
department – отделение, служба;
deck department – служба эксплуатации (палубная команда);
engine department – служба технической эксплуатации (команда ма-
шинного отделения);
to include – включать (в себя);
navigator – штурман;
sailor – моряк, матрос;
Boatswain – боцман;
according to – согласно, в соответствии с;
rank – звание, ранг;
Chief Officer (Mate) – старший помощник капитана;
Chief Engineer – старший механик;
responsible – ответственный;
to be responsible for – отвечать за;
experienced – опытный;
head – голова, глава;
to replace – заменять;
to keep (kept, kept) – хранить, держать;
to keep watch – нести вахту;
navigating bridge – рулевой (капитанский) мостик;
21
to leave – оставлять, покидать;
to relieve – освобождать;
to relieve each other of watch – сменять друг друга с вахты;
to define – определять;
to plot the course – прокладывать курс;
chart – морская карта;
to take bearings – брать пеленг;
radio-communications – радиосвязь;
hull – корпус (судна);
hold – трюм;
to consist of – состоять из;
tackle – такелаж;
motorman – моторист;
electrician – электрик;
to maintain – обслуживать, содержать;
to repair – ремонтировать;
well-qualified – высококвалифицированный;
to perform – выполнять, исполнять;
duty – обязанность, долг;
proper – надлежащий, правильный;
properly – должным образом.
Exercise 2. Translate the groups of words, paying attention to the

word-formation.
Navigator, operator, actor, doctor; electrician, musician, physician, mathe-
matician; artist, dentist, scientist, pianist; seaman, motorman, businessman,
helmsman; teacher, lecturer, bookkeeper.
22
Organization, navigator, officer, assistant, position, course, radio.
The Ship’ Crew

There is a lot of complex equipment on board modern ships so it is necessary to
have skilled crew to operate a ship. The crew organization is changing but there are
at least two departments: the Deck Department and the Engine Department.
The Deck Department includes navigators, Radio Officers, a Boatswain, sailors
and a doctor. According to their rank the navigators are: the Master (Captain), the
Chief Officer (First Mate), the Second Mate, the Third Mate and the Forth Mate.
The Master is responsible for the ship, her cargo and the crew, that’s why
he must be a very experienced navigator. The Chief Officer is the Master’s main
assistant and the head of the Deck Department. He must be ready to replace the
Master and perform his duties.
All the navigators except the Master keep watch on the navigating bridge
and mustn’t leave it when on watch. They relieve each other of watch every four
hours. Every navigator knows how to define the ship’s position, plot her course
on the chart and take bearings.
Radio Officers are responsible for radio-communications and keep watch in
the radio-room. There is one or two Radio Officers on board ship but on ships
with continuous radio watches there may be three Radio Officers.
A Boatswain and sailors must keep the ship’s hull, holds and tackle in good
condition. They paint superstructures and masts, wash and scrub decks.
The Engine Department consists of the Chief Engineer, the Second Engineer, the
Third Engineer, the Forth Engineer, some motormen and two or three electricians. They
keep watch in the engine room and must maintain and repair the ship’s equipment.
All the crew members must be well-qualified to perform their duties properly.
23
1. Why is it necessary to have skilled crew to operate a ship?
2. How many departments are there on board ship? What are they?
3. Who is the head of the Deck Department?
4. What is the Master responsible for?
5. Who keeps watch on the navigating bridge?
6. How long does the watch last?
7. Who is responsible for radio-communications?
8. How many Radio Officers are there on board ship?
9. What are the sailors’ duties?
10. Who is the head of the Engine Department?
11. Motormen keep watch in the engine room, don’t they?
12. Who must maintain and repair the ship’s equipment?
Exercise 6. Insert the proper word.

The Master, motormen, Radio Officers, the Chief Engineer, electricians,
the Chief Officer, the Boatswain.
1. … is the Master’s main assistant.
2. … are responsible for radio-communications.
3. … is responsible for keeping the ship’s hull, holds and tackle in good condition.
4. … is the head of the Engine Department.
5. … are responsible for keeping electrical equipment in good condition.
6. … is responsible for the safety of the ship, her cargo and the crew.
7. … maintain and repair the main engine.
Exercise 7. Fill the gaps with the Modal Verbs: can, must, may. If pos-
sible, give more than one variant.
1. I am a sailor. I … swim very well.
24
2. You … see many cargo ships in the port.
3. Every navigator … know how to define the ship’s position.
4. … I go out? – Yes, you ….
5. The boatswain ordered to paint the mast. You … do it!
6. Excuse me, … you tell me where the port is?
7. The navigators … not leave the navigating bridge when on watch.
8. I … translate this text without a dictionary.
9. … I help you? – Yes, do please.
10. Only well-qualified sailors … perform their duties properly.
11. The motormen … maintain and repair the ship’s equipment.
12. He … speak French well.
Exercise 8. Chose can or could.

1. I (can’t/couldn’t) take bearings last year.
2. The text is difficult. Nobody (can/could) translate it without a dictionary.
3. How (can/could) I get on board the passenger liner?
4. Last week they (can’t/couldn’t) repair the pump.
5. When I was five I (can/could) swim.
6. Now we (can/could) plot the route on the chart.
7. The Radio Officer (can’t/couldn’t) transmit the radiogram yesterday.
8. Our Chief Mate (can/could) perform the Master’s duties.
9. She (can’t/couldn’t) come. She missed the bus.
10. Jane was so happy that she (can’t/couldn’t) stop smiling.
Exercise 9. Read the text and translate it using a dictionary.
Duties and responsibilities of the Chief Engineer Officer

The Chief Engineer is responsible to the Master for:
– the engine department and the safety of its crew and machinery;
25
– the implementation of the Company’s policies as contained within the
Fleet Standing Instructions, Company Manuals and other official instructions on
all machinery related matters of operation, safety and environmental protection.
– the onboard discipline of all the engine department officers and crew;
– the safe operation of the vessel’s machinery and technical plant in
compliance with the classification survey requirements;
– the monitoring of the performance of the main propulsion and auxiliary
machinery;
– the accurate control of the vessel’s fuel and lubricating oil consumption;
– the bunkering of fuel and lubricating oil and other fluids as appropriate;
– the maintenance of the main propulsion, auxiliary machinery, cargo
handling and deck machinery;
– the accurate entry of all operational machinery parameters by the watch
keepers/duty engineers in the engine room log;
– the reporting of any accident or damage to the vessel’s machinery or
technical plant;
– the undertaking of any other duties or instructions as required by the
Company.
Exercise 10. Find the English equivalents of the following words and
word combinations in the text.
Старший механик, обязанности, капитан, безопасность, выполнение,
справочник, окружающая среда, защита, дисциплина, судно, в соответст-
вии с, обследование, требования, наблюдения, работа, главный двигатель,
вспомогательные механизмы, тщательный, топливо, смазочное масло, по-
требление, бункеровка, жидкость, надлежащим образом, обслуживание,
обработка груза, палубные механизмы, запись, вахтенный, журнал, доклад,
авария, ущерб, исполнение, любой, по требованию компании.
26
Exercise 11. Decide whether the sentences below are true or false. Cor-
rect the false sentences.
1. The Chief Engineer is responsible for radio-communications.
(True/False)
2. The Chief Engineer is responsible to the Master for the engine depart-
ment and the safety of its crew and machinery. (True/False)
3. The Chief Officer is responsible for monitoring the bunkering of fuel and
lubricating oil. (True/False)
4. All crew members must implement the Company’s policies as contained
within the Fleet Standing Instructions. (True/False)
5. A Boatswain and sailors must keep watch in the engine room.
(True/False)
6. The Chief Engineer must be a very experienced navigator. (True/False)
7. The Master is responsible for the accurate entry of all operational ma-
chinery parameters in the engine room log. (True/False)
8. The Second Mate is responsible for the maintenance of the main propul-
sion, auxiliary machinery, cargo handling and deck machinery. (True/False)
9. The Chief Engineer is responsible for the onboard discipline of all the
engine department officers and crew. (True/False)
10. The ship’s doctor must control the vessel’s fuel and lubricating oil con-
sumption. (True/False)
Exercise 12. Match the words and learn them.

1. deck department a) штурман
2. to include b) согласно, в соответствии с
3. to operate c) боцман
4. crew d) рулевой (капитанский) мостик
5. navigator e) оставлять, покидать
27
6. Chief Engineer f) звание, ранг
7. to be responsible for g) освобождать
8. to plot the course h) морская карта
9. Chief Officer (Mate) i) брать пеленг
10. navigating bridge j) включать (в себя)
11. sailor k) определять
12. Boatswain l) служба эксплуатации
13. engine department m) старший механик
14. to keep watch n) прокладывать курс
15. to relieve o) обязанность, долг
16. hull p) моторист
17. duty q) такелаж
18.to define r) обслуживать, содержать
19. take bearings s) корпус (судна)
20.to leave t) управлять, эксплуатировать
21. rank u) моряк, матрос
22.to maintain v) команда, экипаж
23. motorman w) старший помощник капитана
24. tackle x)служба технической эксплуатации
25. chart y) нести вахту
26. according to z) отвечать за
Exercise 13. What do you know about the water transport existed cen-
turies ago? Can you describe the vessels of ancient times? Write five sen-
tences on the theme. You may use the following words.
Floating craft – плавучее средство, log – бревно, raft – плот, clumsy –
неуклюжий, galley – галера, sailing ships – парусные суда
28
Exercise 14. Work in pairs: discuss with your partner the main duties
and responsibilities of the ship’s officers and crew and write down the info.
Position Department Jobs and duties Supervised by
Chief Engineer
Sailors
3rd Engineer
Motormen
Electrician
Doctor
Chief Officer
Radio Officers
Master
Boatswain
Helmsman
Exercise 15. Read the text about the ancient water transport and an-
swer the following questions.
Ancient water transport

Since the early days people have used rivers, lakes and seas for the trans-
portation. They are constantly improving the design of ships and new types of
the ships for different purposes appear.
One of the most important things about water transport is the small effort
needed to move a floating craft. A heavy boat or a barge weighing several tons
can be moved through the water, slowly but steadily, by one man. In order to fly
an airplane of the same weight as the barge one needs the engine of 1,000 horse-
power or more.
The raft made of logs of wood is supposed to be the earliest type of boat.
29
Rafts seem to be clumsy vessels, although the Norwegian scientist Thor
Heyerdahl and his five companions in 1947 made a voyage on the raft Kon Tiki
from Peru to Tuamotu Islands – a distance of 4 500 miles.
The water transport in ancient times developed most rapidly on great rivers.
The ancient Romans used vessels to carry their armies and supplies to colonies.
These ships, usually called galleys, continued to be used in the Mediterranean
till 1750.
The introduction of the magnetic compass allowed long voyages to be
made with much greater safety. At the end of the 15 th century, sailing ves-
sels are known to have carried men from Europe to America and round Afri-
ca to India.
The middle of the 19th century proved to be the highest point in the devel-
opment of sailing ships.
1. How long have people used water for the transportation of

different things?
2. What effort do you need to move a floating craft?
3. What vessel is supposed to be the earliest type?
4. What is the Norwegian scientist Thor Heyerdahl famous for?
5. What vessels did the ancient Romans use?
6. What ships were widely used in the middle of the 19th century?
7. What invention allowed long voyages to be made with much
greater safety?
Exercise 16. Speak about the crew of a merchant ship and their duties
and responsibilities.
30
UNIT 4. Diesel engines

propulsion – движение;
combustion – сгорание;
mixture – смесь;
to convert – преобразовывать;
power – мощность;
revolution – оборот;
crankshaft – коленчатый вал;
to apply – применять;
vessel – судно;
reliable – надёжный;
space – пространство;
to consume – потреблять;
residual oil – мазут;
to require – требовать, нуждаться;
maneuverable – манёвренный;
rated capacity – номинальная мощность;
fuel consumption – расход топлива;
row – ряд;
to compare – сравнивать;
advantage – преимущество;
obvious – очевидный;
costly – дорогостоящий;
to overhaul – тщательно осматривать с целью ремонта;
cheap – дешёвый.
31
Exercise 2. Match the antonyms. If necessary, consult the dictionary.
1. heavy a) costly
2. reliable b) illegal
3. high c) external
4. more d) disadvantage
5. cheap e) low
6. advantage f) unreliable
7. legal g) light
8. simple h) less
9. internal i) complex
Exercise 3. Chose six words from the active vocabulary and make sen-
tences with them.
Types of Diesel engines

A Diesel engine is a propulsion plant in which the heat generated by internal
combustion of fuel-air mixture is converted into power. There are slow speed -, me-
dium speed - and high-speed Diesel engines. By "speed" is understood the number of
revolutions per minute (RPM) the crankshaft can make. The slow-speed Diesel en-
gine is applied in large vessels with large engine rooms. These engines are very reli-
able, but take up a lot of space. Slow-speed Diesel engines consume Heavy Fuel Oil
(HFO), which is an inexpensive fuel. This type of fuel, also called residual oil, is
used in medium-speed Diesel engines, too. These engines are also applied in large
vessels, e.g. in ferries. Compared to the slow-speed engine the medium-speed engine
is more compact and requires more maintenance. High speed Diesel engines are used
in small, highly maneuverable vessels. The rated capacity of such an engine is very
high, but so is its fuel consumption.
32
Diesel engines may have cylinders that are placed "in line" or in two rows
like a V letter. Compared to the in-line engine the advantages of the V-engine
are obvious: a V-engine requires only one crankshaft and takes up less space.
But from the other hand the in-line engine is not as costly as the V- engine. The
construction of the in-line engine is simple, which makes the maintenance and
overhauling relatively easy and cheap.

1. What is a Diesel engine?
2. What types of Diesel engines do you know?
3. What is understood by the speed of the engine?
4. Where are the slow-speed Diesel engines applied?
5. What types of engines consume Heavy Fuel Oil?
6. Is the in-line engine as costly as the V-engine?
7. What engines are used in small, highly maneuverable vessels?
Exercise 6. Read and translate the text. If necessary, consult the dic-
tionary. Give it the proper title. Look at the picture 2 and learn arrange-
ment of a diesel engine.
As to the construction of Diesel engines they can be divided into two main types:
the trunk engine and the crosshead engine. In a trunk engine the piston pin and crank
pin are directly connected to each other by the connecting rod. Trunk engines are
mostly medium speed- or high-speed engines. Compared to the crosshead engines
they require more maintenance. The crosshead engine is taller because of the cross-
head and piston rod, which require more space. These engines are mainly used in large
vessels. With a direct-reversible crosshead engine maintenance costs can be kept to a
minimum because there is no reversing gear. The crosshead engine is reputed to be
very reliable, but is considered to be more costly compared to the trunk engine.
33
Pic. 2. Arrangement of a trunk and a crosshead engines.
34
Exercise 7. Complete the sentences.
1. Diesel engines can be divided into two main types: …
2. In a trunk engine the … pin and … pin are directly connected to each
other by the …
3. Trunk engines are mostly …-speed or …-speed engines.
4. … requires more maintenance.
5. The crosshead engine is … because of the crosshead and piston rod.
6. … engines are mainly used in large vessels.
7. With a direct-reversible crosshead engine maintenance costs can be kept
to a minimum because …
8. The … engine is reputed to be very reliable, but is considered to be more
costly compared to the … engine.
Exercise 8. Work in pairs: Read the text below and indicate by means
of the letters A / J the sequence of events in a four-stroke engine. Start with
the letter A (Piston is in its TDC).
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A
A. Piston is in its TDC.

B. All the valves are closed; compression of the air in the cylinder.
C. Piston removes the exhaust gases from the cylinder.
D. Explosion forces the piston down.
E. At the end of the compression stroke the injector sprays fuel through
the nozzle.
F. The cylinder is filled with air.
G. Power stroke, during which the mixture is ignited.
H. The inlet valve is opened during the air inlet stroke.
I. Piston passes its BDC.
J. Piston passes its BDC again.
35
Two-stroke and four-stroke Diesel engines
The piston in a cylinder makes a reciprocating motion - it goes up and
down. The motions of a piston are called strokes. The number of strokes of a
piston that form a cycle in a cylinder is two or four. The two-stroke principle is
applied in slow-speed Diesel engines. Compared with the four-stroke engine, its
advantage is that each cylinder is capable of generating more power, because the
number of power strokes by the piston is twice as many as with the four-stroke
cycle at the same crankshaft speed. The disadvantage of the two-stroke Diesel
engine is that it is not suitable for the fast maneuverable vessels.
Pic. 3. The four-stroke cycle
The working principle of a four-stroke Diesel engine

The four-stroke cycle (pic. 3) consists of: the suction stroke, the compression
stroke, the combustion and expansion (power) stroke and the exhaust stroke. The
suction stroke begins when the piston is in its Top Dead Center (TDC). When it
moves downwards the air inlet valve opens and air is drawn into the cylinder, the
exhaust valve is being closed. As the piston reaches its Bottom Dead Centre
(BDC) the inlet valve closes and the piston rises. The air in the cylinder is com-
pressed and its temperature can rise to about 1,000 degrees Fahrenheit. The fuel
injection valve opens and the fuel oil is sprayed into the cylinder. The high tem-
36
perature of the compressed air ignites the fuel and it continues to burn as long as
injection is maintained. As a result of combustion the burnt gases under a very
high pressure are formed and make the piston move down on its third, power
stroke. At the end of the stroke the exhaust valve opens and the rising piston push-
es the gases out of the cylinder into the exhaust pipe. One complete cycle requires
four strokes of the piston: the suction stroke (down), the compression stroke (up),
the power stroke (down), the exhaust stroke (up). Four strokes comprise two com-
plete revolutions of the crankshaft.
Exercise 9. Work in pairs: indicate by means of the letters A / N the

sequence of events in a two-stroke engine. Start with the letter A (Piston is
in its BDC).
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
A K M
A - Piston is in its BDC.

B - The exhaust gases are passed to the exhaust manifold.
C - The crank is actuated.
D - The camshaft actuates the push rod.
E - The fuel ignites.
F – The cylinder is filled with air.
G - The reciprocating motion changes into a rotary motion.
H - The rocking lever is actuated by the pushrod.
I - Scavenging air removes exhaust gases.
J - The piston goes up and compresses the air in the cylinder.
K - The piston and connecting rod are pushed down.
L - The crankshaft actuates the camshaft.
M - The exhaust valves are opened.
N - Fuel is injected during the compression stroke.
37
The working principle of a two-stroke Diesel engine
In the two-stroke Diesel engine instead of the inlet valves there are scav-
enging ports connected with a low pressure scavenging air compressor. In the
uniflow scavenging engines the exhaust valves are the same as in the 4-stroke
engines, but in case of the loop scavenging and the cross scavenging engines in-
stead of the exhaust valves there is a ring of exhaust ports around the bottom of
the cylinder. The two-stroke cycle begins when the piston is in its Bottom Dead
Centre (BDC). Air enters the cylinder through the scavenging ports. During the
compression stroke the air in the cylinder is compressed while the piston moves
upwards. Fuel is injected to the cylinder at the end of this stroke. The fuel ig-
nites spontaneously due to the high compression and high temperature of the air
in the cylinder. During the power stroke the piston is pushed down by the "ex-
plosion" of the mixture in the cylinder.
Pic. 4. The two-stroke cycle
38
The reciprocating piston and connecting rod cause the crankshaft to rotate.
Thus, at the end of the power stroke, the exhaust valves or ports are opened, al-
lowing the exhaust gases to escape into the exhaust gas manifold, the remaining
exhaust gases are removed out of the cylinder by the scavenging air. The scav-
enging system that is most widely used nowadays is the uniflow scavenging sys-
tem, because it gives better removal of the exhaust gases out of the cylinder.
Cross scavenging- or loop scavenging systems may leave in the cylinder small
amounts of gases that can form carbon deposits, but the absence of the exhaust
valves in the cylinder head makes cooling easier and reduces the liability
to crack.
Exercise 10. Work in pairs: Fill in what the application(s) of the vari-
ous types of engine are and compare the engines with regard to their ad-
vantage(s) and disadvantage(s).
Types of engines Application(s) Advantage(s) Disadvantage(s)
Slow-speed engine
Medium-speed engine
High-speed engine
V-Engine
In-line engine
Trunk engine
Crosshead engine
Two-stroke engine
Four-stroke engine
Exercise 11. Examine the picture 5 and name the engine parts. De-
scribe the engine.
39
Pic. 5. The scheme of an engine
40
UNIT 5. Cooling system
Exercise 1. The words are given in alphabetical order. Find out what
they mean as they appear in the text and learn them by heart.
advantage due to necessary
apply exhaust valve piston rod bore
area expansion purify
atomizer fresh water reduce
carbon deposit friction remove
combustion fuel valve require
consequence guide reuse
coolant guide shoe scale
cooling medium heat exchange sea chest
corrosion heat exchanger sealing layer
cylinder cover housing scratch
cylinder liner impurities shrink
deformation inside return pipe thermal
deposit insulation wear
disadvantage jacket wear resistant
discharge muffler worn
Cooling system
Due to the very high temperatures caused by the combustion of the fuel and
the friction between the various moving engine parts, cooling of the engine is
necessary to reduce wear and thermal deformation as a consequence of the con-
stant expansion and shrinking of these engine parts.
The engine parts that require cooling are:
41
– the cylinder (liners and covers): the cylinder is cooled by the coolant
between the cylinder liner and the cylinder jacket. The most common coolant is
fresh water.
– the piston: when the piston goes up and down, the coolant (oil) will en-
ter through the piston rod bore and will leave through the inside return pipe;
– exhaust valves and housings;
– fuel valves, especially around the atomizers;
– crosshead guides and crosshead guide shoes.
The coolants used in the cooling process are: seawater, fresh water, oil and
air. The advantages of seawater as a coolant are: it is free of charge and can ab-
sorb a lot of heat. Furthermore, a seawater cooling-system can be made very
simple since the used seawater can be discharged into the sea.
The disadvantages of seawater are obvious: it contains a lot of minerals that
will stick to all heated surfaces and form a deposit. This "scale", as it is called,
must be removed, because it will form an insulation that will prevent exchange
of heat. Seawater will also cause corrosion to the engine parts and piping. Sea-
water can be used as a cooling medium in an indirect cooling process ("cooling
the coolant"). Before the coolant to be circulated through the engine again, it is
cooled by the seawater a heat exchanger. The seawater enters the ship through
the seawater inlets. These inlets are fitted with sea-chests that filter the water be-
fore it is led to the heat exchangers. Fresh water has the ability to absorb much
heat and will hardly cause any forming of scale. Compared to seawater, howev-
er, fresh water is very costly. Therefore it is only used in closed circuits, so that
it can be reused.
Oil as a coolant has a lot of advantages. Apart from cooling, it reduces the
engine noise, because the thickness of the oil will serve as a "muffler". Oil is an-
ti-corrosive and has a purifying function (particles and impurities are carried
away by the oil). Another advantage is that the oil forms a thin sealing-layer that
42
will seal off pits and scratches. And the most important function of oil is lubri-
cating the engine with numerous moving parts. However, the amount of ab-
sorbed heat per cubic meter of oil is less than that of water. Oil may also cause
carbon deposit on the surfaces that need cooling. Air has the advantage of being
free of charge. However, its disadvantage is the enormous amount of air needed
to cool a small area or surface.
Exercise 2. Answer the questions.

1. Why is cooling of the engine necessary?
2. What are the engine parts that require cooling?
3. What coolants are used in the cooling process?
4. Why can the seawater cooling-system be made very simple?
5. How are minerals that stick to all heated surfaces and form a deposit called?
6. Why must the scale be removed?
7. What is “indirect cooling”?
8. What are the seawater inlets fitted with?
9. Why is fresh water used in closed circuits only?
10. Does oil reduce the engine noise?
11. What deposit may oil cause?
Exercise 3. Name the advantages and disadvantages of different cool-

ants. Fill the table.
Coolant Advantages Disadvantages
Sea water
Fresh water
Oil
Air
43
Exercise 4. Read the text and give it a title.
The most common type of pump to be found in engine rooms of both steam
turbine and Diesel engine powered vessels is the centrifugal unit designed to
handle either salt water or fresh water.
The vertical shaft unit consists of a one-impeller centrifugal pump and of
an electric motor connected to it through rigid coupling. The motor is connected
to the pump by means of connecting bracket.
Operating features.
Capacity … 120 /hr
Total gauge head … 20 meters
Speed … 1450 RPM
Pump power requirements … 135 HP
Recommended electric motor rating … 16 HP
Diameter, inlet nozzle … 125 mm
Diameter, discharge nozzle … 100 mm =
Exercise 5. Translate the text above from English into Russian.
Exercise 6. Read the survey report and write out the necessary infor-
mation (when the accident occurred, what happened, the ship’s name, the
surveyors’ names, what parts need repairing, how much will it cost, how
long will it take).
July 10, 1998, SURVEY REPORT: MV Vermont.
We, the Undersigned, held survey this date on the above named vessel
while lying afloat at San Juan Drydock Company, in order to ascertain the na-
ture and extent and necessary repairs to damage alleged to have been sustained
as a consequence of an explosion in the steering engine room on June 24,1998,
and find the following:
44
General recommendations:
1. necessary drydocking to effect repairs;
2. furnishing staging in dry dock.
3. shifting vessel's berth to dry dock;
4. necessary gas-freeing (+ certification) upon arrival in dry dock;.
5. providing fire line and electricity while in dry dock;
6. testing of repairs during dock- and sea trial;
7. removing debris after completion of repairs.
Number of working days: 30 days.
Specific recommendations regarding construction and mechanical parts:
STEERING MACHINERY SPACE:
a) steering machinery space flooded with salt water to height of approx. 6'
above deck;
b) port and starboard electric motors for the hydraulic steering pumps im-
mersed in salt water;
c) oil supply sump-tanks of port and starboard hydraulic steering pumps
contaminated with salt water;
d) electric wiring to steering pumps damaged;
e) hydraulic steering rams slightly corroded from flooding.
STARBOARD SIDE: f) plates nos. 6, 7 and 8 heavily set; g) shell frames
(plates nos. 6, 7 and 8) badly buckled and fractured.
TAILSHAFT: h) shaft seal leaking; i) bearing-oil contaminated.
PROPELLER: j) all blades badly twisted and distorted.
We estimate and agree the cost to effect the foregoing to be in the sum of
£ 1,121,800-Scrap credit estimated at £ 2,000-Surveyors signed without prejudice:
W. Johansen - Siros Shipping Co.
C. Smith (Shipyard)
R. Rady - representing owner's underwriter.
45
Exercise 10. Find fifteen words from your active vocabulary, either
across or down.
s a x g m u f f l e r p
o j a c k e t n f c g g
u p f o v k e k r s l u
t u v o w e a r i c x i
m r f l q z n v c r w d
d i s a d v a n t a g e
b f h n k a j o i t c r
c y u t d c k l o c d r
c o r r o s i o n h j e
p s h r i n k r a w e u
v i n s u l a t i o n s
i m p u r i t i e s v e
l y u v m d e p o s i t
Exercise 11. Read and translate from English into Russian the certifi-
cation courses for marine engineers.
Marine engineers have to do a number of mandatory certification courses
before they get on the ship. They are as follows: 1) STCW Courses The Stand-
ards of Training, Certification, and Watch-Keeping (STCW) Courses for Seafar-
ers are to be done by all marine engineers. STCW courses include: EFA – Ele-
mentary First Aid MFA – Medical First Aid BFF – Basic Fire Fighting AFF –
Advanced Fire Fighting PSCRB – Proficiency in Survival Craft and Rescue
Boat PST – Personal Survival Techniques PSSR – Personal Safety and Social
Responsibility These courses are to be undertaken at institutes/courses providers
certified by the country’s shipping authority. 2) Operational Level Engine room
simulator course (for 4 th and 3 rd engineers) 3) Management level engine room
simulator course (for 2 nd and chief engineers) 4) CFT/ OTF / GTF – Contain-
er/Oil tanker/ Gas tanker familiarization courses depending on the type of ship 5)
Certificate of Competency (COC) Course.
46
UNIT 6. Lubrication
Exercise 1. The words from the text are given below in alphabetical
order. Find out what they mean and learn them by heart.
ability crankweb level gauge
accumulate crosshead guide level
agent crosshead guide shoes liquid
air vent decrease lube oil
allow for distribution branches lubricant
anti-corrosive escape lubricate
apply expand lubricating oil
bearing forced lubrication lubrication
breather friction main
camshaft bearing fumes measure
connecting rod generate noise reduction
contain grade oil bore
crank impurities oil sump
crankpin integrate oil mist
crankshaft layer properties
Lubrication
An engine contains many moving parts, and to prevent any wear or damage
as a result of friction, a lubricant must be applied between these parts. Lubricating
oil has many positive influences on the engine. One of its properties is its cooling-
ability – the lube oil carries away the heat generated by the friction between the
various moving parts. Furthermore, the lubricating oil has the ability to prevent
impurities from clogging together. These particles suspend and float on the sur-
face of the liquid which makes them easy to remove. The lube oil also serves as
47
an anti-corrosive agent - it prevents the forming of rust. The thin oil (or oil film)
seal off pits and scratches in cylinder walls. This prevents a "blow by"- leaking of
exhaust gases through the cylinder-liner. Finally, the thickness of the lubricant re-
duces engine-noise considerably. This thickness of lubricating oil is indicated by
the viscosity grade. When a liquid is very "viscous" it will resist the tendency to
flow. A liquid of low viscosity, such as water, will flow very easily through
pumps and piping systems. When the engine-temperature rises, the viscosity of
the oil is reduced and the oil can become less effective. That is why it is very im-
portant to indicate the viscosity grade of a lubricant at higher temperatures. In a
forced lubricating system the lube oil is pumped from the tank to the distribution
branches in the engine and to the shafting. Before it is entered into the engine the
used oil must first be filtered and cooled by sea water or fresh water.
Lubrication in a crosshead engine

In a crosshead engine oil bores lead the oil through the crankshaft,
crankwebs and crankpins. From there the oil passes from the main bearing to the
crank, connecting rod, crosshead, crosshead guide shoes and crosshead guides.
Lubrication in a trunk engine

The rotating crank causes an oil mist when it throws up the lube oil.
The oil passes through the main lube-oil supply line to the crankshaft-
bearings and camshaft- bearings, after which the used oil is passed through
strainers before it returns to the drain tank. Before the lubricating oil is entered
into the system again, it must be purified by another strainer in the drain tank.
The oil level in the drain tank can be measured with a sounding rod and read
from a level gauge.

1. Why must a lubricant be applied between moving parts?
2. Has lubricating oil many positive influences on the engine?
48
3. Does it cool the engine?
4. What makes impurities easy to remove from the lubricating oil?
5. The lube oil also serves an anti-corrosive agent, doesn’t it?
6. What is "blow by"?
7. How is the thickness of lubricating oil indicated?
8. When the engine temperature rises, the viscosity of the oil is reduced,
isn’t it?
9. How can the used oil be cooled?
10. How can you check the oil level?
Exercise 4. Work in pairs: discuss the difference in lubrication in the

trunk engine and in the crosshead one.
Exercise 5. Have you ever checked the oil level in a car engine? De-
scribe the process.
mation (how the accident occurred, what happened, the ship’s name, the
surveyors’ names, what parts need repairing, how much will it cost, how
long will it take).
May 10, 1999
SURVEY REPORT MV Lady Maria
while lying afloat at Verwaal Shipyard Corp., in order to ascertain the nature
and extent and necessary repairs to damage alleged to have been sustained as a
consequence of a collision with tugboat Huskey, after which MV Lady Maria
was beached to prevent her from sinking. A small engine room fire could soon
be extinguished by her own fire extinguishing system (CO2).
49
We have found it necessary to drydock the above mentioned vessel. Vessel
is unable to come afloat by her own propulsion plant. The usual drydocking ser-
vices and facilities shall be furnished.
FOUND:
a) upper part of rudderstock badly distorted with bearings adrift;
b) plating SB-side of rudder fractured for approx. 9';
c) lower rudder pintle bushing and lower closing plate missing;
d) all 5 blades of propeller distorted;
ENGINE (Main propulsion Diesel 3500 HP Clark - 90 RPM):
reportedly, the main engine was subjected to heavy vibrations during op-
eration of machinery in refloating efforts;
e) thrust bearings beyond repair;
f) heat exchanger seriously damaged;
g) sea chest badly damaged;
h) engine room compartment partly flooded and fouled with oil and debris;
i) lubricating oil sump contaminated with seawater;
j) lubricating oil crankcase drain line to sump broken;
k) crankshaft and crankpins badly distorted with surfaces discoloured from
overheating;
I) cylinder liners scored;
m) piston rings broken;
n) lubricating oil pump fouled;
o) lube oil filters damaged by debris;
p) remaining lube oil supply not to be used.
Camshaft and bearings without damage because of independent mechanical
lubricators. Number of working days : 36 days.
We estimate and agree the cost of the foregoing repairs to be the sum of
£ 1,125,750-Surveyors signed without prejudice,
50
J.W. Verhoef - representing owners;
H. Van den Berg - representing underwriters;
B. Van Bentveld - representing Verwaal Drydock
Exercise 7. Read the text and find the English equivalents of the word
combinations.
Судовой журнал, раздел 68, закон о торговом судоходстве, делать запи-
си, свидетельствовать, сознательно уничтожать, делать неразборчивым, важ-
ные данные, порт приписки, имена капитанов, номера удостоверений, судо-
вая роль, записи рождений и смертей, ватерлиния, максимальная осадка.
Ship’s log book

Section 68 of the Merchant Shipping Act 1970 requires that an official log book
shall be kept in a form approved by the Department in every ship registered. The same
Regulations prescribe the particulars to be entered in official log books, the persons by
whom such entries are to be made, signed, or witnessed, and the procedure to be fol-
lowed. The 1970 Act also provides that if a person willfully destroys or renders illegi-
ble any entry in an official log book he is liable on summary conviction to a fine.
The important data including the name of the ship, port of registry, gross and
net tonnage, names of masters and numbers of certificates of competence are to be
entered in the log book. Name and address of the registered owner, date and place at
which log book is opened and closed are also entered. Pages 2 to 7 include the col-
umn headings being reference number in the list of crew, names of seamen, capacity.
The Returns and Entries of Births and Deaths are entered in the log book. It
is the duty of a master are to make returns of births and deaths on board ship.
On page 29 the particulars taken from the Load Line Certificate are entered
as to positions of the deck line and load lines and the maximum draught of water
in summer shown on the scale of feet or meters and decimeters on the stem and
stern post of the ship.
51
UNIT 7. Safety

emergency – непредвиденный случай;
injury – повреждение, травма;
rendering first aid – оказание первой помощи;
preservation – сохранение;
pollution – загрязнение;
environment – окружающая среда;
to extinguish – тушить, гасить;
alarm – тревога;
to alert – поднимать по тревоге;
vicinity – неподалёку, поблизости;
distress message – сигнал бедствия;
flare – сигнальная ракета;
abandon ship – сигнал покинуть судно;
blast – гудок;
odour – запах;
suffocation – удушение;
to reduce – уменьшать;
oxygen – кислород;
adjacent – прилегающий;
concerning – относительно;
breath – дыхание;
storage – хранение;
flammable – горючий;
solid – твёрдое вещество.
52
Safety
In case of an emergency on board of a vessel, the crew will have to respond
properly to the situation arisen. The emergency-response of each crewmember
must be aimed at life-saving, prevention of injuries and rendering first aid, the
preservation of vessel and cargo, and avoiding environmental pollution.
The Chief Engineer is the head of the Fire Department; the third mate is
usually the Safety-Officer. Together they must see to it that fire-prevention
equipment, fire-detection equipment and fire-fighting equipment are in good or-
der. If a fire cannot be extinguished within two minutes after it has started, the
fire alarm must be raised and all those on board must be alerted.
When the fire cannot be controlled and is becoming massive, vessels in the
vicinity and coastal stations must be alerted by a distress message on DSC/VHF,
rockets, flares, sound- and lightsignals. The General Alarm ("abandon ship") is
given by means of seven short blasts followed by one long blast on the horn.
When a fire has started, the colour and odour of the smoke will indicate what is
actually burning. By manoeuvring the ship in such a way that wind will blow
from abeam, the risk of suffocation due to toxic smoke will be reduced. The
immediate fire-fighting actions are:
– close air vents and ventilation systems, so that the fire cannot be led
with oxygen;
– shut off any source of ignition to prevent explosions of gases;
– close all the fire-retarding doors;
– keep adjacent spaces wet while extinguishing the fire;
– prepare the first aid-equipment and hand out breathing equipment.
53
The symbols used to indicate the types of dangerous goods have been cate-
gorized by means of coloured labels. The colours that are used give very im-
portant information concerning the storage of dangerous goods.
Orange-coloured labels indicate chemicals that must be separated from
flammable liquids by an intermediate space or on deck by at least 12 meters.
Red-coloured labels indicate chemicals that must be separated from flam-
mable solids, spontaneously combustible agents or agents that are dangerous
when wet by a longitudinal space or on deck by at least 24 metres.
Green-coloured labels indicate chemicals that must be stored at a safe dis-
tance from explosive goods.
Yellow-coloured labels indicate chemicals that may not be stored near
flammable gas, non-flammable compressed gas or toxic gas.

1. What must each crewmember be aimed in case of an emergency on
board of a vessel?
2. Who is the head of the Fire Department?
3. What mate is the Safety-Officer?
4. When must the fire alarm be raised?
5. How must vessels in the vicinity and coastal stations be alerted if the fire
cannot be controlled?
6. How is the General Alarm given?
7. What indicates the burning substance?
8. How can the risk of suffocation due to toxic smoke be reduced?
9. What are the immediate fire-fighting actions?
10. What colours are used to give important information concerning the
storage of dangerous goods?
54
Exercise 3. Indicate whether the following incidents, accidents and dis-
asters have been caused by "H.F" (Human Factors) and/or "I.F." (Internal
Factors) and/or "E.F." (External Factors). Indicate the gravity of the con-
sequences to ship and/or cargo, crew and environment with the terms Mi-
nor, Moderate, Major or Catastrophic.
1. Vessel has collided with a whale. Vessel suffered hardly any damage:
no personal injuries.
2. Vessel has collided with a container that was jettisoned by a vessel-
in-distress. There was no experienced lookout on the bridge. Severe damage;
two crewmembers were seriously injured.
3. Vessel capsized and sank due to a stowage plan. No survivors found.
4. A fire broke out when dangerous goods started to shift during a
strong gale (Bft. 9 – Sea State-code 7). Severe environmental pollution was
caused in the area.
5. Vessel became unmanoeuvrable due to abnormal engine coolant
temperatures caused by leaking cylinder-head gasket. Vessel went aground -
hull moderately damaged.
6. Vessel that transmitted an urgency-alert was wrecked because the
VHF-audio signal on the only vessel that was able to comply was not
operational.
7. Vessel collided with a vessel on because the SMCP were not used
during intership communication. Significant damage to both vessels and the en-
vironment has been caused.
8. Vessel went aground due to uncharted shoal. There was hardly any
damage to the ship.
9. Vessel was abandoned when dangerous goods caught fire after a
"Both-to-Blame Collision".
55
10. Chief Engineer mortally injured after explosion caused by a malfunc-
tion of a relief valve.
11. Vessel severely damaged in a collision with a submerged part of an
iceberg. Hardly any damage.
12. Person overboard during heavy squall. Sea State-code 6. The
M.O.B.-boat was launched, but search was stopped after 2 hours.
13. Significant damage to engine because seawater-inlets were obstruct-
ed by the ice.
14. Six injured crewmembers due to act of piracy. All six have been
hospitalized. Part of cargo stolen.
15. Vessel not under command due to loss of rudder collided with with
submarine rock. Vessel damaged beyond repair.
16. Vessel went aground and suffered significant damage because lights
exhibited from fisherman were mistaken for leading lights on the pier.
17. Two casualties due to slack in one of the hawsers.
18. Boatswain got severely injured while engaging the anchor winch.
19. Vessel went aground and caused a small slick of oil; South-Cardinal
buoy was mistaken for a West- Cardinal buoy.
20. Lack of engine-power due to insufficient combustion- air caused by
excessive exhaust backpressure. Vessel became unmanageable and was wrecked.
21. Cargo severely damaged by sweating-water.
22. Engine breakdown caused by crew's negligence, resulting in ground-
ing, whereby rudder was slightly damaged. Jury rudder was installed. Voyage
continued.
23. Major pollution of the environment caused by contents of the
sludge tank.
24. Vessel on fire after miscalculation of ullage in HFO-bunkertank. To-
tal loss of cargo and an enormous environmental pollution.
56
25. Vessel not under command due to leaking steering- engine cylinders.
26. Vessel has a list to port due to improper stowage. Part of cargo con-
sidered to have become worthless.
27. Vessel is down by the head at 7 ft due to ballast- pump-malfunction.
Full deck cargo jettisoned and considered to be lost.
28. Dense fog, in which vessel has collided with a semi- submerged
wreck inspite of experienced lookout. Vessel has suffered severe damage.
29. Vessel went aground due to miscommunication with a VTS-Station.
Vessel came afloat by herself at HW. Hardly any damage.
30. Eight containers have been jettisoned (considered to be lost), because
risk of grounding became imminent due to unexpected shoaling.
31. Sea-going tug has lost her tow due to Tsunami. Very extensive slick
of oil has polluted the area.
32. All occupants of life raft could not be rescued.
33. Vessel suffered damage after proceeding through a bascule road
bridge with a vertical clearance of 34 ft. Severe damage was caused to ship and
bridge.
34. Vessel collided with a fisherman because her bridge was left unat-
tended. Not a single crewmember on board the fisherman has survived.
35. Vessel disabled after collision in dense fog with tanker Vermont due
to radar-malfunction. Severe environmental pollution was caused.
36. Cargo significantly damaged because hatches had not been properly
secured.
37. Arrival of vessel delayed by category-3 hurricane. Hardly any dam-
age to ship.
38. Engine idle for 24 hours due to improper (too low) lube oil viscosity
grade. Full cargo of fruit considered lost.
57
Exercise 4. Read the text and say in Russian what the main sources of
pollution are.
Pollution
There are three main sources of pollution: (a) collision, fire, or grounding
which result in the release of oil from the ship’s bunkers and from the ships
tanks; (b) intentional discharge of oil or oily waste from the pumping of the
bilges, or deballasting the cargo tanks, or tank washings; (c) accidental spills
while transferring fuel or cargo from ship to ship, or from ship to shore, an acci-
dental spillage resulting from the incorrect operation of valves on shipboard or
at oil terminals. Reasonable precautions should be taken to minimize or prevent
the pollution.
Exercise 5. Read the abstract from MARPOL and fill the table.
Standards for tankers and other ships set out by the Marine Pollution Con-
vention (MARPOL) are as follows:
1) Oil cargo residue can be discharged into the sea if the tanker is not in a Spe-
cial Area. Special Areas are the Baltic Sea, the North Sea, the Black Sea, the Medi-
terranean, the Red Sea, the Gulf area, the Caribbean Region, the Antarctic area.
2) Oil cargo residue can be discharged into the sea if the tanker is more
than 50 nautical miles from the nearest land.
3) It can be discharged if the tanker is on passage.
4) The rate of discharge must not be more than 30 liters per nautical mile.
5) The total amount must not be more than 1/30000 of the particular cargo.
6) The Oil Record Book Part 2 for cargo/ballast operations must be kept on
all tankers over 150 gross register tonnage. This Book is kept by the Deck De-
partment.
7) The Oil Record Book for machinery space operations must be kept by all
ships of 400 tons and above. This Book is kept by the Engine Department.
58
Special Areas where oil cargo residue
can not be discharged
The distance oil cargo residue can be
discharged into the sea from the near-
est land
The rate of discharge
The total amount of discharge
The ships where the Oil Record Book
Part 2 for cargo/ballast operations must
be kept
The ships where the Oil Record Book
for machinery space operations must
be kept
What department keep the Oil Record
Book
mation (when the survey is held, what happened, the ship’s name, the sur-
veyors’ names, what parts need repairing, how much will it cost, how long
will it take).
.
May 10, 1999. SURVEY REPORT MV Garland
while lying afloat at Jacksonville Shipyard Corp., in order to ascertain the nature
and extent and necessary repairs to damage alleged to have been sustained as a
consequence of main engine breakdown due to crew negligence, resulting in a
collision with MV Christina , after which MV Garland was beached to prevent
sinking.
59
General recommendations:
We have found it necessary to drydock the vessel for repairs. Staging, fire
lines and electricity will be provided. Shifting berth by means of her own pro-
pulsion is not possible.
The vessel had been gas freed prior to the accident with MV Christina, but
a certificate was not issued. The cost of refilling the vessel's CO2-system will be
included in the agreed total sum from the repair-contractor.
Dock trial, proving engine satisfactory, will be carried out upon completion
of repairs. All debris associated with damage and repairs will be removed from
vessel and dock.
Specific recommendations regarding construction and mechanical parts:
FOUND:
a) plating of sheer strake (first and second strake below sheer) fractured
transversely for approx. 16',with crack-stopper hole drilled in second strake be-
low sheer;
b) main deck stringer plate fractured transversely for approx. 12 ';
c) shell plating (nos. 2 and 3) heavily set and buckled;
d) "B"-strake (plate no.2) indented slightly along lower seam. Welded seam
has cracked open.
e) second strake below sheer, after 8' from first plate aft of bow nosing,
badly set in;
f) fractured welding at hawse pipe;
g) three hawse pipe brackets torn.
h) internal shell frames nos. 48 to 60 distorted badly;
i) bulwark around stern buckled (brackets and railings crushed);
j) deck plating at stern badly buckled and torn over an area of approximate-
ly 48 square ft.;
k) mast bent just above boat deck;
60
l) hull bottom coating scuffed and abraded.
Number of weather working days: 42 days.
We estimate and agree the cost of the foregoing repairs to be the sum of
£ 1,125,750.
Surveyors signed without prejudice,
H. Hanson - representing owners;
A. Holliday - representing underwriters;
W. Sharp - representing Bobbins Drydock.
Exercise 7. Read the text and be ready to tell about sea protest.
If during a voyage a ship suffers damage in hull, rigging, machinery or car-
go the master notes a sea protest at the first port at which he calls within 24
hours of arrival. He goes to a notary public and notes a protest there.
The protest is a declaration by the shipmaster to show that the damage did
not happen from the neglect or misconduct of himself or his crew.
After the declaration of sea protest the master is to call in a surveyor to
hold a survey on hatches. The shipmaster should acquaint the consignees with
this fact as well. The hatches are to be opened in the presence of the surveyor to
prove that they had been properly closed down and secured before the voyage. It
is very important because in this case the ship’s crew is cleared from the respon-
sibility for the damage if the surveyor’s report states that hatches were properly
closed down and secured and the cargo was properly dunnaged and stowed.
Usually, a copy of the surveyor’s report is retained on the ship as a reference.
61
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ
Предложенное Вашему вниманию пособие отвечает всем требованиям,

предъявляемым к учебно-методическим пособиям в неязыковом вузе.
Автор надеется, что данная работа поможет овладеть профессиональ-
но-ориентированной технической лексикой судовой тематики, а также
улучшит умение понимать английскую речь профессионального характера.
Изложение материала позволяет изучать одни темы независимо от
других, поэтому последовательность их изучения можно изменять. Вы
можете использовать данное учебное пособие как на аудиторных занятиях,
так и для самостоятельной работы.
Лесксико-грамматический материал позволит сформировать комму-
никативную компетенцию и овладеть профессионально-ориентированной
технической лексикой судовой тематики, а аутентичные тексты помогут
развить навыки аннотирования.
Данное учебное пособие составлено в соответствии с требованиями
действующей рабочей программы по английскому языку для специально-
сти "Судовые энергетические установки".
62
REFERENCES
1. Бочарова, Е. П. Английский язык для студентов технических ву-

зов : учеб. пособие / Е. П. Бочарова [и др.]. – М. : Проспект, 2015. – 136 с.
2. Выборова, Г. Е. Сборник упражнений по английской грамматике к
базовому курсу «Easy English» : учеб. пособие для студентов незыковых
вузов / Г. Е. Выборова, К. С. Махмурян. – М. : АСТ-ПРЕСС, 1998. – 176 с.
3. Гогина, Н. А. Практическая грамматика английского языка для
моряков : сборник упражнений / сост. Н.А. Гогина. – М. : ТРАНСЛИТ,
2007. – 221 с.
4. Ивасюк, Н. А. English for maritime cadets : учеб. пособие /
Н. А. Ивасюк, Н. В. Мороха, О. В. Цобенко − 2-е изд.− Одесса : Феникс,
2005. – 207 с.
5. Китаевич, Б. Е. Английский язык для моряков : учебник / Б. Е. Ки-
таевич. – М. : РКонсульт, 2002. – 400 с.
6. Пенина, И. П. Английский язык для морских училищ : учеб. посо-
бие / И. П. Пенина, И. С. Емельянова. − 3-е изд., стер.− М. : Высш. шк.,
2003. – 239 с.
7. Тарануха, Н. А. Английский язык для транспортных специально-
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Тарануха, Е. Ю. Першина. – 2-е изд., доп. и перераб. – М. : СОЛОН-
ПРЕСС, 2011. – 272 с.
63
Appendix. Articles for rendering
Exercise 1: Remember the following phrases.

1. The title of the article is …
2. The text deals with the issue of …
3. It is clear from the text that …
4. The problem of … is of great importance.
5. The experts make it clear that …
6. I find the question of …very important because ...
7. One of the main points to be singled out is …
8. We shouldn’t forget that …
9. In this connection I’d like to say…
10. I think that … should be mentioned ...
Exercise 2. Render the following articles using the previous phrases.
Article 1. World's First' Zero Emission Marine Biofuel Test Successful

Netherlands-based supplier of low carbon marine fuels GoodFuels Marine
in conjunction with bulker and tanker owner and operator NORDEN A/S, has
successfully completed trials of the world’s first zero emission, ‘drop in’ Heavy
Fuel Oil (HFO)-equivalent marine biofuel – almost entirely reducing all carbon
and sulphur emissions.
A press release said that the culmination of three years extensive research
and development with partners including Royal Dutch Boskalis and technology
group Wärtsilä, GoodFuels’ Bio-Fuel Oil (BFO) delivers near-zero carbon and
Sulphur Oxide (SOx) emissions without any requirement for engine
modifications.
64
The trials were conducted on the 37,000 deadweight tonne (dwt) tanker
vessel NORD HIGHLANDER as she ran in typical commercial operation in the
North and Baltic Seas.
The successful operation effectively means that there is the capability to fu-
ture-proof fuel requirements for shipowners and operators who are seeking an
alternative to both distillates and Ultra Low Sulphur Fuel Oil (ULSFO) in order
to comply with 2020 0.5% sulphur cap requirements, as well as impending In-
ternational Maritime Organisation (IMO) Greenhouse Gas (GHG) reduction re-
quirements.
These requirements include an objective to reduce average carbon intensity
from shipping – the amount of carbon emitted for each unit of transport – by at
least 40% by 2030, and 70% by 2050. Dirk Kronemeijer, CEO, GoodFuels Ma-
rine, said: “In our journey so far we have focused on realising the widescale use
of bio-marine gas oil (MGO) equivalent biofuel, but for over three years we
have been working day and night to develop our BFO solution. The importance
of its arrival in the market is further underlined by the dual prospect of impend-
ing lower sulphur and carbon legislation. Bringing this to market now offers
shipping a near-zero carbon and SOx alternative.”
NORDEN A/S and GoodFuels Marine will continue working with each
other to gain more experience and scale usage of the fuel as an alternative to
HFO, ensuring the realisation of the opportunity to offer commercially attractive
carbon-neutral transport to meet customers’ demands. In September 2018 the
Program announced that five shippers had completely offset the carbon emis-
sions of their cargo by refuelling a vessel with marine biofuels.
Vocabulary
carbon – углерод;
in conjunction with – в сотрудничестве с;
emission – выброс;
65
sulphur – сера;
requirement – требование;
trials – ходовые испытания;
carbon intensity – содержание углерода в выхлопных газах.
Article 2. Advance Water-in-Oil Alarm to Prevent Engine Trouble
As a part of initiatives utilizing big data, NYK and MTI Co. Ltd. have de-
veloped an advance alarm system (patent pending) that can detect anomalies on
a real-time basis caused by water getting into lubricating oil.
This alarm has been installed on Haramachi Maru, an NYK-operated ves-
sel, to prevent such troubles and thus realize high-level preventive maintenance
for the engine.
Controlling the quality and property of lubricating oil is very important for
vessel engines to operate stably. In particular, water can contaminate lubricating
oil when cooling water for the engine leaks or the oil purifier fails, during which
time the bearings and other components can be seriously damaged. NYK used to
periodically send extracted lubricating oil to an onshore lab for moisture content
analysis because determining the moisture content in real time was not possible.
To address this issue, NYK conducted an onboard trial for more than a year
in which data was gathered from a sensor that had been equipped to measure the
66
moisture content of the lubricating oil for the main engine. The results then
showed that there is a strong correlation between the relative moisture content
and engine-room humidity and temperature, operational data that is collected by
the NYK Group-developed SIMS device. The new alarm system was then
developed.
The advance alarm provides early warning signals when the permissible
range between the actual relative moisture content of lubrication oil exceeds the
proper moisture content for the surrounding environment based on the tempera-
ture and humidity in the engine room. After detection, immediate action can be
taken at an early stage.
Vocabulary
NYK – Nippon Yusen Kaisha;
MTI – Monohakobi Technology Institute;
pending – ожидание;
contaminate – загрязнять;
bearings – подшипники;
alarm – сигнализация;
moisture – влага.
Article 3. The First Fully Autonomous Ferry

Rolls-Royce and Finnish state-owned ferry operator Finferries have suc-
cessfully demonstrated the world’s first fully autonomous ferry in the archipela-
go south of the city of Turku, Finland.
The car ferry Falco, used a combination of Rolls-Royce Ship Intelligence
technologies to successfully navigate autonomously during its voyage between
Parainen and Nauvo. The return journey was conducted under remote control.
During the demonstration, the Falco, with 80 invited VIP guests aboard,
conducted the voyage under fully autonomous control. The vessel detected ob-
67
jects utilizing sensor fusion and artificial intelligence and conducted collision
avoidance. It also demonstrated automatic berthing with a recently developed
autonomous navigation system. All this was achieved without any human inter-
vention from the crew.
The Falco is equipped with a range of advanced sensors which allows it to
build a detailed picture of its surroundings, in real time and with a level of accu-
racy beyond that of the human eye. The situational awareness picture is created
by fusing sensor data and it is relayed to Finferries’ remote operating center on
land, some 50 kilometers away in Turku city center. Here, a captain monitors the
autonomous operations, and can take control of the vessel if necessary.
During the autonomous operation tests in Turku archipelago, Rolls-Royce
has so far clocked close to 400 hours of sea trials. The Rolls-Royce Autodocking
system is among the technologies that has been successfully tested. This feature
enables the vessel to automatically alter course and speed when approaching the
quay and carry out automatic docking without human intervention. During the
sea trials, the collision avoidance solution has also been tested in various condi-
tions for several hours of operation.
Earlier Rolls-Royce and Finferries began collaborating on a new research
project called SVAN (Safer Vessel with Autonomous Navigation), to continue
implementing the findings from the earlier Advanced Autonomous Waterborne
Applications (AAWA) research project, funded by Business Finland.
The Falco is a 53.8-meter double-ended car ferry, which entered service
with Finferries in 1993. It is equipped with twin azimuth thrusters from Rolls-
Royce.
Vocabulary
remote control – дистанционное управление;
fusion – синтез, слияние;
artificial intelligence – искусственный разум;
68
collision – столкновение;
avoid – избегать;
intervention – вмешательство;
sensor – датчик;
alter course – прокладывать курс;
collaborating – сотрудничество;
implementing – реализация;
azimuth thrusters – азимутальные двигатели.
Article 4. Emulsified Fuel System (EFS) provides fuel savings and

reduces NOx and PM emissions
Answering to a stronger drive in the maritime industry to reduce polluting
and harmful soot, Blue Ocean Solutions’ (BOS) Emulsified Fuel System (EFS)
cleans exhaust and reduces PM emissions. According to BOS, is a Singapore-
headquartered subsidiary of Keppel Offshore & Marine, its system reduces NOx
emissions due to cooler combustion as well as cleaner exhaust and reduced PM
emissions. The better combustion and presence of steam reduces and softens the
soot, resulting in cleaner exhaust. It also improves fuel efficiency by 2-5 percent
by achieving better fuel atomization.
The key invention in emulsified fuel technology is the patented BOS dy-
namic mixing emulsifier that has no mechanical moving parts. It is designed to
produce the optimal emulsion for the better fuel savings on demand of reliably
in changing sea conditions.
Emulsified fuel in simple terms means the addition of water to fuel oil in
such a way that small particles of water are formed in the fuel oil to produce a
stable water-in-fuel emulsion. The main purpose of diluting fuel oil with small
quantities of water is to improve the combustion efficiency by achieving a better
heat release rate and to reduce NOx emissions by cooling the combustion.
69
The BOS Emulsified Fuel System improves combustion efficiency by pro-
ducing stable, water-in-fuel emulsions to improve injector fuel atomization.
The key success factor in emulsified fuel is the ability to produce and main-
tain the optimum 10% water-in--fuel particle sizes of 2-8 microns. This is
achieved with the patented BOS Emulsifier that, unlike other systems in the
market, has no moving, cavitating or vibrating parts. The performance of the
BOS EFS has been verified by ship owners, classification societies and engine
manufacturer Wärtsilä. The system has already led to fuel savings and reduced
emissions for 30 ships.
Engine Performance Software t is an important extension as it analyses the
operational data of the engine in real time and uses the results to identify fuel
savings that can be gained from the system as well as any abnormalities in the
operation of the engine. The evaluation of the engine condition helps in preven-
tive maintenance, maximising fuel efficiency and reducing emissions.
Vocabulary
exhaust – выхлопные газы;
PM (particulate matter) – ТЧ (твёрдые частицы) – основная фракция
низколетучих углеводородов;
soot – сажа;
subsidiary – дочерняя компания;
reduce – уменьшать;
atomization – распыление;
key – ключевой;
emulsifier – эмульгатор;
diluting – разбавление;
quantity – количество;
abnormalities – аномалии;
evaluation – оценка.
70
Article 5. Fully-electric Schottel Propelled Vessels to Operate in Canada
The electric ferry
SCHOTTEL has signed a contract with Damen Shipyards to equip the first
fully-electric vessels to operate in Canada.
The new Amherst Island and Wolfe Island ferries will be propelled by four
SCHOTTEL Twin Propellers STP 260 FP, each with an input power of up to
550 kW. The main propulsion is provided by batteries with a diesel engine as
backup to ensure mobility. The propulsion concept implies a power intake in-
crease up to 650 kW due to an enhanced draught provided by the batteries. In
accordance with their field of operation in the Lake Ontario/St. Laurence River
of the Canadian province of Ontario, the thrusters will fulfill the requirements of
Ice Class 1A.
The two new double-ended ferries will be operated by MTO, the ferry ser-
vice of the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario. Damen’s full electrification
concept for the ferries serving Kingston and Wolfe Island, as well as Millhaven
and Amherst Island, will reduce emissions by the equivalent of 7 million kg car-
bon dioxide per year.
71
The Amherst Island ferry is due to be delivered in 2020. With a length of
68 m and width of 25 m, it will accommodate up to 300 people and 42 cars. The
Wolfe Island ferry, scheduled for delivery in 2021, will have a length of 98 m
and a width of 25 m for transporting up to 399 passengers and 75 cars. Both will
operate at speeds up to 12 knots that equals the speed of conventional propulsion.
Vocabulary
schottel propulsion units –. навесной двигательно-движительный
комплекс Шоттеля;
shipyards – судоверфи;
vessel – судно;
propel – приводить в движение;
backup – резервный;
enhanced – улучшенный;
draught – тяга;
carbon dioxide – двуокись углерода (углекислый газ);
thrusters – подруливающие устройства;
conventional – обычные;
scheduled – запланированный.
Article 6. Hydrogen on the High Seas

George Skinner, a safety expert with Ballard Power Systems, based in
Vancouver, Canada, discusses why hydrogen makes sense as a marine fuel.
As a global provider of innovative clean energy solutions, Ballard
Power Systems has years of experience in the deployment of hydrogen fuel
cell systems for land-based use, with the first developments dating back to
1983. “The Canadian Navy has had fuel cells in their submarines since
1993,” George Skinner says. This fact alone demystifies hydrogen as high
72
risk – the last place you want a dangerous fuel is on board is in a steel tube
hundreds of meters under the sea.
“Beyond its properties as a fuel, hydrogen is interesting as a carbon
neutral alternative. It basically sidesteps emissions issues that the maritime
industry needs to resolve,” Skinner observes. «Once you are set up with h y-
drogen, you are flexible. Regardless of how it is produced – by solar, gas,
hydropower, or wind – hydrogen is the energy carrier.” A good example is
Denmark where they have periodic surplus power from wind that they co n-
vert into hydrogen for later use.
“The bigger size the better for fuel cells,” Skinner says. “Hydrogen takes
more room than fossil fuels, but it is lighter, and it can be compressed to very
high pressures. Basically, you just keep liquid hydrogen in a giant thermos. The
tank is heavy, so it is not always efficient for small machines. A hydrogen solu-
tion is likely more practical for shipping, where they can also have a better insu-
lated tank.”
“The basic rules for hydrogen on ships are the same for LNG (liquefied
natural gas) or other low flashpoint fuels. We already know how to handle liquid
gas, so the technology is broken in. The real challenge now is developing the in-
frastructure.”
Skinner points out the many potential advantages for hydrogen as marine
fuel. “All-electric drives are already common, so the power plants could simply
be exchanged. Ultimately the need for diesel on a ship would be greatly reduced
or eliminated. Hydrogen systems also allow more freedom of placement in the
vessel. And hydrogen-powered fuel cells produce water that can be used for oth-
er purposes on board.”
With decades of experience, Skinner can assure the public that hydrogen is
not necessarily more dangerous or safer than other fuels – just different. “Other
considerations have to be made. Hydrogen has a less explosive energy, it burns
73
quicker and colder, and it disperses straight up. It is very easy to ignite, so it is
important to prevent leaks, install sufficient detection systems, and always have
enough ventilation and improved piping systems. New codes and standards are
also under development.”
Vocabulary
hydrogen – водород;
solution – решение;
fuel cell – топливный элемент;
Navy – военно-морской флот;
submarine – подводная лодка;
beyond – помимо, кроме;
sidesteps – обходит;
fossil fuels – ископаемое топливо;
flashpoint – температура вспышки;
ultimately – в конечном итоге;
eliminate – исключать, устранять;
decade – десятилетие;
disperses – рассеивается.
Article 7. Cavitating propellers producing underwater radiated noise

Traditionally, underwater radiated noise is mainly of interest for naval ves-
sels and fishery research ships. Nowadays, however, there is a growing concern
that marine life is affected by the rise in in the oceans. Marine mammals and fish
use sound to communicate and to sense their environment and this requires low
background noise levels. The rise in noise levels is being caused by an increase
in shipping, among other factors. Therefore, the EU has included underwater ra-
diated noise emanating from shipping in the methodological standards for a
healthy marine environment.
74
There is, however, a lack of knowledge about the actual noise levels pro-
duced by (merchant) ships, although it is known that one of the dominant noise
sources is the cavitating propeller. The EU FP7 Suppression Of underwater
Noise Induced by Cavitation (SONIC) project aimed to assess and mitigate the
impact of shipping noise on the marine environment. MARIN, which was the
coordinator of the project, focused on the further development and application of
computational and experimental tools to predict propeller cavitation noise and
on generating ship traffic data for noise maps based on Automatic Identification
System (AIS) data. The SONIC project was funded by the 7th Framework Pro-
gram of the European Commission and ran between 2012 and 2015.
A variety of methods can be used to predict underwater radiated noise from
cavitating propellers. The computational procedures used by MARIN in the
SONIC project rely on a potential flow method (PROCAL) for predicting the
propeller loading and the sheet cavitation dynamics. Different semi-empirical
methods use this input to predict the underwater noise due to tip vortex cavita-
tion and sheet cavitation.
The cavitation scheme

A cruise ship, container vessel and small research catamaran were compu-
tationally analyzed. In the first phase of the project, measurements were per-
75
formed in MARIN’s Depressurised Wave Basin to determine the influence of
reverberations at low frequencies. For the catamaran MARIN performed hull
pressure and underwater noise measurements using the silent towing carriage in
the basin for a range of ship speeds.. The results of the model-scale measure-
ments were close to the full-scale data.
Within the SONIC project MARIN has shown that propeller cavitation
noise can be predicted well but more validation data for a wider range of ship
types is needed. An early assessment of whether the propeller design meets
noise requirements can be made using computations and model tests.
Vocabulary
mammals – млекопитающие;
background noise levels – уровень фонового шума;
emanating – исходящий;
assess – оценить;
mitigate – смягчить;
impact – воздействие;
vortex cavitation – вихревая кавитация;
reverberation – реверберация, многократное отражение звука.
Article 8. Blowing in the Wind

In the history of commercial ships the common refrain is “from sail to
steam to diesel.” If the International Windship Association (IWSA) is right, that
common refrain one day could be “from sail to steam to diesel … to sail.”
As the collective maritime industry struggles to find a future proof propul-
sion system to meet ever stricter environmental emissions mandates from the
IMO, serious talk and research is being paid to alternative technologies such as
wind propulsion. As ship owners warily eye 2050 and the recent mandate to re-
76
duce Greenhouse gas emissions by 50% by that date, it is commonly agreed that
the technology to do so does not exist today.
According to the IWSA there has been a significant trend developing
around wind propulsion technologies over the last 12 months, driven by big
numbers surrounding potential fuel savings: 10 to 30% fuel savings for retrofit
installations and up to 50% in fuel savings for optimized new builds. And the
discussion and trials are not simply the remit of the laboratory, as several large,
leading ship owners are putting the tech to the test on the high seas.
Norsepower’s Rotorsails having recently been fitted to the Viking Grace
and two 30m rotors on the 109,000dwt Maersk MV Pelican LR2 tanker. Peace
Boat’s Ecoship design, which will be the world’s most sustainable cruise vessel,
uses rigid sails as wind-assist on its 55,000 ton, 2,000 passenger vessel which
will be built over the next few years. “The same misconceptions about commer-
cial wind propulsion solutions keep coming around, many of these are rooted in
old appraisals of technologies used decades ago or on perceptions of stepping
backwards,” said Gavin Allwright, Secretary General, IWSA. “However the
wave of technologies and projects coming through now are firmly focused on a
modern, decarbonized fleet fit for purpose in the 21st century.”
Vocabulary
sail – парус
warily eye – смотреть с подозрением;
greenhouse gas – парниковый газ;
high seas – открытое море;
mandate – наказ;
rigid – жёсткий;
sustainable – устойчивый;
decarbonize – декарбонизировать (уменьшать использование углево-
дородов в качестве топлива).
77
Article 9. New MTU Hybrid Propulsion Systems Introduced
In 2020 Rolls-Royce will launch a range of completely integrated MTU
hybrid ship propulsion systems onto the market. The propulsion systems will be
made available for yachts, workboats, ferries and patrol boats in a power range
extending from around 1,000 kilowatts to 4,000 kilowatts per powertrain.
“The combination of diesel engines and electric motors, in addition to bat-
teries, will offer our customers significant benefits in a variety of marine appli-
cations. The most important being efficiency, environmental compatibility and
the flexibility of the propulsion system,” said Knut Müller, Head of the Marine
and Government Business at MTU. “With the aid of a modular system, we will
make integrated hybrid propulsion systems available that are tailored to the cus-
tomer’s specific requirements”.
The hybrid propulsion system
For tugboats, the hybrid propulsion system offers the possibility of being
able to maneuver very precisely using the electric motor, for example, or to de-
liver a powerful bollard pull using the entire power output of the diesel engines
and electric motors combined. In the case of yachts or passenger ships, however,
high power output - on the one hand - and a significant increase in comfort lev-
els resulting from the silent, vibration-free and emission-free cruising – on the
78
other – is of interest. For patrol boats and other applications with very high re-
quirements in terms of speed and performance or a widely varying demand for
power, hybrid propulsion systems can offer economic benefits alongside high
power output. The lower operating costs of hybrid propulsion systems are also
of distinct benefit to operators.
Rolls-Royce will be offering complete hybrid propulsion systems from
MTU for ships, consisting of MTU internal combustion engines, electric drive
modules, transmission systems, batteries, monitoring and control systems, in ad-
dition to other electronic components. “We will provide integrated systems to
our customers, together with an appropriate selection of propulsion modes that
are easy to operate,” Knut Müller explained. “This is something we are quite ca-
pable of doing as a result of decades of experience in system integration and
with the aid of our Blue Vision New Generation Hybrid automation system”
Müller added.
MTU has already equipped a number of ships with customer-specific hy-
brid propulsion systems. For example, Sailing Yacht A, the world’s largest sail-
ing yacht which was commissioned in 2017, has been fitted out with an MTU
hybrid system. This is a combined diesel-electric propulsion system that offers
seven different propulsion modes. When needed, a maximum speed of 21 knots
is achieved using the diesel engines and electric motors for a combined power
output of close to 16,000 kilowatts; while slow cruising with very low vibration
levels and reduced fuel consumption is also possible. With its “Nova Hybrid”
project, the Dutch shipyard Heesen Yachts is offering customers a 50-metre fast
displacement yacht that combines 1,200 kilowatts of diesel power (2 x MTU
12V 2000 M61) with 2 x 110 kilowatts of electrical output. The all-aluminum
yacht can travel at a speed of 9 knots on electrical power alone, while offering
completely silent cruising.
79
Vocabulary
MTU – немецкий производитель дизельных и газопоршневых двига-
телей, основанный в 1909 году Вильгельмом Майбахом;
launch – запустить;
powertrain – силовая передача;
tailored – приспособленный, адаптированный;
tugboat – буксир;
precisely – точно;
bollard pull – упор при работе на швартовах, тяговое усилие ;
knot – морской узел (единица скорости, равен морской миле – 1852м в час).
Article 10. New Hybrid Electric Patrol Boat for Estonia

A new multipurpose 45-meter patrol ship will be used by the Estonian Po-
lice and Border Guard Service for a wide range of operations, including fire-
fighting, anti-smuggling and search and rescue missions, but its main use will be
in combating pollution threats. The new vessel, Raju, is the largest patrol vessel
ever built by Estonia’s Baltic Workboats, and is the first in the firm’s emerging
range of battery hybrid patrol ships. From 2021 the Baltic Sea will become an
Emission Control Area (ECA), and with that resolution for cleaner-running ves-
sels, the Estonian Police and Border Guard Board require high-performance and
low-emission patrol boats. Raju cuts fuel consumption thanks to innovative hy-
brid electric propulsion from Danfoss Editron. The vessel is equipped with
Editron hybrid electric drivetrain systems, allowing efficient and quiet electric
cruising and a swift, powerful reaction to emergencies.
The Editron marine system is half the size of a conventional diesel-electric
propulsion and power plant system. The system’s highly-efficient and light-
weight Danfoss Permanent Magnet Machines reduce fuel and running costs,
significantly reducing both payback period and CO2 emissions.
80
Peeter Raamat, Head of Technical Department at Baltic Workboats, explained,
“We looked into the operating profile and decided this would be an excellent project to
build as a hybrid vessel. Also, the size of equipment is very small. This is really im-
portant for the ship builders because there is never enough space. The needs of the pa-
trol boat made it an excellent project to build as a hybrid vessel— in case of engine
failure, you can switch to diesel-electric or batteries — while you also have improved
fuel efficiency, and much lower noise levels in diesel-electric and fully-electric modes
when compared to big diesel engines, which is a big benefit for the crew.”
The Editron propulsion lets it leap into action with a top speed of 27 knots,
while the fully-integrated energy storage system allows electric cruising at typical
working speeds of up to 10 knots. The Editron marine systems’ extremely low vibra-
tions and noise also give the patrol boat the ability to run in stealth mode while carry-
ing out anti-smuggling operations. Jani Hartikka, Project Manager at Danfoss
Editron, commented, “The specialty of the ship is the flexibility between the opera-
tional modes. In full electric mode the vessel can go up to 10 knots without engine
noise or vibrations. When you are mooring somewhere during nighttime, the energy
consumption is very low, and you can sleep in a quiet vessel. This is unique. At least
from a crew’s point of view”. In this case, the patrol boat’s ability to run cleanly and
quietly means that it is already prepared for stricter environmental regulations, while
its durability and shock-resistance make it well-suited to the extreme conditions
faced on open waters in the Gulf of Finland.
Vocabulary
anti-smuggling – борьба с контрабандой;
search and rescue missions – поисково-спасательные операции;
pollution threats – угрозы загрязнения;
drivetrain systems – системы трансмиссии;
swift – стремительный, молниеносный;
payback period – период окупаемости.
81
Article 11. Goliat Vessel Switches to Battery Power
Norwegian subsidiary of Italian oil company Eni Norge AS and shipping
company Simon Møkster Shipping cut fuel consumption on the vessel Stril Bar-
ents in the Goliat field.According to a press release from the Norwegean offshore
vessel owner, this should be done by installing a land flow system combined with
an energy storage battery on board.The system will provide better control and
higher safety margins as it is installed in addition to existing engines on board.
According to the release, the battery will act as an energy buffer that supplies the
required energy immediately and thus much faster than an internal combustion
engine. This will, for sure, contribute to a large saving of fuel and subsequently
also large emission reductions. When the vessel is alongside at the base, the ves-
sel can connect to the shore power facility, thus reducing fuel consumption and
emissions. In addition, this system may be used to recharge the ship's new battery
system. The project will be completed during the summer of 2019 in close coop-
eration between Eni and Simon Møkster Shipping. Stril Barents is already one of
the most environmentally friendly vessels. Natural gas (LNG) as fuel ensures al-
ready low emissions of NOx and particulate matter. The NOx Fund has commit-
ted support for this project. Overall, the goal is to achieve annual emission reduc-
tions in the range of 1400 tonnes of CO2 and 12 tonnes of NOx.
Vocabulary
subsidiary – дочерняя компания;
the Goliat field – нефтяное месторождение «Голиаф» в Баренцевом море;
consumption – потребление;
offshore – морская прибрежная зона;
owner – владелец;
land flow system – система подачи электроэнергии с берега;
safety margins – резервные возможности;
contribute – способствовать.
82
CONTENTS
ВВЕДЕНИЕ ................................................................................................ 3
UNIT 1. My specialty ................................................................................. 4
UNIT 2. Arrangement of a ship ................................................................ 11
UNIT 3. The ship’s crew ........................................................................... 21
UNIT 4. Diesel engines ............................................................................. 31
UNIT 5. Cooling system ........................................................................... 41
UNIT 6. Lubrication.................................................................................. 47
UNIT 7. Safety .......................................................................................... 52
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ ....................................................................................... 62
REFERENCES .......................................................................................... 63
APPENDIX. Articles for rendering .......................................................... 64
83
Учебное издание
Сверкунова Анастасия Александровна
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК ДЛЯ СУДОМЕХАНИКОВ
Учебное пособие
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МИНИСТЕРСТВО НАУКИ И ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования

Научный редактор канд. соц . наук, доцент И. Ф. Уманец

Цель учебного пособия – формирование умений и навыков устной профессио-

ISBN © Тихоокеанский государственный

Данное учебное пособие предназначено для студентов 3-го и 4-го кур-

Exercise 1. Read the words and try to remember them.

Exercise 2. Read the international words. Mind your pronunciation.

Exercise 3. Translate the groups of words, paying attention to the

Exercise 4. Read and translate the text.

Exercise 5. Answer the following questions.

Exercise 7. Match the words and learn them.

Exercise 8. Complete the sentences.

Exercise 13. Write an essay on the theme: “What is Marine Engineer-

Pic. 1. Arrangement of a ship

Exercise 7. Complete the sentences and translate them.

Exercise 8. Match the main dimensions of a ship with their definitions,

Exercise 9. Draw a ship and name as many parts of it as you can. Do

Specialized types of vessels

Exercise 12. Work in pairs: fill the table.

What are the Seven Seas?

Exercise 1. Read the words and try to remember them.

Exercise 2. Translate the groups of words, paying attention to the

Exercise 4. Read and translate the text.

The Ship’ Crew

Exercise 6. Insert the proper word.

Exercise 8. Chose can or could.

Exercise 9. Read the text and translate it using a dictionary.

Duties and responsibilities of the Chief Engineer Officer

Exercise 12. Match the words and learn them.

Ancient water transport

1. How long have people used water for the transportation of

Exercise 1. Read the words and try to remember them.

Exercise 4. Read and translate the text.

Types of Diesel engines

Exercise 5. Answer the following questions.

A. Piston is in its TDC.

Pic. 3. The four-stroke cycle

The working principle of a four-stroke Diesel engine

Exercise 9. Work in pairs: indicate by means of the letters A / N the

A - Piston is in its BDC.

Pic. 4. The two-stroke cycle

Exercise 2. Answer the questions.

Exercise 3. Name the advantages and disadvantages of different cool-

Exercise 5. Translate the text above from English into Russian.

Exercise 2. Read and translate the text.

Lubrication in a crosshead engine

Lubrication in a trunk engine

Exercise 3. Answer the questions.

Exercise 4. Work in pairs: discuss the difference in lubrication in the

Ship’s log book

Exercise 1. Read the words and try to remember them.

Exercise 2. Answer the questions.

Предложенное Вашему вниманию пособие отвечает всем требованиям,

1. Бочарова, Е. П. Английский язык для студентов технических ву-

Exercise 1: Remember the following phrases.

Exercise 2. Render the following articles using the previous phrases.

Article 1. World's First' Zero Emission Marine Biofuel Test Successful

Article 2. Advance Water-in-Oil Alarm to Prevent Engine Trouble

Article 3. The First Fully Autonomous Ferry

Article 4. Emulsified Fuel System (EFS) provides fuel savings and

The electric ferry

Article 6. Hydrogen on the High Seas