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Keywords: Sensitivity analysis, Plate girder, Patch loading, Finite element analysis.
ABSTRACT: This paper is aimed at studying the influence of initial shape imperfections on the postbuck-
ling behavior of plate girder webs subjected to patch loading. In the last three decades, a large amount of
experimental and numerical investigations has been dedicated towards the implementation of formulae for
the resistance of plate girder webs subjected to different type of loading. On the one hand, it has been
known that initial geometric and material imperfections produced in the manufacturing process can reduce
the load capacity of the thin-walled webs used in most cases. On the other hand, it is difficult to include
the imperfections in the formulae. Implementation of numerical approaches such as the finite element
method allows researchers to perform computer simulations instead of performing cost expensive experi-
ments. Data concerning the magnitude and shape of initial geometric imperfections for plate girders un-
der patch loading is found in the literature. A sensitivity analysis is presented herein in order to
investigate the effect of varying imperfection shape and amplitude on the postbuckling response and ulti-
mate strength of plate girders under patch loading. This sensitivity analysis is performed by means of
nonlinear finite element analysis. At first, the initial shape imperfections are based on the buckling mode
shapes resulting from an eigenvalue buckling analysis. Secondly, the amplitude of the buckling shapes for
the various modes is varied, and then introduced in the nonlinear analysis. The results show the influence
of these modes and amplitudes on the resistance to patch loading.
114
w=0 [mm] [kN] [kN] [kN]
95 w = 2mm [kN] [kN]
76 (a) w = 4mm
57 w = 6mm 1 174.15 183.10 171.45 175.01 173.09
w = 8mm
38 2 173.66 177.98 169.49 175.72 171.68
w = 10mm
19
3 173.17 175.60 168.13 187.46 170.42
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 4 172.73 173.88 167.16 185.89 169.29
Vertical displacement [mm] 5 172.26 172.47 166.46 185.33 168.26
6 171.82 171.24 165.94 185.10 167.26
190 7 171.45 170.14 165.73 185.07 165.85
171 8 171.06 169.16 166.09 185.15 165.45
152
9 170.68 168.23 167.08 185.32 164.62
133
10 170.30 167.37 166.68 185.47 163.77
Load [kN]
114
95 w=0
w = 2mm
76
(b) w = 4mm
Table 4. Ultimate load for girder VT07-4 with b1/hw = 0.20
57
w = 6mm
Modes Sine
38 w = 8mm w 1st Mode 2nd Mode 3rd Mode
19 w = 10mm 1+2 +3 wave
[mm] [kN] [kN] [kN]
0 [kN] [kN]
0 1 2 3 4 5
Vertical displacement [mm] 1 174.84 179.61 171.91 173.84 174.44
2 174.31 177.72 169.74 172.94 171.73
190 3 173.87 175.87 167.65 172.30 170.20
171 4 173.44 174.87 166.02 170.96 168.88
152 5 173.10 173.88 164.53 169.92 167.63
133
6 172.79 173.14 163.63 169.13 167.72
Load [kN]
114
95
w=0 7 172.43 172.49 162.96 168.58 164.95
w = 2mm
76 w = 4mm
8 172.33 171.93 161.64 168.05 164.39
57 w = 6mm 9 172.15 171.52 160.17 167.51 164.66
38
(c) w = 8mm
w = 10mm
10 172.08 171.06 158.71 166.90 162.65
19
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 Table 5. Ultimate load for girder VT07-4 with b1/hw = 0.25
Vertical Displacement [mm]
Modes Sine
w 1st Mode 2nd Mode 3rd Mode
1+2 +3 wave
Figure 4. Load-displacement responses for various [mm] [kN] [kN] [kN]
[kN] [kN]
imperfection amplitudes. Girder VT07-4: (a) b1/hw = 0.15,
(b) b1/hw = 0.20, (c) b1/hw = 0.25 1 174.40 174.50 170.93 172.88 174.44
2 173.78 175.72 168.37 171.38 173.47
However, as shown in Tables 3 to 5, the reduction in 3 173.35 175.99 167.07 170.16 171.54
ultimate load is not larger than 11.5%. A similar re- 4 172.86 175.28 166.17 169.18 170.13
sult is observed in the experiments performed by 5 172.32 174.53 164.37 168.41 168.87
Bergfelt (1979) and later by Granath (1997). The 6 171.78 173.72 162.37 167.70 167.72
former concluded that while the imperfection’s am- 7 171.23 172.90 160.26 166.98 166.12
plitude is no larger than hw/120, the reduction in ul- 8 170.69 172.06 158.11 166.23 165.64
timate load would be about 10%. Additionally, in 9 170.16 171.26 155.97 165.45 164.66
Figure 4 it is distinguished that the influence of the 10 169.56 170.50 153.88 164.60 163.71
imperfection in the postbuckling behaviour of the
girder is insignificant, since the load versus dis- On the other hand, Figure 6 reveals that the mode
placement plots converge for large deflections. shape of the imperfection that results in the lowest
ultimate load for a specific girder differs for each
6.2 Effect of varying the imperfection’s shape size of imperfection and stiffener location. This re-
sults show that to use the first buckling mode to
Figure 5 shows the effect of varying the initial shape model the initial imperfection does not always gives
imperfection on the load-displacement responses. It the lowest ultimate load.
imperfections in the form of the second and third
190 buckling modes when compared to the first one.
171
152
190
133
185
L o a d [k N ]
114
180
w=0
95 (a)
Load [kN]
175
Mode 1
76
Mode 2 170
57 Mode 3 165 Mode 1
Mode 2
38 Modes 1+2+3 Mode 3
19 Sine wave
160
Mode 1+2+3 (a)
155 Sine wave
0 150
0 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Vertical Displacement [mm] Maximum imperfection's amplitude [mm]
190 190
171 185
152 180
133 175
Load [kN]
L o a d [k N ]
114 170
w=0
95 165 Mode 1
Mode 1
76 Mode 2
(b) Mode 2 160 Mode 3 (b)
57 Mode 3 Modes 1+2+3
155
Modes 1+2+3 Sine wave
38
Sine wave 150
19 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0 Maximum imperfection's amplitude [mm]
0 1 2 3 4 5
Vertical Displacement [mm]
190
185
190 180
171
175
Load [kN]
152
170
133
165 Mode 1
L o ad [kN ]
114
w=0 Mode 2
160
95
Mode 1
Mode 3
Modes 1+2+3
(c)
76 (c) Mode 2
155
Sine wave
57 Mode 3 150
38 Modes 1+2+3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Sine wave Maximum imperfection's amplitude [mm]
19
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Vertical Displacement [mm]
Figure 6. Ultimate load versus maximum imperfection
amplitude. Girder VT07-4: (a) b1/hw = 0.15, (b) b1/hw = 0.20,
(c) b1/hw = 0.25.
Figure 5. Load-displacement responses for various
imperfection shapes. Girder VT07-4: (a) b1/hw = 0.15,
(b) b1/hw = 0.20, (c) b1/hw = 0.25
Finally, the results in Table 3 to 5 show that the
ultimate load variation is greater when the longitudi-
Tables 3 to 5, and Figure 6 show that it is satis-
nal stiffener is located at b1/hw = 0.20 and 0.25 com-
factory for a design problem to represent the imper-
pared with b1/hw = 0.15. In this sense, it can be
fections as sine wave functions both in the
stated that the girder is less sensitive to the imperfec-
longitudinal and transverse directions, since the dif-
tions for stiffener locations near the loaded flange.
ference between the reduction obtained from model-
Figure 7 shows a histogram for the ultimate loads
ing the imperfections as sine waves and the result
calculated in a Monte Carlo simulation using 400
obtained for the most unfavorable case (third mode)
runs. Imperfection shapes were obtained using a lin-
is not larger than 6%.
ear combination of the first three buckling modes
Figure 6 shows the influence of the amplitude and
with a normal distribution for amplitude. In this fig-
shape of the imperfections on the ultimate load of
ure, it can be observed that for some values of im-
the plate girder. For most cases in this figure , an
perfections the ultimate load may be even higher
increase in the amplitude leads to a decrease in the
than the value of a model without imperfection (Ta-
resistance to patch loading. In general, the third
ble 6).
buckling mode causes the larger reduction in resis-
tance. Furthermore, Figure 6 shows that the rate of
reduction in ultimate load is generally greater for
REFERENCES
Table 6. Probabilistic results. Girder VT07-4 with b1/hw = 0.20
PU1 [kN] PU2 [kN] Δ [%] Bergfelt, A, 1979. Patch loading on a slender web-
Minimum value 162.15 -- 7.55
Influence of horizontal and vertical stiffeners on
Mean value 172.26 175.41 1.79
the load carrying capacity. Chalmers University
Maximum value 188.29 -- 7.34
of technology, Steel and Timber Structures,
1 Publ. S 79:1
.. Probabilistic ultimate load
2 Chryssanthopoulos M. K, Baker M.J, and Dowling
.. Ultimate load for model without imperfections
P.J, 1991. Imperfection modeling for buckling
analysis of stiffened cylinders. Journal of Struc-
100 tural Engineering, Vol 117 (7), 1991:1998-2017
90 Chryssanthopoulos M. K, 1998. Probabilistic buck-
80 ling analysis of plates and shells. Thin-Walled
Absolute Frequency