Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Abstract
A popular technology to reduce indoor air pollution (IAP) in rural homes of Nepal is the mud brick improved cook stoves (ICS) which is
being promoted by the National Biomass Energy Support Programme of Energy Sector Assistance Programme (ESAP) / Alternative Energy
Promotion Centre (AEPC), as well as other agencies and so far more than 230,000 ICS have been installed in the country. A research
conducted by Environment and Public Health Organization (ENPHO) for the Biomass Energy Programme of AEPC/ESAP has found that
the average concentration of PM2.5 and CO in houses that use traditional cook stoves is very high but the mud brick ICS was able to reduce
the PM2.5 by 65.7% and CO by 62.3% after three months and 63.2% and 60.0% respectively after one year of installation of the ICS. The
study, which was conducted in three districts (Dolakha, Ilam and Dang), followed the “Before-After” design; hence both pollution
measurements and questionnaires survey were conducted twice for each of the 36 participating households: first before the installation of
ICS or with traditional cook stoves (TCS) and the second after the installation of ICS. A cross-sectional study done at the same time in 72
households in Kavre district also had similar results. The average PM2.5 concentration in households with ICS was 66.4% less than the
households with traditional stoves. Similarly the concentration of CO was 62.3 % less in households with ICS. The reduced pollution level
also results in major health benefits. However as the pollution levels are still higher than WHO guideline values even after installation of
ICS, there is a need for more improvement in areas such as ventilation and kitchen management.
-10
Dolkha
PM2.5 3.374 1.429 1.312 59.3 50
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
• The findings of this study are similar to the
findings of other similar studies in other countries The authors are grateful to the support provide by
including Two recent studies were performed AEPC/ESAP for conducting this study and the
following a similar 'before and after' study design technical support provided by CEIHD and
and using identical equipment in regions of India. Partnership for Clean Indoor Air (PCIA) in
Outside of Pune, India, the Appropriate Rural designing the study and procuring the necessary
Technology Insitute (ARTI) evaluated indoor air equipment. In the field, the Regional Renewable
pollution levels in 110 homes between August 2004 Energy Service Centers of AEPC/ESAP particularly
and December 2005. Two types of improved stoves Centre for Rural Technology (CRT), Namsaling
were installed in this region – the Laxmi stove and Community Development Center (NCDC) and
the Bhagyalaxmi stove. One year after the Resource Management and Rural Empowerment
installation of these stoves, ARTI noted a 24% Center (REMREC), and their staff were very
reduction in mean PM2.5 concentrations for the helpful.
Laxmi stove and a 49% reduction for the __________________
Bhagyalaxmi stove. CO concentrations were * Corresponding Author: Tel: +977-1-4468641, E-mail:
similarly reduced by 39% in Laxmi and 38% in enpho@mail.com.np
Bhagyalaxmi stoves (Dutta et. al, 2007). In the
Bundelkhand region of India, Development REFERENCES
Alternatives (DA) evaluated improvements in IAQ
after ICS installation in 60 households. One year CEIHD (2006). Evaluation of Efficacy and Effectiveness of the
EcoStove for Reducing Indoor Air Pollution Exposures
after installation of the stoves, 48 hour CO among Nicaraguan Women. Center for Entrepreneurship in
concentrations were reduced by 70% and 48-hour International Health and Development.
PM concentrations were reduced by 44% CEIHD and Enterprise Works/VITA (2006). Indoor Air Pollution
(Chengappa, et. al., 2007). Monitoring in Ghana: Third Progress Report, Centre for
Entrepreneurship in International Health and Development,
University of California Berkeley
Chengappa, C., Edwards, R., Bajpai, R. and Shields, K.N. and
4. CONCLUSIONS Smith, K.R. (2007). Impact of improved cookstoves on
indoor air quality in the Bundelkhand region in India.
Energy for Sustainable Development The Journal of the
Overall, the study has found very high levels of International Energy Initiative. XI(2), pp: 33-44
indoor air pollution from burning of biomass fuels, Dutta, K., Shields, K.N., Edwards, R. and Smith, K.R. 2007.
particularly in houses with poor ventilation. This Impact of improved biomass cookstoves on indoor air
can be a major health hazard, particularly for quality near Pune, India. Energy for Sustainable
Development The Journal of the International Energy
women and children. However, the study has also Initiative. XI(2), pp: 19-32
clearly shown that the simple, low-cost and locally Edwards, R., Hubbard, A. and Khalakdina, A., Pennise, D. and
built mud brick ICS can reduce the pollution levels Smith, K.R. 2007. Design considerations for field studies of
as indicated by concentration of PM2.5 and CO by changes in indoor air pollution due to improved stoves.
Energy for Sustainable Development- The Journal of the
more than 60 percent. The study also indicates that International Energy Initiative XI (2), pp: 71-81
NHRC 2004. Situation Analysis of Indoor Air Pollution and
Development of Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality
Assessment and House building for Health, Nepal
Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
Reid H.F., Smith K.R. and Sherchan B. 1986. Indoor Smoke
Exposures from Traditional and Improved Cookstoves
Comparisons among Rural Nepali Women, Mountain
Research and Development, Vol.6, No.4, 1986, pp. 293
-304
WHO 2002. World Health Report: Reducing risks, promoting
healthy lives. WHO Press, World Health Organization,
Geneva, Switzerland.
WHO 2005. Indoor Air Pollution and Household Energy
Monitoring: Workshop Resources, World Health
Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
WHO 2005. Air Quality Guidelines Global Update, WHO Press,
World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
WHO 2007. Indoor Air Pollution: national burden of disease
estimates. WHO Press, World Health Organization,
Geneva, Switzerland.
Winrock 2004. Household Energy, Indoor Air Pollution and
Health Impacts: Status Report for Nepal, Winrock
International Nepal.