Planning & Optimisation: Frequency Hopping

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Planning & Optimisation

of
Frequency Hopping
in
GSM Networks
Authors:
U. Rehfuess, ICM N MR
Dr. K. Dietrich, ICM N MR
A. Volke, ICM N MR
B. Kronmueller, ICM N ST
Network Design and Consulting

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Planning & Optimisation of Frequency Hopping in GSM Networks
Outline
Implementation Aspects
Frequency Assignment in FH Networks
BSS - Database Parameters
Optimisation Aspects
Summary

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Key Differences Between Baseband and Synthesizer FH
Baseband FH Logical Synthesizer FH Logical

Channel Channel
RF1 BB1 RF1..n BB1
1 1
RF2 BB2 RF1..n BB2
2 2
RF3 BB3 RF1..n BB3
3 3
RF4 BB4 4 RF1..n BB4 4
• Mobiles use Synthesizer Hopping only

Frame N° 0
Frame N° 1 • BS implementation: power down, synthesizer re-
Frame N° 2 tuning and power up again within guard period
Frame N° 3 ⇒ 2 Synthesizers are implemented

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Combining Equipment in Baseband and Synthesizer FH
Baseband FH Synthesizer FH
TX Antenna TX Antenna
RF1 BB1 RF1..n BB1
Hybrid Combing
Filter Combining
1 1
RF2 BB2 RF1..n BB2
2 2
RF3 BB3 RF1..n BB3
3 3
RF4 BB4 4 RF1..n BB4 4
• Wide band
• Narrow Band
• Higher insertion losses (~3 dB/stage)
• Low insertion loss (3-4 dB)
• On-air combining possible (DUCOM)

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Combiner, Link Budget of Synthesized Frequency Hopping
Example: GSM 900
Combiner Losses and Output Power
• Determine configuration and Combiner Attenuation

Type dB
hardware status before SFH DUCOM 2:1 2.5
implementation DUCOM 4:1 5.7
HYCOM 1:1 2.0
• Determine necessary upgrades HYCOM 2:1 3.7
(TPU, PA, Combiner) HYCOM 4:1 6.5
FICOM 2:1 2.4
• Actualize and check
FICOM 4:1 3.0
Link budgets FICOM 6:1 3.3
• Introduce further HPA where DUCIT 2.8
necessary Power Output Power

Amplifier W
• Max. number of TRXs per cell PA 25 W
depends on hardware HPA
40 W
60 W
configuration
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TPU, PA for Synthesized Frequency Hopping
BFH SFH
TPU X
TPU 2 X X
PA X X X*
HPA X X
* not all types of first generation power amplifiers are suitable for for SFH

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Hardware and Software for Synthesized Frequency Hopping
• Software Release: BR 3.7 or higher

• Cell Synchronization: up to 2/2/2 BS 6x/2x
up to 8/8/8 BS 24x
• No. of Hopping Frequencies:
max. 16 per cell (BFH incl. BCCH)
max. 15 per cell (SFH w/o BCCH)
max. 64 per cell with BR 6.0
• BS11: SFH only (BR 4.0)

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Key Differences Between Baseband and Synthesizer FH
• Baseband hopping Narrowband RFcombining sufficient
One TRX per hopping frequency required!
• Synthesizer hopping Wideband RF combining required
More hopping frequencies than TRXs feasible
• No. of RF = No. of TRX BCCH TRX except for TS0 may hop
• No. of RF > No. of TRX BCCH TRX must not hop

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Hardware Requirements: Repeater
 Wideband Repeaters:
• Usable for SFH and BFH
• Careful implementation (amplification of signals
in the whole frequency band)
 Channel selective Repeaters:

• Usable for BFH
• Number of frequencies is limited
• Usually not usable in tight reuse scenarios

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Frequency Assignment
in Hopping Networks

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Frequency Planning Split of Band
BCCH - TCH
Process Frequency Assignment Dedicated

Common
Multiple Reuse
Planning of Boundaries
Hopping – Non Hopping
• Guideline for RF-planners Frequency

Tool optimized Available Spectrum assignment with
• Focus on SFH planning and frequency

assignment
for Hopping fixed reuse schemes
hopping TCH - carriers

• Tools • Reuse 1x3
• BCCH - carrier assignment:

• Interference Table
• Separation Settings
• Reuse 1x1
• other
planning with tool is always Cyclic Hopping

recommended Random Hopping
• Planning must be adjusted to MAIO and HSN

Planning
each individual network

Planning of Anchor
Frequencies in SFH
Database
Generation

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Frequency Planning
Common Band - Dedicated Band - Multiple Re-Use Patterns
Common Band
total operator bandwidth 8.6 MHz = 43 carriers
Achievable System Load
43 carriers for both BCCH and TCH
Dedicated Band 90%@FER≤2%
5 hopping frequencies
PC on, DTX on
Dedicated Band 71.8%
15 BCCH carriers 28 TCH carriers 59.7%
Common Band
54.3%
MRP
Multiple Re-use Patterns (MRP)
[%]
15 BCCH carriers 12 TCH + 9 TCH + 7 TCH

carriers

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Frequency Planning
Frequency groups - Tool supported planning
TCH 2
TCH 2
TCH 1 TCH 3
TCH 2
TCH 1 TCH 3
TCH 2
TCH 1 TCH 3
TCH 1 TCH 3
Fixed reuse scheme to all Tool supported frequency

hopping cells assignment based on interference
possible reuses: matrix considering FH gains
3/9, 2/6, 1/3, 1/1

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Frequency Planning
Planning of BCCH
BCCH 1
BCCH 3 BCCH 2
BCCH 4 • Reliability
BCCH 7
BCCH 6
• Neighbor Measurements
BCCH 5
BCCH 9 BCCH 8
BCCH 10
• BSIC Decoding
BCCH 13 BCCH 11
• BCCH Frequency active at all
timeslots in the downlink
BCCH
-> no interference averaging
e.g. 4 x 12 Reuse

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Frequency Planning
Examples for frequency groups (I)
 Cluster 1/3
TCH A TCH A
TCH A
Channel TCH C TCH B TCH C TCH B
TCH A
1, 4, 7, 10, ... TCH A TCH A
TCH C TCH B
2, 5, 8, 11, ...
TCH B
TCH A
TCH C TCH B TCH C TCH B
TCH C
3, 6, 9, 12, ...
TCH C TCH B
Co-channel interference is avoided by MAIO TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 ...

the frequency groups
Sector 1 0 2 4 ...
With a deliberately MAIO -
assignment and identical HSN Sector 2 1 3 5 ...
assignment to sectors you can avoid Sector 3 0 2 4 ...
adjacent-channel interference between
the sectors within one site Min # RF 6 12 18

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Frequency Planning
Examples for frequency groups (II)
TCH 2
• Each sector within a site uses a
different Frequency Group
TCH 2
TCH 1 TCH 3 • No co-channel collisions between
TCH 2 TCH 1 sectors of a site
TCH 3
TCH 2 • Synchronisation between the sectors
TCH 1 TCH 3
and MAIO management avoid
TCH 1 TCH 3
adjacent channel collisions
• Homogeneous network:
TCH uses each frequency only no co-channel collisions between
part of the time (e.g. 50%) serving cell and all nearest
 50% fractional load neighbour cells

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Frequency Planning
Examples for frequency groups (III)
 Cluster 1/1
• All sectors same frequency group
• Identical HSN to sectors of one site
• MAIO assignment to avoid co- and adjacent channel
interference
MAIO TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 TRX4 ...

Sector 1 0 6 12 18 ...
Sector 2 2 8 14 20 ...
Sector 3 4 10 16 22 ...
Min # RF 6 12 18 24

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Frequency Planning
Examples for frequency groups (IV)
TCH
• Each sector within a site uses the
TCH same frequency group
TCH TCH
TCH • Synchronisation between the sectors
TCH
TCH
TCH
and MAIO management required to
TCH TCH avoid co-channel collisions
TCH TCH
• Homogeneous network:
Co-channel collisions between
serving cell and nearest neighbor

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Frequency Planning
Hopping Sequence Generation (I)
GSM 05.02.
MAI = (FN + MAIO) modulo N if HSN = 0 (cyclic hopping)
MAI ... Mobile Allocation Index (integer 1...N-1)
FN ... TDMA Frame Number (0... 26*51*2048-1 = 2 715 647)
MAIO ... Mobile Allocation Index Offset (0 ... N -1)
set of ARFCN numbers to be
N ... Number of allocated frequencies
used in the hopping sequence
For example: (MAIO=0)
MA = 1,4,7,10,13,16,19,21,24,27,30,33,36,39,41 N=15
1. burst FN = 0: MAI = (0 + 0) mod 15 = 0  ARFCN = 1

etc...

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Frequency Planning
Hopping Sequence Generation (II)
MAI = (S + MAIO) modulo N if HSN ≠ 0 (random hopping)
with:
S = M’ if M’ < N
S = (M’ + T’) modulo N else
M’ = M modulo [2^Integer(log2(N)+1)]
T’ = T3 modulo [2^Integer(log2(N)+1)]
M = T2 + RNTABLE((HSN xor T1R)+T3)
T1R, T2, T3 ... Different Time Parameter

RNTABLE ... Table of 114 Integer numbers

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Frequency Planning
Example for MAIO - Management (I)
Frequency group 1x1 reuse / Random Hopping (1, 2, 10, 7, . . . )
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Time (TDMA - frame)

TRX0 BCCH
TRX1 MAIO = 0 1 2 10 7 ...

TRX2 MAIO = 6 7 8 16 ...
TRX3 MAIO = 12 13 14 4 ...
Time (TDMA - frame)
Time (TDMA - frame)
BCCH TRX0 TRX0 BCCH
... 14 6 5 MAIO = 4 TRX1 TRX1 MAIO = 2 3 4 12 9 ...
... 2 12 11 MAIO = 10 TRX2 TRX2 MAIO = 8 9 10 18 ...

MAIO = 16 MAIO = 14
... 8 18 17 TRX3 TRX3 15 16 6 ...

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Frequency Planning TRX0 BCCH
Example for MAIO - Management (II) TRX1
TRX2
MAIO = 0
MAIO = 6
TRX3 MAIO = 12
Frequency group 1x1 reuse / Random Hopping (1, 2, 10, 7, . . . )

BCCH TRX0 TRX0 BCCH
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 MAIO = 4 TRX1 TRX1 MAIO = 2
MAIO = 10 TRX2 TRX2 MAIO = 8
MAIO = 16 TRX3
Avoid Co - channel collision:

TRX3 MAIO = 14
min # RF = number of hopping TRX (example 9 frequencies)

Avoid Adjacent - channel collision:
only odd or even RF numbers on air at same time
Minimum total number of frequencies for hopping system with

MAIO - Management = 2* number of hopping TRX of site
(18 frequencies in example)

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Frequency Planning
Examples for frequency groups and MAIO - Assignment
Frequency group: TRX0 BCCH
A: 1 4 7 10 13 16 TRX1 f A MAIO = 0
B: 2 5 8 11 14 17 TRX2 f A MAIO = 2
C: 3 6 9 12 15 18
BCCH TRX0 TRX0 BCCH

TRX0 BCCH
fC MAIO = 0 TRX1 TRX1 f B MAIO = 1
TRX1 fA MAIO = 0 HSN = 1
TRX2 fA MAIO = 2
TRX3 fA MAIO = 4
TRX0 BCCH
BCCH TRX0 TRX0 BCCH TRX1 f A MAIO = 0
fC MAIO = 0 TRX1 TRX1 fB MAIO = 1 TRX2 f A MAIO = 2

HSN = 3
fC MAIO = 2 TRX2 TRX2 fB MAIO = 3
fC MAIO = 4 TRX3 TRX3 fB MAIO = 5 BCCH TRX0 TRX0 BCCH

HSN = 2

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Frequency Planning Tools
The Automatic Frequency Planning Process
•Automatized
Planning Routines •Global / Local
•Variety of Parameter Settings
Planning Algorithms
Input data
from radio network
planning tool
Minimisation Evaluation
of the assignments
of Frequency Assignment •C/I and FER plots
interference •C/I and FER analysis
on per carrier basis
D ata
ork
N etw
Live
•Setting of planning
•Consideration of constraints
FH, PC, DTX •Common / Dedicated
Band Planning

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The SIEMENS Advanced Automatic Frequency Planning Tool
 Efficient algorithms for different optimization targets:
 Minimizing global interference
 Minimizing worst interfering cell relations
 ...
 Features for advanced network planning strategies
 Frequency hopping
 Power Control
 Discontinuous transmission
 Graphical evaluation of frequency assignments based on
 C/I
 FER
 Very good results in European research program COST 259 benchmarks
in quality of result at short execution times (typically seconds to minutes)
 High performance proved in live networks with different customers

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Consideration of Radio Link Control Options
 Automatic consideration of hopping gains and
interference reduction due to PC and DTX on cell basis
during
• interference matrix calculation
• optimum assignment of frequencies by using highly
efficient optimisation algorithms
 Graphical evaluation of the assignment results based

on FER

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Generation of the interference matrix
Potentially serving
signal SC
EIRP - Path
loss
EIRP - Path
Potentially interfering
signal SI loss
Ai Σ
Ai Σ
Ai Σ
50%

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Required C/I in FH-GSM (TU3), Cyclic Hopping
NH
2 Ch
FH Gains as determined via 3 Ch
4 Ch
Real Network Simulations 5 Ch
8 Ch
Shift: 6.5 dB  13.5 dB 50%
Gain: up to 7 dB

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Frequency Reuse & C/I values (Non Hopping)
• Required no. of frequencies
• Cluster size / Reuse distance: q =
SQRT(3*N)
• C/I rule of thump: C/I abs ≈ 1,5 * N2
N Anzahl f q C/I [dB]
2 6 2,45 7,78
3 9 3,00 11,30
4 12 3,46 13,80
5 15 3,87 15,74
6 18 4,24 17,32
7 21 4,58 18,66
8 24 4,90 19,82
9 27 5,20 20,85
10 30 5,48 21,76
12 36 6,00 23,34
15 45 6,71 25,28
18 54 7,35 26,87
20 60 7,75 27,78

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Required C/I in FH-GSM for different environments
Typical frequency hopping gain

The following table shows the typical gain from frequency
hopping in a GSM 900 network (example of the signal-to-noise
ratio required to obtain 0.2% residual BER for class 1b bits):
Frequency hopping TU3 TU50 HT100

None 11.5 7.5 6.8
2 frequency 10.0 6.5 6.7
4 frequency 8.25 6.0 6.6
8 frequency 7.5 6.0 6.6
16 frequency 6.75 6.0 6.6
Source: SIEMENS TED-BSS

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Analyses of FER
Graphical FER analysis of an SFH network
FER in % FER in %
3% 3%
<3% <3%
<2% <2%
< 1% < 1%
1x3 reuse, 0,3 fractional load 1x3 reuse, 0,6 fractional load

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Example for Tool-supported Planned Reuse (I)
No. of TRX
3 2 2
Network Example:
3 4 4 4 4 4
• 11 Sites
3 4 4
• 33 Cells 3
• 6 cells 2 TRX
• 12 cells 3 TRX 3 3 4 4 4 4
• 15 cells 4 TRX 3 3
4
• 33 TRX BCCH 3
• 75 TRX TCH 3
4 4 4
3 3
2 2
2 2

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Example for Tool-supported Planned Reuse (II)
Network Example:
• 11 Sites Given Spectrum: 42 channels
• 33 Cells
• 6 cells 2 TRX  12 frequencies for BCCH - TRX
• 12 cells 3 TRX
• 15 cells 4 TRX
 30 frequencies for TCH - TRX (hopping)
Reuse of: 4  30/4 = 7.5 frequencies per cell in average

5  30/5 = 6 frequencies per cell in average
6  30/6 = 5 frequencies per cell in average
7  30/7 = 4.2 frequencies per cell in average

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Example for Tool-supported Planned Reuse (III)
Network Example:
• 11 Sites
No. of 2/3 No. of TRX
• 33 Cells
• 6 cells 2 TRX assigned
• 12 cells 3 TRX
• 15 cells 4 TRX
frequencies 6/4 4/6
for FH
3/4
Planning Rule: (example) 4/6
1 Hopping TRX  3 frequencies 4/3 3/4
2 Hopping TRX  4 frequencies 6/4 4/6
3 Hopping TRX  6 frequencies
Frequency Reuse Factor:
156 / 33 = 4.7 frequ. / cell in average
 30 frequ. / 4.7 frequ. per cell = 6.3
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Example for Tool-supported Planned Reuse (IV)
Separations for hopping TCH:
• Intra cell separation: 3
• Intra site separation: 1
• Neighbour separation: 1
Interference Matrix for hopping TCH:

• co-channel: C/I curve 7 dB (50% probability)
• adjacent channel: C/I curve -6 dB (50% probability)
MAIO and HSN:

• HSN = 0 for all cells (cyclic hopping)
• MAIO = 0 for TRX1 (TRX0 = BCCH)
• MAIO = 1 for TRX2
• MAIO = 2 for TRX3 etc.

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Example for Tool-supported Planned Reuse (IV)
Example for a site list:
Site Id Sector TRX BCCH f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 MAIO HSN
0001 1 0 2 - -
1 1 19 36 41 0 0
2 0 4 - -
2 1 13 18 21 25 30 42 0 0
2 2 13 18 21 25 30 42 1 0
2 3 13 18 21 25 30 42 2 0
3 0 9 - -
3 1 15 23 27 32 0 0
3 2 15 23 27 32 1 0
0002 1 0 12 - -
1 1 22 26 34 40 0 0
1 2 22 26 34 40 1 0
2 0 8 - -
2 1 16 19 28 0 0
etc....
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Frequency Planning
Strategies Cyclic Hopping - Random Hopping
 Principle of Cyclic Hopping
Cyclic hopping sequence {... f4, f0, f1, f2, f3, f4, f0, f1, f2, f3 ...}, MAIO 0
Cyclic hopping sequence {... f1, f2, f3, f4, f0, f1, f2, f3, f4, f5 ...}, MAIO 2
TDMA frame
• Optimum frequency Diversity
F r e q u e n c y
f0
f1 • Sufficient Interference diversity

f2
by avoiding frequency groups
f3
f4
• No Interference diversity using
frequency groups
 Principle of Random Hopping
Random hopping sequence {... f1, f4, f2, f0, f0, f3, f0, f1, f2, f4, ...}, MAIO 0
Random hopping sequence {... f3, f1, f4, f2, f2, f1, f2, f3, f4, f1, ...}, MAIO 2
TDMA frame
F r e q u e n c y
f0
f1 • Optimum interference diversity

f2
f3
• Less frequency diversity
f4

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Frequency Planning
Planning of Anchor Frequencies
 Each TRX must be assigned with a fixed frequency which
belongs to the hopping frequency group of this TRX
 In case of disabling FH the TRX transmit the anchor frequency
 Tool Supported Planning of anchor frequencies
Example Frequency group 1x3 reuse:
A: 1 4 7 10 13 16 BCCH
TRX0
B: 2 5 8 11 14 17
C: 3 6 9 12 15 18 TRX1 TRXFREQ = 7 MOBALLOC = 1- 4 -7- 10 - 13 - 16
TRX2 TRXFREQ = 13 MOBALLOC = 1 - 4 - 7 - 10 - 13 - 16
TRX3 TRXFREQ = 4 MOBALLOC = 1 - 4 - 7 - 10 - 13 - 16
BCCH TRX0 TRX0 BCCH

3 - 6 - 9 - 12 - 15 - 18 TRXFREQ = 18 TRX1
.. ..
TRX1 TRXFREQ = 2 2 - 5 - .8 - 11 - 14 - 17
. .. ..
. .
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BSS - Database Parameters

for Radio Control Features

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Database Parameters
Administration of Database Parameters for FH (I)
Specification Object/ DB Name Range Meaning
Name Package
CA BTS/ CALL 0...1023&. Cell Allocation:
PKGBTSB ..& list of all frequencies used in this cell except the
0...1023 BCCH-frequency
HOPP_MODE BTS/ HOPMODE BBHOP Flag indicates whether baseband or synthesizer
PKGBTSO SYNHOP hopping is used
FH_SYS_NUMBE FHSY FHSY 1...10 Number to identify a frequency hopping system
R
HSN FHSY HSN 0...63 Hopping sequence number
0: cyclic hopping
1...63: random hopping
MA FHSY MOBALLOC 0...1023& Mobile allocation:
...& list of frequencies within the FH system
0...1023 (maximum number of frequencies = 16).
FH_SYSTEM_ID CHAN FHSYID 0...10 Specifies the frequency hopping system (given
by FHSYN) to which a channel shall belong. (0:
no hopping)
MAIO CHAN MAIO 0...63 Mobile allocation index offset: defining the
starting frequency (number in the MA frequency
list) for a hopping sequence at a certain frame
number FN, i.e. different channels using the
same FH system shall have different MAIO.
BTS_ISHOPPING BTS/ HOPP TRUE Flag to enable/disable FH within the BTS
PKGBTSO FALSE
Source: M. Doss, ICN CA CV D 22

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Database Parameters
Administration of Database Parameters for FH(I)
 Maximum No. Of Hopping Frequencies

Theoretical Limit: 16 Frequencies (BFH)
Practical Limit: 15 Frequencies (SFH)
 In case of SFH all Time Slots on BCCH TRX

(BCCH TS, SDCCH TS as well as TCH TS) must
not hop
 In case of BFH the BCCH TS must not hop

(FHSYID = 0)

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Database Parameters
Administration of Database Parameters for Power Control (I)
RXQUAL
Power Increase
(bad quality)
L_RXQUAL_XX_P
Power Increase Power Decrease

(bad level) (good level)
U_RXQUAL_XX_
P
Power Decrease
(good quality)
RXLEV
0 63
L_RXLEV_XX_P U_RXLEV_XX_P
POW_RED_STEP_SIZE

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Database Parameters
Administration of Database Parameters for Power Control (II)
Specification Name DB Name/Object Range Meaning
MS_TXPWR_MAX MSTXPMAX / 2...15 maximum TXPWR an MS may use in the serving cell
BTSB 0...15
BS_TXPWR_RED PWRRED 0...6 Static reduction of the TRX output power:

/ TRX BS_TXPWR_MAX = PBTS - 2 * PWRRED
POW_INCR_ PWRINCSS DB2,DB4,D Step size for power increase in dB

STEP_SIZE / PWRC B6
POW_RED_ PWREDSS DB2,DB4 Step size for power reduction in dB

STEP_SIZE / PWRC
P_CONFIRM PWRCONF 1...31 Maximum interval for waiting for a confirmation of the new transmit
/PWRC power level. unit: 2 TSACCH
L_RXLEV_DL_P LOWTLEVD 0...63 RXLEV threshold on downlink/uplink for power increase

L_RXLEV_UL_P LOWTLEVU
U_RXLEV_DL_P UPTLEVD 0...63 RXLEV threshold on downlink/uplink for power decrease

U_RXLEV_UL_P UPTLEVU
L_RXQUAL_DL_P LOWTQUAD 0...7 RXQUAL threshold on downlink/uplink for power increase

L_RXQUAL_UL_P LOWTQUAU
U_RXQUAL_DL_P UPTQUAD 0...7 RXQUAL threshold on downlink/uplink for power decrease

U_RXQUAL_UL_P UPTQUAU
P_CON_INTERVAL PCONINT / PWRC 0...31 Minimum interval between changes of the RF transmit power level

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Database Parameters
Administration of Discontinuous Transmission (DTX)
Specification NameObject/ DB Name Meaning

Package
DTX indicator uplink BTS/BTSO DTXUL 0: MS may use DTX (if possible)
1: MS shall use DTX
2: MS shall not use DTX
DTX indicator BTS/BTSO DTXDL FALSE: downlink DTX disabled at BTS
downlink TRUE: downlink DTX enabled at BTS

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Database Parameters
Administration of Database Parameters for FH - RxQual
No Frequency Hopping Cyclic FH 2 Frequencies
7 7
2% FER 2% FER
6 6
RXQUAL@90%
RXQUAL@90%
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
0,1 1 10 100 0,1 1 10 100
FER@90% [%] FER@90% [%]
Cyclic FH 4 Frequencies Cyclic FH 8 Frequencies
7 7
2% FER 2% FER
6 6
RXQUAL@90%
RXQUAL@90%
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
0,1 1 10 100 0,1 1 10 100
FER@90% [%] FER@90% [%]

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Database Parameters
Parameter Settings for Control Loops using RxQual Measurements
Handover: Default Default Default

(No Hopping) SFH (> 8 HF) BFH
HOLTHQUDL: 4 (5*) 5 ... 6 4 ... 5
HOLTHQUUL: 4 (5*) 5 ... 6 4 ... 5
HOAVQUAL: 8-2 8-2 8-2
Power Control:
LOWTQUAD: 3 (4*) 4 ... 5 3 ... 4
LOWTQUAU: 3 (4*) 4 ... 5 3 ... 4
UPTQUAD: 1 1 1
UPTQUAU: 1 1 1
PAVRQUAL 4-1 4-1 4-1
*) as recommended by database planning

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Database Parameters
Flexible Configuration of different Hopping Modes
 Flexible configuration of the Hopping Mode for each cell of a

BSC via BSS parameter:
• No Hopping
• Baseband Hopping
• Synthesizer Hopping
 Configuration of the first SDCCH on the BCCH TRX

mandatory

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Optimisation
Aspects

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Field Trials
Points of Examination
 Impact of RLC on Network Quality
 Impact of RLC on Network Capacity
 Comparison BFH - SFH
 Comparison SFH Tight Reuse Implementation Cases
 Optimizing Radio Parameters

(Thresholds for Handover and Power Control)

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Network Measurements
 Performance Measurements:
• Performance and Quality Indicators
- Dropped Call Rate
- TCH Drop Rate (Loss of Connection, Loss during Handover)
• Handover Statistics (Inter, Intra, Causes, Failures)
• Uplink Interference Measurements on Idle TCH
• SDCCH Performance
 Test Mobile Measurements:
• RxLev, RxQual, FER, SQI (Speech Quality)
 Tracer Measurements:
• Abis Protocol Analyses
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Performance Measurements: Quality Indicators
Comparison of Drop Rates: Non Hopping - SFH 1x3 - SHF 1x1
5.0%
~ 4 % Improvement
4.0%
3.0%
~ 18 % Improvement
2.0%
~ 14 % Improvement
1.0%
0.0%
Dropped Call Rate TCH Drop Rate Call Drop Rate BS
No Hopping 4.55% 1.23% 1.90%
SFH 1x1 4.39% 1.08% 1.59%
SFH 1x3 4.40% 1.04% 1.52%

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Optimisation Aspects S1/SFH 1x3 → SFH 1x3
Handover Performance (I) HAND: HOAVQUAL 5-2 → 8-2
PWRC: LOWTQUAU 3 → 4
Handover Performance: Inter cell HO - Causes
100.0%
80.0%
Percentage
60.0% of
Quality HO
Parameter
increases
Optimisation
40.0%
20.0%
0.0%
No Hopping S1 / SFH 1x3 SFH 1x3
Uplink Quality (Per) Downlink Quality (Per) Uplink Strengh (Per) Downlink Strength (Per)
Distance (Per) Better Cell (Per) Direct Retry (Per)

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Optimisation Aspects UL-PC enabled from the
Handover Performance (II) beginning (incl. No hopping)
40,0%
S1/SFH 1x3 → SFH 1x3

HAND: HOAVQUAL 5-2 → 8-2
30,0% PWRC: LOWTQUAU 3 → 4
20,0%
Optimisation of Database
Parameters
 Percentage of Intra cell
10,0% HO decreased again
0,0%
InterCellHO/TCHAssignm IntraCellHO/TCHAssignm
No Hopping 34,0% 1,1%

S1 / SFH 1x3 32,9% 3,1%
SFH 1x3 30,4% 0,7%

s
Handover Performance (III) S1/SFH 1x3 → SFH 1x3
HAND: HOAVQUAL 5-2 → 8-2
120%
PWRC: LOWTQUAU 3 → 4
RXQUAL_DL > 5
RXLEV_DL > 35
100%
RXQUAL_UL > 5
RXLEV_UL > 31
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
No Hopping S1 / SFH 1x3 SFH 1x3
Intra Downlink Quality 54% 62% 74%
Intra Uplink Quality 46% 38% 26%

s
Optimisations Aspects
Influence of RLC Features on Idle Traffic Channel Measurements
Less percentage of
Rate of idle traffic channels per interference band measurements in
higher bands
SFH + PC + DTX 99.3% 0.7% 0.0%
0.0%  Reduction of
Interference
SFH + PC 98.9% 1.1% 0.0%
0.0%
SFH 98.9% 1.1% 0.0%

0.0%
BFH 98.7% 1.2% 0.0%

0.0%
Non Hopping 96.3% 1.9% 0.9% 0.9%
94.0% 95.0% 96.0% 97.0% 98.0% 99.0% 100.0% 101.0%
Interference Band 1 Interference Band 2 Interference Band 3 Interference Band 4 Interference Band 5

s
Handover Performance - Influence of PC & DTX
Implementation of PC & DTX in SFH 1x1
60%
Increase of no. of Decrease of no. of
uplink
50%
quality downlink quality
handovers handovers
40%
30%
Power Control was
20% enabled in Downlink
additionally
10%
0%  Reduction of
SFH 1x1 PC, DTX SFH 1x1
Uplink Quality (Per) 14% 23%
Downlink Quality HO
Downlink Quality (Per) 20% 16%
Uplink Strengh (Per) 8% 7%
Downlink Strength (Per) 7% 6%
Distance (Per) 0% 0%
Better Cell (Per) 49% 47%
Direct Retry (Per) 2% 1%

s
Influence of Cell Synchronisation
Results of Changing HSN - 1x3 and 1x1 in Reference Cells

HSN = b
1,20%
No Synchr. No Synchr.
1,00%
HSN = a HSN = a
0,80% Synchronization
0,60%
Different HSN within

one site
0,40%
0,20%
 No Synchronisation
between the cells
0,00%
TCH Drop Rate SFH Reuse 1x3 TCH Drop Rate SFH Reuse 1x1
Synchronized cells 1,08 % 1,00 %

Change of HSN 1,07 % 1,09 %

s
Reduction of Frequencies
SFH 1x1: Reduction of frequencies Reduction of 3
5,0% Frequencies
4,0% Reduction of 6
Frequencies
3,0%
2,0%
1,0%
0,0%
Dropped Call Rate TCH Drop Rate
PC, DTX SFH 1x1 4,7% 1,22%

Carr_Red 3Fr SFH 1x1 4,6% 1,16%
Carr_Red 6Fr SFH 1x1 4,6% 1,21%

s
Drive Test Data - FER Evaluation (I)
TTTTTTTTTTTTSTTTTTTTTTTTT-
26 frames = 120 ms
T Traffic Channel (TCH)

S Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH)
FER (full) Samples Percent. Perc. Sampl Total FER Rate

Measurement Mobile
0% 22883
Samples
97,08%
Cumul.
97,08% 0,00% reports FER values each
SACCH frame
4% 407 1,73% 98,81% 0,07%
8% 87 0,37% 99,18% 0,10%
12% 26 0,11% 99,29% 0,11%
16% 34 0,14% 99,43% 0,14%
20%
24%
46
16
0,20%
0,07%
99,63%
99,69%
0,17%
0,19%
FER can only evaluated
28%
32%
13
10
0,06%
0,04%
99,75%
99,79%
0,21%
0,22% in steps of 4 %
36% 6 0,03% 99,82% 0,23%
40% 19 0,08% 99,90% 0,26%
44% 6 0,03% 99,92% 0,27%
48% 6 0,03% 99,95% 0,28%
60% 6 0,03% 99,97% 0,30%
88% 6 0,03% 100,00% 0,32%
23571 100% 0,32%

s
Drive Test Data - FER Evaluation (II)
Detailed Evaluation of Non Hopping BCCH vs. Hopping TCH :
FER Distribution (RxLev > 10 & RxQual >4) RxQual Distribution (RxLev >10 & RxQaul >4)
Non Hopping BCCH vs. Hopping TCH Non Hopping BCCH vs. Hopping TCH
60,0% 70,0%
50,0% 60,0%
50,0%
40,0%
40,0%
30,0%
30,0%
20,0% 20,0%
10,0% 10,0%
0,0% 0,0%
0 4 8 12 16 20 > 20 5 6 7
FER [% ] RxQual
No Hopping BCCH Hopping TCH 1x3 Hopping TCH 1x1 No Hopping BCCH Hopping TCH 1x3 Hopping TCH1x1
Hopping Gain can be seen in RxQual- and FER Distribution

• RxQual values of Hopping samples are worse but FER values are better.
• Better FER samples on the hopping carriers.

s
Influence of Power Control on RxLev , RxQual Distribution

s
Measuring FH improvements in the Field
 Call drop rates cannot show full FH gains, since SACCH performance is
not strongly related to FH
 RXQUAL statistics for both uplink and downlink get worse with FH and
need to be interpreted -> required RXQUAL
 Currently no vendor supports speech quality related FER
measurements in the BSS
- for downlink, no MS reporting is standardised
- for uplink, BS vendor specific implementations are feasible
 TEMS drive/walk test can show FH improvement on downlink speech
quality
 BR6.0 will have measured FER statistics for the uplink and estimated
FER statistics for the downlink

s
Summary

s
Summary
SFH Planning & Implementation for the Expansion (I)
 The benefits of Frequency Hopping have been successfully

verified in Field Trials by using different implementation
alternatives (BFH, SFH, loose reuse, tight reuse)
 Measurements showed improvements of Quality and Capacity
(reduction of frequencies).
⇒ Quality Feature
⇒ Capacity Feature
 Using FH in real networks provides measures to enhance the
reuse (overall reuse including BCCH frequencies of better than 9
maintaining speech quality at the same time)

s
Summary
SFH Planning & Implementation for the Expansion (II)
 It is recommended to implement BFH as a basic feature.

• BFH allows for narrow band combining (e.g. filter combiners) with low insertion loss
 useful in noise limited scenarios

 It is recommended to use SFH in mature high capacity networks
• SFH requires wide band combining (e.g. hybrid combiners)
 recommended for interference limited scenarios
 Implementation of Features does not replace quality and

capacity improvements to be achieved via maintenance and
network optimisation activities !

s
Summary
Siemens Reference Networks: Synthesiser Frequency Hopping
Siemens SFH
High capacity configurations:
Networks in
• Network with site configurations up to 4/6/4:
 China 4/4/4, 4/5/4, 4/6/4
 Croatia
• Cells are significantly loaded with traffic
 Czech Rep.
• Call Drop Rate less than 2 %
 Germany
TCH Drop Rate better than 2% (in selected cases
 Kuwait better than 1%)
 RSA Achievable quality in the networks depends on
 Syria • coverage situation
• available spectrum
 Taiwan • Traffic load and traffic distribution
 Thailand • homogeneity of the network and topography
 USA of the landscape
s
Summary
Additional Information
 SIEMENS Technical Descriptions Base Station System

(TED-BSS BR.xx)
 PLMN SBS Radio Network Parameters (SIEMENS ICN

Training Institute)
 PLMN SBS Performance Measurements (SIEMENS ICN

Training Institute)
 ETSI GSM Recommendation GSM 05.05, 05.08 and 04.08

Planning & Optimisation: Frequency Hopping

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Planning & Optimisation: Frequency Hopping

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Planning & Optimisation

Network Design and Consulting

Network Design and Consulting

Network Design and Consulting

Baseband FH Logical Synthesizer FH Logical

• Mobiles use Synthesizer Hopping only

Network Design and Consulting

RF1 BB1 RF1..n BB1

Network Design and Consulting

• Determine configuration and Combiner Attenuation

necessary Power Output Power

Network Design and Consulting

• Software Release: BR 3.7 or higher

Network Design and Consulting

• Baseband hopping Narrowband RFcombining sufficient

One TRX per hopping frequency required!

• Synthesizer hopping Wideband RF combining required

More hopping frequencies than TRXs feasible

• No. of RF > No. of TRX BCCH TRX must not hop

Network Design and Consulting

 Channel selective Repeaters:

Network Design and Consulting

Network Design and Consulting

Process Frequency Assignment Dedicated

• Guideline for RF-planners Frequency

• Focus on SFH planning and frequency

hopping TCH - carriers

• BCCH - carrier assignment:

planning with tool is always Cyclic Hopping

• Planning must be adjusted to MAIO and HSN

each individual network

Network Design and Consulting

43 carriers for both BCCH and TCH

Dedicated Band 90%@FER≤2%

15 BCCH carriers 12 TCH + 9 TCH + 7 TCH

Network Design and Consulting

Fixed reuse scheme to all Tool supported frequency

Network Design and Consulting

Network Design and Consulting

Co-channel interference is avoided by MAIO TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 ...

Network Design and Consulting

Network Design and Consulting

MAIO TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 TRX4 ...

Network Design and Consulting

Network Design and Consulting

14. burst FN = 14: MAI = (14 + 0) mod 15 = 14  ARFCN = 41

Network Design and Consulting

MAI = (S + MAIO) modulo N if HSN ≠ 0 (random hopping)

T1R, T2, T3 ... Different Time Parameter

Network Design and Consulting

Time (TDMA - frame)

TRX1 MAIO = 0 1 2 10 7 ...

... 14 6 5 MAIO = 4 TRX1 TRX1 MAIO = 2 3 4 12 9 ...

... 2 12 11 MAIO = 10 TRX2 TRX2 MAIO = 8 9 10 18 ...

Network Design and Consulting

Example for MAIO - Management (II) TRX1

Frequency group 1x1 reuse / Random Hopping (1, 2, 10, 7, . . . )

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 MAIO = 4 TRX1 TRX1 MAIO = 2

MAIO = 10 TRX2 TRX2 MAIO = 8

Avoid Co - channel collision:

min # RF = number of hopping TRX (example 9 frequencies)