111 CHAPTER 2 tt)tu 1( 1111 ur ('ATALVSTS 31

I ABLE 2.2. High Melting Oxides Used as Supports

Iypr Oxide Melting point (°C)

MgO 3073
CaO 2853
Ca2SiO4 2407
BaO 2196
Ca'SiO 5 2173
Anylhotrric Th02 2323
ZrO, 2988
CeO, 2873
Cr203 2708
La203 2588
a-A1,03 2318
TiO2 2113
1 I, 1 11 (,11 MgAI2O4 2408
MgCr_O4 . 2300
I L._.,1 ZnCr2O, 2173
1000 1500 2000 ZnA1204 2100
MELTING POINT, °C CaSiO2 1813
A. 1.11. Y-A1203 2318
Fizure 2.5. Egci!ibriur size dependence or, melting point.r'91 1973.J\
SiO2-A1203 1818

11 1 1 1 - secure from thermal growth, which means high melting point-at

I
I , r.1 lup,brl than that of the active component. High melting points are
I .lund in oxides normally considered as ceramic materials. These are listed Itt11.11i1 1 1or1A between the crystallites increase, growth occurs, and total nickel
i l t I able 7.2_ 011,14 tltsr iruarst. Activity per unit volume of catalyst passes through a
In principle, these and many more high melting oxides are potential Htarltlttttu 1 he exact position of the maximum may be controlled through
1
a1,1111tatlounl Irchniques and the use of additives.
.uuhda(es for supports. However, the oxide must be amenable to colloidal !ttlpltlrt trd metals have either low (e.g., 0.3% Pt/A1203, 15% Ni/Al203)
Inrparations yielding high surface areas. If high dispersions are not needed, tit lilgh Iouding (70%% Ni/A1203, Fe/A1203), depending on the process. In
.1 % in strain reforming, then less demanding preparational methods are
titre t-411e oil high loading, the term "support" is still used, although, from
•. 1 1 111cirnl.
1111i tkl►Ir9ru(n(ion shown in Fig. 2.7, spacer might be more appropriate.
I ligh area supports commonly used in catalyst manufacturing are listed
1'ulttMily IN necessary for high surface area within the pellet, but pore
1 11 1 nblr 7.3.
11t$1ro and glir distribution are critical secondary factors when diffusion
he level of loading is important to the role of the support in maintain-
1 11 1! disprrsiou of (lie active component. Crystallites, even though isolalyd
hunt each other on (lie support surface, may sinter-. l or very small crystal
FABLE 2.3. High Area Supports
11tr',, t.intrling occurs through migration over the surface followed by co;tlr"
Commonly Used
elite. Inlpollt(rtl factors, besides temperature, are crystallite eoncentiatiou,
1111 nlrl action with Ilie suppor t, and atomic mobility.("''I lie ell rcl ol'concrntr t
11 y-A120)
It lilt I% shown in i ig. 7.(1.0 Si0,
Willi Ni/Al2O, cnlalysl., total nickel area inctrasrs Willi lo ading 1 .vrn
C (activated)
r 1 lu about I)iatuutaceous drys
4 (I wl %, nitkel (hr clysttiIlltr', tire ,ulltt irntly srpalalrll 1 11 111
r� i t d 1,..A120,
Mlrt v.ivr• 1
•.ittlrliur / 111 ing rrrlltr taut doe', lint tit 4 11 1 Above '111'%., IIrnwevr'I•