•

PRICE 10 CENTS
 CONTENTS
c~tUMI5TitY FOR THE PHOTOGRA.PHER AOFA FORMULAS
Adutto.. .• . . . . ••..••••••••.•••..•
•'
Dc-wn-''luorr-..... • • • •••••••• , , • , • , • • • • . . • . • lf
CeaM~~woiiOII ol~MMt-tu•lln4 ltaP«D.twta ••• ee-doPtt"....... .. ... .. ... .. .. . . .. ...... .. .• 8·20
Co.nPOAiffth •lid aa.~ o( dCYdO~n. ,, , ••••• I fi.-C"I'...... '.... .. ....................... 2'1-2'1
Co.pouuoe~ aed 11114Kdoo o( bu-••••••••••••• Redw..,.._lfMgwk:f,,, ,,, .................... l6-l1
l)c•ifloprr ,,Ju•Mioft,, •••••••••••••••••••••••
lapol1ll•C• aad •.ll• of ~·stop,,,, ••••••••••
••' TOMn., ....................................
. .. .,.d Clf'O«•..l•& INO<cd•tc-.... ..............
Tw-o-lnyd.-.·clopin• pro«d•t•. ..............
2J·2')
19
19
S.••nrkl"' Cor tro.bl«·frn .nniq .... . . . ... .
' A.af• Pho1oanDbic Ch.cmiC'alt •mi Pn-p..ncioa' .)I

ALP H ABETICAL IN DEX NU MERICAL I N DE X

NltUNt

2:01 Arid ll~rd ~nhut Fl"cr. ••·•••••••••·•······ 21 17 Pl,u~o(;nr.ln JJoru ·r.,.k lkvelopcor.......... 8
2 10 Arld~l,ou ·Sio p•. , .• , ,,,, ,,,,,,,,,, •. •... . 22 17A H.er-lc-lllthtr.,.,,,,,,, ... . .. . . . ..... .... ... 8
lU A'"ldul f'uwr O(.~duPU •... . .. . . . .•.• . .. . 17 t 7M fl. G. /llti•boru e 'l'.nk J)c,eloper., .... .... 8
202 Chrom.- Al~o~m Flnr, ••••.•...•.....••••••• 21 17.111 Jte~fllt-lll,ht:r.,, .......... . .. . ........ , ... , , 9
216 Chrom•Afvm ll•rdt·mna Uath •••••••• ,,,,, 22 10 M·ll fio•ilh•llcvelop.tr..... , .... ,,, ...... , 9
lll Chtomiwm lntenli..u ..••.•• ,.,,,,,.,,,, ,,, 27 ll M·ll'rlll c~do~~ott....................... .9
110 Dir«t IJro•n·Oiatk t••pou ~doPU ••••••• 11 30 X·K•rlMdoJ~ot:r, .................. . ...... tO
)10 fahl'l«:r"t R~IK~·····••••••••••••····· ···· 26 -40 M·lt'fra;O.:.t:I<JIIft",.,, ......... ... ....... 10
t1 l'ie~e-C..nlo Do..-u Tult ~dopu.... .. .. .. 8 42 \1·11 T•ftk [)c-..dopc:t...................... 10
tlM P G. Mcttbotllte Tank ~c-lopu... .• .•• •• 8 -4 ' 1•,-rol)c.. t:lopr:r.. .. .. •.. . .. .. .. •.. •.. .. • • .. 11
Jll n•rcm•"- R..tu<u••.•.•.••••••••••••••••• 2:6 4"7 'fnoCII,4roqt~tiiOO.. I".)ne:lop.«,,..,, ...... II
11 Gbn•i)c,.doll'ft'.......................... I"' "'A RC"IIIm•~............................... ll
I IS
l)l
Gbn• 11>4,-oq•l--. ~'f:'opu., •..••••• It:
GoW T.....-............................... !J
"'"t ~fn.bontcOc'doCI!tt.....................
"'"' ...""".\bltr., ............................. 1"2
ll
J.) H1d1 Coo~c )l.fl Tny ~~lopu........ 14" 6t \C•H Tr.,. O...doporr ............... ,.,., IJ
90 lh~la Coorh" N •ll Tr•)" l>e-.dopr«•• ., ... , 16 6-4 ••lttd M·H 'l'ro.,K.I Dnclopct,. .......... I)
10 ll1dt'OCI-.f!Ofle C.•"tc Drr•klpu ........... 14" "0 IIJdroca.MiloOfM! C..•tttc ~t&opou ........... 14
lll llrpo Al11• TOIMf ......................... 2l "l Gl)ria [)c,doporr.......................... 14
2-41 lr04 OltteTOMr,,, ....................... !J .. J Jliah {.:.Qat,..tl M-H Tra, ~doper...... .. 1"
20 ~t.ll Po;~~1h•f o.~elopcr.... •. ••••. ........ 9 .,.9 Pantforftll.ddfhtde Ondopcr............... U
42 ~1-11 Tnt.: l)r.-.lapc.r...................... 10 •• KeDtOihb O.,dop..-....................... B
ll M II Tid.-O.•cloprr ...................... 9 ?0 Jll.ah Conltut M·ll TNY Dc'C.IOIP<f, .,.,.,, t6
4"0 M-Il Tr•1 ~•lol'f.r ..................... 10 IOJ ll•PC"r o.,.t(ll'lt.r .......................... 16
61 M·U ,.,.., Dt••loPtr ...................... l) I 10 Duwt't llrown·UI•ck t•.. .,., ~dopu....... 17
JJO McrC\It)'lntt!tnllttt., , , , , .... , ...... .... .. 26 IIJ Amitloi i'•JH!r Dc,t(upcr......... ........ . 17
4ftM M c:t•hoNt~ l>t•ciOP<r, ........ . . . ......... l l 115 (~l)dn Jhdroo\IJnonc Dlt"lc:lopcr........... 18
"" Mctol lly.Jroquinonc- Oe•cloper ........••.• 1 1 120 SOll·workftiJt I'•Per llev~Jopc-r •• , •• ,.,,.,,,
18
a:u
J .H
Mctulllydroqufnune lk'clupc:r........ , ... 19
Mo.,c~ho,•cn'•lnt~ll)lficr .................. 21
u' Jlap~rllltJ 1'11111 l)cn~lopcr ................. 19
l"2)
20)
Nrh .on Ooltl ,.oner ..................... ..
Ncu•·h•Aicnlu Mcc.bbulphhec FJxc.r ••••.•.
l"
.n
1]0
I,,
Unh•trtafi)•I)Clr Oe\elopu................ .
\~atnl•CMf1.1 lltpu ~-eloper••••.•• . •..•••
10
1:0
J.O I Add Jt.rllc.'nln~t f'i.,;tr, , , ........ , .. , ......
21
It'
IOJ

79
JJ•Pf"f Of,ciOpc!r.. •
I••P-I!r u'ld Him Onc-h>JN"r .................
P•nfMm•ldd•.tdc ~doPtt•••• , •••••••••.
16
l9
1S
20.:!
lO)
(.:hrotnc "'tum tlu.r . ...... .......... ...... 2 1
~'on·h•rdt'nl~t~• ~trubbu.ltlhite Fi.ur ...•.•• l2
110 Add Shon·Stop ...... , .................. . . 22
HI Pinoliol')'rtOI Grnn Ot-tC'Dll.tlttr ..... ....... ;!'8
JU Pin.ak,prol YcllowiRs.mtoith.c.r ........... .28 216 Ou-omeAI..m lhrdm.ina Jhah ............. 1l
.f' 11) ro Qn detPd", , ., • .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. • • • .. II 111 40e"PI.A Toe""'"'.,,,,.,, ........... . .... l3
6-4 Jta,.ld M .If "'r'ro.,taJ ~do~....... ,.... t1 l2l ll.tpo AI"'• TOM"t............... , ......... 2~
11 Retll~hkt- for. • .. .. . . .. . .. • .. .. .. • ... .. t 2H St-1-o. Cold Tonu...................... l.C
l l M Jteplcei"'-C"ffOf"........................ II 1)1 Gold Toe«.... , .......................... 2!
fro. m.. TOOft' ........................... , ,
"' R«l~Mi~ lew... •..................
"'" Rc-pl-•\.llwr kM-.... .. ...................
I I Rci!C'Oinh Oindopu.......................
U
ll
I,
2.c1
JIO
J II
F...-.~, R..ctww..........................
n..u.-.i-. R ...t~~tt:r,., ..................... .16
!'
111 Scpu l'06Ct ........ , ......................
UO Soff•WOt.iAa p.._pcc Qr.doprH .... ., .......
2)
II
:J)O
HI
~lcr(V;r)' 1..~ ........................
Mood,Jtoorm't l11•m.~li.H .................. l7
1'
l.)O U•i.-c-rul p_.,., ~tloPH............... .. 10 .Hl Chtoai:IIIM lntcaua!l'r..................... ?7
ll' ..,..,....O<Md Ptoport 0..-.lot~tt.............. 10 J\ 1 P.aal.rrii"JJI Gr"a ......................... l t
JO X-Rayl.)c,,Jo~...... ,, ................. tO )\1 Puatkf)'ptol Yc:Liow,. ..................... 1:8

(Gallon, qu:ut and Ruid ounce quantities Hsred are expressed io U.S. liquid measure.)
CoprrisJn ,., G.-wrd AniliiM •IIJ r.1-. c..p.uloe
• CHEMISTRY FOR THE PHOTOGRAPHER
HOTOGRaPHERS everywhere realize
P rhc imporraoce which chemistry holds
in phomgraphic work, but ofc-ca consider
the subject too formjdable and involved
for application co their own work. This
discossio.n has been ere pared to help dispel
that fear, :and to show that theoretical
knowledge is unimportant if rhe photogra-
pher knov.'S in a pracclcal w:a.y what is in
7
a developing or fixing solution. why it is
there :tnd how it accompHshes i cs own
particular job.
The general strucrure of photographic
film, its componcnrs of nicro cellulose (or
acetyl cellulose) base, emulsion coacing of
gelatin which contains suspended particles
of light-sensitive silver s:Ut, nnd auxiliary
layers for S\JCh purposes as pcevcntion of
halarioo, arc common knowledge among
photographers. The chcmiscg involved in
this branch of the science as held under
precise control by chc manufacturer and
causes the photographer lie-de concern.
• Photographic chemist!')' begins to affect
the photographcc more direcdy io rhe
devefoping and fixing operations carried
out w1tb film :1nd paper. It is therefore
well worth while to considet first the
composition and func tion of the develop-
ing solution to see what it contains and
what ic doc5 to c.fFect development.
When a (>ho tographk emulsion is ex-
posed to light, rhe silver salt ( silver
bromide, chloride or iodide) which the
light reaches, undergoes a definite rhougb
invisible change co form what is known as
rhe larcnt image. It is not )'ct de6nirely
known just how this change cakc:s place,
buc ic is believed chat the exposed parts of
the emulsion gain a certain "acriv:uioa"
rhac makes them susceptible t.o the reduc·
iog action of a developer. When p.laccd in •
developing solut ion the exposed, "acci-
vtaed' particles of silver salt are reduced
chemically to black meullic silver,leaving
the unexposed particles of silver salt un-
changed . Reduction io this sense does not
have the meaning commonly thought of in
rhc photographic field, namely, rhe lessen-
iog of density io a film negative. This
chemt'cRI reduction is a cooversioo of the
s-ilver sale co Irc:c silver and for the reaction
one or more rtdtt&ing ~¥gmti-whkh pho-
togmpherscall "developers" arc necessary.
THE DEVELOPER'S BASIC COMPONENT
There arc many cbemica.ls wbjcb arc
reducing agcnrs, but most of them :~re coo
powerfal to be used for developing because
they reduce all the silver salt lD the emul-
sion without regard co the latent image
which exposure in the camera has pro-
duced. TI1erdore il reducing agent must be
selected wbjch is satisfactory as a developer
and which confines irs Jlccion co the ex·
posed p:trric.les. of silver sale, leaving the
rem•indc.- unaffected. Of the reducing
ageni'S that are sarisfactory for photo-
grophic usc, me col, hydroquinone and pyro
are most commonly used, and there arc in
addition other developing ageors such as
glycio, amidol and rodioal frequently em-
ployed. There are also several developing
agents on the market under different names
from roetol, but which are basically the
same cbemical-mooomethrl·para·amino-.
phenol-sulphate.
II$ has been indic.~rcd, the chemic•!
action of rhese developing agents is funda-
mentally the same. The photographic
effect, however, depends co a large exte.nt
on the particular developing agent and chc
way in wbkh it is used. Thus many
dc\•clopcrs contain a combination of dc-
vdopiog agents, and one formulA may
have, for example, a high P.C'cenrage of
hydroquinone to produce br~lliam photo-
g<>phic images while another formula
may usc: a larger ratio of mctol tO produc-e
softer results:.
I
 lc: is ob\'IOU$ therefore, thg,c great care
should be ukcn 1n the prcp:~ratlon of de-
veloping soluuons, for a slight error in che
cypc or amount of che dcvelopmg agcn<S
(or the other coru.titucnu coo. for that
m2uer: may h2\'C 2 serious dfect on the
bebanor of the developer. ~toS< successful
phorosraphcn have found chat it is far
wiser to usc the formulas recommended by
the m:anuf:a.crurcr and tO make sure solu·
tions arc carefully and accurace.ly mixed,
than tO spend dmc on indh~idual expcri·
menung or research. The usc of recom·
mended formul•s is undoubtedly one of che
moSt importont helps co getting good
results in film developmem.
OTHER INGRlOI£NTS OF THE OEVROPING
SOLUTION
The func<ion aod imporcancc of che
dcveloptng agcn< rn che developer h•vc
boch been mcntloned-bu< chore arc three
other componcnrs which also play ao
important roJe in any developing solution.
The first of these " the alkali-whicb is
oroioanly essential for development. Most
of the developing agents io use roday are
ocuc:ral or slaghcly acid in tbeir normal
sr:a.tc, and in this condi don gi vc licdc: or
no developing :tction. Howe\•er, wben an
alk~dine salt like sodium cubon:ue is in·
[roduc.:ed 1nm the solucion comain.iog the
dcvclopmg a~tcnr, a very int.eresting change
~al<es pl•cc The developing agent forms
what iJ c :..llcd an alkaline salt whkb io a
photographic sc:n.se is a more acth•e ID.2.•
1eri•l, 2nd " IS 1h1s alkaline salt of che
dcveloptng agcn< th>< acroally reduces cbc
exposed gralns of sih~cr s:alt to metallic
siher. The 2lk•li has a scconduy dfect in
tbc dc•·clop1ng solucioo which is 2lso 1m·
porwn. lc helps 1he gelatin emulsion to
swell and chus hcilitates che penetration
of che developing solution throughout the
network layer of the emulsion.
2
It is Ob'o'IOUJ that the alkaU is a really
1mporwa component of cbe de,•doping
solution and it is likewise e vident that
~re: mun be e.xaci.Sed 10 us1ng the ngbt
kind 2nd correct •mount of alkali. Sodium
carbonate u normally recommended
though potaSSium cubonate is sometimes
used 10 irs place. The caustic. alkalis,
sod1um hydrox1de and poussium hvdrox-
ide, should not be subsri1utcd unleis dcfi.
nitely specrfied as they are mucb scronger
and CAn easily c•use fos. Normally chey
arc used only in special·purpose developers
givin~ high contrast. lloux wd similor
:Ukalas \Vhich arc lm energetic are often
spc:C-ilicd for fine..grain devclopmeoc in
which gr~tin size must be controlled by
sof1er development. Anocher alkali used
for pboto~rophie work is sodium meta·
bora<e wb1cb 1S helpful in reducing bliSter
formation wbcrc u is difficult to conuol
the temperature of processing solutions
dunng hot wcathet.
The amount of alkali should of course
be we<gbed accura<ely to che 2mounc speei·
ficd, as coo much may cause fog in de-
veloped ncganvcs; coo lirde may rcsuJr 10
slow. sole dc'•elopmenr. It is important tO
remember when using carbonate, that the
pocassium salt is gener~lly available only
10 the anhydrous form. wru le the more
generolly used sodium sol< C>O be o btained
as (I) the anhydrous snlr con raining •bouc
2o/o water, ( 2) che monohydrated sale
containing about 15% water, or ( 3) in
crystal form contA.ining about 63% water.
The anhydrous and crystalline forms arc
boch uns111ble >< ordinary conditions of
tempcr:uure and humidity, and must be
kept rn cigbdy scaled coouiocrs and used
wtth grc;~t c~re tO pt'C'\'Ctlt considerable
absorption of wucr from the atmosphere
by che anhydrous ulc, or loss of water by
the trySiallioe form. The monohydrared
form of sodium carboonc 1s stable aod
cbcrefore preferred by most pho<ographcrs
for accurate prepua<ioo of developing
solutions.
• THI IMPORTANCE OF A PRISlRVAnVE
It is • charae<aistic or m•ny pboto-
guphic reducing agents 10 :alk:!.lline solu-
tions ro combine freely ;and easily with
oxygen. llcc.1USC of this " hunger" for
oxygen, alkaline solutions of the develop-
ing •gems spoil ''ery quickly when exposed
ro !.lit- To incre.a.se their useful life, to al-
low the ck\·cJoping agem co do its work
on the exposed silver halo de as desired, wd
to prc:"ccu the occurrence of stains, a pre-
scrv:au,·c: must l't added to chc: de:,•e:loping
solution.
Sodnnn sulphite is ordinarily used as the
prcscn•ativc, though in developers prc-
p;arcd for scock in two .solutions, prcserva-
rh•cs which are slightly ~acid in solution
such .. sodium bisulphice wd potASSium
mecabi•ulphite are J'l"'ferred. Bec•use dc-
velopmg agents keep bener tn acid solu-
tion rh2n in one which is alkaline. it is
common practice to use one of these add
sulph tces as the preserv:uivc io che de-
velopor p2rt of the stock solution. In single·
solution developors, sodium bisulphice is
never used alone as a prC'$ervative since lc.
neucrali~es some of the alkali in the solu-
tion and would result in sofrer c:kYeiOJr
mcnc. One other Jnrcresung point :about
prc:sc:n·auvc:s is that in some c.ases tbe pn:-
scn·au,·e performs a KCondary function in
the de,·elopor. In some fine-gmn devel-
o~rs, for ins~ncc, a l11rgc 11mount of
sOdium sulpbj tc is used to Qid jn keeping
gr:ain size ar 11 minimum .
The fourth and final amporr.anr com·
ponent of the typic•! developing solution
u the restuiner, potassium bromide. This
oecesury constituent of the de-·doping
soluuon acu u 2 ''brake" on t.hc chemical
re.cuon of development ond keeps the
opcntion under control. The action of the
rcnr:une:r Js such that an JDCrcas:e 10 the
conccntr;ttion of potassium bromide in the
developer reads to slow down or· 'rcstcain ·'
the development of the phocogn.pbic
im:age. The conccnrn.uon of potassium
bromide 10 the solurion is ob,.,.iousJy im·
porranc, for coo much may reurd de<elop-
menr excessively :tnd indauce an appata~-r
IO$$ of spocd while too little may permit
development of fog.
DEVELOPER EXHAUSTION
The chemical reaction of development
results 1n a depletion of certain con.stimenes
of the de,·cJopiog soluuon so that with
conunued usc the de,·eJoper hecomes less
ellictent. This "cxb.union" of the dc-
velopor ts characterized by • loss in elfec-
dve speed and gradation of the phoco-
g:rapluc cm1tlsion ( of 1111 1X>rtllncc: in both
him and papor development) and by a
cb•nge in cone of the developed image ( of
special import2tlce tn m•king prints) . In
conscqueo.ce of this condiuon, it is stan·
dard practice to use fresh de,·eloping sola·
uon whenC\•cr ~ble, as it is good io-
sul'lli>Ce of obcacning uniformly optimum
results with pbocograpbic films and papors.
There are, however, occasions when :a
rocher large quantity of developer must be
P"' in use, as in the taqk development of
rums, :tnd in such circumsc:ancc:s it be-
comes desirable. for reoasons of economy, to
prolong the usefulness of tbe devdopor by
the addit1011: of a ''repJcnasher" solution
which replaces soluuon carried away oo
developed films and helps restore the
babncc: of active ingred1enrs an the solu·
uon. For replenishers for Agfo formulas
commonly used in rank dc,•clopment, see
the formul as apponded to Agf• 17, 17M,
47 and 48M.
By the occasional addnion of such re-
plenishers ro ma.inu.in a consc~nt volume
of solurion in the developmg cwlc, the
useful life of the de' eloper can be pro-
longed three to four umes without
seriously degrading the quoliry of de-
veloped negatives. If large amounts of
replenisher ore to be added at any one
time, the activity of the solution may be
so increased that devdopin$ rime will
nave CO be shortened elCCCSStvely, unless
the replenisher is diluted somewhat with
water.
3
 Frequent requests arc made for inform:a-
rion on the exhaustion cb.a.raetcrinia of
a develorer so that the user may have
some idci of the amount of film or paper
thar mar be safely procascd. The ac-
(Ur)cy o information gi,~eo on this point:
depends largely on the th= following
facron which should be coruidered when
10tcrpreting data on exhaustion c.harac·
tcnstics.
1. The rate of exhaustion is grc.atly in·
fluenced by the type: of negatives or
priors. When average density is high,
exhaustion will be faster. When average
density is low. exhaustion wiJI occur
more slowly.
2. The useful life of a developer is shore-
coed by o xidation e2used by conue<
with air. Exhaustion characrerisrics
wi ll, therefore, depend greatly oo the
age and manner io ,,,h_jeh the solution
is used.
3. The degree of permissible exhaustion of
paper developers IS also dcpc:odeot oo
tbc acccpcablc tolc:ra.oc:c in variation of
imasc tone of ptiot:S. Exhaustion figures
cited below arc bu& on whac arc nor·
molly considered accepmble priors, aod
may require modi6c2tion if unusuilly
critical stondardsofuniformityof image
rone are csrablisbed.
With approproa<c regard giveo tO the
factors mentioned above, tbc: foiJowjng
6gurcs on developer exhaustion may be
oppllcd in practice. il.gfa ftlm developers
l7, 17M, 47 and 48M can be safely used
w irhour rcplcnishmeot for the develop-
men< of 24 rolls ofB2 size (or an equivalent
arnounr of other site 61m) per gallon of
developer if comreosation in developing
time is made as the oolutioo is used. On the
basiS of • golloo of de•·cloping solution the
increase in devcloprog time amouniS <O ap-
proxtmately 10% for c•·cry four rolls of
film procascd-or more simply, 10% in-
crease per roll per quart of developer.
When used with their r~pccth·e replen-
ishers at the nte ol ~ to~ ounce or more
of replenisher per roll of film, these
dcvclopc:n may be u<Cd for approximately
4
200 Bl rolls per 6•11oo of original deYelorer
without neccu1t.:aung an increase in the
origtoal time of de•·clopmcor. When add-
ang rcplenubcr, m2.inr.a.tn origiM.I ,·olume
of de• eloper discarding, if oeccsury, some
used developer.
il.gf. paper de•·clop<rs 103, 125 and 135
may be used sadsfactorily without re-
pleni•hment for the development of from
100 ro 125 8 x IO.inch pciniS per g:tllon of
working strength developer. This quan-
tity assumes a change of tone 'vi chin ac-
cepmblc limits and a slight and progressive
increase in exposure and dcYdoping time
in order tO 111lllnu:dn coos tam pcinc quali ry
throughour rhe life o f the solution.
TME IMPORTANCE OF A SHORT STOP
As neguhcs or prinrs arc removed from
rhc developing solution, the)' carry with
them corutdcnble amounts of alhli aod
other chemicals which can conaminace
the fixing b2th and interfere wicb itS
acrion . Used-up developer carried alon~:
with ncgan \'CS and r.incs can also cause
rroublesome suans i some method ls not
used ro srop development insuotly and
completely. The best and most reliable way
o( doing this as the wc:IJ-koowo sbort...scop
bath of dilute Acetic •cid which ocurraliz"'
:any :alkali remaining on ne~acives or
pnots and I_)I'C:Venrs cont':lminauon of the
fixing soluuoo. Yet it is surpr-ising how
man)' pho<ograpbc" still try co get along
without thjs intermediate b2th bccwec:n
development and 6x.atioo. It is true th2c
an acid lixiog bath will give satuf•CtO<J'
results without the usc of a preliminary
sbon-stop bath, but iiS usd'ul life is
severely lim1ted when a ihon-stop ts not
used.
Pbotograph<es frequently ask why acetic
acid IS used for the shon-srop bath and
6xtng bath instead of orher common acids
like hydrochloric or sulphuric. The ao-
swer lies in cbe bet th:u a rd.ath·dy large
:unouot of 2cid mu.sr be 2vail:ablc but the
• solution must noc be coo scrongly odd.
Co~uendy a compound is IJ$Cd which is
weak: 10 ac1du:y but whsch has avaibblc a
high racr>e of :acid to neutralize alkali. A
correspondingly larger amount or the
wcalc aceuc acid may therefore be IJ$Cd
than could be used or a •rrong :acid.
COMPOSITION AND JUNCTION OF THE
FIXING BATH
The procedure of fixation is rclari vely
simple but ic should be carried ouc w ith
cons.ide:rablc CAre :..s it c:~n be the: source of
much trouble when improperly handled.
The photographic film neeative upon re-
moval from the dcveloptng solucion is
still sensitive to light, as it concains un·
developed s.lvC1" uh in che shadow por·
tions of the tmagc. To make the negative
image permancm by rcmo,~iog rhis und~
'\"eloped sah·cr sah. 2.s wc.ll as to m.alcc it
clear and tranJparcnt for printing, the
action or the familiar fixing bach muse be
employed. The principal conotiroent of the
lixmg soluuon iJ sod1um chiosulphace, more
commonly known as .. hypo· (from its
olw name of sodium hyposulphirc), for
in solution this useful chcmicaJ has the
property of dissolving light-sensitive silver
salts. The mcchod by which che silver sale
is remo,,ed is generally considered as, fuse,
a. conversion tO 2 soluble double salt
hypo, and second, the washing our o chis
br
the
soluble sa.h: wirb water.
The convcndon:tl fixin$ solution genc:r·
ally contains other c:hem1c:lls in lldd.ition
ro the hypo. Acetic acid is often included
tO aJd 1n regulating the acidity of the
fixing solution and 10 prcvent s12ins. How-
ever, a hypo soluuon coot:a..ining much
acid I.S apt tO rccipit-atC sulphur, $0
aootba chemica , sodium sulpb..ite, is
added co pcncnr chtJ unwanrcd rc:accion.
An add1tional component of the nsu.al
fixing bath IS the h2rdening agcnr which
prevents frtlltng and softening or the gela-
tin emulsion. White powsium alu.m
(pot:wi11m alummum sulphate) is usually
employed for this purpose though some
pborogra(>hers prefer potaJSium chrome
alum IJ$Cd w1ch a small •mount of sul-
phuric acid. C.rc mun beuJcd with chrome
alum as the: hardener. howc:,·er.~as it rapid-
ly loses us strength and 1S only crnly
dfcccive when a fresh solution is IJ$Cd.
Fixing bnhs will seldom if ever give
<rouble when properly prepared from pure
chemicals. If a bub rums aUlky afrcr
preparation, it indicates that snlpbut is
precipituin~ because of too much or coo
strong an ac1d, too lie de sulphite, too high
a temperature of the solurion, or improper
mixing. A millcy •ppcar•nce of the bach
dutiUt( USC js due tO the pt~C:III.:C Of CXCCSS
alkali •nd iodicaca choc the bath should
be re:pla.ccd. h is important not tO over·
work the 6x.i ng b:uh, becausc a. nearly
exhauncd 6xmg solution will not com·
plcrely remove the silver sales, and prinu
or negatives m.ay rum yellow or su.in oa
aging. A g.tllon of standard suengthlixing
bath should lix 100 8 x 10' donble-weight
prints or tbeir cquivalrot. Berweeo 100
and 120 roLIJ ol 82 film ( or equivalent)
may be fixed in one fallon or sundarJ-
scrength 6xinll bath i the filmJ have pre-
viously been nosed in a short-stOp Inch or
pla.io water. When the bach frorbs or
foamJ, it should be repl>eed. Many
photographers have found a convenient,
ccrrajn and economicAl method of insuring
compJcte fixulon lies in the usc of two
fixing solutions. Fixing Js carried out first
in the more used of the cwo baths and
finally in the fresher solution. When the
older b><h becomes exhausted, the p>rdy
IJ$Cd solution tokes irs pl•ec and a fresh
6xin$ bath is prcp.red for the $CCOnd
soluuon.
SUGG£SnONS FOR TROU8Lf• RIU MIXJNG
The fint aod perhaps most important
point to foUow 10 tbe preparation of solu-
tions is tbat o( using cbcmicals which are
s
"phmo~rophically pure". Cheap commer-
cial grade1 of every cbemic:.tl used in J;,hoto-
graphoc processes can be obramcd, but
m2.0y of them coota.an impunucs which
arc: dcmmcnral <0 perfect resulu. Chemi-
cals which :u-c marked ··c.r... ( Chc:mi-
ca!Jy Pure) and those which arc marketed
for photographic purposes by reliable
ma.nufacrurcrs are ah,.ays safe to usc. and
cau be depended upon. Cbc:micals marked
U.S.P. may be su>tablc if the amount of
impuriry present is know~ to be msig~f..
icant. T111s can be dercrmmed by looktDg
up the U.S.P. stand>rds for the chc:micll
in qucsuon by consulting the edition of
the Unued Srates Ph:amucol?'"· tenth
edition (1925) or eleventh ediuon ( 1935)
as iodocated by the number X or X l which
fo!Jows the U.S.P. on the chcnoical con-
tainer l:~bcl.
The KCond most amponant rule for
<roublo-frcc solutions os- pc:rbapo that of
mhjng llll components of a solution in
the o rder liS<ed in the formula. This is
c:xue.Dlcly imponam: :1nd lack of .tuention
to this point can easaly result in the forma-
tion of precipitates ,,_,h ich wilJ not d~s~
sol\'c in the solution. A worth while
coroJla.ry to this ruJc is ro wait until each
chemical is thoroughly dissolved before
adding the oat component of the solution.
In most siogle-.olution de'clopcr1 the
prescrvati\'e Sodium sulphite is usua}-ly
added immediately after the dcvclopong
•gent but before the hydroquloonc if tbls
chemical is used. When two de•·cloplllg
•gco« such as mc<ol and bydroquioonc
arc used, the 2ddocioo ts generally made in
cbe order metal, sulphite, hydroquinooc.
H owever w ith developing :agents like
glycin, the sulplllte 2nd carbonate arc dis-
solved first, as the glycin dissohes with
greater dilliculcy otherwise.
A thord important rule for any pho~g­
raphcr is ro usc tbc purest water obram·
• blc. lnnumeublc troubles in developing
and fixaog bave b«n uaccd ro tmpuritics
present in the wa<er. Many pbotopphcrs
find it a wise decision to usc distilled warer
6
for :aJJ scock solutiO•lS, addeng up water
for dilution.
The time required for the preparation of
processing soluuons con be reduced ma-
terially by the usc of bot water ( about
125" F.) as most chemicals dossolve more
r:tpidl)• in hot than in cold warer. A con·
vcnicm method of prcp.ring one quart of
de\·c:loper, for inscancc, is to scan with
about 24-28ounccsofhot water ( llS" F.)
and after the 2dditioo of all chemicals, to
add sufficient cold water tO bnng the totnl
,·olumc up ro 32 ou.oces.
Another po1nr v.·ell '''orth rc.membcrios:
os that of wagbiog aod measuring all
quantities as close!)• as possoblc. Particular
c:are should be taken to ~void errors in
sm;all quantities, us :t ten-grain error i.s
obviously a very serious one on • fi!cy-
gratn quaotlt)', while on a half-pound
quantity it might not ha,·c hannruJ dfeca.
Finally and no less tmportant fo r 1 be
order in whacb iris men rione..l, is the m:auer
of tcmpcrarurc. The need (or uniform regu-
lation of tcmpcruurc cannot be ovcr<m·
pbasoK<l. Whole it bas to the past been
accepted praC<iec to dc\·clop film ac 65° F.
and papc:r at 70° F ., pr:acti<:al consider:a-
dons have resulted in rhe rcconuueo d:~.tion
o( 68" F. (or both film and paper develop-
ment. Accordongly, all developing umcs
lined in thos book haYc been n:•·iscd to
conform with this stand...-d of 68° F.
COMPENSATION OF NON-STANOARO
TEMPERATVRES
While besc results an: obt•iocd when
film devclofnlent is c:t.rrled our ac 68° f'.•
there an:. o course, certain occasions when
surroo.ndios conditions arc: such tb:u: n as
impossible ro maintain solution$ at lhis
u:mperara.rc. Jn insr.:mccs when the tern·
perature is nOt higher ch11n 75° F. orlowcr
th:~.n 60° F., development can be carried
out with can: o( the de,-cloping time is
modified <0 keep the contrast of the do-
•·clopcd 6Jm negative withon a do:sorcd
• range. The following t:tble of Time·
Tempera cure Cocfficten,. indicucs the per-
centage correction tn developing time for
" number of popular Agfa formulas. II,
(or example, h were ncces.sary co usc Asfa
11 at 75° F., with 2 film normally rcqwrmg
12 minurc.s dc\·clopment at 68° F., the
de•·cloping rime would be reduced }}% ro
•rrroxunuely 8 minurcs in order to keep
concras-c within rhe desired ran8C· Of
course. care must be taken in handling
wet photogrophic film ;It the bigher tem·
pcr~atures, 2.$ the:: gelatin emulsion is rbcn
more susceptible to scurchcs and other
phys1col cbinage.
TIMI·TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS
which sod1um sulphate addiuon is made,
devclopi~g time may ha•·e to be lengthened
30 to W'7o to compensate Cor loss in de-
veloping accion.
Due to the rnpid oxidation of pyro at
high temperAtures Agfa 45 should not be
used u tempera cures obo<e 75° F
Another method of muumiung the
chance of physical damage caused by
processing at high r-emper:nures i.s the usc
of a hardening short-stop bath 1 such as
Agfa 216, directly after dcvelopmcnr. In
summ:uion, these methods of high-rem·
perature proc~~ should not be con·
sidcred as pr~ de,·eJopmg technique
but merely u the best expc<Jicnr when
process1ng solurions e:annm be m.a.io-
rained or 68° F.

AGITATION

Developtng times lisced with formulas

Agf• 17. +6}% - }} shown on later pages of this booltlet, as
- 3}
Agfa 17M . .
Agfa 20. +6}~0
+8} - 35
well AS the time-temperature compc:nsa·
tion methods previously described, arc
Agfa 30 . +85 0 - 35
0 based on cfTccdvc agitanon of the film in
As£• 45 +50% -% the developing solution. Effective agita·
Agfa 47 +65% - 3}% tion can be considered to be any method
A8f• 48.\1 +6}% - 3}% which prov1dcs a continu;al flow of solu-
A8fa 64 .... +75% - 25% tion ocross the surfoce of the film, but for
practic21 coosidera_tioru :tn mrmni11rnt
When development is necessary ar tem- form of •gitation can be employed which
peratures above 75° f'. the usc of 11 chemi- will adequately remove development by-
cal, such as sodjum sulphate, which acts as productS and supr,ly fresh developing
• "swelling suppressor" is advisable. For solution co [he fi m emulsion. Sucb a
de'elopmcnr at so• F., 100 to lW grams method requires ocru>l movement of tbe
(3~ ro 5 ounces) of sodium sulphate film in the deYclopcr, or developer over tbe
crystals• should be •dded ro uch htcr film for 5 seconds out of e"ery minute, and
( quart) of dtotuptr •nd shon-mp so char can be achieved by rockio$ the trf
io
protection againSt excessive swel1ins will tray development, or by agitation o the
be afforded until films have been hardened film in the solution when tonk devdol,>'
'" the finng barb . Development time "' mcnt is employed. The important point u
so• F. With the proper .mount or sodiUm that a repeatable method or getting dfcc-
sulphate added will be approxim..dy 30% ti•·c •gitation sbowd be established if
less than the nonn•l development nme at uniformly exccUcac results arc to be
68° F. II r:cmperarurc C.lls below that for obtained in film development.
•If anhydrous $01.hum tuJph•tc ia em•
pJoycd use ,J.i the anMJutu •pccificd.
7
DEVELOPING FORMULAS

AGfA 17
FINE.GRAlN I)ORAX TANK OJ!VELOPER
In addjtloo tO itS uscfulocts "' a fine..grain dc:vdopcr, dt.i$ formula t. s.acisfactocy (or obtaining: soft lrada-
tiQn with A a/a Di:rect Co~y Film, Ag.fa Direct Duplicating Filn1 and Agfu. portn.it 1nd prCS$ 6.1ros. lt 1$ also
r«ommcndta lor motion PJCtu1'1: ocgauvc dcve.lopmcnt. Lhis$0ft·working, fincograln dc:vc:lopcr may be obtalocd
in psckagcd form re:ady·t.o-usc by ordering " Agfa 11 Finc:-G-ra.i.o Ikvdoper.''
Mrlric
Hot Wa tC 0 -lS• F. or 52' C.) ,. } quaru
Ag&. Metol. . . • .. • • • . . . . • 88 graUu
Agft Sodium St~lphitc:, anhydtolb- 10){ Ot1tt0:$
Asf.a 1-l)·droquinooe •. ){ oz. 70 g:r.
BOrax . • • • .. ;.(oz. 70 gr.
~~:~":~~~mid~ .. . . . .. 30 grains
l sllllon
Do not dilute for uSc:.
Tank. Oevdopmcnc tituc 1:t 68° F. ( 2.0' C.) , 10 t.0 IS minute$ for finc-graio 61m.s, 12 t0 20 minutes (Of"
Direct Copy, Direct Ouplicadns, and ponn.ic shee-t films.
'tray Oc-\•d.opmcot dmc lu 63• F. {20° C.) , 8 to 12 minuets dcpeodlng on film type and density desired.

AGFA 17A REPLENISHER

Add ~ tO V. ounce of ~ple-nbbu to Agfa l7 for c:acb roll of Bl filna or 36-c:Xpo~ure }5mm. 61tn ~or cquh·a~
leac) dcvdopcd. Ma.inuin oragi.nal volume of de,·doper, disc.arding if necessary some used devdopcr. No incrc:uc:
in Original clcvcloping rime is ntec$"111Y wheo ~pJcniJ:hcr is used in this ma.nncr. Av.ailllble in p.2tkaged fonu
by ordcri.tlg ''Asf:a l?A Replenisher."
'f.fttrit Mvir.INp•iJ
Hot Watcr ( Jl5e P. or 52• C.) 750 cc. 14 ounces 3 qua.rts
Agi_a Mcrol.. . • . . • • .. . 2.2 g rllml }2 gra.ins ;( o~. 2.0 1!1•
Agfa Sodium Sulphirc, :ut.h)'dtous • SO g:rams 2;{ ox.. 80 gr. 10}{ ouncc:J
Agfa Hydroquinooc.. . 4.$ graa3 6} graii'IS -}'{ 01.. SO g:,
Boru. 18 grams M oz.. 44 sr. 2)4' ox. 7S gr.
Water to make . J [itu 32 oui\Ccs 1 g~Jlon

AGFA 17M
l'lN£·GRAlN M:ETA.BOR.ATE TANK DI!VELOPER
ThU dc:vdoper is recommcoded (Ot those who desire a for:mula similar to Agfa 17, but pccmirting srconcr
vllliatiun in developing time.
M.ttrir Attlnl•~is
Hot Wat« {12$° F. or 52° C.) .......... . . • no cc:. 24 oun«$ ) quar~
Agfa Mew! . . • • . . . . . . •••. . . 1.5 grams 22 sra.ins 88 &nins
Ag(a Sodium Sulphite, :mhydrous 80 grams 2}{ o:~:. 80 gr. loy.' ounces
Agfa Hydroquioonr:.. . .. .
Ag(a SOdium Mctabonn:
. . ..... 3 ,gn.na
2 v•ms
45
30
grains
gains
;( Ol. 70 gr.
J4 01:. 10 gr.
Agfa Po~ssium Bromi-de. ... .. • •. . .•. .5 gam 7}-( gains )0 gr~in1
\l/3tcr ro make , ..... , . • • • • • • .. , ...... .. ... . I liter 12 oune« 1 gallon
Do oot dihuc: (or usc,
Devdop.m.c.nc dme ac 68• P. (20° C.), 10 tO JS mim.a1et for-lioc-graln 6.1JUS.
Luger a.mvonu of Metaboate may be used with corretpot,ding rdu-crion of clevdoping dmc ( up tO 10
~rams of Mctsborate pc.r Hter with a devd oping t ime o( 5 minutes ar 68°) aJthoogh slightly COaNCr grain si-ze
will tbeo be: experienced.

8
• DEVELOPING FORMULAS

AGFA 17M REPLENISHER

Ad<l)$oos, -oi«J'l«liih<r«>Ap 17Mla<<>dl <011 olBHima< )6oapol""llaua. 6bss (O< cqui•·
J.leru) dcTc:k:Jrcd. \t&J6u.ia otigi.rul YOI-.mc: of cbdopct. disc:udinJ if occ:au.ry eo.. UKd dCTd0pcr. No
tocrnsc: 1n Of1Jina.l dc'f'Ciopi.ng tibiC is oca:s:s.a.ty wbm replenisher i:J D1cd lft thi~ DUli.IW;r.

Hoc Wu(l' ( 11S F. or )1• C.).

• 7}1)
""""
"'· 14 ounces } qua.ru
Agf,j Mctol . . . . . 1.lv:una ll arain.s ~:: Ol. 20 ".
Agl:t Sodiurn Sulrhicc, ..,hydrous . • SO gums lU oz.. 80 gr. lOY.( OUfKd
Ag(~ HydrOquioonc , .. .. .
... .. .
.. .. .... .. .. .
4.} gra.m1 6) grain• )i ••. lO 8'·
Agfll Sodium Mcuboutc . . . . . . . . . . 8 8filmt Y. ox. JO gr. 1 oz.. 40 gr-•
W•tcr to make , , .................... 1 lirer I <pu.rc ~lion

AGFA 20
M·H POS.ITJVE DEVELOPER
lhis; duo.... wL.:ana an-dOper is tc'COmmcadcd for normal contn.u wich tray or tanfc dtnlopmcor of
positi.-c dim.
].~tnt ,A,.,P,.u
Hoc u•am ( 12)• F. 0t sz.• C.) ... ... . . •....• 750 ex:. 14 owxa l Cf1WU
A,JI;l Mtcol • • • • • • . • • • • l pm~ )0 pans }{oz. 10 &".
A&faSodiUJilSWpfucc.IUlh~ •... • ..• 21 V,_ ltor . .o,. ) ),.oL«lg.
AaJa Hydroqui.Qooc.. • •. • •• • . • •• • .. srams 60 V.tJJU }{ OL 10 If'·
Agfa Sodium: Catboo.UC", raooohyclraccd .. .. . . . . • • • • l8.S sums X Ol. lO I"· 2~ Ollr:'!Cd
Acla Pow.,:ium Bromide" .... . ....•... , . 2 #•tin lO gaatlf h 01. 10 gr.
Wattt to make . . . . .• • . . •• 1 liter l2 o.ancn I g.alloo
Do I'IOl dilute: ror we. Nurn•.d dc:velopio, c:irnc ) to 4 mJnutct II 68. F. ( 20• C.).

AGFA 22
M-H T ITLE OBVELOI'ER
This (or mula is recon1mc:ndcd for u-ay or rank- ck'·elopmc:m o( dDC tide film aod potith'c: 6Jm CD obtzin
rauh..- of hi&h contrau.
Mtmt A•w*t•u
Hot u~.-l(f US F or .).1 C.) 750 «. 14 OYDCa ) qu:uts
Aaf• M<tOI .8cnm 11 , .... )1 gr>lOU
A~!. Sodsum S..lrhore, aohfdtooo «>- IJ" o..ca S OIIDCiCio
A&£• Hrdroq•-... . • 8 .,.... h OL 10 g . I 01. 40 r;t.
A,P Sodi~&m Cubocutc".IDODOh,dhttd .. 50 ....... IJ 4 oancct 7 0W11C0
Agh Poc&Mium BtoauJc 5v..,. 1s va•ns n OLtoJt.
\\.,ncr co nuke l Uett )l ounca 1 a:illoa
Do OOt dilute for ut-e. Nonn.t.l dcvdori.ng dnx S co 8 muuue~ at 68 F . (lo• C.).

9
DEVE L OPING FORMULAS

AGFA 30
X·RAY DI!VIli..OPUR
Thi' dcvdopct il r«<illtlteflodcJ (Ot usc with Agl~ X·Ray Film and fot usc with Afl"~~ 01rCCt Copy Film .and
Oirccc Ouplicaung Film "hen raulu of maximnm briJiiancc ar~ dttircd. Agfa )0 as al•o ruiublc for Agf~
IC"tial f1lnl1l'\ it is clean•workln8, hu IOftJ' Ji(c 2t1d Si•tt higft C:OmTISL
Mrmt
Hoc: Water ,ns• F. or )1• C.) 7l0 «- 2< """"' ) qa.aru
A&faMnol ).)F.... lO ........ 'OL 9$ gt.
A~a Sodium Sulphite. atlhydrou. 2 OQOCb 8 OWl«'S
Asla H~ tboquioooc. 110 '"""
9 1"11'0S h o~. lOg. 1 OL gr. eo
,.,,.Sodium Ca.rbonatt, monohydrated 40 ........ 1){ OL .0 P'• S!, ounca
J+ oz. lOgr.
A'-(a Pota.njum Bromide
\\au~r fO make-.
~·"" 30
lI littr
graitM
32 ounces 1 salloa
Do no~ dilute for use.
Normal dc"t.IOpmcnt dmc llC 68' F, (20• C.). (cw- X·Ra" l•ilm, 6 mioutcs~ for Non..SCr«n X~Ray FUm. 8
minutn, for Oir«t Copy Film and Otma Ouplia.tios film, <t 10 S miauca. for Asfa uri.al tilm. IO..lS nli.nota
dcpcn.Jan, upoo the ~ of dc•clorioa m~itlc..

AGFA 40
M·H TRAY DEVELOPER
Thi~o i• a brillimt Mctol•lt)·droquinonc tU.\ .x,-cfopct lor roll. pact aod sbect film.

StNi s,/wtl,
Mttrlr AawnJ.,.;,
llot W11tct fJ15' F. 01' Sl' C.) 900 cc. l9 ooocn J~ quiU'ts
ArJ.• Mcwl . 4.) lfilmt 66 gains ') ru:. 4 S gt.
AI(• Sodium Scdpbitc, ;a,rthvdt'QI ' S4 ....... tJ: 01. 2$ ,.,• n. ouoca
Ap;a Hy~Qinoot . 1-) ....... }( OUOC"C I ODac.c
Af,(& Sodturn Carbocutc, CIOCJob,Jtarcd S4 , .... IJ{ oa. 2} 11. 7h oaoca.
A~b Pot.a\4iliUII &oaUdc: 45 J"'.U"S ~.; Oil. 80 5'.
\\ atc:r to nulc:. l ""'""
1 lu~ }2 OCIOCn 1 galiOn
for w.c dilute:: l pan stock ..ohmon with l PJ-HS wuct.
Dc:vclopmcnt time 4 to 5 minutes at 6$• F. (20° C.).

AGFA 42
M·H TANK D~VELOPER
Tb1i h a .olNrodc:~l tank fotmula r~cd (or p.xlc. roll aod ponrtit 6.lmt.
MriTK Ar,_,rJ.,.,.,J
Hot Water J2) f. or Sl. C.).
0
7l0 co:. 24 oaoca ) qu.a.n.s
AJ(a Mttol _ .Spm 12 gra.i.ot of7 g-aiM
AJla Sodium S~lpbnc, anb) drou• 1){ OUIKO 6 OUQC:Q
AJb ttydroqninooc _. •s1.1 """"'
~rams 18 pint 70 gnjns
Agla SOdium C!lrboPatc, utOool•ydratcd . 8 ,;rams ]I( oz. lOS'· 1 0'1!.-40-gr.
ABJ:a l~oussJum MeubU.ulphltc -4 jCtll.ftl• 59 Jl'lllns J4 o:r. 20 gr.
A3l-a ,._,,-lll,ium Bromide. I.S ~·m• U Jrains 88 ~iDS
W11tct co ma.ke. 1 liter )2 OUIKU l 111Joa
Do aor dilute for-*·
Oc-rc.lof 11 w 2:0 aUnuta at 48' F. no• C.).
10
• DfVELOPINO FORMULAS

AGF'A 45
PYRO DEVELOPER
Tbn lorcnla as tccom.aatndcd co t:botc: who prJ:c:r Ppo dcTdopmtcr. Scod: tOtocaoot •boa!d be kept in
storpued boultf.

Mrmt AHmi.,.U
Ag(;a Sod.inm Bi1ulphhc 9.8pms '• OL lSp. l_l{ o;c. 2S gr.
Agl• l'yto. iO gr.amt 2 OUti(:CI 8 ouc~
Acb Porudum Bromide 1.1 sr•m• 16 suins 64 gtttitl$
Wactt to make 1 lirer )1 0UD(O I 8'1.liOCI
s.,.,., 2
Ag(a Sodlllm Sulrhitc, anhydrout .
\\'Jttt to make ..
, , • • • lOS gr.nu
I liter )1 ......
)_H' OMC:c:J 14
I
OW>C<$
g.alloCI

A8fa Sodiulb Ca.lboaacc. monobydrattd.

Water m ma.kc
S•ll~tifllt J
.. .. • 8S gums
1 litu
1l~ OUOc:tt
)1 ........ plloo
l1
I
......
TAN"K 06\'ELOP\U:...'-'T:Tal:e:onc pare ucb.SoJutioas: I, 2.,] mel adcl J1 parts water. !'o:ormaldcTt.lopmt:at
rlmc..lroa! !ho llmiftczrn at 68• F. (2o•c..). TR.AY DEVEl.OPMI!t\"T~ Tab 1 pvc uch Sototioos 1. 2., l aod
add 7 para, w.ucr. ~OilMI ck'ftlopGICat ri.mt. &om 6 ro 8 aillua ac 68• F. ·zo• C.). Solarioc, will keep m1
~bca scored wru-rd~ bur WI de~ lboc!d be ascd iauacdiatd1 alter aaialna.

AG:FA 47
MIITOL HYDROQUINONE DEVELOPER
Thit lJ a lonf'lilc. cJcaJJ•workinJ (onnula which will gi,·c cxccUan resultt. •• aniJldatJ lilm dev-eloper for
d th« tray or r~onk development. Avail•blc in pxka&cd lorm by ordering Agl~ 4'7 dcvdopc:r.
ltflrrit A•'fml•lfh
Hot Wucr (llS F. or n•c.) .. 7}1) cc. ) qll lffl 2}S' 8~11ona
Ag{• M.<IO) l.S sr~tns ' 88 StdiU U 01.. 90 V·
.\gla Sodium Sulrhhe, an.h)dJVus 4S B'•W • 6 oanco I lb. ~oz.
Agfa Sodium BaJulphitc I grm ~ 60 p-ahu K ounce
Asl.a HrdroquJ DOne •• l grJ.ms / j J• ox. 70 &r• I '• Ql. 80 gr.
Asf• Sodium Ca.rboa.atc, mooobvdraud 6 (;TamJ J~ ), Ol.lO If· 1~­
At.f.a Pow,ham Btomidc 8 Jr&IIUf. ....., w•am ;: oz. 10 gr.
\\•aur to ma.h I lit.cr .e 1 a&JJoa ),t> plloos
Do ftOt ~lhlf( lot o.c.•
T.\S"K OE\ El.OPML'"T· :O.:onn:.d ckYC:lopman rime. 6 ro S aWnncs at &• F. ~llO C.) wttb CIC(.;Aie)W
aJituiorl Tl.\ Y DE\'E.t.OP\Ih.'\T· ~Omtal dcTdopmct~t time: ) ro 7 aunuca 11.t 6a F. (llO• C.).

•for longer de,.clopln.( dma wnh a.n.k dc:ffiOpmcnr, dilur..: occ p.a.rc dcvclopial.oluuao with ooe ~
\ttt"' aocl dcvclOfl 11 co 16 minucct. ott 68• F. (20• C.).

11
DEVELOPING FORMULAS •
AGFA 47A REPlENISHER
Add }{ 10 J• 0110tt of rq*nis:bct co Atfo. 47 iior c.h ro.U ol8l61m( or equiY.a!cac) deTCSoptd.. ~faiDJ•in
CJri.liaal..olumc or ckTCiopn. d.i:Kanlin& if OCO:S:ut)' tome: aed dcvdopc:r. No IOCRaK in oriJia.al deTdopiAJ
tiax b nc:caury Vi heft ftl!lc:cisho- il wed in this tbtlftet. Auil.tblt io pach'¢d form by ordcrin.s AP, 47.\
ltcrlcntmu.
Awn.,.u
Hbt Watcr (lls• F « )2 C.) .•. . .• 7lQ «. 14 OIIIKU } qtwn
Asfa Mccol . ) gra,. 4S gra.tos •. 01:.70 gr.
gr01m 1' j ouncts 6
·~2
A,Pa SodJun• SIIIJ'huc, aah,dtOUJ Quoec;s
Agfa Sodium 8if\11phhc lftmo 30 ~aiot f~
oz. JO gr.
Asla llydroquJnonc •. . . 6 JCilthl 88 ~u ins J( tn. 20 gr.
Agf.t Sodium C.rhor•ate, mooohydracc-d 12 Jta.nM~ )• o~. 6S gr. 1M o~ 50 gr.
W11.te:r ro make , •
". . . ... I liltt 31 ouncd J g11llov

AGFA48M
METAllORATl! DEVELOPER
Thu foe-mula U rccommc:aded for PhocofinisbinJ, Prolcuion.al, anJ Ama,c-ur dcnJopiaJ ar~d is suib))lc
for dttp u.nk UK OVC'f a iOOJ period Of time.
M.thK . . .,..,.u
Ho' Waca (lu• P. or Sl• C.) . 7ll) " · ) qasru ! t.( pl!oos
AtJ,_ Mtcol 2 , ..... J.Ol.lOg. Y. oz. 90gr.
A,U Sodnu• SlliJ'h.uC', anbyd:rORS «< ...... )h OQftCC:f. I lb. 2K cu..
Agfa H1droquat100t. • •• , • I .)SJ..., SS g-aift1i "{ oz.. 90 g.
Agla Sodl\ua Mcubo..-.tc: ••• 10 F • mt I t • oz.. JO t;r. 4}( oooca
Agfa Pou»lum Uronudc • .) gum )0 grsins h oca.oct
Wata to m.alcc • • I Jua soJioa ))! ,.u...
Oo not diJutc lor""'·
TANK. DEVBLOPMI!NT: Notmsl dcvdopiog time~ to 7 m.iouc~ te 68• F. ( 20• C.).
TllA Y I)CVELOPMH.NT: NMmsJ dc\· dop.ing time 41 to 6 mtnutc.~t 68• F. (zo• C.).
Thete dueloping tlnt.es apply to Ag(:a pormtit, pres• and conuttc,r<ial Mnu •nd tO 1111 /l.g(a rOll and pack
films uccpc Flnopan which should be dcV'elopcd 20 ro lO per cmt lctt.

AGFA 48M REPLENISHER

Add !{ co J: ounce o( rcplttlisha to As{;~ 48..'-l lot each roll o£ 81 falm (or equivalent) dcn:iopcd. ~Uiouiu
oripnal YOI~amc of dc¥clopa, dl$Urd.mg if nca:ss:arr tome used dc'Yclorcr. No iocrcuc ir.~ origitul dcTc:IOpia.g

--
tiJ.DC: u occaa.vy wh.m ~lcni1bcr i$ utcd ia this I2WUICr.

Hoc Wacct (us• F. or Sl• C.

.
7lQ «. 1< ) ........
.,. oz. .)0 g.
• ........
Ap Mccol 6 .} . . . . . 510 JU.Ift)
At/• Soduam Sul('buc, 1ohydrocn: Jl) I
"''"'
Asfa Hydroq•inon<
Asf.a Sod tum Mcuhoratc
10
<0 ,......
g .... lS Jf·
} . 01.
I ' • oonccs
}! ; OCiftCC$

·=
)
Water tO make .. . I Ina I qua.rc plloo
I

12
• DfVHOPING FORMULAS

AGFA 61

M·B "IRAY D£VELOP£R

Thit ~~Ioper i• rcconuncnckd fOe usc: with com:mcrd.al film co prodiiCt ncptiva ol normal coo.rrast. fr
may al10 be utcd $acW'actorily foe roll, pxk and sbcc' 6Jm lor ncJativa o( t\CUJC brilli1.tK'C.

A1mk AHinbtl'fi.t
Hot \Vat« ( 12$' F. ur .)l' C.) . . no cc. 2. QUI_
, (Cf l
Agla Merol. .. .... " .... I 1rsam IS Faixlt 60
(J.Uilrt$
gnains
Ag(a Sodhma Sulphhc:, IIJ\h)•drous . • IS sr•m•
Ag(a Hydroquinonc •. • . .. .
}( OIII)CC 2 Ounca

Agf• Sodu1m Carbooatc, n)QnQbydra.ted ••

2 JCtiOI:l )0 Jraios J1 ot. 10 St·
At/a Pota.uium 8roruidc
Water tO male
IS gu.ma
I pm
1 littt
IS
)1
U oun«
grajm
OUOCID
2
60 ,....
ouocos

4aJIOD
Do flOC dilute b uat. NOrmal ckttlopmc:at time. 4 tO 6 aainuta •t 68' F. lO' C.).

AGFA 64

RAPID M·B (TROPICAL) OEVRLOPER

Thj• i1 a dcan-..•.-'Orkins dc,·clopcr of paniculoar vulve lo.r rapid dc~lormcnt CN' dc,•dopmcnc ac high rem·
pcutlnet.

Hoc Water ( JU' F .. Sl' c )

Ag& Mctol .. .
'
Asfa Sodium Sulrhhc, anb,·Jrou'
Afl-a Hydroqa.h)()Gt
.

.
.... . .. 7)0 a:.
...... . l.S gums
2S grams
.. ......... 6Sp10$
24
J6 grahn··-
.,....
'• en. «>I".
l

lV.
"""""
'• O:t. ,} S g.
Ol. .4() gr.
II) w. ss &"·
... ... . ... 16 ........
14
Agla Sodnuu Catbooacc, aaonotndr-accd
Ap Powmm &oaudc
Water to ma.k~t .
........ ... . 1 /11&10
• ... ..... . . . . . ....... 1 lita
IS
)l
....
,.,_,
H OL 1) " . 2
60
0~ 60 &'·

"....
pJJoo
Do aoc dilak for OK.

NonruJ dtYCiopmc:cc tillllt-) to <t mmtatd at 68° F. ( 20• C.).

1 tO) minutes u ss• F. (2.9° C.).
 DEVELOPING FORMULAS

AGFA 70
HYDROQI.itr\O~'E CAUSTIC Ol'V£LOP£R

'nu dnc:Jopcr U ~cd £or Proca. 6J.m UKd in rcpn>diKUOQ ...otic

S.tat-1
A{,- A,.,Utm
Hoc \\Iacer ( liS F. ot ~ · C. ••7511 «. 2~ ouoccs j quuts
Agla Hydroqu"-c • 2} ,...,.
·~ g ,, 40 If· } t,. oz. 40 gr-
Agf" P6QU.ium Mctablsulphitt . 2l paw ! , 01, <40 gr. }}-• OI. 'fO gr.
lt.Jfa PotWium Dtornidc . 1) ,....., ), .. 0¥, <4() Jf. } I ~();, .fO If
Cold Wattt 1 lieu )l ounces 1 s~Uon

Cold \Vat(r, , ,,, .. .. .. ..........' ... 1 Utct 31 ounce•

' Agfa Sodium H,-d.roJCidt
(C.~arlcSod• Flakct) ... ..... ...... . .••• l6 "'"" 01. 90 gr.
M&X cqll&l run of Sohn&OIU 1 and 2 im.mcdiatdy bc:fort ~Hoe.
De'•clop 6Jnu within 3 mioutes .u 68' F. ( 20' C.).

'Mat be: 1obt.tmaud by:

Pota.IIIIUD Hfdtoxidt ••••••..•••••••.• . .•.•••••••• •• )0 P'&tlll

AGFA 72.
GLYON DEVELOPER
Tbitlotruul.l U m:om.meodcd for usc with commcrcld film• in repodu<doo work and is Jlio suitable tor
dn•dopCl<nc of roll, p;;~.c.k •nd thcct film.

Hot Water (ltj• P. Of .u•c.) . . ............ ..... , .800 «. 2) OUII(c& :) quart;,

Aafa Sodhuu SuiJ1hhe, anbydrow . . . . • • • • . . . . • . .. 12S gttmJ 4)( OUI'ICCS l lb.lo..
Ag(~A Pocmluc11 Carbonate, • .. • • . . . • . • • • . , , .. • • • . . .. . 2)0 gram• 8U OW'ICCS 1 lb.1o..
Agfa Gly<ln ..
Waccr co ma.li:c
. . . . . . . .. •••.•. . . .. SO ll"m•
. .. ... .. .... , , ..... , . • • • 1 liter
l}t 01. 80 gr. 6J: ounces
)2 OUOCCI t galJoo
TANK OE\'E.LOPME:on': Ta.ke ooe JW1 stoek solntion, fJcecn r••
rt "Atct and de\dop 20 tO IS miaa.tcs
ac 68 P. ~10' C.· , TllJ\ Y OE\'E.LOPMENT: Take ooc part uock 10lucao.,, (our paru wattt ~nd de'>t-.lop) to
10 mlnuttt at 61l' r. ,20 c

AGFA 73
HlGll CONTRAST M·H TRAY DEVELOPER
This fOflll~tl.a., tc<OIIiliDCOdcd fot ckTdopmc:nc of proceu, commcr<:u1 a.nd tlmll&l lilau "hcc attcmcly
hi&h concr.bc l l dnilcd. Sec foomou uackt AJ;h 90 on pase 16 (Of Formul:t.

14
• DEVELOPING FORMULAS

AGFA 79

PARAEORMALOEHYDE DEV£LQP[R

Thi.t is a ttaod.ud lomw.Ja rec:ommcnc!cd foe ~col Rq'lfOihb and Rtf«<)litb Or1ho f"tl.ms. At)a
79 mAT M obr.&iacd ltl p<ka~ form rudy•c()-QK by onkr-.lJ13 "PARAIJTl-t Ob\'ii.LOPEJt "

A-fJJrr.: A"inht-u
W~tcr (Nor O\'c:t90• 1:. or u• C.) 1000 ((. 64 0\UKC$
As(a Sodium Sulphhc, •nhydrous 12<) gram.\ ~ ounces
PanJotJn•lclchydc. lO w•m• I ounce
Asfa Pot~~.»lum Mc.tabbulphhc
Asl• llc>rlc Acld Cryiralo
IO.S AtlltnJ
lO !filml
1.50
I
sum•
OUilC.C
A,;fa Hydroqmoonc:. llO arams )
Asfa PotuJium Bromide 6 grarm llO ""'"'''
p-.iru
Wuu «> m.akc ~ Jircn I aa.tloo

DWol,.c cbctrtic..Jt to the order 1m~:a &01! aa;c 10hnioa full l-trtOJtb. Souul drttlopcDCnt WIX. 2 m J
m.iov:a It 65. tO 70. F. ( 20 10 n. C.). For .Rqyolilb Onhochtom.J:ri(. dcYc.top Ui tO } .Unum .at u.mt: Wll-
pcraCWC'~

AGJA 81

J\£PROUTH DCVELOPF.R

n,Js formula mav be obtained In p1dugcd form by specifying "Rcprolhh Qo,·dorcr. '' Formula SJ provides
a sinslc:-tolurion de,·doper ol c::xcdlent keeping quaHty for the de\'eiOpm<nt ol Rc:J~Iith Film.

Hot water us• F

A'If.• Hydroq•loooc
or )l•C.).
MtlrN

7:)0
))
cc
gam•
1~
I
..._lf..,.,..,,J
~. 70 Sf·
) q..,.
<}{ """"'
Ag& Sod1u.m SulrfJIIC, anh)·droul ~~ II""" n:ouaca 1}4 OUDCc$
A/)~ Sodt1u11 Carhon•tc, IDDDDhyJ.t.to:l
AJhCiaKACid
10 gam-
ss,..... 10 .....
lJ, ouoc:a
~~-
\ : C)a:OCe'
Apa Pou.ssaue Brolaidc
\\'ucr to aukc
10 11'....
I Iller )1 ......
h ... >Sfll lh (MlC(cS
I galloa

Do 00< d1huc lew I;IK. NomuJ: ckwlopmau r1mc wit bin l mtnUid ac 68t F. (lo• C.).

IS
DEVELOPING FORMULAS

AGFA 90
HIGH CONTRAST M-H TRAY DI!VUOPI!R

l1W .S..d<>ra hu bcm p.vrimlady &.ip:d (« - wub Co-.! aod Plocon 61..,• ro pod~~«
nc:JJ.U\'a of ..,dliant conuau.

......
Ho1 Watn 11S F. or }1 C.)
Agfa Mctol
Agfa Sodium Sulrhitc. an h) drot»
AgJa Hydroqulnone. •. . . . -
.
Agb. Sodium Carbonacc, monoh)'d.tarcd ••
Agfa Po~sium Uromide .
,
7l0 r;c.

40 &r•m•
6 grams
-
40 8'JUIJ
) gtlo ii iJ
2~
7J

88 gnin1
grain•
I){ o>. 40 I'•

IH OL-«) gr.
~s graiDs
)

S}( oe~nces
J.{ or.
Sr.f ounces
}( 0%.
quuu
Ji oz. 7S gr.
2() b'T.

70 gr.
Wattt to make I lher )1 ounc« I gallon

Do not ddutc for UK.

•f.or rcsulu O( hipct concn.u, this ckvdopcr mat be acbptal CO Ji•c AJ(" 7l formula by the additioa of
three snrm ol Pow.ia~n Bromide: ptt litc:t o( d:c:vdopcr (4) pins per )1 OL), wuh clcvc:lopins. c:imt of 1 co l
miouus ac: (18• F uo• C.).

AGFA 103
PAPER DEVELOPER

Thi.t formulJ i• tUOmmrnd-=<1 as • dc:,·dopc:r for Conma, Spttdelt •nd Utovl:ra papen when cold, bJgc--bJack:
ronC1 11tc: dc:iircd. h may bt had in pach&cd form by otdttin& Asfa 10) lk\·doptt.
sr'KIL s,J.-~,.,•
}.IJtrlt ,A,..,;rJ.t*h
Hc>t Wucr rns• I or s2• C.) .7JI) 14 ouncc;i
Agfa Mcwl ).~
"·
gr-.rnt lO 11tains
)
1 _.
quarts
oz.9Sgr.
Agfu Sod•uo• Sutrhitc, a.nhydrou~ •s granb• l "S w ncn• 6 ounces•
Agfa H)'droquinunc
Agfa Soduuo C.ubon.uc, monohydriltcd
Ar)a Pota-M&Wil Brom1dc
711 ......
II S gu.mt

1.2 ga.au
I • 0&,
1~o•lSp.
II pam
SS «' I}S' ouoco
IOh OU:OCCS
71 I'Wu
\\'accr to aul:c I htcr )1 owx.. I pllao

PAPER. 01;.\ ll.OPMa..'T· Dilute: lpuc:.sroc:lc 501urion wnh lf-W'U water. For Bro' ua UJd nm.ilat bro~ic!c
dc,c.Jop 1 tO It-) m•nutn •c 68• F. (lo• C.). F<lt Spmla .tad Con" II a nomuJ &,e~t timt 1S 4S
p&pcn.
~ Other coaucc rarer" m.ar rcquart 1 to lM m.inucn.

Fc:w llo"'cr• M>ftcr fok,etormcnt of 8roTir& dilute" 1 tO 4. Dc,·dop l't 10) m1nu1~. at 6S• F. ·20• C..J.

•Rc:-' u.ed (onn.

lG
• DEVILOPING FORMULAS

AGFA 110

DIR£CT BROWN-BLACK PAPER DEVELOPER

Ek-auriflll "urn tOOD m.ay be obtaaru:d with this dc~Jopc:r Oft botb COC\t.ICC. and rroJ«:tioc P~·
Stld Solvti•
Mrtru
Hoc Wut:c ( ll_s• F. or 32• C.) • 1.SO cc. 24 OUOtel .) qustts
AJfa HydroquinollC ... . , • , , • 22.) sraml It OIIOCC } ounces
Asfa Sodium Sulphite, Mhfdtout ...... . .S7 gram1 l~ o:c. ~gr. 7,U OUtiC'd
Atefa Sodium Carbonate, n10ooh)•draacd. 15 granu 2~ 0\U)CCJ lO OlltlCCS
At,la Pot&.~;ium 6ro1nidc . 1.75 gumr <40 sraim J( ... 50 8'·
Water ro 111.alc J Iller )1 ounces I gaUon

fOr UK dilurc J J'UI UO(:k soJutioo with) fW'U Water.

Give ptinn ) co 4 tu:ocs aormal c:xposurc aod de'-d()p S tO 7 minutes ac & • f ( 20• C.).

AGFA 113

Al'ODOL PAPER DEVELOPER

Thi~ formula b intended for ttay dc:\"Ciopmcru Oftl)" Md muu be mix-ed lra.h t:lld\ dmc. It U: recom:mc:odcd
ouly lOt I mall Jot1 ol prlm.t.

Agla AmldoJ .. 6.6 gracns ~ grain1

Agfa Sodium Sulphhc, anhydrou.to. 44 grams
Agf.a Poc.niuna lkomidc.
-SS II'"'"' ~·-
8graim
Waccr to make 1 Jhcr J2 oowca
Do aoc dihuc lor u~. Jl bot water is u.cd for d.is:solvt.ng c.bcmic.a.t.. chc tOdiiUD aulfWcc and ~em
t.omidc sboaJd be dWoJvcd fint and tbc: amidoJ added oolr aha the telutioa bq cookd.

F<lf dn'clop~DtC t o/Cykora aaJ ai.mitat papcn CK twia: the a..moonc of Pot*IIUD Bromidctptrificd tbQo,~
Ck-'"dop I co lm:inuca .,, 68• F. ( 20• C.).

17
DEVELOPING FORMULAS •
AGFA 115

GLYCJN.HYOROQUINONE OhVELOPER

St.d S..U.:ur~
Mtlrl( lft•fldlllfll
Hoc Wacer (US' F. or n• C.). no
At/aSod.iwnStdpbh.c, anhydroas. 90 8'•na
(C.

.....
14
)
ounces
OWX<S
}
12 ......."02..
quat1>

Acfa SocU... C...bonAtc, -ydt&u.!

ApGiyrin
1,0
)0 ,...... }
I """"'
.,...,. I
•
lb.
ooocu
ApHy&oquiftOO<
Agla P~iu.ns Bromide- 4 ,......
9.) ar•m•
60
J,.
,...ounces..
Ot. }0 "''
1 .oz.IOgr.
\; Ol. '1/J gr,
Watct tO make I liter 31 I J.&IIOI'I

For WNm toon, dilute: I put $COCk IOiutJoa witb l putt w•tcr anJ dc'IC!Op p-Uml 1 S tO J minut~ :at 68'
F. (lO" C.).

Far Ttt'f ""'arm tooes &Ad mocc: opm ab.dow'S, apcciaJ.Jy wub C)'k.OfJ., d..ilvtc J put saxk a.olurioa 'With 6
patU wstc:t, .JirinJ prinu) co 4 timcJ nonnal c:xpos:urc: and 1}-{ tO S mJnoccs dc'-dopmc:nc. Bec;auK o( d.ilutiocl
o( the d"·doper. tOhnlon wlll exhaosc more rapidly a.od will require ntore frequent replac:tmc-nt.

AGFA 120

SQIT.WORKING PAPER DBVELOPER

This U a soft•wOtklna d~vciOpc:r, prhoarlly lnccndc:d (or porrult work when •olt aradacion is required,

HOt '\\"accr (11}• F or )l C.)

AJ!a MctOl
7,0
Mt""
a;
11.) &t•mJ
l< ......
J~ oz. 70 I"·
} q1W1>
lh OL 60 tJ•
A&fa Sodium Sulpb1tc, anhydro~ l6 grams I 01.. $S gr. 4-'- ~ ounces
Ag(a Sodium Calbona~c, mo®hydrlllcd J6 vams I o.. 88 gr. ,.,, ounces
Ag(a Poc:w.iurn Bromide: 1.8 sr•rns 17 8nUns 1, ouna:
Waur to male~ 1 htcr Jl I gallon
"""""
for usc. dilute I f&rC •teck .olutioa w1tb l pam W1tcr.

Nonnal de,·dor•aa umt, 1}( ro ) muu,ca ac 68• F. (zo• C.).

18
• DEVELOPING FORMULAS

TWO-TRAY PRINT DlVUOPMENT

Wru le rhc majority of photographiC printS can be prepared most conveniently by

development in a single Jolutioo, some occasiODS are often met in which the aitic:tl
n>ture of the subject rcqu~rcs a degree of coorrol o'er contrast that is not normally
available. In such iiUtanccs the rwo-rray prioo ~·elopment procedure can be employed
to good .advantage, for ir permits :t nicc:ry o( control over rrint gr.adat1on chat c:a.nnot
be obtained by usual variations of exposure and developing time.
The cwo--uay proc:cclurc iovolvcs the use of cwo .separate: dc\~cJoping solutions.
usually a soft-worklng formuJ., such as AgC. 120, and a brilhant-working dc:'dopcr,
like Ag(a 1)(}-though some workers ptefer the combination of Agfa 120 and 125.
Development is begun in one solution and completed in dtc other, the firu dc:\'doper
used having the greater effect. Tbu procedure is particulatly helpful in producing full.
scale ptinu which exlublt wdl modulated gtad.rion in both boghligbr and shadow.

AGFA 1;tS

P.-PER .-NO FILM DEVELOPER

Thi•lorn~ula b recocummded lor dcvelopmcnc of Cykon. Cykon:, Urovira. Convira, lncfbcone and si.mUar
~pen. It ua .aJso ~ ustd lor d~,·dopmeftt ol rull, ~ck and sheet film when brilliant ntgad\'tt uc desind.
It may be: obtiiiard ic puJcap form by orderins Ash 12S Deftloper.

Mmtr
Hot Wat('f ( 12)• F. Of .51• C.) 7)0 rc. U 0Ut~Ce1 ) qu;uu
At)~ Mnol ) ... en. iOp.
Ap Sodi. . SWphn<, anby._
Asfa. Hydroquux~nc
-«
12
"""'
"'"""
4lJ•i OUDC:a;
1
""""
40J.. 60gr.
6 """""'
)~. 0&. lO gr.
At;& Sodl.um Carbon.uc:. mooohydnced
Asfa Potll$sium 6romidc
""""
6l graotS
1 arams
2}4 ounces
JO srains
9 ouocc:s
~: 0%. 10 gt.
Water co ruk~ . 1 liter }2 Oti.QCd 1 rilio•
P.A.P£k DE\'"ELOPM£..''1': Oilut.e 1 pan scoc.Jc tOJutioo .. uh 1 para. watct. J::)cvclop 1 co 1 nu:ac.ca ar 68• F.
(20• C.). For toltcr aod slowa dC"\·dopman dilute I to 4, and develop JJ.{ co) minu1cs at68• F. ( 20• C.). For
greater brilliance:, sborteo d1c c.a:posurc tlightly and lc-nst.hc:n the de"dopmenc rime. For gtcacc:r softncn,
Jengtbeo the cxpm.wc sUghrly a.nd sbon~o the dcycJopmcot tlnsc.
FIL.\1: OE\"El.DPMEl<-'T: Dilute l put acodc tofucioo with 1 p;ltt W2tcr aod clcfflop} coS atautct u68• F.
( m • C.). For aoltcr u:sulta., dalutc 1 tO) and ckvdop l co.) mto\ltc:s at 6$• F. (lo• C.).

19
DEVELOPING FORMU L AS

AGFA 130
UNTVe\SAJ. PAPER OBVEI.OPER
TbU formula U a uni'"crul de, dOpa- fot all projc:cc:iOo and COnt2Ct r•JXU• h sh·a rich blac-k cones with
etttllcm brlllb.ncc ;a.Qd dcuil. Asf-a IJO rruvldtt mH•suJ~J l11titude in dc,·elopmcnt and is dcu•worldog even
wtcb Jon& dC\'cloping times.
,h,.J.,.,
Hot Water .11S F. or )2.• C.) no «- 14 ~ l qll&rtS
At,b. Mcrol . • • •• • .. .. •• 1.1 g1<~ms )1 gn.ins t,.ol':.lOJ'.
/t.gf~ Sodhun Sulphite, llnhydrout •• 10 l'anu 11{ ounca 6){ ouuccs
Agfa HydrOqulnocc., ,, ,,, , ,, ••••. IJ gams >' <».lO gr. 1~ ounces
Ap SoW ... Cu.,._tc, -hydnc.d .. 111 &f&mS ll) OODCC.'$ 10~ OGAC<S
Ap PowJ,.., Bromide s.s &J&mS I!Op.im •• CIGIX<
ApGJyoo II &f&mS }~ OL jO Sf• I~ """""
Water co m.akc . ......... I licer )2 Oun«S I ,;allon
The rrcparW uod: tohnion ts deu but •llghdy coiOted The coloration In fhft C:1k doo noc indiatc the
~oper has dctcr-iotucd or it u.afit lor'*·
ror 11K. dilUte' 1 pace t.tock 10furioa •ula J part ""*ttt".
Noaoal dc.-clopiog rime ac 68• F. (zo• C.) (or Bro<rira, l to 6 miouta, (Of Conviu, C)'koo, C)·kora aod
IDdlaconc, JJ-' co 3 minuces..
Grcacc:r ~tntt c.ao be obu.in¢1.! by uslot the dc:vd~pcr uodc .oludon (ull nrmgdt. Sofcu rC\ula can be
obt:aiocd bJ• diluficg 1 fW1 s(O(k solucioa wid:.l puu wam.

AGFA 135
\17 ARl\1-TONI! PAPER OI!VELOPI!R
ThUdn~~;lorer u~cd foe ridl, wanD·bbck tOocS with Cykoa. Coa.,.ir•~ C,-kcn.,a.-o..,._,tac!iuooc.
aodsimil., r•pc:u. This lomaa1.~- m.ay be obtaiocd jn f&(h.scd formready-tO-I.lK by Ordcriug Atla JJ$ Dtvdopcr•
•rt«l s,Utt;,,
lt1mk A••iniJt~.l
Hoc Wala" {ltj• F. or S1•C.) • 7l0 c:c. 24 owx::cs l qU&rU
Ap Maol. I 6 11""' 14 pns 516 paim
A,P. SocUum Svlrhitc:, anb) dro1n 24 &J&mS H "'· lll &<· >h "'·
A&f~ Hydroqu[oonc ........... .. 6.6 grams 96 sraint ~{ox. 60 gr.
Ag(a Sodiunt C.rbon..are, monoh)"draccd 14 grams K ox. 20 gr. )J{ ox.
Agb Powsium Ocomidc .. , .. , Ugr...,. 40 V.alM }( Ol.. jO 11·
Water tomah 1 lim ~ ~ I ,~kG

For '*• d1hnc l put uock .olution with 1 patl wa.tcr. A (VOpaly cxpo.ed priot wiU be: fully dc,·c.loped at
68• F. (20• C.) in aboot 1M" tO 1 minutq, Complete ~vdopmcm may be apc:etcd 10 u.kc: •lightly longer with
rough•Jinl•ced paptl'$ thao with ~emi·glooy or lu.Uct"-$urlaced papett. For greaccr toft !Jut, dllucc 1h~~; bath with
wacc:r up tO c<t'"' quaotidcs oJ ckvclopcr aad watt;r, To iotrc.uc- ch~~; wJ.rmth. add bc-omidc up co double: the:
amowu in the (Or ml&la. Tbc que ci cy oi bromide lpC('i6cd ia cbc forma.l.a. bowcYcr, auwa rich. 'III'»1D.. •-dt·
lui.....!-...

lO
• FIXING FORMULAS

A GJA 201
AOD HARDENh'IG Fna;R

nU hat'11taitiJ 6$iGJ bub for aK' with either 6fm Of p&pc:r may bt ttOftd ind.maitd)' anr! uJCd rcpeatdJy
wnU c::rbatntcd. I( cbc fi.tinJ batb &ot.hs, rums: doudf, Or cakes loop thaa 10 miaates co 6.t ouc complcttlr,
it mu,:c be re-placed by a fresh .olurion..

A...m/•~11

Hot Water ( ItS• P. ot st• C.)..•......•... .. . . ... ... soo "'· 16 ounces J{ g.allon
1-l)'po. .. . . .. •.•••••••.....••. • ••. 240 gr.m• 8 ou~ 2 poundJ

....-_
,,., 3'•"" 'Jot ounc:c
Hot Water {11.s• F. or .Sl° C.) ..... .... . .. .... ...... . ... l.SO cc. OUOCCI lO OWK<l
Agta Sodium SuJphirc. anhydrOttS

-
••••• 0 ••••• ••• ••••••
2 ounces
Acetic AeiJ ( 28%)•.• .. . cc. .~ 6
... . OOOCC$
••••••• 0 • 0 •••••••

Ag& Powtiu.m Alum ..... .. .. . .. . .......... . ~

..nee
Add Solutioa lto l llftd sdd water co mU.c: .•.••• .. ... I bta " )2
1
I
ocnccs
plloc
Oiuolvc:dlc:mK.tlt cboroapty iDordc:r ,li\"CG &Dilui:rtapidly •hilc: .-cld.inJ Soluuoo 2 wSola:uoa L Gl2rid
Ac:cdc Acid mar be dila~ t0 28'%COIXaltntioa by addi.tiJ) puuol ..:;&.! t0 8 puuol W&ett. Do aoc ~ilc-rc: fot
uc. Narm.aJ Uln& dJDC' S to 10 •lev= at 68• F. (20° C.) .

A G FA 202
CHROME ALUM FIXIlll

ThU hiU'da1ina fixins bach (Ot Ujt with filmJ in hot weather should be uted fmh. •• ic docs t!Ot retain its
hudenins action.

.Mttrlt ANir.lllp.;.~

Hot Water ( U.S' F. or~ · C.). .. ..... 2.) litd1 80 oooccs

Hypo •••. 960 ~~"'"' 2 pounds
Asfa Sodnua Sulphite, ~nhyd.rou' 60 gams 2
\\'accr tO tnakc .. ) liccn ) """"'
qu.,...

-
s.w.,.l
''tater
AJU Poust.iom Chroroe: Aftam
Solpbuuc And C.P.
. 60
a
I

-
litet

cc.
)1
2
~. OWICic:

Slowly pour So1uuoct 2 inco Soluuoa 1 w-hile rapidl1 nini.n1 the lactc:r. Do ooc dilute for use. Do aot
dissoh·e the Chrome Ahua ac s tcmpcntwe hisbtt tha.a lSO' F. (66' C.). :\J"""Y' rmw: 6Jm tboroo&hJy bdote
6xl.ns. Norm.al tixinJ cjme) co 10 minutes at 6S' F. ( 20' C.).

21
FIXJNG, SHORT·STOP AND H.AROENING FORMULAS

AGFA 203
NON·HAROENlNG METABISULPEDTE FIXER
nus fixin8 balh u rccocnmcMc:d for Ilk ..-bea hardt-oiog it not d~ittd. h Js hj&hlr dtdrablc: lor am~ra.cy
of rcgUtracioa in coloc- \\'Ork with RcprOihh Film,
Sud S•lati•
M.urir
Hypo. 1900 grams
Ag(a Potodum MctllbiJu.lpb.itc •• 270 l"ltM
Waut ro JUke 41itcn
Th~ M.c:ubi.s,ulphite should be added only wbm the Hrpo wlulioo is c.ool.
For ua.e, dilute one: put nod.: solution with ocw: part wua. Normal 6xi.na time: 5 co 10 minuta at 68° F.
( l0° c.

AGFA 210
ACID SHORT-STOP BATH
Thit IOh.~tion b rccomrncndc:d (Of UK bc:l'i'ro~at de\·t:loper and f.xc:r, to pKVCat staining O( 6Jm ncsativcu.nd
pdnts. AJiratc: liJrn ncgatiwa or prints for abour 5 K<ondJ itt chis bath be:loce ua.os/ming to 6:xiaJ .olucioa.

ACchC t\c:id 2$%. ,

Watct,
Glac1.d Atttit Acic! (99.)'e) ca.~y be diluted to chc- ~ coocmuatioa hr misin& dutt pans of Gbcial
Att.tic Acid with c:i&Ju pun o( water.

AGFA 216
CHROM U ALUM HARDENING DATil
Tbl'l b.ttb mar be CEKd ia fl;a«
ol the ~par ICctic: aeid lhorc~top co &ivc addtbOIU.l bardcoiac to 61m.
It U parucularlr dttin.blc in hot wn.lhtt, (Of cro~cal dc,~Jopmcnt. aM lot-ncgativt$ ~hich ha,·c to tiC cnlatg~
wc:t.

Ap i'<><aaiwD Clu<>m< AIIUOI Jllp&JIH

\\'attt , 1 lilc:r
Fllms 'hould be 1giu.ud thoroughly whco immc:ncd 1n rhc taludoa. MuJmu.m budeniaa "'ill be obWAtd
with •bout thrtt aiaotes uurmmr.
The: tOiction •hould be U)(d frob 11lt docs not L:ttp well. Formation o! a grttnish •ludge i' an lndiCA:rion
tb:n chc .olution Jll(lurd be replaced by a (rc'h bach.
lf the: Cbroax AJgmu:JCd b•C th&c a.lud&e is. fora.cd wbco lbt bub i• fftt ascd sn addtti.onofc:oac:mtnud
SnJ("buriC ;\Qd (lee. J'Cf Jittr or}( dum ('Ct Jl.O~) eaD be mAde: CO the: tohUIOO tO O\·CfC'Omt thit conditioo,

22
• TONING FORMULAS

AGFA 221
SEPlA TONER
Tht~ fOCCS: II t~ for wuwa-browa Kpd corxf,
s.t.,.l
Arwmf.,U
Hor \\'un (11)• F. Of 12•C.) ••••. . .... .. . noc:c.. l4 ........
A&f.a Powti.u.m fariq;an£de.. , • • • • , ..•.. .• . . ,., J.fo&n:lt J)l oz..80g.
Agla Porauiurn Bromide . , • , ... .. .... ... . 10 gr;~ms y. ... J5 &T·
A&fa Sodaum Carbonate, monobydrat~ •. . lOgums ~Ot, lOI',T.
Wattt to make ••• . , ..... , ...... .. .• • . , . , . , I ll~r )2 Oun(c',s

AJl' Sodium Sulrhide. . • . •.. . ..•. ~.) aramt: I.U OUOc:t'S

Warr:r co mal:c: .. • • • . • .. • .. S(X) cc. 16 OUO«t
For uJ.C •• de~lbcd below, dilute one part Soh1doo 2 with dghr pant war«.
l~fPORTANT-nc •urc 10 we Sodium Sulphide. nOt Sodium Sulphite, ID comroundlng chc .Redc\·doper. Also
Uk dcao uay•.fr« (rom c.xpotc:d iron 1pots, cspcci•lly with Ble~hJns lbth. Otherwite bll.le 1pou may form oa
pri.att.
PrintJ 1bould he: v.ubcd tboroa&,bly and cbca blcac.bcd i.a Solution J uoultbc blade. inu;3c is oooortn:cd ro
• vttyiiJbt brow"' color (abocu I mioutc). Prinu ihoaJd tha:l be washed ltx' JO ro lS mi.cuna aocl redcvdoped
io dJgttd Solunoe l.
lcrkvciOf'CM"'I thou.W be: compktt: io about 1 miavcc. Afur tcdc:t'ciOpCDmc the pNoa ,boW4 be: washed
frx about .JO mi.auc~ .tod thea dnc:ct II the CCICcr .&oaW lea~ tcdimtnc whj(h raulu"' nrnk:~ ex fiDp mub
oa eM Jlilffxc of chc J'>'pct the (W'Illt should be immcncd for a f~w K'COtld) 1.0 • )~ tOiocjoa of .-e-ric .acid., Jru
"bich a JO.aunarc "W.Uhlll& is O«CUatf.

AGJA 222
HYPO ALUM TONF.R
TbU: tOfW:t Js tCCOBID)CJldN lor buud(ul ~dish-brown roncs.
StfMilm l
Altlrit AtYinllll~ll
.' .. ...
··-
. . • . . . . ' • ll50 cc. 80 OWW:<i
• • • • .. • • • • • .. .. <1)0 pam• 15
S.l.11tlfl :!
Wua
Agb Slh·n Nuracc
.. JOe<. 1 ouacc:
1.)"""' zo grains

W.a&U
.\~.£-. Poc:asshUIIfo.jiJc
s.t~~~- J
)t) ((..
2.7 JUIDt
I
40 -
sraios
Add Soluuoa l co Sohatioo I Tbc:a add Solutioa) ro tbc IPI&tt:n. Fi.oall't add IO)p:.~.Jm (lh CIUDC:Cf) of
AI& Poca1.'1t\UD Ahun co cbn. .olotioo. ADd bat the "tire b.zth co the bodi111 polot or u.til tulpburiz:.atioo
w~ pbtt and.uco.J br. -~ appcau.occ: of the tolutioa). Toac pri.nu %()co 60 aJ.IIIiHCS 1ft thit b.at.b .at uo-
]lj• F. ( oO•)! ' C.). AJatatc prints Ott.Uioo:aJJy ucr:il coetm& U compJ~rt. Care shouJd ht: citk.en t0 ace that the
bl3d::s arc- f"Jly con,·nced bc:fO« re.movlt!s tbc priers from the toa.in& b.ach. ochcrwttc dck.blc coaa .m..a}' reudt.
TONING FORMULAS

AGFA Ul

NELSON GOLD TONER

U.S. Pat. Number 1,8.f9,24S

\\"i.th thb eoocr ic is pot'it.k: a> obWa • uriccy ol plns.ioJ bcowa coocs b~ nryiag 'he u.a~e of coa.ias
Prinu may be: rcmo'C'Of &om the ba&h when the dcsim! adOr u rucbcd. ThU formola is suitable for RJC w1th
C)•kota, lndiamnc, Cykoo, and Coarira.

}.fJ.rrit A.nirJ.,_,,
\\'arm \\'attt, abocn ll.S' F. ( Sl' C.) <4 licm 1 1aa1oa
Asf.a Sodium ThioAllph.i.tc: ( Hypo) . • • 960- 1 po<>Jld$
Ammon:ium PcnuJ(au:. . . ... . ..... . .... •120 vams 4 ounces
Dissolve cite Hypo COtt1plc1ely bcJ(IIrc addln11 the PcttuJ(acc. Stir vigorou~ly while addinM the Pcnulfatc.
J£ the b:ttb docs not lUtQ mllky, iocre01$C the ccntpetattlk" uncU h doc:s.
Pn:put (ollowittg tolucioo and Add it ('uxJ!Idi.ttJ prccipiucc) slowlT tO the Kypo-PcnuTCacc toJutioo -.·hdc
uitr"it!& the laner rapidly. &tit . .Jt M r-' ...,_ tiJm ,.L.t,..
t .,,,.£U.J twtk.

6< 1 ounce•
Cold Water ,
Atl.a Silvc:t Nicruc:. "·
}.2 J"lltnlo 75 gains
Sodi~;~m Chloride .. . Hvams 75
NOTE: Tj, S•lur .\~ih~t J"'-U It J.lJU!rul ~tJtttb Jt/.ttn Milllt, S.,._CJJ..Jt.
I!"'"'"
s,ll,t iO!I 2
Water . .llO cc:. 8 ouncn
Ap Gold Chl«idc .••• I IS g.t.uu
'"'"'
f.ot Ut(, add.,. oo.nccs (11) cc.) ofSolt~don l 1lowly to So1uttoo I whiJc "'trin& the lau~ rapidly.
The: bath thould not be: uuJ until •ftcr ic 111.1 bee:oruc: cold and hts f0«t1ed a Jedlmau. Then pour o« du:
cle::a.r liquid for uk.
Pour the dcartOIVtioo ioCO a tny stalldJ0.1 iDa ""tel' b.ach .ftd bca: CO 110• f . {-f}° C.). The "mpcnnatc,
wbca """"I· .bould be bel~= 100• ....! 110 F. ( J8"....! 4) • C.). Dry pnn<> •hoold be .....Xed ch«ooJblr
in "'1;«~ bd'orc tOnius.
K~p llC h1nd an unt011ed black-llnd-wbhe princ (or comparl.soo during coning. Pt-inu should be se:par.ted
at aU tin)(:S ro imurc e\'en tonios.
Whca lbe: cks.ind tOGc ia obuiocc!, rime the: p-iotJ ill told wattt.
~all prinu hATC: beta coned, rcnam cbcna ro the 6nn& bub for fi,·c: natnlii[CS., chen w.uh for one bow
in runnins water.
The: b.uh should be rc:•ivcd '" ina:noa.Js by che addjtion of lcarthcr qu:~.nlicie:• of the gold Solution l. The:
qua.atity to be: added wi.ll depend upoa chc number o! prints contsl and the ci.mc of CDQi4g. For exampl-e, when
tortit!& tO a watm btowo., add l dram ( of cc.) of .alariotl a.hu c.t.Ch Mrt S x 10 pints,« the:Lt c~~• - &lmt, hAYC
bed fOOCd. ftttb IOI:atiOQ 11111 be~ &otll titl't(' tO tiJDc to kttp t:be bath up fO chc proptr \ Oiume.

24
• TONIN G FORMULAS

AGFA 231
GO LD TO!'-~

This fou aub &ins a CaGJ:e of reel CODC:f co sepia:·tOOCd prinu. the brilliAQCC of tJ:ac cooc ~io.1 oo the
~ D:Kd. 8rilh.&tl' chalk·ml lOQCS Ut ptodoo:d Oft c,koe, while with lod.iacont and Cykora dukcr tludcs
uc fot.cd. II dnttN, ckqt blue tOQQ uuy Wo be obu.iocd wicb l.bb bmv.la by US&a& bteck..and·wh.nc prietJ
imtc:ad ol priau ch.u hnc 6nt h«o Kpi.a.rooect Uausul df'«a of m.bcd coocs of bl~bbck sh.adows ~soh
ra!di•h higbhahnCIIII be produced br usias prina. which have been rani.a.Jlr coacd lo I Hrpc>Alwzucpi.a-COC'la.
J.f.t-rm A""'•tt•.t
Hot Waur ( 113• F. or j.l• C.) ..
•Ammonium Su!rhocyanatc .
. .. no " · 14 ouncu
Ia) lfanll )}{ OWl«S
tGold Chloride, 1% Solution . 60 ce. 1 ltuid o~.
\V~cr CO make 1 lit« Jl OunGc.s
For Red Tone~; l'rinu IIIUH fim be bleached and toned by sulphide rcdc.vcloplne•n method ( sec: Asfa lll).
Alta wuhlng, place prlntt ln aho,•c: solution until t01'ing is cornrfccc (rcqulrct 1S•4S ll'llnuc·n ). For redder tones
onc·hall the .-pccif~-td • •no,mt of 1ulphoqanatc: may be used.
For Dttf Blue To.,es: Ornh .cpia toning opcutioo and place wdl-wuhtd blaclc-~nd .. whiu: printS direcrly
i.n above coa ao,~ .ohuioa.
For Mb:cd Tonct : Prin lJ should be incoroplctt:ly toned in a Hy-p0 Alum Toner, tuch as Agfa Ul, aocl washed.
before D't:almtnt io abov-e IOiutioa,

AGFA 241
IRON BLUE T ON!!R
Produd na l!rdliaoc bluc: tono, tbjs lotmuJa is suitab1c (cw Uk whh Cr lcora, Urowlra and tndiaronc Papcrt.
M ttnt Anlnht,.IJ
Hoc \\'1uer ( llj 0 f . or .)1' C.). . .)00 <C. 16 OU.I'lC.ct
F'c:rric Ammonium Cht-Atc , 8 pams )'{ounce
Ag(ll Pora~si u111 Fe~~i~y anidc: •• a sr•nu K ounce
l\g(a Acetic Acid, W?o. . l6$ cc:. 9 ouoca
Water co make: 1 liter .)1 OUOC'CI

Solution thould be preputd with di.Jcillcd wa.tc:r il pOUible. If c:a•mcled iron tuys arc used., no chips or
aacb io the enamel•hould be pra;cat or lpots and streah may appear in the: print,
Priou for blue toaina should be &xed ia pb.io, ooa·b:ardc:nio& hypo Nth ( 'l'l'hkh should bt hpt ., a tc:m·
pc:rann o{ 68• F. or l&l'lda to a void uod~:~c: swillia~ Whee pitllu have: been fUlly tooc:d ia the: abaft soltn:ioo,
tbty will be: JfttCkb in·~· but wilJ be aw, wu.bcd ocn to. clat bhac: color wht"a placed ill f'OiiLDiDJ
........
~.U1 :u,
Tbt dcrch of 1hc bloc: tOO.ial wilt .uy soux:what with tbc qua.J:icr ol pri.nu coned io at.liJhHoccd priat$
tellllu.na ro lifhcc:r bl~~n. Socnc: inacmi6cuioo o( the: ptint IH.. ocnn a.a IO&Ual• comcqaca.dy. prints
Should be: sliahdy fi~Jltc:r thaa cbc: dc:olity 4csitcd is::a the: Cio·al toocd puce.
Wub w•ta thould be .adi6cd sliahrtr with Uletic acid sill« tbc biQC: coae u qwu .soluble i.n aU::.allcc:
solutions s.nd i:s COCti:Jc:ubly Wl'..a.kciXIIf wbca Wa$h water is al.kaHac. Pkoul.na v.viatlOftl. ia the cone ca:a be:
obtaiocd by bl~id& the w.uhc:d prints in a U% sohuioa (5 JfatiH per Htct) Of Botu which p:od~Ka .softct,
bluc:·sr•r toac~, 1hc: ucc:nt dcpcoding oa the lcoJtb o( crc:acman.

25
 RfDUCING AND INTE NSIFYING FORMULAS

AGFA :uo
I'ARAt£R'S REDUCER
TbiJ is a C'IIUUIJ tcdQQCr lew Jmccin& the ckfts.ity of bcJ.'I}' Dt&Jtift't .and at the: WDc time iaauritls thrit
cor:arut. h Is af'C":u.llr Yalu.ablc for rcprodoctioo g,. ro c.ka c.hc: wbua.
s.t.J..,J
A ~trJIIP.'~
Hypo ..•.••• •
Wattt tO make •• •• , 8 """"'
l2 ouoccs
S•lluJM 2
1\g{;~. Pot11uium P'cnicy~&.o i dc . . . 19 gtamJ J1 oz.. ss ,.
Water lO make.,. . . • , . . . .w "'· 8 ounc~
For u~ mb: One pan Solution 2 and four puts SolutiOQ 1 'n 31 p.1rcs w,ucr. Soludont 1 aod l should be
stored acparaccly and mix~ homcd.ia c:c-ly bc:(ore use.

AGFA ~~~

FLA'ITENING REDUCER
Thil r~IXCl' ii llklaJ lor lcssc:c.ioa the dcmity aod maauc of bu.,. DtJativu.
SJ~t~lMl

~"­ AnwJ.t-u
A&b PoU»uuD Fcrric:..antJc )ll'""' I ... 7lf1·
Aafa PoraMuun Oromtik 10 J"&nll h 01. 40 &'"·
\\'at« co malt;c 1 litd' )2 OUnc:c:s
Bleach an Soluclot1 l and dtu t~u&b w.ubiog. redc..-dop co dalrcd d~hr aod cooua.n lt1 Ag(a -17 or
ocher ncs>~cnc dc.,clorcr uccpt fine·grain dcvdopcn. Then Jix 1111d w.uh in u•uU mallAU. Conduct opcr:ttion ia
•ubducd llshr.

AGFA 330
MERCURY lNTBNS!PICR
Thi$ lntcm16cr U ruommendcd for iocreuing: the pdndos: dcntity or cbio, lb:l nc&.uh·t~.
A•wiri•lfiJ
Agh Potutotum Drom1dr 10 £r&IDI • OL )S Jl'·
•Mercuric Cblortdc lO &r&tDI •.oz.}Sg.
\V:ncr co tmlc l litc:r
)2 """""
Do aoc dducc foe UK. Ncpti.-a co be- ioWKiW 111U$C be YC'S"f c.horoaJblt wubcd btu or ydlow stains auy
mutt Olltbc •oum.l&cd Ot,attn:. lm!DC""C cc-pti,.cs in aboTt: soluuoo Ufttd c.horouJblt biCACbcd. m the: b1.c-
o( the 6Jm 4nd chen w~ ill "A&tU coau.inio1 a &:w clropt of hydrochlor-ic .ad. J.cdc~op bfuthcd oet.ati~
ill~ Socluam Sulpbuc or aay st:J.nd.atd ckvdopcr. Surf'JA~X scum whd fonDl dW'UlJ tCOI'2J( o£ the blachU,g
solution doa noc .dtca the blcac.btt but ~.hotiJd be removed before tttloJ chc ..oluUoa.
• INTENSIFYING FOR MULAS

AGFA 331
MONCKHOVliN'S lNTENSLFI£R
(For Rqln>ductioo Fi!. .)

Th.it f-Oflllula JhO nrJ' lf'C~t uucosi6cuion atld C:OOtr.tU £or lioc drawiA.I aad haJ/lOO.c t~attioa WOlle.
SJIIIMII
M~trk AN~trl.,.u
AIJI;a Pou.J.,ium Bromide 11 ar•mt ~ Ouft(c
•Mctcuric Cbloridt 1-4 ounce
W11fc1 co nt1kc ... l31JtlUIJI
. • 1 !her )2 ountct

Cold Water , 1 l iter l2 ounces.

•Puu~,huo C)•&nidc • 2) sramt X ounce
Agl& Silver Nh:ntc ... . . . .. . ............. . • 1) &f'IID.J H ounce
The sJiver niuau aoJ W pou.uium cyanide should be diuot~ tn kparate lou of w&ter, and. the former
Kdcd lO the lancr uatil a rermaocnt p-c:cipita.tc is p-odU«d. "J'bc rni.n ure iJ aJJo•'O:l to •tancl Jj mioutd,
and alttt 6hcriq, fota Solatioo L
Pia« DtiJ.&In"c:t lD Soluuoo J uadl bleached tbroup, tbm rinse ud rfacc io Solurioc 1. U inttmi6cuioo.
it carried tOO f.u, tbc otpti"c: may be f'CdtlCcd with a weak 10lutioa o( hypo.

•u·AI.NING-AcgliV of the: dud.l7 pOilooous o.amrc: ol th11 UneG~i.6u, n sbotal4 be coed 11r1th ca.~ and
bonJts cont&io."'l 1t thoold be: suitablr aurb:d. N'C'YU miz cya.aidc: solutio. wnh acM!s Ot 11M: them in poorly
"t"attil&tcd roo,.. Oitcatd wutc solutioos into runnias watct.

AGFA ll:l
CHRO~OIJM INTENSIPII!R

Thh lornJula lli rttonunc:nclcd b«AII1C h i• ron,·cnimc in use •nd givet pcrmanc:cu resulu. The degree 1.0d
O( iOtCtltihUfiOil ( lll'l be (I)QITUIJcd CO <1Jl CXtttlt bv tnodJfte&fiOD O{ tht: developing time U.Scd fot the
ChllU(C('f
rcJcv-c1o('C'r.

t.gfa Por~-.u1m Bichromate.. 9&nm• l)S gni.o•

H' drochlouc:. AC1J 6«. 1.6 drams
Water co m.ake I hta ll-
IJIUD01i( orpch-a lD th.lJ toOJuuoa uJi1 h.J«:J<bcd, "~b foe$ IIIUIIItc$ iA MUWUDJ water, aftd dcnlOp ia
briJhl bcu dii'Uield li&ht u:a a Mttol Hydroctudooc c!n-dopc:r tach &J AJf& 47. Nc&&U\'"CS shocJJ then be &iTCD
a IS.m.i.Ducc "ash bclorc dtyUII.latccs.ibcioa t:~t&f be rcpconcd Cor iftcrc»ed elect.
If an'! hlgccok.r• caOtil ol the ilm hK is ooticf:.ablc: ahtt i!lcctUJ6cAtion,lt may bc:nul1 rc:IDOl"<d by~&
abc 61m £or cwo c. lhJC'C K<Oacb m wacer conu.in.UI& a kw drop of JDUDOa.a, io aS% solution of poussium
mcu.basu.lrhuc:, or in a S% .olutioo of sodium sulphite. Thb uuuncru a.boulcl be follo"cd by a thotoa&b
washioa in waccr.

27
 DESEN S ITIZING FORMULAS

AGFA 3 51
PINAKRYPTOL GREEN DESENSITIZER

Tbit. sohuioa it tllitabk: foe uc-.tUZ~U~t o! apor;cd. 6lJrtJ puiow co ckvdorcacor, co pcnrut £ocreaxd du:k-
rOQCI:I ilfutnuutioc &Od lfC<UU t.af«y fot 6lJD iospectioa dur:ifiJ dc'f"C.lopt~~otnt. TbiJ dQt111.itittt iJ DOl rteom-
m~cd foe biJh-tp:cd, p.uxhrom.uic: films (c:xttpc: Supapac Prcsa, lot wbich it it prclt:tablc tO Puu..ktypco1
Yellow) ,

Mt!Nt A..ml,;,_;,
Pinakrypcol Grt:en •••• , , . , . . . . ... .. •. , , .. , •.•• ••.. ... 1 aum IS l!"iiU
• Water co make. . ........ .. , . .• • .. . ... ..... .. . lOO C<. 16 ouocn
For u~. J.ih•tc I pa.lt ttoc.lc wlurJoo with 10 para ware~. lmmmelilmt (M two mlnut~ at 68° F. (20• C.)
with room In coral darlcnctt, and tb1;0 traoJcr to dc-vdopins sohnion. Alt"' t\lo:O minuttt' de'"clopmcot., 6Jms
may be IJUfCC.Ied for IO.to )}-$~ pcriodt at ooe-minutc irW:rvab; llh1mination bc:inJ tupplic=d by a ycUow-
&f'Cctl u/dlsht ( to1Xh u Agfa ACi with lO.watt bmp) placed 2 to l lett dhca.ot. l>rc-Kntitltcd bl.ms should ~
d.cvdoped approximately )0 co l<XJ% longer io A&fa 17 a~:~d .50% longer iA Asfa 47 th.an OOcNrc-ued films tO
obcsin comranbtc ,.-adaUoa and s.ludow dctait
II pdc:rrcd, the 1&JDt ttotk toloctoc ttat be: CI5Cd dirccdy ift the dcvc.Jopu Us the p·oponioo: 1 put dCKDSi·
ti..,., JO rarn .S..Clopor. Thu proc>C>lct< shoul4 aot b< followed with <le<dopcn ..,.,...;.,...,. thu 1 gram
per lita' ( IS I'•* per qun) of hy.!toqaiaoac.
•Uu: ola »30 waca-akobol aaix-twc lor solurioa will impow: tbc k:«ppaa qualiua of Usc dacosiWet.

AOFA 352
PiNAK.RYPTOL YELLOW OESENSITIZI!R

A .ohniou suiu.ble (or tre~&cmmt of eJ:po~d 6Jrns JX'Cvious co dcvdopmcm co permh iBcrcucd darkroom
ill11mioalioo and grurcr u.fcty lor 6Jm Uupea:ioo during devdopmetu, rhl• dcscmitiut IJ pefcrrcd for high·
speed, ~nchrom•uc filmt ( except Superpsa Prcu).

Pina.kryptol Ydlow. 1 r;am ts gra.im

•Water co make •• 1 liter )1 ouoccs
Do ooc dilucc foe w.t. lmmcnc 6l.m ffX rwo minut.ts ac 68• f . ( lO' C.) 'kath rOOm in coW dark:DC$$. J.Dd
thc:a tn:Uk:r co dc:vdopina .oluhoo. Mu::t N'O minut:c::s ckTt:iopman. fi.ta 1217 bC" 1.0tpccud lor- 10. co 1)-
SCICOnd pcriod.t ac ooe-aucucc iDc:crv.ah, ilJamio.arioa bciog supphcd by a ydlow·srca Wda,pc ( such u Agb.
A6 wicb JO.wau lamp) rfaccd 2 co) fttc diswu. tks:a:lsitized 6J-lhoald be ck-.,::lopcd a~td710 co
lao% loop ia At,la 17 aM ~ loap in Atfo. 47 ~ DOO·crnU'd 6Ja co obu.ia c:ompar-abtc: JJ*laciao and
'Shadow ckcaiJ,
This .ohnion should be IIKd u a scpua« bath and oot mUcd wilh ~10f!4.o&I01arioa..
•UK of a »SO Wltcr•alcoboJ mixrurc lot solt~rioa wiiJ improorc chc lcccpiftJ quAl ides of c.bc dcsc:osiriur.

28
• RAPID PROCESSING PROCEOURI

RAPID PROCESSING PROCEI>URE

Thls procedure has been de,•iscd by the Agfa Ansco Research Laboratory to meet
the requirementS of those who must carry out finishing operations on exposed films in
the shortest possible time. The two-solution method outlined below is inreodcd pn·
marily for sheet 61ms used in news photOgraphy, and with hlvoroble drying conditions
will permit complcdon of developing, fixing, washing and dtying operations in fifteen
minutes or las. Great c:are should be t:tkc:n co maintain clcan:littc:ss in all operations
and to follow directions carefully.

J\tJrrit

.
Hoc Watcr ( us• f. ot ~·c.) . oo7l0cc. 24- ) qusrts
Atf• ~l<ool . }S"• ~ ... 7sv.
7$ """"
At;& Sodium Sclpbit<, OU!hydt..,.
Agh HydroquiOOO< .
. )0 v•m•
10 sram•
I ounce
J( ••. )$ 8'·
"""'"'
ty,( Otl~
Water co make. 1 lhu }2 ounces I s;a1loa
s,w.. z
Hoc: Wa.Ut ( usc P. or Sl• C.). ..7-)0a:~ 24 ounca l ctuaru
A,U Sodium Carbonate:, moaohrJrarcd .. 100 gums )}( ouocn l)}( out!«$
Waccr tO m.dcc: . . . 1 liter )2 ounces I aalloo
Solut.ioas I 1tld lttc: seottd tqWtttly snd UKd tcpantdyc 8oda solationt rruy be tMd rcpnudly, bac
Solatioo ltboc11d be replaced wbcu ic bccoozv=s bad.lt diicolorcd. Do ftOt diJar.c lor tiC:.
F« dcvc!opmau, immcrK 6hru. ftrn in Solution 1, oat in Solutioa 2, aJJowlng l·minutc jmmcr1ion in
e:acb sohuion (ac 7011 P. lJ • C.) and ttJiN& fflftiltJtJI•sitJUI#M '""'P.11ht 1rt.tiN f!ri#J. O>ouut can be controlled
by alccrtn1 dmc 61m is kept inSohnion 1. .B.uic immcnloa. time s.bould be c.hs.oscd co 4S K'CODd~ fOf dndoptDCQt
.u 11• f ., 1 m.inuu U tcCOodu.t 6S F.
STEP 1 . SHORT STOP
Place him• in convc:ntion~J accdc·acid tbon.ottop b.ub (oc 6wc KC:OndJ. illi!.llt lh,.,s.hi.J. For cempct-atur~
over ro• F. , dilute the sbortO$tOp bath wich a.a cqu.aJ ¥Ohunc of wacc:r.
stEP ). FIXATION

Ar•fflplil
Hot Wacu 'll.S• F Ot )l• C.) .. 16 OUDCC:S 1 qutn
HfPO . •. • •.•..• llJ• OQnCel; ) roaods

-......
,.,a
Hoc Waccr ( US' F. or Sl• C.).. ..,... • • .... . . 150«. $ounces lD
At;& Sodium Sulphiu, anhydrous .. , ...... ,
A«lic Acid ( l&%)oo. . .. . • •
AglaPotaJSiumAium...... . ...
. . IS 8'""'
.. • oo oo .. .. • oo 4H<.
. .• . ••••••• , ,,,.,,. lSgr•m'
., .......
}> ......a:

~ ounce
1
6
1 OUOC<S
Add Part 8 co A and add water co 1111kc ........ , ,.. ..... l lher )1 ouncu I a.alloo

29
RAPID PROCISSING PROCEDURE

Tu.cda 6Ja. co Soluuoo) aod a,J.iatc-cootinooa.ly- for-I~ aUmna •llich tbould be w&Kicot forc;oaaplcte
6xuioo. Solutioo tbould be: ttplatc:d lrc:qocndy u cxhs~tion tlows rate ol6J:.atiOCII and dcc:rc:uc$ batdmia&
proratlc:s.

STEP • 11'.\SHJ!>G
Wa~h 61mt in urid sU"C:am of v.-ata for twO minutes, makina •ure nream o{ wa1h water has iiK'ttU to both
~o.idct; o( Calm. Filmt to be atorcd pcrnlaomtly JhoWd be rewubed a.fccr Jrnn.cdi~tcc we bu bee-n 6Jied.

STEP ), OR YJNC
lhc dc~rcc O( •reed Obtaln.ablt: in thiS1oU:pOf tbc prOCedure depends SICIIll)" UpOO d1c nal\ITC: and suit.abilh.y
of the dryin,e; cquirrncnc. Minin111m drying Li n~ o( I co 1 wioutet c:au be ~blcvc:d chrouah the uk of Agb
Rapid Film Dryer wlulion fallowed by drying with mild hc.u in a uroog euncnt o£ air. Wuh~ 6hru 1hould
be placed in A1..l• Rarid Film Drrcr .oludon ar.d th¢0. freed from .tllturrlusliquid by lqU«soeins them a£1ittst
a dc:au far<ltvpinJ rbtc. MOJt r:apid drfln& will be cffcctt'd br suspcndi..oJ the OCJ&tiYC bctw«o two ~wacc
inf,..,cd, Lt..mpt .... bkh ate sr-aecd 8 in(bQ 1p1tt 1ad mounted ia 8-inch metal rclkcr:on. \\'Akti.~G-Do ooc: we
rdl«con thai throw a coocctat:u.rrd bttm b«;~nv ol rbe da.np o( toO much but Ute: mattcwtarhced rdlccton.
The 6lm shoold be: pomioa<d to cb.at its fbr surfaces rcuift the ditcct r.tn of che l.tmp& with CC'Ie' a!gc o( cbc
6Jm l.Kia~ i.ato a dr-.t!c of aar •applied br"' JOOd dearie bn -'•• J'-JJ It •!"Ifill' .,.,..,., tM '--11"'"--
the draft ol au hom bn iJ (UCQtW. Of.bcrwik 6Jm cmukioo W"lll •lt. Tbit dtyi4J &rr£n&cman is for 61ms
S :~~: 7 oc vnder. SuaJlar anan~ts can be derlscd.. but arc Ul~t be a leta tO aYQtd ~i.-e hac which will
mc:h cbe tmul,•on. Bc:lorc puttin3 a dryin.s urut of this son in actual UK. mal 6l~m should be dried 1M tbc
spacing of lunrt and fan ..dtuned co ,live IDO$t rspid dryLos without c:nJanpia1 chc: 61m nr&;~.rivc:..

DARKROOM PLANS

A primed folder giving suggestions for the planning and construction of a photo-
graphic dukroom bas been pcepared and is available on r«jUCS<. Phocographcrs inter-
aced in building a new darkroom or adding ro an old one will find the rccommend•cions
and the diagrams which cover both com~ and gencr.U-<Iury darkrooms especially
helpful. lnqu~r~es should be •ddressed co the Service Dcparanem, Agfa Ansco, Bingb<UD-
ton, N. Y.

~0
 IDENTIFICATION OF AGFA SHEET FILM S
The noteh1ng system below identifies each liJm . When ooteh os in rop edge of rhe
upper righr band corner, film is emulsion side up.
This notching sysrem applies only ro 3}\( x 4' 1 ' and larger sizes of Agfa Films. All
siza of Agf> sh<er films smaller rhan 3}:( x 4}:(' are muked worh • songlc, shallow oorch
Ul rhe usual rosuoon. This small norch is used for idento6couon of emulsoon .. de only
and not for indicarion of the emulsioo cypc:.

AGFA FILM NOTCHING CODE

SUPERSENSITIVE PUNACHROME - - - - - - - - ---..,.,

PORTRAIT
COMMERCIAL ORTHOCHROMATIC --------v-v-v,
SUPER PUNACHROME PRESS - - - - - - - - v - v - v - V " I

TRIPLE 5 ORTHO ------------.vv-vl

SUPER PAN PORTRAIT --------------.__n
TRIPLE 5 PAN -------------U'\.1')
SUPERSENSffiVE PANCHROMATIC -------...r-""UI"\...''
ISOPAN
COMMERCIAL PANCHROMATIC - - -- - - - , _n..n...n..n

SUPERPAN PRfSS -----------""t..Jr--"Ln

COMMERCIAl - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , . ,

PROCESs--------------~~~

PHOTOGRAPHIC CHEMICALS AND PREPARATIONS

In ordcrios dtcrokab be tu« to specify AGFA "Labocacocy~Testcd" CbcrnicaJt. Prepared ct'pct:i2Ur Cor
pborog;aphic '*· A,J• Chcmk-.1• at( d.e&n. &tt runnin,s, cailly10lublc aftd of blabat purity~ Consult c:acaJo1
P)() or pri« li.n Pll for comrlcte listinJ of Agb Pbocopphk Cbcmi«h.
U fOU prdcr the COinc:rti.ca« sftd c:imt-urin.s advmup of prqwcd d.c"Velopcn, uk yoor dealer lot AGFA
~ &,.clopcn &ad &len. SappiW in several Wn, c:boe prepued cbcm.ic..llt an ~&dr·ca~cd .aad od oa.Jr
co k dis.soh-cd 10 wafCt tO ma.k-c: lhm. tudr foe me. The foUO'II'JUJI arc: a lew ol tbc pr~p;n;atiocl:s anibhle;
17 (Fooc-Gnia) De•clapa lu:od HJPO
17t\ RqolcnU.htt Rtpld fixer
•1 De"dopo; Ro<lin&l
47A R~mhhtt Olt«c Sepia Toocr
JO} Parer De"elo_pc:r Flc.mhb toner
llS Paper and Firm Dt'dopcr BroYira Toner
1)) Pam Otvc:lof'O'" Mcraary l.nlcctilirr
31
 AGFA ANSCO

Gmeral Offius

BINGHAMTON, NEW YORK

BR.A NCHES
Bono~. ~fAa. lJO Llncolo Suut
NllW Yoa.~e C.n, N. \". 245 \\'t1t SS•b Street
CutO!lWAn, Oato 2l9 E.an Sixth Strut
JAC'J.:IOM'\'U.&.a. Fu.. Ill Jlillu. Suut
c.~.lu.. 4)) Eau &1e Sttttt
$A)f Fa..utatCO, C.u... S4S ~~~moo Suut
LooA .......... c.u.. tl.tl Sou•h Horo s .....
DA.LUI, Tu.u •l$ Sooth F1tld Street

IN CANADA
Aor,. A~ I.uuno, 60 Front St. Wet.t, Toronto, Ont,

RC"rised co j une, 1941

P19-61·2S TM Res. U.S. Pu., Off. PrinttJ In U, S. A•

•
• •
 VIEWS OF
OFF ICES AND P LANT OF

AGFA ANSCO
BINGHAMTON , N . Y•